The influence of Somer`s and Asha`s interpersonal conflicts on mother and daughter relationship in Shilpi Somaya Gowda`s Secret Daughter - USD Repository
THE INFLUENCE OF SOMER ’S AND ASHA’S
INTERPERSONAL CONFLICTS ON MOTHER AND DAUGHTER RELATIONSHIP
IN SHILPI SOMAYA GOWDA’S SECRET DAUGHTER A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree in English Language Education By Stefanus Brian Dwi Nugroho Student Number: 081214051 ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA
THE INFLUENCE OF SOMER ’S AND ASHA’S
INTERPERSONAL CONFLICTS ON MOTHER AND DAUGHTER RELATIONSHIP
IN SHILPI SOMAYA GOWDA’S SECRET DAUGHTER A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree in English Language Education By Stefanus Brian Dwi Nugroho Student Number: 081214051 ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA
This thesis is dedicated to: God, Jesus Christ, and Mother Mary
- My beloved parents
- Ignatius Lagiman and Florentina Suratiyem
My Sister Paskalina Widiastuti Ratnaningsih
- Suparno Warnotiyoso and Satirah Warnotiyoso
My grandparents
- My friends
STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY
I honestly declare that this thesis, which I have written, does not contain the work or parts of the work of other people, except those cited in the quotations and the references, as a scientific paper should.
th
Yogyakarta, January 14 , 2013 The Writer
Stefanus Brian Dwi Nugroho 081214051
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN
PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS
Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma: Nama : Stefanus Brian Dwi Nugroho Nomor Mahasiswa : 081214051
Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul:
THE INFLUENCE OF SOMER ’S AND ASHA’S INTERPERSONAL
CONFLICTS ON MOTHER AND DAUGHTER RELATIONSHIP IN
SHILPI SOMAYA GOWDA’S SECRET DAUGHTER
beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin dari saya maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencamtukan nama saya sebagai penulis. Demikian pernyataan ini yang saya buat dengan sebenarnya. Dibuat di Yogyakarta Pada tanggal : 14 Januari 2013 Yang menyatakan
ABSTRACT
Nugroho, Stefanus Brian Dwi (2013). The Influence of Somer
’s and Asha’s
Interpersonal Conflicts on Mother and Daughter Relationship in Shilpi
Somaya Gowda’s Secret Daughter. Yogyakarta: English Language Education
Study Program, Sanata Dharma University.
This study discusses a novel written by Shilpi Somaya Gowda entitled
Secret Daughter . The novel is a fascinating novel that portrays communication
problems in a family and motherhood experience. The writer chooses to analyze the interpersonal conflicts between Somer and Asha because Asha, as an adopted child, grows in a deep curiosity about her biological parents. It has caused interpersonal conflicts between Somer and Asha and has influenced their relationship as a mother and a daughter.
There are two problems analyzed in this thesis. Those are (1) What are Somer
’s and Asha’s interpersonal conflicts as described in the novel? (2) How do Somer
’s and Asha’s interpersonal conflicts affect their mother and daughter relationship? This study used psychological approach since this study focused on interpersonal conflicts. The method used for the analysis was library research. A novel entitled Secret Daughter was the primary data in this study. The secondary data were books and journal on interpersonal conflicts and mother and daughter relationship which were used to analyze the novel.
Based on the analysis, there are two main points which can be drawn. The first point is the interpersonal conflicts between Somer and Asha. The interpersonal conflicts between Somer and Asha happen when Asha asks about her biological parents to Somer. Besides, Somer and Asha have different goals, ideas, and perceptions about
Asha’s study, Asha’s interests in journalism, and freedom as a teenager. The interpersonal conflicts also happen when Asha thinks that knowing the origin for a child is important to find out her identity. These interpersonal conflicts can be classified as pseudo conflict, simple conflict, and ego conflict. The causes of the interpersonal conflicts are defined as the different opinions or interests, roles in a family, and lack of communication. The conflict resolutions between Asha and Somer are classified as loyalty, avoidance, soothing or yielding, compromising, competition or contending, and solving. The second point is the influence of Somer
’s and Asha’s interpersonal conflicts on mother and daughter relationship. The interpersonal conflicts between Somer and Asha have given influence on intimacy and power. The intimate relationship between Somer and Asha is shown when they spend special moments together and Somer gives her allowance to Asha to develop her ability appropriate with her interest. For the power aspect, Somer becomes a permissive mother, not an authoritarian anymore. This thesis provides suggestions for future researchers and English teachers to teach English by using Secret Daughter as the teaching material.
