AN ANALYSIS ON DUKE’S FLOUTING CONVERSATIONAL MAXIMS ON “G.I JOE” FILM
AN ANALYSIS ON DUKE’S FLOUTING CONVERSATIONAL
MAXIMS ON “G.I JOE” FILM
THESIS
Written By:
DENNY BUDIKUSUMA
08360202
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
2014
AN ANALYSIS ON DUKE’S FLOUTING CONVERSATIONAL
MAXIMS ON “G.I JOE” FILM
THESIS
Written By:
DENNY BUDIKUSUMA
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
2014
AN ANALYSIS ON DUKE’S FLOUTING CONVERSATIONAL
MAXIMS ON “G.I JOE” FILM
THESIS
This thesis is submitted to meet one of the requirements to achieve
Sarjana Degree in English Education
Written By:
DENNY BUDIKUSUMA
08360202
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
2014
MOTTO AND DEDICATION
Barangsiapa bersungguh-sungguh, sesungguhnya kesungguhannya itu adalah untuk
dirinya sendiri
(QS: Al-Ankabut [29]: 6)
Tuhan menciptakan kedua mata kita di depan karena kita harus terus melihat ke
depan, bukan kebelakang dan terpaku pada masa lalu
(Mario Teguh)
DEDICATION:
I dedicated this thesis to:
My beloved parents
My lovely wife
My whole big family
My best friends
My lovely second family “tralala and syalala”
TABLE OF CONTENTS
APPROVAL ............................................................................................................ iii
LEGALISATION .................................................................................................... iv
MOTTO AND DEDICATION ............................................................................... v
ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................. vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................... vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................ viii
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION .......................................................................... 1
1.1 Background of the Study ............................................................................ 1
1.2 Statement of Problems ................................................................................ 5
1.3 Purpose of the Study ................................................................................... 5
1.4 Significance of Study.................................................................................. 6
1.5 Scope and Limitations ................................................................................ 6
1.6 Definition of Key Terms............................................................................. 6
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE .................................. 9
2.1 Film ............................................................................................................. 9
2.2 Genre of Film............................................................................................... 11
2.3 Element of Film .......................................................................................... 13
2.4 Cooperative Principle and The Maxims ..................................................... 20
2.4.1 Maxim of Quantity ......................................................................... 21
2.4.2 Maxim of Quality ........................................................................... 22
2.4.3 Maxim of Relevance ....................................................................... .22
2.4.4 Maxim of Manner ........................................................................... .23
2.5 Flouting the Maxims ................................................................................... 24
2.5.1 Flouting the Maxim of Quantity ..................................................... 25
2.5.2 Flouting the Maxim of Quality ....................................................... 26
2.5.3 Flouting the Maxim of Relevance .................................................. 26
2.5.4 Flouting the Maxim of Manner ...................................................... 27
CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ............................................... 29
3.1 Research Design ......................................................................................... 29
3.2 Object of the Study ..................................................................................... 30
3.3 Data Collection ........................................................................................... 31
3.4 Data Analysis .............................................................................................. 31
CHAPTER IV: RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION ......................... 33
4.1 Reasearch Findings ..................................................................................... 33
4.1.1 Kinds of Flouting Maxims by Duke .......................................... 33
4.1.2 The Maxims that Flouted the Most by Duke .............................. 40
4.1.3 The Reason of Duke Flouts Conversational Maxims ................. 40
4.2 Discussion .................................................................................................. 41
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ............................................. 47
5.1 Conclusion ................................................................................................ 47
5.2 Suggestion ................................................................................................. 48
5.2.1 Suggestion for The Lecturer ....................................................... 48
5.2.2 Suggestion for Engslish Department Students ........................... 49
5.2.3 Suggestion for Further Researcher ............................................. 49
REFERENCES
APPENDIX
REFERENCES
Ary, Donald. 2002. Introduction to Research in Education. Belmont: Wadsworth.
