THE INTERCONNECTION OF SELF DEFENSE AND CONFLICT IN ANNA’S IDENTITY SEARCH PROCESS AS DESIGNER CHILDREN IN JODI PICOULT’S MY SISTER’S KEEPER
IN ANNA’S IDENTITY SEARCH PROCESS AS DESIGNER
CHILDREN IN
JODI PICOULT’S MY SISTER’S KEEPER
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Sarjana Sastra in English Letters
By
Student Number: 064214037
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2011
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THE INTERCONNECTION OF SELF DEFENSE AND CONFLICT
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
GERISCA SCARA BELLI
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The hope is we have so much to feel
good about
(One Republic)
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First, I would like to thank the one and only, my Savior, my Lord, Jesus Christ, for all His mercies and blessings for me in finishing my thesis.
My second gratitude goes to my advisor Maria Ananta, S.S., M. Ed., for her guidance and suggestions and for being patient to me. I would like to thank to my co- advisor Modesta Luluk Artika Windrasti, S.S for her suggestions and advices. I would like to thank Anna Fitriati, S.Pd., M. Hum. also for her guidance and her kind heart since I started my study.
I would also like to say my biggest thanks to my beloved parents, Eduward Harry and Ariyani Wijiastuti, and also my brother, De Stevano Arsela. Thank you for the love, support, and attention that you have given to me all this time. I also thank Erick, for showing me how to enjoy life.
Last but not least, I would like to thank my dearest friends Ambar, Nana, Shanti, Itok, Asela, Putri, Eling, Media, Rika, Siska, Elis, and Mbak Yovie, thank you for your patience and always cheering my life up. And for my entire classmates in 2006, whom I cannot mention one by one, thank you for being with me at Sanata Dharma University.
Gerisca Scara Belli PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI TABLE OF CONTENTS
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TITLE PAGE…………………………………………………………
ii APPROVAL PAGE…………………………………………………..
ACCEPTANCE PAGE…………………………………………… … iii MOTTO PAGE………………………………………………………. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS………………………………………….. v
vi LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI………. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS……………………………………………..
ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………… ix ABSTRAK……………………………………………………………… x
1 CHAPTER I: INRODUCTION………………………………………
1 A. Background of the Study……………………………………
5 B. Problem Formulation………………………………………..
6 C. Objectives of the Study……………………………………..
6 D. Definition of Terms…………………………………………
8 CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW………………………….
8 A. Review of Related Studies…………………………………..
B. Review of Related Theory…………………………………... 12
1. Theory of Conflict…………………………………. …… 12
2. Theory of Self Defense Mechanism…………………….. 13
17 3. Theory of Identity……………………………………….
C. Theoretical Framework……………………………………… 20 CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY………………………………….
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22 A. Object of the Study………………………………………….
23 B. Approach of the Study………………………………………
C. Method of the Study………………………………………… 22
CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS…………………………………………… 25
25 A. The Conflicts that Anna Faces ……………………………...
B. The Interconnection of Anna’s Self Defense and Anna’s Conflicts……………….……………………………………… 34
C. The Influence of The Interconnection of Anna’s Self Defense and Anna’s Conflicts toward Anna’s Identity Searching Process……………………………………………………….. 38
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CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION………………………………………... 51 BIBLIOGRAPHY……………………………………………………….. 54
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ABSTRACTGERISCA SCARA BELLI. The Interconnection of Self Defense and Conflict in
Anna’s Identity Search Process as Designer Children in Jodi Picoult’s My Sister’s
Keeper. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma
University, 2011.Jodi Picoult’s My Sister’s Keeper tells about Anna, a thirteen-year-old girl, who becomes her sister’s keeper for almost her life. Since the beginning, her parents ‘design’ Anna to save her sister, Kate, who gets leukemia acute. One day, her mother asks her to give one of her kidney to save Kate’s life. At this point, she realizes that she must stop all savior actions for Kate. She wants to have her own life and her identity. But, on the other hand, it is the only way to save Kate. It makes her has internal conflict. She decides to sue her parents to get what she wants. And it creates external conflict with her family, especially her mother.
The writer focuses on three problems. First is the description of the conflicts that Anna faces. Second is how the conflicts influence Anna to have self defense mechanism. And the last is how Anna’s self defense also influences her identity search.