ABSTRAK
Nugroho, Stefanus Brian Dwi (2013). The Influence of Somer
’s and Asha’s
Interpersonal Conflicts on Mother and Daughter Relationship in Shilpi
Somaya Gowda’s Secret Daughter. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Bahasa Inggris,
Universitas Sanata Dharma.
Studi ini membicarakan sebuah novel yang ditulis oleh Shilpi Somaya Gowda berjudul Secret Daughter. Novel ini merupakan sebuah novel yang menarik dengan gambaran tentang masalah komunikasi di dalam sebuah keluarga dan pengalaman keibuan. Oleh sebab itu, penulis memilih untuk menganalisa konflik antar pribadi antara Somer dan Asha karena Asha, sebagai anak adopsi, tumbuh dalam rasa ingin tahu yang mendalam tentang orang tua kandungnya. Hal ini telah menyebabkan konflik
- –konflik antar pribadi antara Somer dan Asha dan telah mempengaruhi hubungan mereka sebagai seorang ibu dan seorang anak.
Ada dua masalah yang dianalisa dalam skripsi ini. Masalah itu adalah (1) Apa saja konflik
- –konflik antar pribadi antara Somer dan Asha seperti yang terdapat di dalam novel? (2) Bagaimana konflik-konflik antar pribadi antara Somer dan Asha mempengaruhi hubungan ibu dan anak?
Studi ini menggunakan pendekatan psikologi karena studi ini berpusat pada konflik
- –konflik antar pribadi. Metode yang digunakan untuk analisis adalah studi pustaka. Novel berjudul Secret Daughter adalah data utama dalam studi ini. Data sekunder adalah buku
- –buku dan jurnal tentang konflik–konflik antar pribadi dan hubungan ibu dan anak yang digunakan untuk menganalisa novel ini.
Berdasarkan analisis, ada dua hal utama yang dapat ditarik dari skripsi ini. Hal pertama adalah konflik –konflik antar pribadi antara Somer dan Asha. Konflik
- –konflik antar pribadi antara Somer dan Asha terjadi ketika Asha menanyakan tentang orang tua kandungnya kepada Somer. Selain itu, Asha dan Somer mempunyai tujuan, gagasan, dan tanggapan yang berbeda tentang sekolah Asha, minat Asha pada bidang jurnalistik, dan kebebasan sebagai seorang remaja. Konflik –konflik antar pribadi juga terjadi ketika Asha berpikir bahwa mengetahui asal seorang anak adalah penting untuk menemukan jati dirinya. Konflik –konflik antar pribadi ini dapat digolongkan dalam konflik semu, konflik sederhana, dan konflik diri. Penyebab –penyebab dari konflik antar pribadi dirumuskan dalam perbedaan pendapat atau kepentingan, peran dalam keluarga, dan kurangnya komunikasi. Pemecahan konflik antara Somer dan Ashar digolongkan dalam kesetiaan, penghindaran, menenangkan atau melunak, berkompromi, kompetisi, dan pemecahan masalah. Hal kedua adalah pengaruh konflik
- –konflik antar pribadi antara Somer dan Asha terhadap hubungan ibu dan anak. Konflik –konflik antar pribadi antara Somer dan Asha telah memberikan pengaruh pada dua aspek yaitu keintiman dan wewenang. Hubungan yang intim antara Somer dan Asha terlihat ketika mereka menghabiskan m
- –momen spesial bersama dan Somer memberikan ijinnya kepada Asha untuk mengembangkan kemampuannya sesuai dengan minatnya. Untuk aspek wewenang, Somer menjadi seorang ibu yang
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, I would like to express my deepest praise and gratitude toJesus Christ and Mother Mary for their blessings. Thanks for giving me strength, health and guidance so that I am able to finish my thesis.
