ANNA’S MOTIVATION IN STOPPING HER ORGAN DONATION FOR HER SISTER AS SEEN IN JODI PICOULT’S MY SISTER’S KEEPER A THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree in English Language Education
ANNA’S MOTIVATION
IN STOPPING HER ORGAN DONATION FOR HER SISTER AS SEEN IN JODI PICOULT’S MY SISTER’S KEEPER A THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree in English Language Education By Agnes Ratna Kusuma Dewi 051214062 ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA
ANNA’S MOTIVATION
IN STOPPING HER ORGAN DONATION FOR HER SISTER AS SEEN IN JODI PICOULT’S MY SISTER’S KEEPER A THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree in English Language Education By Agnes Ratna Kusuma Dewi 051214062 ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA
The road of success is not straight.
There is a curve called Failure,
A loop called Confusion,
Speed bumps called Friends,
Red lights called Enemies,
Caution light called Family.
You will have flats called Jobs.
But if you have spare called Determination,
An engine called Perseverance,
Insurance called Faith,
A driver called Jesus
You will make it to a place called SUCCESS.
(Unknown)
This thesis is dedicated to My beloved parents My brothers and my friends
ABSTRACT
Dewi, Agnes Ratna Kusuma. 2011. Anna’s Motivation in Stopping Her Organ
Donation for Her Sister as Seen in Jodi Picoult’s My Sister’s Keeper
.Yogyakarta: English Language Education Study Program, Department of Language and Arts Education, Faculty of Teachers Training and Education, Sanata Dharma University.
This thesis analyzes Jodi Picoult’s My Sister’s Keeper. My Sister’s Keeper tells about Anna, a thirteen-year-old girl, who sends a lawsuit to her parents. Anna’s birth in this world is the result of her parents’ intention to have a perfect match donor for their sick daughter, Kate. Feeling of having unfair life, Anna decides to sue her own parents to get medical emancipation.
This study raises two problems to be solved: (1.) how is Anna’s personality portrayed in the novel? (2.) what is Anna’s motivation to stop her organ donation to her sister? Therefore, this study aims to find out Anna’s personality as being described in the novel and to find out Anna’s motivation that forms the background of Anna’s action in stopping her organ donation for her sister.
This thesis employs a library study method. There are two kinds of sources those are applied in this study. They are primary and secondary source. My
Sister’s Keeper
novel by Jody Picoult is the primary source. Meanwhile, the secondary sources are obtained from some books and articles those are closely related to the issue being discussed in this study, such as theory of critical approach, theory of character and characterization, theory of personality, theory of motivation as well as theory of human needs. This study uses psychological approach, since this approach is needed to get the understanding of human motivation and personality.
The result of the analysis shows that there are two ways those are used to understand Anna’s character. The first one is through Anna’s name. Anna’s real name, Andromeda, is the most suitable name for her since it represents Anna’s fate. Besides, form the physical traits, Anna is described as a smart and well- developed, cheerful, tough, independent and mature girl. There are four factors that motivate Anna to stop her organ donation to her sister. Intrinsically, Anna is motivated to stop the organ donation because she wants to get her parents’ attention and affection, to avoid the pain during the harvest/organ donation and to have her right back. Extrinsically, she wants to help her sister to end her misery.
Finally, the writer gives suggestion for the future researchers who are going to study this novel further. Moreover, this study provides a lesson plan and a learning teaching material for Intensive Reading II class that uses a selected part of My Sister’s Keeper novel.
ABSTRAK
Dewi, Agnes Ratna Kusuma. 2011. Anna’s Motivation in Stopping Her Organ
Donation for Her Sister as Seen in Jodi Picoult’s My Sister’s Keeper
.Yogyakarta: Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni, Fakultas Keguruan and Ilmu Pendidikan, Universitas Sanata Dharma.
Skripsi ini menganalisa sebuah novel karya Jodi Picoult yang berjudul My
Sister’s Keeper
. Novel My Sister’s Keeper bercerita tentang seorang anak perempuan berusia tiga belas tahun yang mengirimkan surat tuntutan untuk orang tuanya. Anna terlahir di dunia ini karena orangtuanya menginginkan seorang anak yang dapat menjadi donor yang sempurna bagi anak perempuan mereka, Kate, yang sedang menderita sakit parah. Merasa tidak mendapatkan keadilan, Anna memutuskan menuntut orangtuanya untuk mendapatkan kebebasan medis.