In analyzing the topic, the writer uses three theories; theory of conflict, theory of self defense mechanism, and theory of identity. The writer also uses Psychological Approach for analyzing the topic. The writer uses library research method. The sources are taken from several books and internet that helps the writer to analyze the topic.
The writer finds that Anna, as the main character, experiences internal and external conflict. The internal conflict appears when Anna refuses to donate her kidney to Kate which is it is the only way to save Kate. This situation gets hard when Anna has external conflict with her mother who is always try all the way she can do to save Kate. During her time as a donor, Anna does a self defense mechanism. She thinks she has to save Kate as a sibling. But one day, when her mother asks her to give her kidney, Anna realizes that it must be stopped. She realizes that she does not have her own life. She also can not find her identity which it is very important in her age. She decides to sue her parents in the court. All the conflicts that Anna faces shape Anna. She can stand by herself. She can speak her mind up and tell everyone what she feels that never does it before.
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ABSTRAK
GERISCA SCARA BELLI. The Interconnection of Self Defense and Conflict in
Anna’s Identity Search Process as Designer Children in Jodi Picoult’s My
Sister’s Keeper Yogyakarta: Program Studi Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra,
Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2011.Jodi Picoult’s My Sister’s Keeper bercerita tentang Anna, seorang gadis berumur 13 tahun yang hampir selama hidupnya menjadi penjaga kakak perempuannya. Sejak awal, orang tuanya ‘merancang’ Anna untuk menyelamatkan kakak perempuannya, Kate, yang menderita leukemia akut. Suatu hari, ibunya memintanya untuk memberikan salah satu ginjalnya untuk Kate. Pada titik ini Anna menyadari bahwa dia harus menghentikan semua tindakan penyelamatan untuk Kayte. Dia ingin mendapatkan hidupnya dan jati dirinya. Tetapi, di sisi lain, itu adalah satu-satunya cara untuk menyelamatkan Kate. Hal ini menyebabkan Anna mengalami konflik internal. Dia memutuskan menuntut orang tuanya untuk mendapatkan apa yang diinginkannya. Hal ini menyebabkan konflik eksternal dengan keluarganya, terutama ibunya.
Penulis berfokus pada tiga masalah. Yang pertama adalah penjelasan tentang konflik yang dihadapi oleh Anna. Yang kedua adalah bagaimana pengaruh konflik yang dihadapi Anna membuat dia memiliki sistem pertahanan diri. Dan yang terakhir adalah bagaimana sistem pertahanan diri Anna juga mempengaruhi proses pencarian identitasnya.
Dalam menganalisa topik, penulis menggunakan tiga teori; teori konflik, teori sistem pertahanan diri, dan teori identitas. Penulis juga menggunakan pendekatan psikologi untuk menganalisa topik. Penulis menggunakan metode studi pustaka. Sumber-sumber diambil dari beberapa buku dan internet yang membantu penulis menganalisa topik.
Penulis menemukan bahwa Anna, sebagai tokoh utama, mengalami konflik internal dan eksternal. Konflik internal muncul ketika Anna menolak untuk mendonorkan ginjalnya untuk Kate dimana donor ginjal adalah satu-satunya cara untuk menyelamatkan Kate situasi ini semakin sulit karena Anna mengalami konflik eksternal dengan ibunya yang selalu mencoba segala cara yang dia bisa untuk menyelamatkan Kate. Selama dia menjadi donor, Anna melakukan mekanisme pertahanan diri. Dia berpikir dia memang harus menyelamatkan Kate sebagai saudara. Tetapi, suatu hari ketika ibunya memintanya untuk mendonorkan ginjalnya, Anna menyadari bahwa ini semua harus dihentikan. Anna menyadari dia tidak memiliki hidupnya sendiri. Dia juga tidak bisa menemukan jati dirinya dimana itu sangat penting di usianya. Dia memutuskan untuk menuntut orangtuanya. Konflik yang dihadapinya membentuk Anna. Dia bisa mengungkapkan apa yang dia pikirkan dan dia rasakan kepada semua orang yang sebelumnya tidak bisa dia lakukan. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Background of the Study A. For a new family, having children is part of their plan. They usually let their
fate decide it. Decide what and how their children will be and they hope their children are the perfect ones. But, some of parents out there are not as lucky as other parents whose children are perfect.
