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2.1.1.1 Facing
Facing is the process of removing metal from the end of a work piece to produce a flat surface. Most often, the work piece is cylindrical, but using a 4-jaw chuck you can face
rectangular or odd-shaped work to form cubes and other non-cylindrical shapes. Hoose, F. J., 2000
2.1.1.2 Turning
Turning is the removal of metal from the outer diameter of a rotating cylindrical work piece. Turning is used to reduce the diameter of the work piece, usually to a specified
dimension, and to produce a smooth finish on the metal. Often the work piece will be turned so that adjacent sections have different diameters Hoose, F. J., 2000
2.1.1.3 Parting
Parting uses a blade-like cutting tool plunged directly into the work piece to cut off the work piece at a specific length. It is normally used to remove the finished end of a work
piece from the bar stock that is clamped in the chuck. Other uses include things such as cutting the head off a bolt Hoose, F. J., 2000.
2.1.1.4 Drilling
Drilling is the process to drill a hole in an object. A lathe can be used in drilling, only it is more difficult to support the work when it is bulky or heavy Perrigo, O. E, 1916
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2.1.1.5 Boring
Boring is a cutting operation that uses a single-point cutting tool to produce conical and cylindrical surfaces by enlarging an existing opening in a work piece. The cutting tool
moves parallel to the axis of rotation Todd, R. H.
et
al., 1994.
2.1.1.6 Grooving
Groove cutting on CNC lathes is a multi step machining operation. The term grooving usually applies to a process of forming a narrow cavity of a certain depth, on a cylinder,
cone, or a face of the part Smid P., 2003.
2.1.1.7 Threading
Threading operations actually involves cutting a helical groove of definite shape or angle, with a uniform advancement for each revolution, either on the surface of a round
piece of material, or inside cylindrical hole Miller R. and Miller M. R., 2004.
2.1.2 Cutting Tools
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