Penelitian ini mengangkat dua permasalahan: (1.) bagaimana kepribadian Anna digambarkan dalam novel tersebut? (2.) apakah motivasi Anna untuk menghentikan pendonoran organ untuk kakaknya? Novel ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana kepribadian Anna digambarkan dan untuk mengetahui motivasi Anna dalam menghentikan pendonoran organnya.
Skripsi ini menggunakan metode studi pustaka. Terdapat dua sumber yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu sumber primer dan sekunder. Sumber primer yang digunakan adalah novel My Sister’s Keeper karangan Jodi Picoult, sedangkan sumber sekunder diperoleh dari beberapa buku dan artikel yang berkaitan dengan permasalahan yang dibahas dalam penelitian ini. Beberapa diantaranya yaitu teori pendekatan psikologi, teori karakter dan karakterisasi, teori kepribadian, teori motivasi dan teori kebutuhan manusia. Sebagai pendekatan utama, penelitian ini menerapkan teori pendekatan psikologi. Teori ini digunakan untuk memahami motivasi dan karakter manusia.
Hasil analisa menunjukkan bahwa untuk mendalami karakter Anna, ada dua hal yang dapat dilihat. Yang pertama adalah melalui nama Anna. Nama Anna yang sesungguhnya, Andromeda, merupakan nama yang cocok untuk menggambarkan takdirnya. Di samping itu, di lihat dari ciri personalitinya Anna digambarkan sebagai seorang gadis yang pintar dan berkembang baik, periang, kuat, mandiri dan dewasa. Ada empat faktor yang mendorong tindakan Anna untuk menghentikan pendonoran organ untuk kakaknya. Secara intrinsik, Anna menghentikan pendonoran organ karena Anna ingin mendapatkan perhatian dan kasih sayang dari orang tuanya, untuk menghindari penderitaan/sakit akibat dari pendonoran/pencangkokan, dan untuk mendapatkan haknya. Sedangkan secara ekstrinsik, Anna ingin untuk menolong kakaknya mengakhiri penderitaannya
Pada akhirnya, penulis memberikan saran untuk para peneliti yang akan datang yang hendak melakukan penelitian mendalam mengenai novel tersebut. Dalam penelitian ini juga disertakan sebuah rencana pelaksanaan pembelajaran dan materi untuk kegiatan belajar mengajar di kelas Intensive Reading II dengan
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to present my greatest gratitude to my dearest Almighty
Lord
, Jesus Christ, Mother Mary and Holy Spirit for Their wonderful bless, grace, strength and guidance so that I could finish my thesis. I thank Them for being my saviors when I am down.
My deepest appreciation also goes to my sponsor V. Triprihatmini, S.Pd., M. Hum., M.A. who has given me total guidance since the beginning I was doing my thesis until the end. I thank for her kindness, patience, guidance, suggestions, advices and encouragement in completing my thesis. My gratitude also goes to all PBI’s lecturers who have shared their worthy knowledge and life experience during my study in Sanata Dharma University.
Sincerely, I would like to express my gratitude to my beloved parents
Theodulus Supino and Chatarina Rubiyawati, for giving me love, support,
prayer and encouragement to finish my thesis. My deep love also goes to my beloved brothers, Yulius Ariv Kusuma and Leo Renovi Ismaya Kusuma. I thank for their togetherness, support and love. I also want to send my gratitude to my grandmothers who always pray for the best of me.
My sincere gratitude also goes to my best friend, dek Ani, and my beloved cousin, mba Esty who have motivated me to finish my thesis. I thank for their endless sincere friendship. My special appreciation goes to all my friends in boarding house, Maria, Monciel, Lucia, Hari, Ida, Nia, Nita, Windri, Dwi, possible. I thank them for the beautiful moment they have shared. My gratitude also goes to all of my PBI’s friends Lucia, Ayuni, Linda, Retno, Bangkit, etc.