Second, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my major sponsor, Henny Herawati, S.Pd., M.Hum., for her patience, kindness, suggestions, and encouragement in finishing my thesis. My sincere gratitude is also addressed to Sr. Margaret, FCJ and Mas Risang Baskara, S.S., who kindly helped me in checking my grammar. Furthermore, I would like to thank PBI lecturers for the guidance for me during my study.
I also thank PBI’s administration staffs, Mbak Daniek and Mbak Tari for helping me in administrative matters.
Third, I would like express my sincere gratitude to my father, Ignatius Lagiman, S.Pd., and my mother, Florentina Suratiyem, for unending support, love, and pray. I also thank my sister, Paskalina Widiastuti Ratnaningsih, S.Pd., for her support and assistance during finishing this thesis. I also would like to express my gratitude to my grandfather, Suparno Warnotiyoso, and my grandmother, Satirah Warnotiyoso, for their prayers and support during the completion of this thesis. I also would like express my gratitude to my family in Klaten and Cirebon for their prayers in finishing my study.
Fourth, my greatest thanks go to Kresentia Yosta Dhinda Aprillia for her support, prayers, and love so I can keep moving forward. Your presence has given many influences during my study. I also thank Gisela Delicia for her support during the completion of this thesis. My special thanks to people in my boarding house: Odoy, Yus, Resex, Ahsan, Mbak Asih, Eka, and Pak Jasman’s family. I thank them for their support and assistance during my study. I also would like to thank my friends: Sandy ‘cino’, Doddi, Patrick ‘kak beb’, Simek, Sigrid, Mas Lukas, Gendon, Erick, Dimas, and Rara.
Fifth, I would like to express my gratitude to my friends in PBI: Yus, Yuan, Frater, Adam, Yosua, Rizky
‘suketi’, Mas Ketchup, Niken, Diah, Rean,
Dhita
‘mbak ndut’, Astri, Yuan ‘chu’, Adi, Dimas, Gilang, Mbak Bowtie, Mas
Jojo, Selvi, Tiyus, Yohana, Baruna, Leo, Mas Yoko, Father Richie, and Mas Miko. I also would like to thank my EMC’s friends: Marcel, Topan, Bella, Delis, Pita, and Franky. For my friends in Laziale Yogyakarta, I would like to thank for your support and for the great moments in supporting our beloved football team, SS Lazio.
Sixth, I would like to thank the people in Jambi, my hometown. I thank my neighbors in Jambi, especially Bapak Imron’s family: Bapak, Mamak, Bang
Ujang, Bang Ayik, and Ayuk Ika, for their prayers for my study. I also would like to thank my friends in Jambi: Wawan, Rohmo, Nuke, Adi, Dani
‘jamet’, Dede Mirtha, and Samuel Ramos Pakpahan.
Finally, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to all people whom I cannot be mentioned one by one. I thank them for their support during the completion of my study.
Stefanus Brian Dwi Nugroho
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
TITLE PAGE ................................................................................................... i
APPROVAL PAGES ........................................................................................ ii
DEDICATION PAGE ...................................................................................... iv
STATEMENTS OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY ............................................ v
PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI .............................................. vi
ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................... vii
ABSTRAK .......................................................................................................... viii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .............................................................................. x
TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................. xii
LIST OF APPENDICES ................................................................................. xv
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1 A. Background of the Study .........................................................
1 B. Problem Formulation ..............................................................
3 C. Objectives of the Study ...........................................................
4 D. Benefits of the Study ...............................................................
4 E. Definition of Terms .................................................................
5 CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
6 A. Review of Related Theories ....................................................
6 1. Psychological Approach ......................................................
6
2. Conflicts ..............................................................................
7 a. Definition of Conflicts .....................................................
7 b. Interpersonal Conflict ......................................................
7 c. Causes of Interpersonal Conflict .....................................
8 d. Conflict Resolutions ........................................................
