Phase II Qualitative

2. Phase II Qualitative

a) Data Collection

To collecting qualitative data, the writers used interview the design interview is semi-interview. Semi-structured interviews allow for a fixed set of questions but with no fixed responses (Burns and Grove 2011, p.72). Each interview takes between 7 to 15 minutes and will be transcrpit and audiotape. Qualitative data consists of open-ended information that the researcher usually gathers through interviews. Creswell (2009, p.29) Qualitative research offers ―a means for exploring and understanding the meaning individuals or groups ascribe to a social or human p roblem‖. The writer knows that would need to identify key areas and compare the students‘ experiences of these. An element of structure is therefore

important. On the other hand, a general picture was unlikely to reveal the undercurrents of feelings, expectations, opinions, and so on that would help writer understand the reasons for what is happening. The interview through some procedure:

I. The writer distributes written question.

II. The writer conducts interview based on respondents‘ answer.

III. The writer records the interview.

IV. The writer transcrips the result of interview.

V. The writer tringulates the data obtained.

VI. The writer interprets the result. The holistic qualitative data collection shown in the pigure 3.2 below:

Qualitative data collection and analysis

Phase II

Qualitative result

Interpretation

Source :Creswell and P lano Clark‘s (2011) Follow-up Explanatory Variant of the Explanatory Sequential Design of Miexed Methods.

b) Data AnaIlysis

According to Burns & Grove (2011, p.96) data collection and data analysis occur simultaneously in qualitative research, as the emerging results may require further data collection. The researcher is concurrently gathering, managing and interpreting data. Accurate transcribing of audio taped interviews as soon as possible after the interview is essential before data analysis can occur (Polit & Beck 2010, p.86). This can be time- consuming, as Bowling (2002, p.62) emphasizes for one hour of recording it may take up to four hours to transcribe verbatim. The author believes this validates the use of the chosen small sample size.

The storage of data will be done in an organized, secure manner and will be disposed of confidentially and appropriately when necessary. Hand written information will be typed into a word document for electronic secure The storage of data will be done in an organized, secure manner and will be disposed of confidentially and appropriately when necessary. Hand written information will be typed into a word document for electronic secure

There are certain stages involved in this process, as highlighted by Holloway & Wheeler (2002, p.286) and Polit & Beck (2010, p. 90).

I. The researcher will listen to each of the interviews, transcribe them verbatim and gain a broad understanding of same.

II. Significant statements will be extracted and meanings formulated from these.

III. These meanings will be organized into clusters of themes and grouped together, while ensuring these statements are original and not changed to fit into a theme.

IV. The results will be integrated into an exhaustive description; which ensures the participants views are described accurately and appropriately. According to Holloway & Wheeler (2002, p. 286) exhaustive descrip tion is ―writing that aims to capture and describe the intensity and depth of the particip ants‘ experiences‖. The themes of the research study will emerge from linking the patterns found within the exhaustive description and will be discussed further.

V. The researcher will provide the participants with a copy of the findings in order to validate the results and ensure rigor.

c) Establishing Credibility

The criteria for judging a qualitative study differ from quantitative research. In qualitative design, the researcher seeks believability, based on The criteria for judging a qualitative study differ from quantitative research. In qualitative design, the researcher seeks believability, based on

To validate the findings, i. e., determine the credibility of the information and whether it matches reality (Merriam, 1998, p.134), four primary forms will be used in the second, qualitative, phase of the study:

I. Triangulation – converging different sources of information (interviews, documents, artifacts);

II. Member checking – getting the feedback from the participants on the accuracy of the identified categories and themes;

III. Providing rich, thick description to convey the findings; and

IV. External audit asking a person outside the project to conduct a thorough review of the study and report back (Creswell, 2003; Creswell & Miller, 2002, p.143-184).