My thanks also go to all of USD staffs especially, mbak Danik & mbak
Tari who helped me in facilitating the administration matter.
Finally, I would like to express my thanks to all people who I cannot mention one by one. I thank for their contribution and support in completing my thesis. May God Bless Them All.
Agnes Ratna Kusuma Dewi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE ..................................................................................................... i APPROVAL PAGES .......................................................................................... ii STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY ................................................... iv
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK
KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS ............................................................................. v
PAGE OF DEDICATION................................................................................... vi ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................ vii
ABSTRAK
............................................................................................................ viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................ ix TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................... xi
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study .......................................................... 1 B. Problem Formulation ................................................................ 3 C. Objectives of the Study ............................................................. 4 D. Benefits of the Study ................................................................. 4 E. Definition of Terms ................................................................... 5 CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE A. Review of Related Theories ........................................................ 7
1. Theory of Critical Approach ................................................. 7
2. Theory of Character and Characterization ............................ 8
3. Theory of Personality ............................................................ 12
4. Theory of Motivation ............................................................ 13
b. Kinds of Motivation .......................................................... 15
4. Theory of Human Needs ........................................................ 16
B. Review of Related Studies .......................................................... 19
C. Theoretical Framework ............................................................... 20
CHAPTER III. METHODOLOGY A. Object of the Study ..................................................................... 21 B. Approach of the Study ................................................................ 22 C. Method of the Study .................................................................... 23 CHAPTER IV. ANALYSIS A. Anna’s Character as Portrayed in My Sister’s Keeper ............... 24
1. Anna’s Name ......................................................................... 27
2. Anna’s Personality Trait ....................................................... 28
a. Smart and well-developed ............................................... 28
b. Cheerful ........................................................................... 30
c. Mature and Independent .................................................. 31
d. Tough ............................................................................... 32
B. Anna’s Motivation to Stop Her Organ Donation ........................ 34
1. Intrinsic Motivation ............................................................. 36
a. To Get Her Parents’ Attention and Affection .................. 36
b. To Avoid the Pain during the Harvest/Organ Donation ......................................................................... 40
c. To Have Her Right Back .................................................. 44
2. Extrinsic Motivation ............................................................ 48
CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS A. Conclusions ................................................................................. 53 B. Suggestions ................................................................................. 55
1. Suggestions for Future Researchers ........................................ 55
2. Suggestion for the Learning-teaching Activities ..................... 55
REFERENCES .................................................................................................. 58
APPENDICES ................................................................................................... 60
A. Summary of the Novel ................................................................ 61
B. Biography of the Author .............................................................. 64
C. Lesson Plan for Teaching Intensive Reading 2 ........................... 67
D. Materials ...................................................................................... 69
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION This first chapter consists of five parts. The first part is research
background, which explores the description of the topic and the reasons why the writer chooses that novel. The second part is problem formulation, which contains questions discussed in this study. The third part is objective of the study, which answers questions, which are stated in the problem formulation. The fourth part is benefit of the study. It explains the benefit of this work to the readers. The last section is definition of terms. Definition of terms describes important terms related to the topic being discussed.
A. Background of the Study
Literature is a kind of art that provides enjoyment for the readers. Besides, it involves valuable points, which are able to develop someone’s experience, and knowledge since literature is the portrayal of human beings and their relationship with others. Novel is one of various literary works despite short story, play, and poem. The purpose of novel is to give pleasure and enjoyment for the readers. By reading a novel, readers’ emotion will be challenged and their mind will be expanded. Readers could use their imagination to jump into the real situation of the story to get the actual feeling and to flow with the story. Hence, readers will get pleasure by reading novel. However, it is not the only purpose. The other events or issues that may happen in the society since novel is the representative of social or human life problem. Holman & Harmon state, “All novels are representation of fictional narrative of life and experience but the form itself as a protean as life and experience themselves” (336).
So many issues or events are portrayed in novels, such as issue about feminism, racism, political, and psychology. This study analyzes a novel entitled
My Sister’s Keeper . This novel raises psychological issue, that is motivation.