9 1) Blake’s and Mouton’s Model ..................................... 9 2)
Pruitt’s and Rubin’s Model ........................................ 10 3) Rusbu lt’s Model ......................................................... 11
3. Mother-Daughter Relationship ............................................ 11
a. Meaning of Mother and Daughter Relationship .............. 11
b. Conflicts in Mother and Daughter Relationship .............. 12
4. Basic Family Processes ....................................................... 13
a. Intimacy ........................................................................... 13
b. Power ............................................................................... 15
B. Theoretical Framework ............................................................ 16
CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY
17 A. Object of the Study .................................................................. 17
B. Approach of the Study ............................................................ 18
C. Method of the Study ................................................................ 18
CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS
20 A.
1. The Interpersonal Conflict ................................................ 21 a.
Pseudo Conflict ........................................................... 21 b. Simple Conflict ........................................................... 23 c. Ego Conflict ................................................................ 26 2. The Causes of Interpersonal Conflict ................................ 28 3. The Conflict Resolutions .................................................. 33 B. Mother and Daughter Relationship ......................................... 39 C. The Influence of the Interpersonal Conflicts on Mother and
Daughter Relationship ............................................................. 43
CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
50 A.
Conclusions ............................................................................. 50 B. Suggestions ............................................................................. 52 1.
Suggestions for the Future Researchers ............................ 53 2. Suggestions for the English Teachers ............................... 53
REFERENCES ................................................................................................. 57
APPENDICES .................................................................................................. 59
LIST OF APPENDICES
Page Appendix A : The Summary of Secret Daughter ............................................
59 Appendix B : Shilpi Somaya Gowda ’s Biography ......................................... 61 Appendix C : Lesson Plan ...............................................................................
62 Appendix D : Handouts (for students) ............................................................
70 Appendix E : Handouts (for teacher) ..............................................................
74
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION This chapter is divided into five parts. Those parts are background of the
study, problem formulation, objectives of the study, benefits of the study and definition of the terms. Background of the study explains some reasons underlying the basis for choosing the topic. Problem formulation focuses on the problem to be analyzed in this study through the novel. Objectives of the study reveal the purposes of this study. Benefits of the study show the uses of this study for the readers and other researchers. As the last part of chapter one, definition of the terms presents some special terms related to the novel that are important to be clarified.
A. Background of the Study
Literature has a close relationship with human’s life. There are many literary works, such as novel, poem, short story, etc. From reading literary works, readers can obtain various kinds of idea, feeling, and view about life. The author of novel usually presents the real life situations. A novel may contain many valuable things which appear in society. The readers of the novel may get values after reading the novel since it is a reflection of life.
Stanton (1965) states that the particular strength of the novel is its ability to build a complex subject fully, to create a complete world through the presentation of the characters, a large complex of social situation, and a complex relationship among few characters (p. 44). A novel presents the conditions of people’s real life, values, thought and feeling. It reveals people’s experiences in their daily life and the problems that may emerge. Sometimes, the problems are not easy to be solved. Problems can influence someone’s reaction to other people. It will affect interpersonal relationship among them.
This study focuses on Secret Daughter by Shilpi Somaya Gowda as the novel to be discussed. There are many reasons underlying the selection of this novel. The first reason, Secret Daughter by Shilpi Somaya Gowda is a vivid novel about mother-daughter relationship between Somer and Asha, and also her biological mother, Kavita. The novel greatly depicts the relationship between mother and adopted child. The second reason is good dynamics which are shown in the novel. Shilpi Somaya Gowda describes the dynamic relationship between a daughter and a mother in a good way. Therefore, the conflicts in the novel describe author’s concern about her feeling on adoption and motherhood experiences.
The third reason is a good description about adopting a child in human life. Adoption is extremely complicated. It covers issues of self identity, sense of being adopted, the questions of origins and biological family, and the experiences of relationship. People who commit to adopt a child cannot avoid these issues. It will appear during the child’s development. The fourth reason is the moral values that we can draw from this novel. They are the sense of being a family and forgiveness.