Nowadays, parents can create their own children depend on their criteria. They can have children with certain IQ and personality, what body type they will have, what kinds of illness they will be naturally resistant to, etc. Now, parents can have their children without thinking that their children will be disabling or will have serious illness. This term called “designer children”. (Lemonick 1999: 44).
“Designer children” is a new term that we heard in our country. This term let parents ‘create’ their own children as what they want. Actually this term has been known for several years but it is not very common. Basically, the main reason for the scientists to create this new term is for medical purpose as a prevention method from dangerous disease. One of the examples is six-year-old Molly Nash. She received an umbilical cord blood transplant from her newborn brother, Adam. Molly got Fanconi’s anemia and Adam saved her by her umbilical cord blood. (http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0999/is_7268_321/ai_67442801/)
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Dr. Zev Rosenwaks, director of the Center for Reproductive Medicine and Infertility at Cornel Medical Center, New York said in Lemonick’s article, “Our view at the moment is that these techniques should be used for medical indication, not family balancing.” (1999: 44).
This term still becomes a controversy until now. For some people it is okay to create your own children depend on your demand because everybody wants to have perfect children. But, for others it is wrong. It is just like you fight against God’s will.
But sometimes parents, who decide to have a designer baby, do not consider what will happen in the future with their designer children because they are basically different from other children in their family or even in the society. Are they treated the same as other children? Will they get same attention as others? One day they need explanation for it if they know the truth. Based on the novel, the differences treatment between designer children and other children are the purpose (having children for saving other children) and the way they are treated because of the purpose (attention).
These differences can make a conflict in the family if parents can not treat the differences well. The conflict can appear between family members with the designer children, between the designer children with other children, and even between the designer children with themselves. This condition will bring bad effects for the family and of course, children, especially in their growth period and adolescence period. For children, especially in adolescent’s period, many things can influence their growth physically and psychologically.
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For children in this period of age, conflict maybe difficult to face. It becomes worst when they can not handle it. The difficulty appears when the conflict is worst.
In this novel, the conflict appears when Anna, the designer children, who starts to speak her mind as designer children, wants to stop being a donor for her sister who gets Acute Leukemia. This action creates conflict in the family. Then she has to face two options, and both of them are important and she has to choose one of them. It is usually called dilemma. Usually people have difficulty to choose which one is the best option because each option that is chosen has consequence and sometimes that is not a good consequence. And for Anna it is more difficult because it relates with her closest environment. She can not consider it as an easy decision. She has to think it many times before she decides it.
The conflict that appears can create the feeling of anxiety for the designer children. They feel anxious because they feel uncomfortable with the situation but in the other hand they are starting to ask about their existence in the family. They feel as one of the family members but they are treated differently.
The composite of the conflict and the anxiety feeling makes adolescents have such a mechanism, called Defense Mechanism. “Self Defense Mechanism is a learned responses used to avoid or reduce feelings of anxiety.” (Mussen 1969: 355). According to Sarah Cirese in her book Quest: A Search for Self, “Self defense mechanisms or ego defense is the ego’s unconscious mechanisms distorting feelings or perceptions when a real or imagined threat is perceived, in order to stave off
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unbearable inner conflicts and anxieties.”(1977: 54). Self defense mechanism is a mechanism that a person has to control the feeling of anxiety.
Feelings of anxiety occurred because adolescents want to defend themselves from the impact of conflict. According Conger’s book Adolescence and Youth
Psychological Development in a Changing World (Second Edition,) “anxiety
represents a painful state of heightened-tension that markedly disturbs psychological equilibrium.”(Conger 1977:79). Anxiety is a feeling that occurs as a result of heightened-tension that can disturb psychological condition of adolescents. So, this mechanism is needed for adolescents to balance their psychological condition. Not only important in psychological aspect, Anna’s self defense mechanism influences her identity searching process. In her age, identity is the essential thing. The defense mechanism also takes part in shaping Anna’s identity.
My Sister’s Keeper was written based on the recent issue where stem cell
research and designer children became headline that become upcoming controversial issues. Jodi Picoult writes several novels about controversial topics.