Barsam, Richard. 2010. An Introduction to Film. W.W Norton and Company: New
York, London
Beattie, Stuart., John Lee Hancock, Brian Koppelman and David Levien. 2007. G.I.
JOE: The Rise of Cobra Script. < http://www.imsdb.com/scripts/G.I.-JoeThe-Rise-of-Cobra.html>.
Brown, G. and George Yule. 1983, Discourse Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
Cook, Guy. 1989. Discourse. England: Oxford University Press.
Creswell, John W. 2009. Third Edition Research Design Qualitative, Quantitative, and
Mixed Methods approaches. London: Sage Publications, Inc.
Dowling,
Laura.
1998.
Mrs.
Dowling’s
Literature
Terms.
.
(accessed on September 18, 2014)
Khosravizadeh, Parvaneh and Nikan Sadeh Vandi.(2011). International Conference on
Languages, Literature and Linguistics, 26, 122.
Soumya, Shashwati.(2013). Text, Context and The Theory of Relevance. The Criterion
An International Journal in English, IV, 2.
Grice, H.P. 1975. Logic and Conversation. University of California, Berkeley.
Grice, H.P. 1989. Studies in the Way of Words. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University
Press
Klerer, Mario. 2004. An Introduction to Literary Studies. London and New York
Koesnosoebroto, B.S. 1988. The Anatomy of Prose Fiction. Jakarta: Depdikbud
Littlejohn, Stephen, 2009. Encyclopedia of Human Communications. SAGE Publications
Macmillan. 1987. Understanding Literature. Advision of Macmillar Company, Mission
Hills, California.
Meyer, Michael. 1990. Introduction to Literature 2nd edition. Australia
Schmidt, Jan Zlotnik; C. R Bogarad and L. Crokett. 2006. Legacies Fiction, Poetry,
Drama, Nonfiction. Thomson Wadsworth
Vassiliou, Andrew. 2006. Analysing Film Content: A text-Based Approach. University
of Surrey
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter is devided into six parts, those are background of the problem,
statement of the problem, objectives of the study, significance of the study, scope and
limitation of the study and definition of key terms.
1.1
Background of the Study
Everybody needs language to communicate with other people because by
using language people can make a good communication and good relationship to each
other. Communication needs at least two participants or more to send information to
other people and in order to make the conversation understood by each other. The
participant needs to know how to use the language. Littlejohn (2009:13) argues that
people engaged in communication share common principle of communication leading
them to interpret each other utterances. Thus, communication is cooperative between
the speaker and the hearer. They share the same assumption and expectation about the
topic in case to develop their communication.
Language as a means of communication plays an important role in human’s
life, and the function of language is to transfer information and establish social
relationship. Language is a very complex system which is composed of various
functional components. One of its components is maxims. However, to convey the
meaning through the medium of communication, interlocutor should follow certain
strategies or what language philosopher and Grice has termed as cooperative
principle.
According to Grice in Journal of International Conference on Languages,
Literature and Linguistic (2011:122), the principle consists of four maxim: quality,
quantity, relevance and manner which represent how people are anticipated to
perform in conversation in general. In other words, the cooperative principle imposes
certain restriction on participants to adjust their speech in correspondence with the
maxims. If these maxims are used in conversation, it can go on smoothly. Language
may be used to socialize with each other in the conversation, which involves at least a
speaker and a hearer. They have to be cooperative and have contributions in order to
have a smooth conversations.
However, sometimes people flout the maxims inevitably for some certain
reasons; for instance, people sometimes answer a question by giving ambiguous
statement and saying something which is not related to the topic. Surely, they have
reasons of doing this. Moreover, speakers do not always abide the four maxims
mentioned above. In other words they often flout the maxims. Flouting the maxims
means that speakers violate the conversational maxims.
Considering the problem above, the researcher enthusiastically focuses in
conducting an analysis to find out the purpose behind the flouting of conversational
maxims since they are important in making communication more effective both in
spoken and written communication and to make sentences more acceptable to the
hearer.
