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2 Literature is a social mirror which includes of how literature portrays its
contemporary society; the influence of the writer’s character; the genre which is employed by the writer; the writer’s social view.
3 Literature as a social function. It usually uses as a reformer, an enjoyer,
a reformer and an enjoyer. The main point of analyzing the sociology of literature is to find out the
interrelation among society.
2.3 Film
Film is a form of entertainment that enacts a story by sound and a sequence of images giving the illusion of continuous movement. A film is any film work, on
any medium, created for commercial use in any media. Depending on its length, the film is divided into two types:
1 Feature film that is 60 minutes long or more, and that is longer than 45
minutes which are produced in 70 mm format with a minimum of eight perforations per frame.
2 Short film that is less than 60 minutes long.
Summers 1996:476 defines film as 1 a roll of material which is sensitive and used in camera for taking photographs or moving pictures for the
cinema; 2 movie, a story, play, etc recorded on film to be shown in the cinema, on television, etc. Kirk Patrick 1993:495 defines film as a series of connected
cinema to graph images protected on a screen. Coulson 1978:622 states that film is story, incident, etc recorded on film in moving pictures. Furthermore, Lorimer
1995:506 mentions that film can record culture and they can treat social or political issues and other aspects of societies to capture relationship difficult to be
communicated by other means.
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In making film, film maker has some elements to select or prepare. Based on Lorimer 1991:506-516 vol. 19 there are three steps:
1 Pre Production Manipulation
It is the period of converting the screenplay into a blueprint for the production of specific scenes, finding locations, hiring the cast, fixing the final budget,
and determining the shooting schedule. It contains of script, actors, sets, costumes, aspect ratio, and film stock.
2 Manipulation during filming
It is the period of principal photography – essentially the shooting and recording, by the first unit of those scenes in the script which involved the
principal actors, under the supervision of the director. It includes lenses, camera distance and position, composition, camera movement, lighting, and
sound. 3
Post Production Manipulation The fragments of picture and sound that have been so carefully planned and
executed are assembled into a whole during post production. It includes processing and printing, editing, special effect, music, sound effect, and
dubbing. Oxford Advance Learner’s Dictionary 1995:687 defines literature as
writing that is valued as works of art. If we refer to that term, film couldn’t be categorized into literature except its script. However, if the term literature refers to
a text which is not only limited in written form, film as a whole is literature.
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As cited in http:en.wikipedia.orgwikifilm, film is produced by recording the images taken with the camera from the world. Its records can be shown to
everyone in the world. Films help someone who is unable to see every country in the world to see them inside the house. Films allow scientists to see aspects of the
world that is difficult or impossible to observe with naked eyes. Allport 2004:505 states:
‘Films or movies in the performance cover all arts. Like music, they present all material within the dimension of time. Like dance, films are
choreographed to use space for an aesthetic-scene. Like literature, many films are based on stories. Like theatre, most films use human actors. Like
poetry, films can present several kind of meaning at one.’
A film is considered to be an art form, source of popular entertainment and communication media. The motion picture can give the message to the universe.
Some films are used to send the moral value to the viewer in every part in the world. Modern film can be the popular entertainment in the world because of the
use of dubbing technology and an international language in the film.
2.4 Social Class
