The Problems in Teaching Speaking
design, therefore, needs to have built in feedback channels to enable to respond to development.
Using this approach, Hutchinson and Water 2000 propose four major steps in developing a course design:
1 Needs
As Hutchinson and Water’s model shows, preparatory work in the form of information gathering must take place before designing a new language program. The
information, in turn, will be the basic for formulating goals Hutchinson and Waters, 2000:53. The information must be obtained in order to guarantee an individual or
groups’ success in an educational program. Needs analysis is the first procedure conducted in the process of course
design. It is the process to find out and define students’ need in their learning process. Needs analysis identifies and define the learners’ personal, socio cultural, and
educational background, their expectation and interest, what the students needs to do in program, the context in which they will do it and what they current level of English
is.
2 Learning objectives
Learning objective is the precise behavioral objectives that can be measured Kemp, 1977:24
3 The syllabus
Syllabus is a document that says what will or at least what should be learnt Hutchinson and Waters, 2000: 80. It is a plan of essential work for the teacher and
as a guideline and context for the class content.
4 Material design
After completing the needs analysis, identifying the learning objectives and syllabus, the next step is how to turn the course design into actual teaching material.
There are two ways to do this recommended by Hutchinson and Waters 2000: 96 namely material evaluation and material development. Material evaluation is done by
selecting material from existing ones, while material development is done by writing material.
a Material evaluation
Evaluation is a process of matching the existing needs to the available solution. The process can be done in four major proposed by Hutchinson and Waters
2000: 97. The first process is defining criteria – defining on what basis is the material will be judged and which criteria will be more important. The second
process is subjective analysis – the realization of criteria that the designer wants in hisher course, the third process is objective analysis – how the material being
evaluated realizes the criteria and the last process is matching – how far the material matches the need.