Motivation is a driving force for someone to do something to achieve certain goal. Beck states, “Motivation is broadly concerned with contemporary determinants of choice (direction), persistence and vigor of goal-directed behavior” (24).
Everyone from all age, adult, teenager, old people or even child, have motivation why they behave as they do. Beck adds, “All of us like to feel that we are free to act as we choose” (7). It is for the reason that all of people have desire and free will to attain their goal. They have desire to fulfill their needs. However, sometimes others do not give their countenance on their need and goal since it may cause bad effect for others’ importance.
This condition is experienced by the focused-character of My Sister’s
Keeper novel, namely Anna. Anna is a thirteen-year-old girl who is intentionally
designed to save her older sister, Kate, from Leukemia. She is created through baby designer processes for the purpose that she can be a perfect match to save her sister’s life from that deadly illness. At the beginning, the only donation anticipated is blood from the baby’s umbilical cord. Nevertheless, after several needed by her sister such as leukocytes, bone marrow and her kidney. Surprisingly, she decides to stop her organ donation for her sister. Even, Anna hires a professional lawyer to support her effort to be medically emancipated. She really wants to be free from the entire things related to the organ donation. However, her parents cannot accept her risky action that will cause serious problem for Kate. Besides, Anna’s parents assume that a child does not have right yet to make her own medical decision. Moreover, they think that what Anna does is an unthinkable action. They expect that Anna will continue to support her sister’s life because the only one who can save Kate’s life is Anna. Despite Anna has already known about the consequences of her action that may cause her sister’s death, she stands ground upon her decision.
This study discovers Anna’s motivation to stop her organ donation for her sister. It will analyze the factors that lead Anna to come into such peril decision that will give bad impact for her sister, her family as well as for she herself. Moreover, this study will observe the Anna’s personality. The understanding of Anna’s personality is considered important because it will affect her motivation in doing that action.
B. Problem Formulation
Referring to the background of study above, these following two questions are discussed:
1. How is Anna’s character portrayed in the novel?
C. Objective of the Study Related to the problem formulation; this study answers both questions.
There are two focuses of this literary study. The first one is to find out the personality of a thirteen-year-old child named Anna, which is portrayed in the novel. The second one is to identify Anna’s motivation to stop her organ donation. Personality and motivation are closely related each other. Someone’s personality may be driven by his/her motivation and motivation may affect someone’s personality. Therefore, in analyzing Anna’s motivation, understanding Anna’s personality is important.
D. Benefit of the Study
This study is expected to give benefit for the readers, especially the readers of My Sister’s Keeper novel who want to explore deeper regarding to the character and the issue of the story. Each person, certainly, has motivation in his/her life either positive or negative. Through reading this study, the readers are expected to be more conscious and to be more concerned to someone’s motivation to achieve his/her goal and the reason why they behave that way. Besides, this work is expected to give beneficial contribution to the future researchers who intend to have similar research to discuss human motivation as well as to analyze My
Sister’s Keeper novel.
E. Definition of Terms
This part consists of some terms and their definitions to avoid the misunderstanding. There are four terms, which will be defined. They are motivation, goal, organ donation, and medical emancipation.
The first one is motivation. According to Stanton, motivation is the reason why people behave as they do (17). In this study, Anna’s motivation is Anna’s reason to stop her organ donation for her sister by sending a lawsuit against her parents to obtain medical emancipation.
The second one is goal. Goal, according to Hornby in Oxford Advanced
Learner’s Dictionary
, is something that you hope to achieve (577). In this study, goal is something that Anna hopes to achieve which is not to be her sister’s organ donor anymore.
The third term is organ donation. According to Mosby’s Dictionary of
Medicine, Nursing and Allied Health , organ is part of living thing consisting of
cells and tissue that perform specialized task/function in an organism like liver, spleen, reproduction organ, digestion organ, etc. (587). Meanwhile, the word donation is derived from the word donor. Donor is a human or other organism who gives or donates an organ or tissue for others, for example blood for transfusion or kidney for transplantation (1312). Organ donation is the removal of specific tissues of the human body from a person who has recently died, or from a living donor, for transplanting them into other persons (http://www.wordiq.com/definition/Organ_donation). Here, organ donation is the transplantation of Anna’s parts of body into her sister’s body to safe her sister’s life.
The last term is medical emancipation. According to The New Oxford
American Dictionary
, medical is of the science of medicine, of curing disease (728). Meanwhile, emancipation is to set somebody free, especially from political, legal or social restriction (375). Medical emancipation is to set somebody free from medical matter. In this study, medical emancipation is to set Anna free from medical donation for her sister and to give right to Anna to decide her own medical matter.
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE The second chapter presents two important points. They are review of
related theories and theoretical framework. Review of related theories reviews theories, which are applied for conducting the study. Meanwhile, theoretical framework explains the contribution of the theories to solve the problem and the reason why this study applies such theories.
A. Review of Related Theories 1. Theories of Critical Approach In studying literary work, researchers may apply some approaches.
Rhorberger and Woods propose five approach to literature. They are formalist approach, biographical approach, sociocultural-historical approach, mythopoeic approach and psychological approach (7-11).
Formalist approach is used to comprehend the totally of the literary object. Meanwhile, biographical approach is related to the author’s life and background that help in shaping the work. Biographical approach speculates the writer’s own motivation. Sociocultural-historical approach is needed to investigate the social millieu in which a work was created and which it necessesarily reflects. This approach shows that time and place of the creation give impact to the meaning of the work. Mythopoeic approach can be used to discover the past of human
The last approach is psychological approach. Psychological approach believes that literature reflects the real of human motivation and behavior. The basis of psychological approach is the existance of human consciousness (impulse, desire and feelings) that influence human emotion and behavior. This approach is used to explore the character’s motivation and the simbolic meaning of the events appear in the story. Therefore, this study uses psychological approach to analyze the Anna’s personality and motivation.
2. Theories of Character and Characterization Character is one aspect in a novel despite setting, plot, conflict, etc.
Rohrberger and Woods (20) state “A narrative course, is a story, and stories involve persons, called characters, who act out in a particular time and place (setting) some kind of conflict in a patterns of events (plot)”. Stanton (17) also gives two definitions of character. First, he defines character as the individual who appears in the story. Second, character is the mixture of interest, desires, emotions and moral principles that makes up each of these individuals. Further, Abrams defines character as,
“the persons presented in dramatic or narrative work, who are interpreted by the reader as being endowed with moral dispositional, and emotional qualities that are expressed in what they say-the dialogue-and by what they do-the action” (23).
In making the classification of character, Rohrberger and Woods classify character into protagonist and antagonist. Protagonis is the main or central character in the novel. Protagonist becomes the focus of readers’ attention. In novels, have more than a person central to the action (20). Protagonist is also known as major characater. Protagonist is the most important character in literary work because he/she becomes the focus of the story.
Rohrberger and Woods explains, when protagonist is involved in conflict with another character, the other character is called the antagonist (21). In other word, antagonist is the person who becomes the opponent or rival of the protagonist.
Moreover, Henkle classifies fictional character into major and secondary character. Major character is the most important figure in a literary work. Major character can be identified through the complexity (the range of human characteristics) and the attention given (92). Major character needs to be well understood by the readers because by understanding the major character, the readers presumably understand the vocal experience of the literary work.
Meanwhile, secondary character or minor character is the supporting character. Secondary characters perform limited function. Henkle states, “The most obvious function of secondary characters is to populate the world of the novel” (94). They could be act as foils to the major character or acts within the shadow of the major character. The minor character is less complex or less intense.
Apart from the character, characterization is also an important part of literature. Character and characterization have close relation. They are alike but theoretically, they are different. According to Baldick, as cited in Kusmahardika characterization in that character is the result, while characterization is the process.” Rohrberger and Wood define characterization as the process of creating a character by the author (20). Characterization is the description of character. Murphy adds that through this characterization, an author conveys the characters and the personality of the person he/she writes about (161). He/she conveys what sort of people they are through this characterization. Rohrberger and Woods add that there are two ways in characterizing a figure of a literary work. Those are direct and dramatic. Direct describes physical appearance or somebody’s intellectual and moral attributes or the degree of sensitivity. Meanwhile, dramatic is applied for describing someone’s character and personality through the behavior or speaks. Moreover, Holman and Harmon define characterization as the way of creating imaginary persons so that they exist for the readers as lifelike (81).