In this study, the researcher would like to analyze the film script of “G.I.Joe”
film by exploring the flouting maxims which are focused on the conversation of the
main character of the film; he is Duke. The researcher is interested in using “G.I Joe”
film as the object of analysis because of the uniqueness of the utterances from this
film that contains many flouting maxims. The film script of G.I.Joe has many
conversation especially Duke. He speaks English fluently and should be capable to
obey the rule of conversation maxim. Many of Dukes conversation is still flouting in
their conversation although he is fluent in speaking English.
This research has the same relation to the previous researchers on the same
field. Helmi (2010:67-68) states that the maxim are flouted by the main characters in
“Daddy Day Camp” produce the utterances in the form of rhetorical strategies;
tautology, metaphor, understatement, overstatement, rhetorical question and irony.
Furthermore, the maxims are hedged when the utterances produced by the main
characters in this study are not totally accurate but they seem informative, well
founded and relevant. It shows that the main characters in “Daddy Day Camp” do not
follow the rule of Cooperative Principle because they often break the maxims of
Cooperative Principle.
Further, in another research findings, Islahiyatin (2010:58-59) states that
between the major and minor characters on “Step Up 2” often violate the maxims
because the speaker is not informative, untrue, irrelevant and unclear enough anyway
also between the speaker and hearer intimate each other. Moreover, she concludes
that the violation of maxims occurred in “Step Up 2” indicates that the maxim may
apply in all cultures and languages. Even though the speaker and the hearer often
violate the maxims in their conversations but the conversations still run smoothly.
Also, Grice cooperative principle can prove useful for both the speaker and the
hearer. Besides, it applies in cross-culture communications. Hence, violating the
maxims does not break the conversation exchange.
In addition Natalia (2007:77-78) states that she found out that the characters
in “Desperate House Wives” film used the violation of maxims as the strategy to tell
lies. The violation of maxims happened because the characters wanted to eliminate
any chance for the interlocutor to respond so that the interlocutor would ask no more
question and the characters could achieve their goals easily. It means the violation of
maxims is for the negative thing, such us: strategy to tell a lie and the reason vary
from one to another in accordance with the purposes they want to reach.
Related to this study, the researcher argues that this research has some
differences from others. The researcher discusses about flouting conversational
maxims and statements of problems are different from previous studies. This study
focused on the types of the flouting maxims used by Duke as the main character on
“G.I Joe” film and researcher uses Grice’s theory to analyze the data.
In reality, the cooperative principles can be flouted in daily conversations. G.I
Joe is famous action film whose the main character has given deep impression to the
viewers especially from his utterance. When the researcher was watching this film
and reading the script, he noticed that there were maxims flouted in his conversation.
Then misunderstanding may occur when maxims are flouted. Therefore, the
researcher is interested in analyzing on Duke’s flouting of conversational maxim on
G.I Joe film. The researcher expects that discussing about flouting conversation
maxims can give contribution toward linguistic study.
1.2
Statement of the Problem
Related to the background of the problem, the researcher would like to
analyze the Conversational Maxims applied by Duke as main character on G.I.Joe
film. In this case, the researcher formulates the research question as follows:
1.
What type of maxims is flouted by Duke on G.I.Joe film ?
2.
Which maxims are flouted the most by the Duke on G.I.Joe film ?
3
What is the reason of Duke flouted conversational maxims on G.I.Joe film ?
1.3
The Purpose of the Study
Based on the statement of the problem, the researcher wants to describe the
objective of the study as follows:
1
To figure out what type of maxims is flouted by Duke on G.I.Joe film.
2
To find out which conversational maxims is flouted the most by Duke on
G.I.Joe film.
3
Discover the reason of Duke flouted conversational maxims on G.I.Joe film.
1.4.