(http://www.pbs.org/wnet/religionandethics/episodes/april-24-2009/jodi- picoult/2753/). The novel, My Sister’s Keeper by Jodi Picoult, is interesting to be studied because we can see that conflict has an important role in the process of shaping the identity and characterization of Anna, a designer children. In My Sister’s
Keeper by Jodi Picoult, the conflict starts when Sara asks Anna to donate her kidney
to save Kate’s life. Her mother insists Anna for giving her kidney to Kate because this is the best way to save Kate. For several years, Anna has done many medical
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treatments for Kate. Anna never complains about it because she thinks it is her obligation to save Kate. But for this time, Anna refuses it. She starts to speak her mind up that she does not want to become Kate’s donor anymore. It makes conflict in the family, especially with her mother. Her dispute with her mom makes Anna anxious. Anna starts asks her existence in her family. She is considered as one of The Fitzgeralds but she feels she is not treated as she should be. Anna realized she wants to get her own medical right. At the same time, Kate supports her action to stop being a donor for her because she feels she will die sooner or later. Because of her willingness to get her medical right, Anna experiences inner conflict between saving Kate’s life and get her right for her body. Those two options have their own risk that is not easy for Anna. By following her conscience, she pursues her parents in court to get her right. She thinks it is the best way to end all medical treatments that has chained her for the whole life. It influences Anna’s identity searching process at the end.
B. Problem Formulation
Because of those several reasons that are stated before, the writer has formulated three problem formulations to help the writer doing the analysis. The problem formulations are:
What kind of conflict that Anna faces? a. How is Anna’s self defense interconnected with Anna’s conflict? b. How the interconnection of self defense and conflicts influences Anna’s c. Identity Searching Process?
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C. Objectives of the Study
To help the writer analyze this study, especially to answer problems formulation, the writer needs to have objectives of study. In this analysis, the writer has three objectives of study relates with the three problem formulations. First, the purpose is to find out what kind of conflict that appears in the story. It will help the writer to discover what kind of conflict that Anna faces. Second purpose is to see how the self defense interconnected with the conflict. The writer wants to know how the self defence of Anna interconnected with her conflict. The last purpose is to find out how the interconnection of self defense and conflicts influences identity searching process. The writer wants to know how the interconnection of Anna self defense and conflicts influences her identity searching process.
D. Definition of Terms Designer Children a.
Designer children is children whose parents have accessed to genetic testing techniques so could predetermine their children sex with great accuracy, what body type they will have, their hair and eye color, what sorts of illness they will be naturally resistant to, and even, conceivably, their IQ and personality type. (Lemonick 1999: 44)
Conflict b.
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Conflict is a clash between characters, between a character and his environment, within himself. Or conflict is a clash of universe, even a struggle for meaning on the part of the reader. (Beaty 1973: 604)
Self Defense Mechanism c.
Self Defense Mechanism or Ego Defense Mechanisms is the ego’s unconscious mechanisms distorting feelings or perceptions when a real or imagined threat is perceived, in order to stave off unbearable inner conflicts and anxieties. (Cirese 1977: 54)
Identity d.
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CHAPTER II THEORETICAL REVIEW Review of Related Studies A. In this study, writer also needs related of studies. There are several related studies that discuss about My Sister’s Keeper that relates with the story. Julie Ackendorf’ Article “Review of Jodi Picoult’s My Sister’s Keeper: 1. Does a Child Have the Right to Make Their Own Medical Decisions?” This article discusses about designer children that also becomes subject of Jodi Picoult’s My Sister’s Keeper. Anna, as the designer baby, does not have option to do anything except being Kate savior. When her older sister Kate fell ill at the age of two with a rare form of Leukemia, Anna's parents decided to create embryos in a lab and have them tested to
see which would be a perfect match for organ donation for the toddler. Initially the only donation anticipated was blood from the baby's umbilical cord, but as years went on Anna had to donate platelets, bone marrow, and finally was asked to donate a kidney
Anna’s parent decides to have other children to save Kate because they did not find perfect match for organ donation. Since she was born, Anna has done many surgeries to fulfill Kate’s medical needs.
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Anna started to give her organs for donor since she was born. Then, the demand increased because Kate’s condition became worst. At the beginning, she did all the procedures to help Kate.
But, one day, when Kate needed kidney to prolong her life, Anna thought it was enough. She wanted her medical right. She realized she was a designer baby.
But, she thought that she was also human being that had same right with others, included her medical right.
2. Theresa Phillips’ Article”My Sister's Keeper and Designer Babies” Anna’s right as a designer baby seems not an important thing for her parents.