In characterizing an individual in a literary work, the author may use some methods. Murphy lists nine methods in characterization (161-173). The first one is personal description. Someone character can be seen through his/her physical appearance, like chlothing, build, skin color, hair, face, gesture, and so on. The author may also describe the detail of the character by telling the physical look so it can be caught by the readers’ eye. The second one is character as seen by another. Someone’s character can be seen through the eyes and opinion of other character in the novel such as the family, friends, acquaintances and neighbour.
Usually the author makes use other character in telling the detail character of an
The third one is speech. The author describes the character of an individu through the speech. By what that person says, the readers could catch the information and clue related to someone’s character because sometimes the author often put the clue in the person’s speaks. The author also gives the clue by letting the readers to understand the character’s past life; what event that contributes in shaping someone’s character.
Besides, the author gives clues of a person’s character through the conversation of other people and the things they said about him/her. The conversation between characters in the novel often talk about other people and the things they say often give clue related to other character. Murphy adds that through the characterization (personal contact and other people), readers will know about the events and happenings of someone’s past life. Thus, it helps the readers to know why a person behaves and acts as he does at the present time (161). The author also give clue to the readers by the action and the reaction of the character in certain condition and situation. Direct comment in the novel is also an author’s way to describe the person’s character.
The author also gives clues from the thoughts of the character. Through this respect, the author is able to do what people cannot do in the real life and tell the readers what different people are thinking about. The last way is called mannerism. By describing a person’s mannerisms, habits or idiosyncrasies, the author can also tell the readers about the character’s personality.
3. Theory of Personality Personality is derived from Latin word persona that means mask.
According to Allport as cited in Hurlock, psychologically the term personality means the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determine his characteristic behavior and thought (7). Meanwhile, Feist and Feist define personality as “a pattern of relatively permanent traits and unique characteristics that give both consistency and individuality to a person’s behavior” (4). They add that traits give contribution on the difference of someone’s behavior, the consistency and stability of someone’s behavior (4).
Traits are unique and the pattern is different one to each other. It creates the unique personality of every individual.
Giving judgment on someone’s personality can be conducted through many ways. It can be through the first impression. Hurlock says that a first impression can be based on physical appearance, facial features or expression, gestures, dress, name, nationality, race, speech, attitude, or other physical or psychological characteristic, etc (10). Giving accurate judgment on someone’s personality is not simple. It is difficult to distinguish between the person’s real personality and his manifest personality because most of people act in accordance with social expectation in order to gain acceptance (18).
Hurlock states that someone’s personality is determined by many conditions. There are eight personality determinants that being stated by Hurlock.
They are physical determinants, intellectual determinants, emotional determinants, determinants and family determinants (143-351). Meanwhile, Anderson as cited in Hurlock, points out three major factors in determining the development of personality. They are the individual’s hereditary endowment, early experience with the family and important events in later life outside the home environment (19).
4. Theory of Motivation This study is related to psychology study that is human motivation.
Everyone is motivated to achieve his/her goal. Motivation drives people to reach their goal. This study is about Anna’s motivation in stopping her organ donation for her sister. In addition, to get the answer of her motivation, the understanding of motivation should be broardened. Moreover, this part will present the definitions and kinds of motivation.
a. Definitions of Motivation
Many psychologists have defined the meaning of motivation. Petri defines motivation as “the concept we use when we describe the forces acting on or within an organism to initiate and direct behavior” (3). Petri explains that concept of motivation can be use as parameter to see the different of intensity behavior.
Moreover, it can be used to initiate the direction of behavior. For instance, when people feel sleepy, they will direct their behavior to close their eyes then get to sleep.
Another definition is also suggested by Beck. “Motivation is broadly and vigor of goal directed behavior” (24). Kasschau adds that motivation cannot be studied directly. It only can be concluded by seeing the goal directed behavior.
“Since motivation cannot be observed directly, psychologists, like the rest of us, infer motivation from goal-directed behavior” (134).
Discussing about motivation, it will also talk about behavior because motivation underlies the basic cause of behavior. Worchel and Shebilkse explain that motivation explains the reason why an organism acts in certain way at certain time (374). Kasschau states although all psychology is concerned with what people do and how they do it, research on motivation and emotion focuses on the underlying why of behavior (133). According to Worchel and Shebilske, there are two different perceptions of human behavior. Based on the doctrine of determinism, human behavior is influenced by internal and external factors and it is unplanned and uncontrol. An extreme view of this doctrine holds that human, like other living creatures, react automatically to internal and external forces; there is no planning or control exercised over behavior (374). However, the doctrine of rationalism has opposite argument from the doctrine of determinism.
This doctrine believes that human can determine how will they behave. In other word, their actions are controlled by reasoning and planning (374). Other expert, Beck, stated that “Behavior, however, is affected by many conditions (variables) and to the extent that we do not know what conditions are prevailing at given time, we will predict with greater or les accuracy” (8).
Stanton adds that motivation is the reason why people behave as they do. appears when people have goal to be achieved or needs to be fulfilled. Motivation leads people to fulfill their needs. If someone’s need is fulfilled, he/she will get satisfaction. If people have needs to be fulfilled, they will do something for achieving their needs (behavior). Consequently, if they could achieve their needs, they will satisfy themselves.
b. Kinds of Motivation
There are two kinds of motivation those are proposed by Worchel & Shebilske (408). They are intrinsic and extrinsic motivation.
1.) Extrinsic Motivation Extrinsic motivation will appear when someone is motivated by external reward or to avoid punsihment. It could be based on the desire for pay, status, grades, promotion, or any similar types of rewards. For example, a student studies hard to have good mark in the examination. Commonly, people who have extrinsic motivation will stop their effort when the extrinsic reward is no longer available. People who prioritize the external reward, such as good mark or money, they are controled by the reward. 2.) Intrinsic Motivation
Intrinsic motivation is motivation that comes from intrinsic factors. When a student studies the subject that he/she likes most, the knowledge and the enjoyment he/she gets is the reward of his/her effort. This is what is called by intrinsic motivation. There are two bases of intrinsic motivation. The first one is is when they believe that they have capability and competency. This kind of motivation, which prioritizes intrinsic reward such as intellectual challenge, makes people feel that they are in control. They will keep doing their work regardless of external conditions.
5. Theories of Human Needs All of the people have their own dreams to be realized in their life.
Someone will be motivated to do actions that will lead him/her into the goals or dreams. However, having a dream is not only reason that leads someone to take an action. There are needs that will support them to achieve their dreams or goal. People have enormous needs to be fulfilled for their survival. Maslow, one of the pioneers of humanistic psychology, develops five hierarchy of needs. It becomes the most popular theory of human needs. There are five levels those are explained by Maslow.
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs are represented in the shape of a pyramid that places human needs in the hierarchy or list. The lowest level of need is at the bottom and the highest of needs is on the top. According to Maslow as cited in Petri (302-305), those five basic needs are: a.
Physiological Needs
This need includes breathing, food, water, sex, sleep, homeostasis, excretion, etc. It deals with the maintenance of human body. Physiological needs are the most important basic need because if these needs are not met it is It has to be satisfied before someone could move to the higher level. Physiological needs control human thought and behavior.
b.
Safety Needs
Maslow as cited in Hufman, Vernoy & Vernoy state, “Stronger needs (such as hunger and thirst) must be satisfied before one can move on the higher needs, such as self-esteem” (407). Therefore, before someone could satisfy the psysiological needs, he/she will not be able to meet the safety needs. The second prority of needs is called safety needs. Everyone always needs to feel secure in his/her life. This includes the safety of body, employment, resources, morality, the family, health, prosperity, etc. Higher needs will be unimportant if someone is in danger.
c.
Love/Belonging/Social Needs
The third need is called love/belonging needs. Human needs to feel the sense of belonging by small or large social group (family, collegues, religious group, etc). Besides, human also needs to love and to be loved by others. If this elements are absence, people tend to feel the loneliness, social anxiety and clinical depression. This need can overcome the two previous levels depends on the strength of the peer pressure.
d.
Esteem Needs Everyone needs to be respected and to have self-esteem and self-respect.
There are two subcategories of esteem needs. They are needs for self-esteem and needs for esteem from others. Needs for self-esteem leads people attempt to from other, requires reputation, status, recognition, attention, appreciation of one’s ability and the feeling of important. All of people want to be accepted and valued by others. When this need is met, people will be confident and valuable.
e.
Self-actualization Needs
The higher level of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is called self- actualization needs. This last need can be reached only if the fourth previous needs (psychological, safety, love/belonging, and esteem needs) have been fulfilled. This includes morality, creativity, spontaneity, problem solving, lack of prejudice, and acceptance of facts. As what is sated in Gleitman, Maslow and other humanistic psychologists describe this as “the desire to realize one’s potentialities, to fulfill oneself, to become one can become” (734).
Maslow, as cited in Bootzin et. al, clasifies those five needs into two groups; those are basic or deficiency needs and metaneeds. Deficiency needs include physiological (food, water, sleep, and so on) and psychological (affection, security, and self esteem). “It is called deficiency needs because if they are not met, a person, lacking of something, will seek to make up for deficiency” (434). Meanwhile, the higher needs is called metaneeds or growth needs. It includes the need for justice, goodness, beauty, order and unity. Deficiency needs take priority over metaneeds.
According to Maslow, those needs take precedence over others. He concludes that one need must be satisfied before other can be reached. However, other psychologist doubts his theory. As cited in Kasschau, Inglehart & one need must be satisfied before another can be.” (143). They may agree on Maslow’s types of needs that may operate on human being, but there is no guarantee that human needs must be satisfied in order. For example, a starving person does not always lack need for love and self-esteem.
B. Review of Related Studies
My Sister’s Keeper
novel is a new literary work. However, there have been several studies on My Sister’s Keeper novel. Julie Ackendorf (2009) in her article
Review of Jodi Picoult's My Sister's Keeper expands the character’s development.
She states that the characters of the novel are very well developed. She explores briefly related to the Fitzgerald family’s characters, Anna, Sara, Kate and Jesse.
Moreover, Ackendorf also examines the themes being discussed in the novel. “Author Jodi Picoult explores the legal, ethical, and moral issues involving sibling organ donation and whether parents have the right to make the decision for the donor.” (2009).
Louise Crook (2005) in her article entitled My Sister’s Keeper-Discussion
Guide , explores the background of Jodi Picoult’s writing through a conversation
with the author. In the conversation, Picoult states that she comes about the idea of the novel through the back door of a previous one, Second Glance. She adds that her study on the human genome project in America leads her to write about baby’s designer as the subject for My Sister’s Keeper novel.
Jennifer Reese (2004) has conducted a study on the conflict in the novel. melodrama begins when 13-year-old Anna Fitzgerald walks into a lawyer's office with $136.87, her life's savings, asking to be medically emancipated from her parents” (2004).
Meanwhile, the study on Anna’s motivation to stop her organ donation to her sister is different from those previous works. This study focuses on the exploration of Anna’s character and Anna’s motivation in stopping her organ donation. In the previous study, the characters of the novel have been explored briefly in general view. However, this study will be more focusing in exploring Anna’s character in detailed way. The study on Anna’s motivation in discontinuing her organ donation to her sister is a new study.
C.
Theoretical Framework
This part presents the theories will be used to answer and analyze the two formulated problems stated in the problem formulation. Firstly, the writer will use theory of critical approach by Rohrberger & Woods to select the best approach to analyze this study. This study, then, applies psychological approach because this study deals with psychological problem which is personality and motivation.
Secondly, this study employs character and characterization theory and personality theory to explore Anna’s personality as questioned in the problem formulation. Then, theory of human motivation and human needs by Maslow also help the writer gets the understading of Anna’s motivation and Anna’s personal needs, in the matter of she behaves that way. Those theories can be used for
CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY This chapter discusses the methodology, which are used to conduct this
study. Those are object of the study, approach of the study and method of the study. Object of the study contains the description of the work that is going to be analyzed along with its physical description. Approach of the study deals with approaches, which are employed in the analysis. Meanwhile, method of the study explains the procedures and steps being used to analyze the study.