The Significance of the Study
By identifying the flouting of conversational maxims which are found
in ‘G.I.Joe’ film, the researcher hopes by applying Grice’s conversational
maxims theory he can answer his curiosity about types of flouting the maxims
and why it is used. Besides, this study will be useful as a reference for the
readers, especially students of University of Muhammadiyah Malang to
understand about Grice’s maxim. The readers can learn about the flouting of
maxims through this study and they may have a smooth conversation if they
use conversational maxims appropriately. Further, the readers know the
probable reasons why the maxims are flouted which is reflected in G. I Joe
film.
1.5
Scope and Limitation of the Study
The scope of this study is discourse analysis particularly dealing with
conversational maxims. The researcher limits the discussion on analyzing
flouting conversational maxims used by main character on “G.I.Joe” film; he
is Duke.
1.6
Definition of Key Term
In this study, the key terms are :
1
Discourse Analysis: examine paragraph structure, the organization of whole
texts, and typical patterns in conversational interactions, such as, the way
speakers open, close, and take turns in a conversation.
2
Flouting maxim: Unlike the violation of maxims, which take place to cause
misunderstanding on the part of the listener, the flouting of maxims takes
place individuals deliberately cease to apply the maxims to persuade their
listeners to infer the hidden meaning behind the utterances (S.C Levinson in
Journal of International Conference on Languages, Literature and
Linguistic).
3
Conversational Maxims: General principles to underline the efficient use of
language, and which together identify general cooperative principles. (Cook.
1989:29).
4
Cooperative principle
A way of accounting for how people interpret discourse, in order to uphold
the effectiveness and efficiency of communication. The principle is expressed
in terms of four maxims. This was formulated by the linguistic philosopher
Paul Grice.
5
Implicature
Implicature is meaning versus speaker meaning or what said as compared to
what is intended. Implicature is all about the conversational meaning which is
understood beyond the conventional meaning of an utterance. (Grice in
journal of The Criterion An International Journal in English.2013,IV,2).
6
G.I.Joe film: An American action film directed by Stephen Sommers in 2009
and it was released on August 07, 2009 (worldwide). An elite military unit
comprised of special operatives known as G.I. Joe, operating out of The Pit,
takes on an evil organization led by a notorious arms dealer.
MAXIMS ON “G.I JOE” FILM
THESIS
Written By:
DENNY BUDIKUSUMA
08360202
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
2014
AN ANALYSIS ON DUKE’S FLOUTING CONVERSATIONAL
MAXIMS ON “G.I JOE” FILM
THESIS
Written By:
DENNY BUDIKUSUMA
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
2014
AN ANALYSIS ON DUKE’S FLOUTING CONVERSATIONAL
MAXIMS ON “G.I JOE” FILM
THESIS
This thesis is submitted to meet one of the requirements to achieve
Sarjana Degree in English Education
Written By:
DENNY BUDIKUSUMA
08360202
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
2014
MOTTO AND DEDICATION
Barangsiapa bersungguh-sungguh, sesungguhnya kesungguhannya itu adalah untuk
dirinya sendiri
(QS: Al-Ankabut [29]: 6)
Tuhan menciptakan kedua mata kita di depan karena kita harus terus melihat ke
depan, bukan kebelakang dan terpaku pada masa lalu
(Mario Teguh)
DEDICATION:
I dedicated this thesis to:
My beloved parents
My lovely wife
My whole big family
My best friends
My lovely second family “tralala and syalala”
TABLE OF CONTENTS
APPROVAL ............................................................................................................ iii
LEGALISATION .................................................................................................... iv
MOTTO AND DEDICATION ............................................................................... v
ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................. vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................... vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................ viii
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION .......................................................................... 1
1.1 Background of the Study ............................................................................ 1
1.2 Statement of Problems ................................................................................ 5
1.3 Purpose of the Study ................................................................................... 5
1.4 Significance of Study.................................................................................. 6
1.5 Scope and Limitations ................................................................................ 6
1.6 Definition of Key Terms............................................................................. 6
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE .................................. 9
2.1 Film ............................................................................................................. 9
2.2 Genre of Film............................................................................................... 11
2.3 Element of Film .......................................................................................... 13
2.4 Cooperative Principle and The Maxims ..................................................... 20
2.4.1 Maxim of Quantity ......................................................................... 21
2.4.2 Maxim of Quality ........................................................................... 22
2.4.3 Maxim of Relevance ....................................................................... .22
2.4.4 Maxim of Manner ........................................................................... .23
2.5 Flouting the Maxims ................................................................................... 24
2.5.1 Flouting the Maxim of Quantity ..................................................... 25
2.5.2 Flouting the Maxim of Quality ....................................................... 26
2.5.3 Flouting the Maxim of Relevance .................................................. 26
2.5.4 Flouting the Maxim of Manner ...................................................... 27
CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ............................................... 29
3.1 Research Design ......................................................................................... 29
3.2 Object of the Study ..................................................................................... 30
3.3 Data Collection ........................................................................................... 31
3.4 Data Analysis .............................................................................................. 31
CHAPTER IV: RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION ......................... 33
4.1 Reasearch Findings ..................................................................................... 33
4.1.1 Kinds of Flouting Maxims by Duke .......................................... 33
4.1.2 The Maxims that Flouted the Most by Duke .............................. 40
4.1.3 The Reason of Duke Flouts Conversational Maxims ................. 40
4.2 Discussion .................................................................................................. 41
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ............................................. 47
5.1 Conclusion ................................................................................................ 47
5.2 Suggestion ................................................................................................. 48
5.2.1 Suggestion for The Lecturer ....................................................... 48
5.2.2 Suggestion for Engslish Department Students ........................... 49
5.2.3 Suggestion for Further Researcher ............................................. 49
REFERENCES
APPENDIX
REFERENCES
Ary, Donald. 2002. Introduction to Research in Education. Belmont: Wadsworth.
Barsam, Richard. 2010. An Introduction to Film. W.W Norton and Company: New
York, London
Beattie, Stuart., John Lee Hancock, Brian Koppelman and David Levien. 2007. G.I.
JOE: The Rise of Cobra Script. < http://www.imsdb.com/scripts/G.I.-JoeThe-Rise-of-Cobra.html>.
Brown, G. and George Yule. 1983, Discourse Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
Cook, Guy. 1989. Discourse. England: Oxford University Press.
Creswell, John W. 2009. Third Edition Research Design Qualitative, Quantitative, and
Mixed Methods approaches. London: Sage Publications, Inc.
Dowling,
Laura.
1998.
Mrs.
Dowling’s
Literature
Terms.
.
(accessed on September 18, 2014)
Khosravizadeh, Parvaneh and Nikan Sadeh Vandi.(2011). International Conference on
Languages, Literature and Linguistics, 26, 122.
Soumya, Shashwati.(2013). Text, Context and The Theory of Relevance. The Criterion
An International Journal in English, IV, 2.
Grice, H.P. 1975. Logic and Conversation. University of California, Berkeley.
Grice, H.P. 1989. Studies in the Way of Words. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University
Press
Klerer, Mario. 2004. An Introduction to Literary Studies. London and New York
Koesnosoebroto, B.S. 1988. The Anatomy of Prose Fiction. Jakarta: Depdikbud
Littlejohn, Stephen, 2009. Encyclopedia of Human Communications. SAGE Publications
Macmillan. 1987. Understanding Literature. Advision of Macmillar Company, Mission
Hills, California.
Meyer, Michael. 1990. Introduction to Literature 2nd edition. Australia
Schmidt, Jan Zlotnik; C. R Bogarad and L. Crokett. 2006. Legacies Fiction, Poetry,
Drama, Nonfiction. Thomson Wadsworth
Vassiliou, Andrew. 2006. Analysing Film Content: A text-Based Approach. University
of Surrey
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter is devided into six parts, those are background of the problem,
statement of the problem, objectives of the study, significance of the study, scope and
limitation of the study and definition of key terms.
1.1
Background of the Study
Everybody needs language to communicate with other people because by
using language people can make a good communication and good relationship to each
other. Communication needs at least two participants or more to send information to
other people and in order to make the conversation understood by each other. The
participant needs to know how to use the language. Littlejohn (2009:13) argues that
people engaged in communication share common principle of communication leading
them to interpret each other utterances. Thus, communication is cooperative between
the speaker and the hearer. They share the same assumption and expectation about the
topic in case to develop their communication.
Language as a means of communication plays an important role in human’s
life, and the function of language is to transfer information and establish social
relationship. Language is a very complex system which is composed of various
functional components. One of its components is maxims. However, to convey the
meaning through the medium of communication, interlocutor should follow certain
strategies or what language philosopher and Grice has termed as cooperative
principle.
According to Grice in Journal of International Conference on Languages,
Literature and Linguistic (2011:122), the principle consists of four maxim: quality,
quantity, relevance and manner which represent how people are anticipated to
perform in conversation in general. In other words, the cooperative principle imposes
certain restriction on participants to adjust their speech in correspondence with the
maxims. If these maxims are used in conversation, it can go on smoothly. Language
may be used to socialize with each other in the conversation, which involves at least a
speaker and a hearer. They have to be cooperative and have contributions in order to
have a smooth conversations.
However, sometimes people flout the maxims inevitably for some certain
reasons; for instance, people sometimes answer a question by giving ambiguous
statement and saying something which is not related to the topic. Surely, they have
reasons of doing this. Moreover, speakers do not always abide the four maxims
mentioned above. In other words they often flout the maxims. Flouting the maxims
means that speakers violate the conversational maxims.
Considering the problem above, the researcher enthusiastically focuses in
conducting an analysis to find out the purpose behind the flouting of conversational
maxims since they are important in making communication more effective both in
spoken and written communication and to make sentences more acceptable to the
hearer.
In this study, the researcher would like to analyze the film script of “G.I.Joe”
film by exploring the flouting maxims which are focused on the conversation of the
main character of the film; he is Duke. The researcher is interested in using “G.I Joe”
film as the object of analysis because of the uniqueness of the utterances from this
film that contains many flouting maxims. The film script of G.I.Joe has many
conversation especially Duke. He speaks English fluently and should be capable to
obey the rule of conversation maxim. Many of Dukes conversation is still flouting in
their conversation although he is fluent in speaking English.
This research has the same relation to the previous researchers on the same
field. Helmi (2010:67-68) states that the maxim are flouted by the main characters in
“Daddy Day Camp” produce the utterances in the form of rhetorical strategies;
tautology, metaphor, understatement, overstatement, rhetorical question and irony.
Furthermore, the maxims are hedged when the utterances produced by the main
characters in this study are not totally accurate but they seem informative, well
founded and relevant. It shows that the main characters in “Daddy Day Camp” do not
follow the rule of Cooperative Principle because they often break the maxims of
Cooperative Principle.
Further, in another research findings, Islahiyatin (2010:58-59) states that
between the major and minor characters on “Step Up 2” often violate the maxims
because the speaker is not informative, untrue, irrelevant and unclear enough anyway
also between the speaker and hearer intimate each other. Moreover, she concludes
that the violation of maxims occurred in “Step Up 2” indicates that the maxim may
apply in all cultures and languages. Even though the speaker and the hearer often
violate the maxims in their conversations but the conversations still run smoothly.
Also, Grice cooperative principle can prove useful for both the speaker and the
hearer. Besides, it applies in cross-culture communications. Hence, violating the
maxims does not break the conversation exchange.
In addition Natalia (2007:77-78) states that she found out that the characters
in “Desperate House Wives” film used the violation of maxims as the strategy to tell
lies. The violation of maxims happened because the characters wanted to eliminate
any chance for the interlocutor to respond so that the interlocutor would ask no more
question and the characters could achieve their goals easily. It means the violation of
maxims is for the negative thing, such us: strategy to tell a lie and the reason vary
from one to another in accordance with the purposes they want to reach.
Related to this study, the researcher argues that this research has some
differences from others. The researcher discusses about flouting conversational
maxims and statements of problems are different from previous studies. This study
focused on the types of the flouting maxims used by Duke as the main character on
“G.I Joe” film and researcher uses Grice’s theory to analyze the data.
In reality, the cooperative principles can be flouted in daily conversations. G.I
Joe is famous action film whose the main character has given deep impression to the
viewers especially from his utterance. When the researcher was watching this film
and reading the script, he noticed that there were maxims flouted in his conversation.
Then misunderstanding may occur when maxims are flouted. Therefore, the
researcher is interested in analyzing on Duke’s flouting of conversational maxim on
G.I Joe film. The researcher expects that discussing about flouting conversation
maxims can give contribution toward linguistic study.
1.2
Statement of the Problem
Related to the background of the problem, the researcher would like to
analyze the Conversational Maxims applied by Duke as main character on G.I.Joe
film. In this case, the researcher formulates the research question as follows:
1.
What type of maxims is flouted by Duke on G.I.Joe film ?
2.
Which maxims are flouted the most by the Duke on G.I.Joe film ?
3
What is the reason of Duke flouted conversational maxims on G.I.Joe film ?
1.3
The Purpose of the Study
Based on the statement of the problem, the researcher wants to describe the
objective of the study as follows:
1
To figure out what type of maxims is flouted by Duke on G.I.Joe film.
2
To find out which conversational maxims is flouted the most by Duke on
G.I.Joe film.
3
Discover the reason of Duke flouted conversational maxims on G.I.Joe film.
1.4.
The Significance of the Study
By identifying the flouting of conversational maxims which are found
in ‘G.I.Joe’ film, the researcher hopes by applying Grice’s conversational
maxims theory he can answer his curiosity about types of flouting the maxims
and why it is used. Besides, this study will be useful as a reference for the
readers, especially students of University of Muhammadiyah Malang to
understand about Grice’s maxim. The readers can learn about the flouting of
maxims through this study and they may have a smooth conversation if they
use conversational maxims appropriately. Further, the readers know the
probable reasons why the maxims are flouted which is reflected in G. I Joe
film.
1.5
Scope and Limitation of the Study
The scope of this study is discourse analysis particularly dealing with
conversational maxims. The researcher limits the discussion on analyzing
flouting conversational maxims used by main character on “G.I.Joe” film; he
is Duke.
1.6
Definition of Key Term
In this study, the key terms are :
1
Discourse Analysis: examine paragraph structure, the organization of whole
texts, and typical patterns in conversational interactions, such as, the way
speakers open, close, and take turns in a conversation.
2
Flouting maxim: Unlike the violation of maxims, which take place to cause
misunderstanding on the part of the listener, the flouting of maxims takes
place individuals deliberately cease to apply the maxims to persuade their
listeners to infer the hidden meaning behind the utterances (S.C Levinson in
Journal of International Conference on Languages, Literature and
Linguistic).
3
Conversational Maxims: General principles to underline the efficient use of
language, and which together identify general cooperative principles. (Cook.
1989:29).
4
Cooperative principle
A way of accounting for how people interpret discourse, in order to uphold
the effectiveness and efficiency of communication. The principle is expressed
in terms of four maxims. This was formulated by the linguistic philosopher
Paul Grice.
5
Implicature
Implicature is meaning versus speaker meaning or what said as compared to
what is intended. Implicature is all about the conversational meaning which is
understood beyond the conventional meaning of an utterance. (Grice in
journal of The Criterion An International Journal in English.2013,IV,2).
6
G.I.Joe film: An American action film directed by Stephen Sommers in 2009
and it was released on August 07, 2009 (worldwide). An elite military unit
comprised of special operatives known as G.I. Joe, operating out of The Pit,
takes on an evil organization led by a notorious arms dealer.