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CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES
In this chapter, the researcher would like to present research design, subject of the study, instrument for collecting data, scoring technique, procedures for collecting
data, and analyzing t-test
3.1 Research Design
The design of this research was experimental research. According to Arikunto 2002:3, “an experiment is the way in which a researcher creates a situation or an
event which is analyzed in order to find out the effect that it makes.” The objective of this study is to examine whether the use of photographs in Facebook
is effective to improve students’ writing or not. So, it is suitable for this study to use the experimental design.
Based on the experimental research, the design of this study can be described in this pattern as follows:
Where: E
: Experimental group EG C
: Control group CG 01
: Pretest for the experimental group E X
C
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02 : Posttest for the experimental group
03 : Pretest for the control group
04 : Posttest for the control group
X : Treatment with photographs in Facebook
From the design above, the researcher defines the class X-3 as the experimental group EG and the class X-1 as the control group CG. The pretest and posttest
was given to both classes in the first and the last meeting.
3.2 Subject of the Study
The subject of the study consists of population, sample, and variables of investigation.
3.2.1 Population
According to Encyclopedia of educational evaluation as quoted by Arikunto 2006:115, it is stated that “population is defined as set or collection of all
elements possessing one more attributes of interest ”. While Margono 2003:118
defines, “population as a complete set of individuals or subjects having common observable characteristics”. The population could be all the individuals of a
particular type or more restricted part of the group. The objects in a population are investigated, analyzed, concluded and then the conclusion is valid to the whole
population. The population that was used to conduct the experiment in this study was
tenth grade students of SMA Islam Sultan Agung 2 Jepara academic year 20122013. On the average, each class consisted of 33 students.
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3.2.2 Sample
The research is conducted as a descriptive quantative research. Thus, the method used is numerical analysis to get the data. The design of this study is experimental
research. In experimental research there are two groups, experimental group and control group.
According to Saleh 2001:33, “Sample is a part of the population which functions as its representative. Sample is a group of people, objects, or places
from which the d ata is collected”. The researcher took two of the classes as
sample. The researcher did not choose the sample randomly, but the sample was selected by the writer based on their characteristics. The researcher took X-3 as
the experimental group and X-4 as the control group. These classes were given English material by the same English teacher. The students of these classes had
been studying English for the same period.
3.2.3 Variables of Investigation
To get the goal of the research, the writer tried to identify the variables. There are two variables for the research, dependent variable and independent variable. The
dependent variable is variable that researcher observes and measures to determine the effect of the independent variable.
In this research, the dependent variable was the students’ improvement in writing descriptive text and the independent variable was the application of
photographs in Facebook.
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3.3 Instrument for Collecting Data
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