They think that Anna is too young to decide anything so they have right to decide what Anna should do. Theresa Philips, in her article wrote about the right of Anna to decide her own medical treatment. Her parent seems to take over her rights. “The ethical controversy at the start of the book seems to arise in the reasons for her conception: to donate tissue that would save her sister's life, but later focuses on the question of who has the right to choose whether or not she is a donor, her or her parents? Anna was born to save her sister and she fulfills it. But later on, her life is under her parents control. She is not allowed to do anything that may have certain impact to Kate.
Mike Lippert also wrote the same things in his article titled “Cameron Diaz in My Sister's Keeper”. He discussed about Anna’s parents who thought that Anna was
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too young to make her own decision. “She believes that Anna is too young to have control over her body and cannot possibly grasp the enormity and significance of saving Kate’s life.”
At the end, all the medical process that Anna has done is unfair for her. She can not use her right to control her own life because her parents think she is too young to decide anything. But Anna feels many of her parent’s decisions are not in her side.
3. Caroline Davies’ “My Jamie is Not A 'Designer Baby': He Has Given His
Brother A New Life”This article told about The Whitakers, whose son, Charlie, got Diamond Blackfan Anemia so he has lack number of red blood cells. One way to save Charlie was donor from his siblings. First, his parents had a daughter named Emily that was considered could cure Charlie. But, they were not a perfect match. So, Charlie’s parents decided to take the risk by having another child. Then, Jamie was born and he saved Charlie’s life.
This is related to the study because they face the same case. A family has a child with serious disease that then decided to have designer baby to cure this child. It is the same with the story. In the story, Anna was the designer baby to save Kate, her sister. “The central character, Anna, is genetically selected to save her leukemia- stricken sister, Kate. Like Jamie, she has been specially picked for this task.”
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. Designer baby is selected to save his or her sibling, to cure the disease.
Michael D. Lemonick’s ”Designer Babies” 4.
This article discussed about the phenomenon of designer baby that become a ‘common’ thing in United State. This is one of advancements in medical world. But many experts, doctors, ethicists, religion leader, even politician debate it. Lemonick said, “Though the techniques making the designer babies are perfected within in the next decade, they should be applied in the service of disease prevention, not improving on nature” (Lemonick 1999: 44). Many experts ask decision to have designer babies should be taken for medical reason, to cure or prevent from some disease not for other reason. They consider the effects that will be occurred after the babies born. Will they feel pressure from others? Or will they who are allowed to be born with these characteristics be made to feel same as others?
This article is related to the novel because the topic that is discussed in the novel is about the psychological condition of Anna, as designer children in her family in a purpose to cure her sister who has acute leukemia. She feels that her family, especially her parent, only considers her as a donor for Kate, not their own daughter.
She feels her existence is not important besides being a harvest corps for Kate.
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PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI Review of Related Theories B. Theory of Conflict 1.
As we know, nobody can be free from conflict. The causes of conflict can occur both from inside and outside. In fiction, conflict also appears between the characters. According to Danziger and Johnson in An Introduction to Literary Criticism, characters in the story have good contribution for delivering conflict.
In literature, especially in novel, the character has big contribution in producing good story, especially on revealing the conflict. Within the lives of the character, conflicts, whether a conflict between two people or the conflict within one person’s mind is expressed throughout the story. (1961:28)
Sometimes conflict that appears in literature makes the story more interesting and it interests the reader to take a part of the story. Generally, conflict is defined as the opposition of two people. According Jerome Beaty in The Norton Introduction to
Literature, “conflict is a clash between characters, between a character and his
environment, within himself. Or conflict is a clash of universe, even a struggle for meaning on the part of the reader.” (1973: 604). Conflict is contradiction between the characters with other characters, environment, even within themselves. Or conflict is different understanding or view of the reader.
Stanton’s An Introduction to Fiction stated there are two types of conflict. They are internal conflict and external conflict. Internal Conflict is a conflict between two desires within a character. External Conflict is a conflict between characters or between a character and his environment. (Stanton 1965: 16)
13 According to Redman’s A Second Book of Plays, “conflict is the struggle between two opposing forces, ideas, or beliefs, which is the basis of the plot.” (1964:
363). Redman divided conflict into two: internal conflict and external conflict.