John Simmonds as cited by Debbie Hindle and Graham Shulman (2008) states that adoption changes everything. Whatever the children brings into their adoptive home (their genetic inheritance, their personality, their pre-birth and pre- placement experiences, their class, ethnicity, language, culture and family history); it will be changed by the people, circumstances and opportunities that make up their new world (p. 28). Adoption is an association of emotional force. After reading the novel, the writer finds issues related to the interpersonal conflict dealing with mother and daughter relationship as a study to be discussed.
The writer finds that Asha, as one of the major characters, experiences curiosity about her biological parents in India since she became adult. The curiosity raises interpersonal conflicts with her foster mother, Somer. These interpersonal conflicts influence mother and daughter relationship between both of them.
Hence, this study discusses the influence of Somer ’s and Asha’s interpersonal conflicts on mother and daughter relationship in Shilpi Somaya
G owda’s Secret Daughter.
B. Problem Formulation
This study focuses on two problems as follows: 1. What are Somer’s and Asha’s interpersonal conflicts as described in the novel?
2. How do Somer’s and Asha’s interpersonal conflicts affect their mother and daughter relationship?
C. Objectives of the Study
The first objective is to identify the interpersonal conflicts between Somer and Asha. The second objective is to reveal how the interpersonal conflict affect their mother and daughter relationship.
D. Benefits of the Study
There are some advantages from this study. They are divided into two parts as follows.
1. The benefits for the readers By analyzing this novel, the readers can get a better knowledge about literature on mother and daughter relationship. Through this study, the readers, hopefully, can gain more insights into motherhood experiences, especially in adopting a child. In addition, the readers are able to have some perspectives in the conflicts which usually reflect mother and daughter relationship in real life.
2. The benefits for the educational field This study can be used as one reference in some courses. For the teachers, this study is also useful to develop teaching materials from the novel. The teachers can provide this novel as a sample of material to explore mother and daughter relationship from a psychological aspect. The novel could be a variation to make teaching and learning activities more interesting. By reading and exploring the novel, it expected that the teachers and the students can appreciate literary study as something valuable.
E. Definition of Terms
There are two definitions of terms that are needed to be explained in this part. The first definition of term is interpersonal conflict. According to Beebe, Beebe, and Redmond (2011), interpersonal conflict is
“an expressed struggle between at least two interdependent people who perceive incompatible goals, scarce resources, or interference in the achievement of their goals” (p. 216). Noller and Fitzpatrick (1993) state that conflict occurs in a family because the family members hold a difference between them. Conflict happens when the members of family do not agree about the situations in their lives such as one’s behavior, one’s opinions or ideas, etc (p. 99). In this study, the two major characters, Somer and Asha, are facing many problems in interpersonal conflicts since there are differences in goals, opinions, and ideas between them.
The second definition of term is mother and daughter relationship. According to APA Dictionary of Psychology (2007), relationship means “a continuing and usually binding association between two or more people, as in a family, friendship, marriage, partnership, or other interpersonal link in which the participants have some degree of influence on each other’s thoughts, feelings, and even action” (p. 785). In this study, the relationship between mother and daughter is being the focus. Somer and Asha have a binding association as a mother and a daughter in a family since Asha is adopted by Somer.
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE This chapter consists of two sections. The first section is a review of
related theories which contains theory of psychological approach, theory of conflicts, theory of mother and daughter relationship, and theory of basic family process. The second section is theoretical framework which explains the contribution of the theories in solving the problems of this study.
A. Review of Related Theories 1. Psychological Approach
Rohberger and Woods (1971) state that a critical approach to literature requires an understanding of its nature, function, and positive values. A critical approach provides the means in order to understand how literature is shaped and something of what it means. There are five approaches that can be used to analyze literary works. They are the formalist approach, the biographical approach, the sociocultural-historical approach, the mythopoeic approach, and the psychological approach (pp. 3 –15).
This study focuses on the influence of Somer ’s and Asha’s interpersonal conflicts on mother and daughter relationship. Therefore, psychological approach is applied to analyze the conflicts between Somer and Asha through psychological point of view. According to Rohberger and Woods (1971), psychological approach is an approach that focuses on the psychological side of human beings. The characters’ thought and behavior can be understood more appropriate by using psychological approach since this approach intends to comprehend the patterns of human personality and behavior (p. 13).
2. Conflicts a. Definition of Conflicts
This study reveals conflicts faced by Somer and Asha in their relationship as a mother and a daughter. Theory of conflicts is used to analyze the two main characters
’ interpersonal conflicts. Isenhart and Spangle (2000) define conflict as a struggle for power, the way decisions are made, the way in talking to each other or unresolved problems from past interaction (p. 2). Noller and Fitzpatrick (1993) further explain that conflict occurs in a family because the family members hold a difference between them. Conflict happens when the members of family do not agree about the situations in their lives such as one’s behavior, one’s opinions, etc (p. 99).
b. Interpersonal Conflict
Worchel and Cooper (1979) state two kinds of conflict which happen in our daily life. They are intrapersonal conflicts and interpersonal conflicts. First, intrapersonal conflict is a conflict that arises within one ’s character (p. 460). Second, interpersonal conflict is a conflict that arises between the characters with the power outside the character (p. 462). In 1996, Beebe, Beebe, and Redmond state that there are three types of interpersonal conflicts, namely: pseudo conflict which is caused by a lack of understanding between individuals, simple conflict which is caused by differences on definition, goals, ideas, perception, and ego
conflict which is caused by personal differences attached to each individual within
a group (pp. 297-300).William Wilmot, as cited by Beebe et. al. (2011), further explains that there are four elements in interpersonal conflict; they are an expressed struggle, between at least two interdependent people, who perceive incompatible goals, and who are attempting to achieve specific goals. An expressed struggle shows that people typically do not know that someone is upset with them until someone expresses displeasure with a remark or by a nonverbal behavior such as a glare, a steely facial expression, or an emotion-laden tone of voice. He adds that interpersonal conflict happens between at least two interdependent people. By interdependent means that people are dependent on each other; what one person does or says affects the other person. Meanwhile, incompatible goals from others are other elements of interpersonal conflict. Conflict often happens because two people want the same thing, but both cannot have it, or because what a person wants is the opposite of what the other wants. The last element of interpersonal conflict is achieving a goal. Conflict occurs because both parties cannot achieve their own goals (pp. 216 –217).
c. Causes of Interpersonal Conflict
Isenhart and Spangle (2000) identify seven issues that cause interpersonal conflict. They are data, interests, procedures, values, relationships, roles, and communication. Those causes of conflict suggest why it is so difficult for parties to be focused on the same issues. First, data is when people have differences of opinion about the best source, reliability, or interpretation of data. Second, interests are shown when there are many disagreements and parties cannot meet one another’s interests. Third, procedures mean parties’ way do not engage in discussion if they do not agree with a way to solve a problem.
Fourth, values arise from differences of opinion about the importance or the priority of interests, options, or choices of direction. Fifth, relationship means people may resist cooperating if they do not trust others, do not feel respected by others, and do not believe that the other person is honest, or do not feel listened to.
Sixth, roles are caused by expectations for the role or power imbalances created by the role. The last cause is communication which means conflict as the result of how something is said (pp. 14 –15).
d. Conflict Resolutions
People in a conflict can generally resolve their dispute by a variety of means. Noller and Fitzpatrick (1993) mention a number of models of conflict resolution from Blake and Mouton, Pruitt and Rubin, and Rusbult (pp. 105 –107).
1) Blake’s and Mouton’s Model
Blake and Mouton as cited by Noller and Fitzpatrick (1993) suggest a two- dimensional model involving the dimensions of care for one’s own interests and care for the relationship. There are five different responses to conflict. The first response is avoidance that is seen as a lack of concern for either self or the relationship and involves physically or emotionally retreating from the situation. Second
, competition is seen as putting one’s own concerns above those relationships and is characterized by minimal concern for others’ feeling. Third, soothing is seen as putting concern for relationships above one’s own concerns and perhaps denying those concerns in the interests of preventing open conflict and covering up differences. Fourth, compromising is seen as involving some concern for self and some for relationships but still less satisfactory than problem solving. The last one is solving that is seen as balancing concerns for relationships with concern about one’s own interests. Noller and Fitzpatrick quote Schaap et al. that problem-solving involves
“the open and direct expression of feelings, exploring the causes of the conflict, clarifying misunderstanding, and looking for a solution that is satisfying to both partners ” (pp. 105 – 106).
2) Pruitt’s and Rubin’s Model
Pruitt and Rubin as cited by Noller and Fitzpatrick (1993) also propose five different responses to conflict. They are avoiding, yielding, contending, compromising, and collaborating. Avoiding conflict seems to be dependent on the importance of the issues. Furthermore, yielding is similar to soothing, but yielding does involve a solution to the problem. Yielding is a useful style if one wants to show how reasonable one can be or to preserve harmony. While contending involves putting one’s own concerns above those of the other person striving to get one’s own way, compromising is often an expedient tactic, but it is rarely response is collaborating which is similar to problem solving. It involves working together to find a solution where everybody wins (p. 106).
3) Rusbult’s Model
Rusbult as cited by Noller and Fitzpatrick (1993) suggests only four different responses to conflict; they are voice, exit, neglect, and loyalty. Voice, very similar to problem solving, is an active response and constructive. It involves bringing problems into the open, discussing them, seeking advice, and trying to bring about change. Exit is also an active response but destructive. It involves such responses as threatening to end the relationship. Meanwhile, neglect is a passive response and destructive. It involves withdrawing from the partner, treating the partner badly, and generally letting the relationship end. Then, loyalty is a passive response but constructive. It involves waiting in the hope that things will improve while supporting the partner and having faith in the relationship (p.
107).
3. Mother-Daughter Relationship a. Meaning of Mother and Daughter Relationship
Noller and Fitzpatrick (1993) state that the strongest parents-children relationship is the relationship between mother and daughter. The reason is women tend to be more involved in maintaining family relationships, and particularly through links between mother and daughters (p. 267). It describes the close relationship between mother and her children. According to Deutsch (1973), a daughter identifies her mother for her emotional and moral development. A mother will become a model for her daughter to develop her daughter’s mental and moral based on the daughter’s perspective toward the mother (p. 322).
b. Conflicts in Mother and Daughter Relationship
Noller and Fitzpatrick (1993) state that woman is more likely to see the relationship with her mother as a negative one. A woman sees her mother as a critical, controlling, and demanding person while man usually idealizes his mother. On the other hand, the mother expects more from her daughter but shows less appreciation on her daughter’s efforts. On the contrary, the mother expects less from her son and appreciates more on the thing her son does. Hence, they mention that mother-daughter relationship as a complex, ambivalent, and ambiguous (pp. 267
- –268). Nadeau (2001) says that mother and daughter usually have the added conflicts during the daughter’s adolescence because the mother is the primary role model and the teacher of cultural values. She further explains that conflicts in the daughter adolescence occur because the daughter is confused with the social meanings of womanhood and motherhood. The conflictual situation is getting worse when the daughter tries to get away from her mother. There are some causes of the separation. First, the separation happens because the individual boundaries between a mother and her daughter are not clear. Second, the daughter wants to have a freedom in her life but the mother does not agree with that.
The last cause is the different views in human life which is the teachings from her mother. The mother teaches her daughter to be dependent. Mother teaches her daughter how to behave in a society. Unfortunately, the daughter does not agree with these teachings and she wants to separate from her mother. The daughter should resolve the conflict in her relationship with her mother. This is important since the daughter needs to understand her mother if she wants to understand herself and establish her own identity (para. 3).
4. Basic Family Processes
Noller and Fitzpatrick (1993) classify four elements in basic family process; they are intimacy, conflict, power, and decision making (pp. 75
- –162). In this study, intimacy and power are relevant to be used in analyzing the influence of interpersonal conflict between Somer and Asha on mother and daughter relationship since intimacy and power are seen in the novel.
a. Intimacy
Almost everyone would say that they want to be part of a warm and intimate relationship. Jones in Noller and Fitzpatrick (1993) say that intimate relationships have positive effects on human life, decreasing the probability of loneliness, symptoms illness, and simultaneously increasing the probability of good psychological adjustment, and strong social support (p. 75). Noller and Fitzpatrick (1993) state that intimacy is defined in terms of over behaviors such as self-disclosure, declarations of liking and loving, hugging and caressing and also strong positive emotions like trust (p. 76).
Noller and Fitzpatrick (1993) divide five major perspectives that are potentially very important in the family context. Intimacy has been defined as spontaneity, process, motivation, interdependence, and dialectic. First, intimacy as spontaneity emphasizes the importance of being able to “be oneself” in the presence of intimates or in the presence of those we care about without having to be conscious of one’s self-presentation. Second, intimacy as an interpersonal process emphasizes that intimacy is dynamic, and changing, and centered in a particular relationship. Intimacy is built up through the moment by moment interactions of individuals in a relationship as they disclose to one another and accept one another’s revelations. Third, intimacy as motivation focuses on individual difference factors and the effects of past history in both our family origin and other prior relationships on our willingness to work at the development of intimacy in our closest relationship. Fourth, intimacy as interdependence focuses on the degree of impact (frequency, duration, intensity, and diversity of impact) which those in close or intimate relationships have on one another. Adolescents, for example, report both more positive interactions (support and acceptance) with their mother and more conflict with them. Fifth, intimacy as dialectical process focuses on the necessity for balancing conflicting needs in relationships, particularly those between autonomy and connectedness and between openness and closeness (pp. 76 –81).
b. Power
Emerson and Giddens in Noller and Fitzpatrick (1993) state that power is as the ability of an individual to change the behavior of other family members, or as the ability to influence social outcomes (p. 124). Baumrind in the same book further explains that parents vary in the extent to which they seek to exercise power over the children (p. 134). Noller and Fitzpatrick (1993) divide three basic styles of parenting which are identified as authoritarian, authoritative, and permissive (p. 135). The authoritarian parents attempt to shape, control, and evaluate the behavior and attitudes of the child in accordance with a set standard of conduct. They also values obedience as a virtue and favors punitive forceful measure to curb self-will (p. 135).
The authoritative parent, by contrast, directs the activities of the child, but in a rational issue-oriented manner. These authoritative parents encourage verbal give-and-take, and share with the child reasoning behind family rules and family policy. Exerting control, the authoritative parents are careful not to surround the child with lots of restrictions and tend to use reason rather than coercion to get child’s cooperation (p. 135). The last is the permissive parents. These permissive parents behave in a nonpunitive, acceptance, and affirmative manner, consults about policy decisions, and give explanations about family rules, make few demands for household responsibility and orderly behavior, and allows the child to regulate their own activities as much as possible (p. 135).
B. Theoretical Framework
This study focuses on the discussion about mother and daughter relationship which is influenced by Somer ’s and Asha’s interpersonal conflicts.
First, the writer needs to use the appropriate approach of literary criticism. The psychological approach from Rohberger and Woods is the most appropriate since it focuses on psychological side of human beings.
In order to analyze the interpersonal conflicts between Somer and Asha, the writer uses theories from Worchel and Cooper, Beebe et.al., and William Wilmot. For finding out the causes of interpersonal conflicts, the writer uses theories from Isenhart and Spangle. Noller and Fitzpatrick state theory about conflict resolutions which are classified into three categories, they are
Blake’s and Mouton’s model, Pruitt’s and Rubin’s model, and Rusbult’s model. These theories are used to analyze the conflict resolutions between Somer and Asha.
Going further, theories from Noller and Fitzpatrick, Deutsch, and Nadeau are implemented to find out the mother and daughter relationship which consists of the meaning of mother and daughter relationship and the conflicts that happens in mother and daughter relationship. In order to answer the influence of interpersonal conflicts on the mother and daughter relationship, the writer uses some theories from Jones, Noller and Fitzpatrick, Emerson and Giddens, and Baumrind, The theories shows about intimacy and power in a family context.
CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY This chapter consists of three sections. The first section is object of the
study which is used to elaborate physical description of the novel. The second section is approach of the study which is used to explain the approach for the analysis. The third section is method of the study which is used to explain the primary and secondary sources and the steps taken in the analysis.