Internal conflict refers to struggle within the heart and the mind of the protagonist. The internal conflict is conflict between two desires or values in a character’s own mind. The characters deal with their own mixed feelings or emotion. External conflict refers to a struggle between the protagonist and the outside forces. (1964: 363)
Relates with Psychological approach that I use to analyze the thesis, there are three kinds of conflict in Psychological science according to Dollard and Miller in Sarah Cirese’s book Quest: A Search for Self. (Cirese 1977: 188).
a. Approach - Approach Conflict
Approach - Approach Conflict is the inner struggle arising from desiring two equally valued but incompatible goals.
b. Approach - Avoidance Conflict
Approach - Avoidance Conflict is the inner struggle arising from wanting s goal that is at once both positive and negative.
c. Avoidance - Avoidance Conflict
Avoidance - Avoidance Conflict is the inner struggle resulting from having to choose between two equally undesirable goals.
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Relate with those theories, this thesis include to the second type of conflict, Approach
- Avoidance Conflict. Anna faces a dilemma. Both of the options have positive and negative effect for Anna’s life.
Actually not all conflicts are easy to solve. There is conflict that is not easy to solve. It is called dilemma. Dilemma is a situation, in which there are two courses of action both of which are equally bad or equally impossible. (Beaty 1973: 604). This situation puts difficult choice in individual’s mind. They have to face options that hard to choose.
Theory of Self Defense Mechanism 2.
Everybody has self defense. People use it when they are in an uncomfortable situation, such as anxiety, fear, confusion, etc. This mechanism is used to protect or defend someone from such awareness, for example the worst memory may not be remembered because it was too painful. According to John Janeway Conger’s
Adolecence and Youth Psychological Development in a Changing World (Second
Edition)”Some defense mechanisms are most easily seen in children because of their
relative lack of sophistication and the immaturity of their egos. But later, depend on the acquisition of a fairly advanced level of intellectual and cognitive functioning; it is most likely to assume prominence in adolescence”. (Conger 1977: 80). This mechanism also has a role in a finding process of someone’s character.
15 “…most of these mechanisms also play a role in the development and functioning of ‘normal’ individuals. The kinds of defense mechanisms a particular person is most likely to employ vary, depending on personality structure, specific learning experiences, age, and level cognitive development.” (Conger 1977: 80) Defense mechanism has an important role in a finding process of someone’s character. But each person has their own defense mechanisms that always changes depending on several terms such as personality structure (how does the personality of someone is shaped), learning experience (what someone’s get during the process of life), age, and cognitive development (the development of someone’s learning or understanding process)
According to Sarah Cirese in her book Quest: A Search for Self, there are 7 types of self defense mechanisms.
a.
Denial : the attempt to deny external reality by refusing to admit to one self what is happening.
b.
Displacement : unconsciously, but purposefully, shifting a feeling toward one object to another, less threatening object in order to avoid conflict.
c.
Projection : attributing one’s own feelings, desires, attitudes, or motivations to others.
d.
Rationalization : defending against otherwise unacceptable behavior by justifying, making excuses, or using logic to obscure the facts.
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PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI Reaction Formation : masking an undesirable thought or feeling by turning e.
its opposite; overreacting in one direction to deny feelings in the opposite direction.
Regression : reverting to behavior of an earlier stage of development in f.
order to avoid the stresses, challenges, and conflicts of the present.
Repression : pushing painful, anxiety-provoking disturbing, unacceptable g.
thoughts or feelings out of consciousness. (1977: 477) According to the story, writer uses Rationalization type. Rationalization is defense mechanism by defending against otherwise unacceptable behavior by justifying, making excuses, or using logic to obscure the facts. (Cirese 1977: 55). John Janeway Conger in his book Adolescence and Youth Psychological Deveopment
in a Changing World (Second Edition) stated that Rationalization is a comforting
defense that all of us – children, adolescents, and adults as well – engage in. “It involves ‘providing one’s self with socially acceptable reasons for his behavior or attitudes, when the real reason would not be acceptable to one’s conscience, and hence would, if permitted into awareness, lead to painful anxiety and guilt”. For example the mother who sends her adolescent daughter off to in boarding school “to broaden her opportunities and foster her independence,” when the real reason is that she can’t stand having her at home. (Conger 1977:83)
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PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI Theory of Identity 3.
Adolescence refers to the period of human’s transition from childhood to adulthood. The range of the age is 12 to the late teen, as children grow up physically (e.q. sexual development) and also grow up psychologically (search for identity).
The search for personal identity involves deciding what is important or worth doing and formulating standards of conduct for evaluating one’s own behavior as well as the behavior of others. (Atkinson 1981: 94-95) The process of searching the identity involves the process of adolescents to know and decide which one is important and worthy by seeing other people behavior so they can learn. It can be her family, friends, and society.
According to Sarah Cirese’s Quest: A Search for Self, identity is a sense of self, the sense a person has of who he or she is (1977:176). Identity describes the concept of self as a person, that we are unique and different from others. The process for finding identity is the life-long process. We must know and have a feeling for who we are and we need to be who we believe we are.
Basically, there are two factors that cause identity revision during adolescence. The first is the physical change in appearance. During their growing process, adolescents have some changes in their shapes, heights, textures, and smells. They are regarded by others as adolescents and young adults and gradually change their mental pictures of themselves to match their physiques. The second is the fact they begin to define themselves more and more as “different from” their parents and other family members. (1977: 147). As adolescents growing, they start to want
18 become ‘someone’ that are different from other people surround them. Or it can be said, they want to show their own identity.
In adolescence period the problem of identity is likely the most essential. So, it is not surprising that problem of identity search is the important thing in adolescence. In this period, adolescents start to find out who they are, what their role are, etc as the result of rapid changes that happen in their life and puberty. They want finding the answer to a question, “Who Am I?” (1977: 176).
Karen Huffman, according to Erikson’s theory, stated that this condition is included in Erikson’s 8 Psychosocial Stages of Development (2000 : 338). They are:
a. Period of Trust versus Mistrust (Infancy : 0-1 year old)
Infants learn to trust that their needs will be met by the world, especially by the mother, if not, mistrust develops.
b. Period of Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt (Early Childhood : 1-3 years old)
Children learn to exercise will, to make choices, to control themselves; if not, they become uncertain and doubt that they can do things by themselves.
Children learn to initiate activities and enjoy their accomplishments, acquiring direction and purpose; if they are not allowed initiative, they feel guilty.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
c. Period of Initiative versus Guilt (Play Age : 3-6 years old)
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PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
Period of Industry versus Inferiority (School Age : 6-12 years old)
d.Children develop a sense of industry and curiosity and are eager to learn, if not, they feel inferior and lose interest in the tasks before them.
Period of Identity versus Role Confession (Adolescence : 12-20 years e. old)
Adolescents come to see themselves as unique and integrated persons with an ideology; if not, they become confused about what they want out of life.
Period of Intimacy versus Isolation (Young Adulthood : 20-30 years f. old)
Young people become able to commit themselves to another person, if not, they develop a sense of isolation and feel they have no one on the world but themselves.
Period of Generative versus Stagnation (Adulthood : 30-65 years old) g.
Adults are willing to have and care for children, to devote themselves to their work and the common good; if not they become self-centered and inactive.
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PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
Period of Ego Integrity versus Despair (Mature : 65+ years old)
h.Older people enter a period of reflection, becoming assured that their lives have been meaningful, and they grow ready to face death with acceptance and dignity. This case is in the fifth stage called Period of Ego Identity versus Role
Confusion (age 12-20 years old). According to Larry A. Hjele, this period is regarded as highly significant in the individual’s psychosocial development. And in this period adolescents experience identity crisis. (Hjelle 1981: 124)
According to Erik Erikson, “Identity crisis is the failure of the young person to develop a personal identity because of unfortunate childhood experiences or present social circumstances” (Hjelle 1981: 126)
Karen Huffman in her book Psychological in Action, also said that in this period each person experiences developing identity. During this period, adolescents will experience Identity Crisis. They confuse with their want in their life.
"Identity Crisis is a period of inner conflict during which an individual examines his or her life and values and makes decisions about life roles”. (Huffman 2000: 339). Identity crisis is a period where adolescents experience conflict (inner) to see their life and make decision for it. This is a period where adolescents start to see their life so they can establish their life.
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PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI Theoretical Framework C.
Theoretical framework is needed to answer problem formulations. There are several theories to answer the problem formulation. First is theory of conflict. It is used to analyze the conflict that is faced by Anna. Second is theory of self defense mechanism. It is used to analyze how Anna characteristics develop as the result of self defense mechanism. The last is theory of identity that is used to analyze identity searching process of Anna after having the conflict and as the result of her self defense mechanism. There are also several related studies that discussed about same topic with this study. It helps the writer to analyze deeply about the topic. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI