The influence of Somer`s and Asha`s interpersonal conflicts on mother and daughter relationship in Shilpi Somaya Gowda`s Secret Daughter.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
ABSTRACT
Nugroho, Stefanus Brian Dwi (2013). The Influence of Somer’s and Asha’s
Interpersonal Conflicts on Mother and Daughter Relationship in Shilpi
Somaya Gowda’s Secret Daughter. Yogyakarta: English Language Education
Study Program, Sanata Dharma University.
This study discusses a novel written by Shilpi Somaya Gowda entitled
Secret Daughter. The novel is a fascinating novel that portrays communication
problems in a family and motherhood experience. The writer chooses to analyze
the interpersonal conflicts between Somer and Asha because Asha, as an adopted
child, grows in a deep curiosity about her biological parents. It has caused
interpersonal conflicts between Somer and Asha and has influenced their
relationship as a mother and a daughter.
There are two problems analyzed in this thesis. Those are (1) What are
Somer’s and Asha’s interpersonal conflicts as described in the novel? (2) How do
Somer’s and Asha’s interpersonal conflicts affect their mother and daughter
relationship?
This study used psychological approach since this study focused on
interpersonal conflicts. The method used for the analysis was library research. A
novel entitled Secret Daughter was the primary data in this study. The secondary
data were books and journal on interpersonal conflicts and mother and daughter
relationship which were used to analyze the novel.
Based on the analysis, there are two main points which can be drawn. The
first point is the interpersonal conflicts between Somer and Asha. The
interpersonal conflicts between Somer and Asha happen when Asha asks about
her biological parents to Somer. Besides, Somer and Asha have different goals,
ideas, and perceptions about Asha’s study, Asha’s interests in journalism, and
freedom as a teenager. The interpersonal conflicts also happen when Asha thinks
that knowing the origin for a child is important to find out her identity. These
interpersonal conflicts can be classified as pseudo conflict, simple conflict, and
ego conflict. The causes of the interpersonal conflicts are defined as the different
opinions or interests, roles in a family, and lack of communication. The conflict
resolutions between Asha and Somer are classified as loyalty, avoidance, soothing
or yielding, compromising, competition or contending, and solving. The second
point is the influence of Somer’s and Asha’s interpersonal conflicts on mother and
daughter relationship. The interpersonal conflicts between Somer and Asha have
given influence on intimacy and power. The intimate relationship between Somer
and Asha is shown when they spend special moments together and Somer gives
her allowance to Asha to develop her ability appropriate with her interest. For the
power aspect, Somer becomes a permissive mother, not an authoritarian anymore.
This thesis provides suggestions for future researchers and English teachers to
teach English by using Secret Daughter as the teaching material.
Keywords: interpersonal conflicts, mother and daughter relationship, influence
vii
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
ABSTRAK
Nugroho, Stefanus Brian Dwi (2013). The Influence of Somer’s and Asha’s
Interpersonal Conflicts on Mother and Daughter Relationship in Shilpi
Somaya Gowda’s Secret Daughter. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Bahasa Inggris,
Universitas Sanata Dharma.
Studi ini membicarakan sebuah novel yang ditulis oleh Shilpi Somaya
Gowda berjudul Secret Daughter. Novel ini merupakan sebuah novel yang
menarik dengan gambaran tentang masalah komunikasi di dalam sebuah keluarga
dan pengalaman keibuan. Oleh sebab itu, penulis memilih untuk menganalisa
konflik antar pribadi antara Somer dan Asha karena Asha, sebagai anak adopsi,
tumbuh dalam rasa ingin tahu yang mendalam tentang orang tua kandungnya. Hal
ini telah menyebabkan konflik–konflik antar pribadi antara Somer dan Asha dan
telah mempengaruhi hubungan mereka sebagai seorang ibu dan seorang anak.
Ada dua masalah yang dianalisa dalam skripsi ini. Masalah itu adalah (1)
Apa saja konflik–konflik antar pribadi antara Somer dan Asha seperti yang
terdapat di dalam novel? (2) Bagaimana konflik-konflik antar pribadi antara
Somer dan Asha mempengaruhi hubungan ibu dan anak?
Studi ini menggunakan pendekatan psikologi karena studi ini berpusat
pada konflik–konflik antar pribadi. Metode yang digunakan untuk analisis adalah
studi pustaka. Novel berjudul Secret Daughter adalah data utama dalam studi ini.
Data sekunder adalah buku–buku dan jurnal tentang konflik–konflik antar pribadi
dan hubungan ibu dan anak yang digunakan untuk menganalisa novel ini.
Berdasarkan analisis, ada dua hal utama yang dapat ditarik dari skripsi ini.
Hal pertama adalah konflik–konflik antar pribadi antara Somer dan Asha.
Konflik–konflik antar pribadi antara Somer dan Asha terjadi ketika Asha
menanyakan tentang orang tua kandungnya kepada Somer. Selain itu, Asha dan
Somer mempunyai tujuan, gagasan, dan tanggapan yang berbeda tentang sekolah
Asha, minat Asha pada bidang jurnalistik, dan kebebasan sebagai seorang remaja.
Konflik–konflik antar pribadi juga terjadi ketika Asha berpikir bahwa mengetahui
asal seorang anak adalah penting untuk menemukan jati dirinya. Konflik–konflik
antar pribadi ini dapat digolongkan dalam konflik semu, konflik sederhana, dan
konflik diri. Penyebab–penyebab dari konflik antar pribadi dirumuskan dalam
perbedaan pendapat atau kepentingan, peran dalam keluarga, dan kurangnya
komunikasi. Pemecahan konflik antara Somer dan Ashar digolongkan dalam
kesetiaan, penghindaran, menenangkan atau melunak, berkompromi, kompetisi,
dan pemecahan masalah. Hal kedua adalah pengaruh konflik–konflik antar pribadi
antara Somer dan Asha terhadap hubungan ibu dan anak. Konflik–konflik antar
pribadi antara Somer dan Asha telah memberikan pengaruh pada dua aspek yaitu
keintiman dan wewenang. Hubungan yang intim antara Somer dan Asha terlihat
ketika mereka menghabiskan momen–momen spesial bersama dan Somer
memberikan ijinnya kepada Asha untuk mengembangkan kemampuannya sesuai
dengan minatnya. Untuk aspek wewenang, Somer menjadi seorang ibu yang
toleran, bukan lagi seorang yang otoriter. Skripsi ini memberikan saran–saran bagi
viii
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
peneliti di masa datang dan bagi guru bahasa Inggris untuk mengajar bahasa
Inggris menggunakan Secret Daughter sebagai bahan ajar.
Kata kunci: interpersonal conflicts, mother and daughter relationship, influence
ix
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
THE INFLUENCE OF SOMER’S AND ASHA’S
INTERPERSONAL CONFLICTS ON MOTHER
AND DAUGHTER RELATIONSHIP
IN SHILPI SOMAYA GOWDA’S SECRET DAUGHTER
A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education
By
Stefanus Brian Dwi Nugroho
Student Number: 081214051
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM
DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION
FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2013
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
THE INFLUENCE OF SOMER’S AND ASHA’S
INTERPERSONAL CONFLICTS ON MOTHER
AND DAUGHTER RELATIONSHIP
IN SHILPI SOMAYA GOWDA’S SECRET DAUGHTER
A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education
By
Stefanus Brian Dwi Nugroho
Student Number: 081214051
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM
DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION
FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2013
i
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
ii
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
iii
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
This thesis is dedicated to:
God, Jesus Christ, and Mother Mary
My beloved parents
Ignatius Lagiman and Florentina Suratiyem
My Sister
Paskalina Widiastuti Ratnaningsih
My grandparents
Suparno Warnotiyoso and Satirah Warnotiyoso
My friends
iv
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY
I honestly declare that this thesis, which I have written, does not contain the work
or parts of the work of other people, except those cited in the quotations and the
references, as a scientific paper should.
Yogyakarta, January 14th, 2013
The Writer
Stefanus Brian Dwi Nugroho
081214051
v
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN
PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS
Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma:
Nama
: Stefanus Brian Dwi Nugroho
Nomor Mahasiswa : 081214051
Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan
Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul:
THE INFLUENCE OF SOMER’S AND ASHA’S INTERPERSONAL
CONFLICTS ON MOTHER AND DAUGHTER RELATIONSHIP IN
SHILPI SOMAYA GOWDA’S SECRET DAUGHTER
beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan
kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan,
mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan
data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di internet atau
media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin dari saya
maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencamtukan nama saya
sebagai penulis.
Demikian pernyataan ini yang saya buat dengan sebenarnya.
Dibuat di Yogyakarta
Pada tanggal : 14 Januari 2013
Yang menyatakan
(Stefanus Brian Dwi Nugroho)
vi
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
ABSTRACT
Nugroho, Stefanus Brian Dwi (2013). The Influence of Somer’s and Asha’s
Interpersonal Conflicts on Mother and Daughter Relationship in Shilpi
Somaya Gowda’s Secret Daughter. Yogyakarta: English Language Education
Study Program, Sanata Dharma University.
This study discusses a novel written by Shilpi Somaya Gowda entitled
Secret Daughter. The novel is a fascinating novel that portrays communication
problems in a family and motherhood experience. The writer chooses to analyze
the interpersonal conflicts between Somer and Asha because Asha, as an adopted
child, grows in a deep curiosity about her biological parents. It has caused
interpersonal conflicts between Somer and Asha and has influenced their
relationship as a mother and a daughter.
There are two problems analyzed in this thesis. Those are (1) What are
Somer’s and Asha’s interpersonal conflicts as described in the novel? (2) How do
Somer’s and Asha’s interpersonal conflicts affect their mother and daughter
relationship?
This study used psychological approach since this study focused on
interpersonal conflicts. The method used for the analysis was library research. A
novel entitled Secret Daughter was the primary data in this study. The secondary
data were books and journal on interpersonal conflicts and mother and daughter
relationship which were used to analyze the novel.
Based on the analysis, there are two main points which can be drawn. The
first point is the interpersonal conflicts between Somer and Asha. The
interpersonal conflicts between Somer and Asha happen when Asha asks about
her biological parents to Somer. Besides, Somer and Asha have different goals,
ideas, and perceptions about Asha’s study, Asha’s interests in journalism, and
freedom as a teenager. The interpersonal conflicts also happen when Asha thinks
that knowing the origin for a child is important to find out her identity. These
interpersonal conflicts can be classified as pseudo conflict, simple conflict, and
ego conflict. The causes of the interpersonal conflicts are defined as the different
opinions or interests, roles in a family, and lack of communication. The conflict
resolutions between Asha and Somer are classified as loyalty, avoidance, soothing
or yielding, compromising, competition or contending, and solving. The second
point is the influence of Somer’s and Asha’s interpersonal conflicts on mother and
daughter relationship. The interpersonal conflicts between Somer and Asha have
given influence on intimacy and power. The intimate relationship between Somer
and Asha is shown when they spend special moments together and Somer gives
her allowance to Asha to develop her ability appropriate with her interest. For the
power aspect, Somer becomes a permissive mother, not an authoritarian anymore.
This thesis provides suggestions for future researchers and English teachers to
teach English by using Secret Daughter as the teaching material.
Keywords: interpersonal conflicts, mother and daughter relationship, influence
vii
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
ABSTRAK
Nugroho, Stefanus Brian Dwi (2013). The Influence of Somer’s and Asha’s
Interpersonal Conflicts on Mother and Daughter Relationship in Shilpi
Somaya Gowda’s Secret Daughter. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Bahasa Inggris,
Universitas Sanata Dharma.
Studi ini membicarakan sebuah novel yang ditulis oleh Shilpi Somaya
Gowda berjudul Secret Daughter. Novel ini merupakan sebuah novel yang
menarik dengan gambaran tentang masalah komunikasi di dalam sebuah keluarga
dan pengalaman keibuan. Oleh sebab itu, penulis memilih untuk menganalisa
konflik antar pribadi antara Somer dan Asha karena Asha, sebagai anak adopsi,
tumbuh dalam rasa ingin tahu yang mendalam tentang orang tua kandungnya. Hal
ini telah menyebabkan konflik–konflik antar pribadi antara Somer dan Asha dan
telah mempengaruhi hubungan mereka sebagai seorang ibu dan seorang anak.
Ada dua masalah yang dianalisa dalam skripsi ini. Masalah itu adalah (1)
Apa saja konflik–konflik antar pribadi antara Somer dan Asha seperti yang
terdapat di dalam novel? (2) Bagaimana konflik-konflik antar pribadi antara
Somer dan Asha mempengaruhi hubungan ibu dan anak?
Studi ini menggunakan pendekatan psikologi karena studi ini berpusat
pada konflik–konflik antar pribadi. Metode yang digunakan untuk analisis adalah
studi pustaka. Novel berjudul Secret Daughter adalah data utama dalam studi ini.
Data sekunder adalah buku–buku dan jurnal tentang konflik–konflik antar pribadi
dan hubungan ibu dan anak yang digunakan untuk menganalisa novel ini.
Berdasarkan analisis, ada dua hal utama yang dapat ditarik dari skripsi ini.
Hal pertama adalah konflik–konflik antar pribadi antara Somer dan Asha.
Konflik–konflik antar pribadi antara Somer dan Asha terjadi ketika Asha
menanyakan tentang orang tua kandungnya kepada Somer. Selain itu, Asha dan
Somer mempunyai tujuan, gagasan, dan tanggapan yang berbeda tentang sekolah
Asha, minat Asha pada bidang jurnalistik, dan kebebasan sebagai seorang remaja.
Konflik–konflik antar pribadi juga terjadi ketika Asha berpikir bahwa mengetahui
asal seorang anak adalah penting untuk menemukan jati dirinya. Konflik–konflik
antar pribadi ini dapat digolongkan dalam konflik semu, konflik sederhana, dan
konflik diri. Penyebab–penyebab dari konflik antar pribadi dirumuskan dalam
perbedaan pendapat atau kepentingan, peran dalam keluarga, dan kurangnya
komunikasi. Pemecahan konflik antara Somer dan Ashar digolongkan dalam
kesetiaan, penghindaran, menenangkan atau melunak, berkompromi, kompetisi,
dan pemecahan masalah. Hal kedua adalah pengaruh konflik–konflik antar pribadi
antara Somer dan Asha terhadap hubungan ibu dan anak. Konflik–konflik antar
pribadi antara Somer dan Asha telah memberikan pengaruh pada dua aspek yaitu
keintiman dan wewenang. Hubungan yang intim antara Somer dan Asha terlihat
ketika mereka menghabiskan momen–momen spesial bersama dan Somer
memberikan ijinnya kepada Asha untuk mengembangkan kemampuannya sesuai
dengan minatnya. Untuk aspek wewenang, Somer menjadi seorang ibu yang
toleran, bukan lagi seorang yang otoriter. Skripsi ini memberikan saran–saran bagi
viii
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
peneliti di masa datang dan bagi guru bahasa Inggris untuk mengajar bahasa
Inggris menggunakan Secret Daughter sebagai bahan ajar.
Kata kunci: interpersonal conflicts, mother and daughter relationship, influence
ix
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, I would like to express my deepest praise and gratitude to
Jesus Christ and Mother Mary for their blessings. Thanks for giving me strength,
health and guidance so that I am able to finish my thesis.
Second, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my major sponsor,
Henny Herawati, S.Pd., M.Hum., for her patience, kindness, suggestions, and
encouragement in finishing my thesis. My sincere gratitude is also addressed to
Sr. Margaret, FCJ and Mas Risang Baskara, S.S., who kindly helped me in
checking my grammar. Furthermore, I would like to thank PBI lecturers for the
guidance for me during my study. I also thank PBI’s administration staffs, Mbak
Daniek and Mbak Tari for helping me in administrative matters.
Third, I would like express my sincere gratitude to my father, Ignatius
Lagiman, S.Pd., and my mother, Florentina Suratiyem, for unending support, love,
and pray. I also thank my sister, Paskalina Widiastuti Ratnaningsih, S.Pd., for her
support and assistance during finishing this thesis. I also would like to express my
gratitude to my grandfather, Suparno Warnotiyoso, and my grandmother, Satirah
Warnotiyoso, for their prayers and support during the completion of this thesis. I
also would like express my gratitude to my family in Klaten and Cirebon for their
prayers in finishing my study.
Fourth, my greatest thanks go to Kresentia Yosta Dhinda Aprillia for her
support, prayers, and love so I can keep moving forward. Your presence has given
many influences during my study. I also thank Gisela Delicia for her support
x
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
during the completion of this thesis. My special thanks to people in my boarding
house: Odoy, Yus, Resex, Ahsan, Mbak Asih, Eka, and Pak Jasman’s family. I
thank them for their support and assistance during my study. I also would like to
thank my friends: Sandy ‘cino’, Doddi, Patrick ‘kak beb’, Simek, Sigrid, Mas
Lukas, Gendon, Erick, Dimas, and Rara.
Fifth, I would like to express my gratitude to my friends in PBI: Yus,
Yuan, Frater, Adam, Yosua, Rizky ‘suketi’, Mas Ketchup, Niken, Diah, Rean,
Dhita ‘mbak ndut’, Astri, Yuan ‘chu’, Adi, Dimas, Gilang, Mbak Bowtie, Mas
Jojo, Selvi, Tiyus, Yohana, Baruna, Leo, Mas Yoko, Father Richie, and Mas
Miko. I also would like to thank my EMC’s friends: Marcel, Topan, Bella, Delis,
Pita, and Franky. For my friends in Laziale Yogyakarta, I would like to thank for
your support and for the great moments in supporting our beloved football team,
SS Lazio.
Sixth, I would like to thank the people in Jambi, my hometown. I thank my
neighbors in Jambi, especially Bapak Imron’s family: Bapak, Mamak, Bang
Ujang, Bang Ayik, and Ayuk Ika, for their prayers for my study. I also would like
to thank my friends in Jambi: Wawan, Rohmo, Nuke, Adi, Dani ‘jamet’, Dede
Mirtha, and Samuel Ramos Pakpahan.
Finally, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to all people whom I
cannot be mentioned one by one. I thank them for their support during the
completion of my study.
Stefanus Brian Dwi Nugroho
xi
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
TITLE PAGE ...................................................................................................
i
APPROVAL PAGES ........................................................................................
ii
DEDICATION PAGE ...................................................................................... iv
STATEMENTS OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY ............................................
v
PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI .............................................. vi
ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................... vii
ABSTRAK .......................................................................................................... viii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS..............................................................................
x
TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................. xii
LIST OF APPENDICES ................................................................................. xv
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1
A. Background of the Study .........................................................
1
B. Problem Formulation ..............................................................
3
C. Objectives of the Study ...........................................................
4
D. Benefits of the Study ...............................................................
4
E. Definition of Terms .................................................................
5
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
6
A. Review of Related Theories ....................................................
6
1. Psychological Approach ......................................................
6
xii
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
2. Conflicts ..............................................................................
7
a. Definition of Conflicts .....................................................
7
b. Interpersonal Conflict ......................................................
7
c. Causes of Interpersonal Conflict .....................................
8
d. Conflict Resolutions ........................................................
9
1) Blake’s and Mouton’s Model .....................................
9
2) Pruitt’s and Rubin’s Model ........................................ 10
3) Rusbult’s Model ......................................................... 11
3. Mother-Daughter Relationship ............................................ 11
a. Meaning of Mother and Daughter Relationship .............. 11
b. Conflicts in Mother and Daughter Relationship .............. 12
4. Basic Family Processes ....................................................... 13
a. Intimacy ........................................................................... 13
b. Power ............................................................................... 15
B. Theoretical Framework ............................................................ 16
CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY
17
A. Object of the Study .................................................................. 17
B. Approach of the Study ............................................................ 18
C. Method of the Study ................................................................ 18
CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS
20
A. The Conflicts ........................................................................... 20
xiii
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
1. The Interpersonal Conflict ................................................ 21
a. Pseudo Conflict ........................................................... 21
b. Simple Conflict ........................................................... 23
c. Ego Conflict ................................................................ 26
2. The Causes of Interpersonal Conflict ................................ 28
3. The Conflict Resolutions .................................................. 33
B. Mother and Daughter Relationship ......................................... 39
C. The Influence of the Interpersonal Conflicts on Mother and
Daughter Relationship ............................................................. 43
CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
50
A. Conclusions ............................................................................. 50
B. Suggestions ............................................................................. 52
1. Suggestions for the Future Researchers ............................ 53
2. Suggestions for the English Teachers ............................... 53
REFERENCES ................................................................................................. 57
APPENDICES .................................................................................................. 59
xiv
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
LIST OF APPENDICES
Page
Appendix A : The Summary of Secret Daughter ............................................
59
Appendix B : Shilpi Somaya Gowda’s Biography .........................................
61
Appendix C : Lesson Plan ...............................................................................
62
Appendix D : Handouts (for students) ............................................................
70
Appendix E : Handouts (for teacher) ..............................................................
74
xv
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter is divided into five parts. Those parts are background of the
study, problem formulation, objectives of the study, benefits of the study and
definition of the terms. Background of the study explains some reasons underlying
the basis for choosing the topic. Problem formulation focuses on the problem to
be analyzed in this study through the novel. Objectives of the study reveal the
purposes of this study. Benefits of the study show the uses of this study for the
readers and other researchers. As the last part of chapter one, definition of the
terms presents some special terms related to the novel that are important to be
clarified.
A. Background of the Study
Literature has a close relationship with human’s life. There are many
literary works, such as novel, poem, short story, etc. From reading literary works,
readers can obtain various kinds of idea, feeling, and view about life. The author
of novel usually presents the real life situations. A novel may contain many
valuable things which appear in society. The readers of the novel may get values
after reading the novel since it is a reflection of life.
Stanton (1965) states that the particular strength of the novel is its ability
to build a complex subject fully, to create a complete world through the
presentation of the characters, a large complex of social situation, and a complex
1
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
2
relationship among few characters (p. 44). A novel presents the conditions of
people’s real life, values, thought and feeling. It reveals people’s experiences in
their daily life and the problems that may emerge. Sometimes, the problems are
not easy to be solved. Problems can influence someone’s reaction to other people.
It will affect interpersonal relationship among them.
This study focuses on Secret Daughter by Shilpi Somaya Gowda as the
novel to be discussed. There are many reasons underlying the selection of this
novel. The first reason, Secret Daughter by Shilpi Somaya Gowda is a vivid novel
about mother-daughter relationship between Somer and Asha, and also her
biological mother, Kavita. The novel greatly depicts the relationship between
mother and adopted child. The second reason is good dynamics which are shown
in the novel. Shilpi Somaya Gowda describes the dynamic relationship between a
daughter and a mother in a good way. Therefore, the conflicts in the novel
describe author’s concern about her feeling on adoption and motherhood
experiences.
The third reason is a good description about adopting a child in human
life. Adoption is extremely complicated. It covers issues of self identity, sense of
being adopted, the questions of origins and biological family, and the experiences
of relationship. People who commit to adopt a child cannot avoid these issues. It
will appear during the child’s development. The fourth reason is the moral values
that we can draw from this novel. They are the sense of being a family and
forgiveness.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
3
John Simmonds as cited by Debbie Hindle and Graham Shulman (2008)
states that adoption changes everything. Whatever the children brings into their
adoptive home (their genetic inheritance, their personality, their pre-birth and preplacement
experiences,
their
class,
ethnicity,
language,
culture
and
family history); it will be changed by the people, circumstances and opportunities
that make up their new world (p. 28). Adoption is an association of emotional
force. After reading the novel, the writer finds issues related to the interpersonal
conflict dealing with mother and daughter relationship as a study to be discussed.
The writer finds that Asha, as one of the major characters, experiences curiosity
about her biological parents in India since she became adult. The curiosity raises
interpersonal conflicts with her foster mother, Somer. These interpersonal
conflicts influence mother and daughter relationship between both of them.
Hence, this study discusses the influence of Somer’s and Asha’s
interpersonal conflicts on mother and daughter relationship in Shilpi Somaya
Gowda’s Secret Daughter.
B. Problem Formulation
This study focuses on two problems as follows:
1.
What are Somer’s and Asha’s interpersonal conflicts as described in the
novel?
2.
How do Somer’s and Asha’s interpersonal conflicts affect their mother
and daughter relationship?
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C. Objectives of the Study
The first objective is to identify the interpersonal conflicts between Somer
and Asha. The second objective is to reveal how the interpersonal conflict affect
their mother and daughter relationship.
D. Benefits of the Study
There are some advantages from this study. They are divided into two
parts as follows.
1.
The benefits for the readers
By analyzing this novel, the readers can get a better knowledge about
literature on mother and daughter relationship. Through this study, the
readers, hopefully, can gain more insights into motherhood experiences,
especially in adopting a child. In addition, the readers are able to have some
perspectives in the conflicts which usually reflect mother and daughter
relationship in real life.
2.
The benefits for the educational field
This study can be used as one reference in some courses. For the teachers,
this study is also useful to develop teaching materials from the novel. The
teachers can provide this novel as a sample of material to explore mother and
daughter relationship from a psychological aspect. The novel could be a
variation to make teaching and learning activities more interesting. By
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
5
reading and exploring the novel, it expected that the teachers and the students
can appreciate literary study as something valuable.
E. Definition of Terms
There are two definitions of terms that are needed to be explained in this
part. The first definition of term is interpersonal conflict. According to Beebe,
Beebe, and Redmond (2011), interpersonal conflict is “an expressed struggle
between at least two interdependent people who perceive incompatible goals,
scarce resources, or interference in the achievement of their goals” (p. 216).
Noller and Fitzpatrick (1993) state that conflict occurs in a family because the
family members hold a difference between them. Conflict happens when the
members of family do not agree about the situations in their lives such as one’s
behavior, one’s opinions or ideas, etc (p. 99). In this study, the two major
characters, Somer and Asha, are facing many problems in interpersonal conflicts
since there are differences in goals, opinions, and ideas between them.
The second definition of term is mother and daughter relationship.
According to APA Dictionary of Psychology (2007), relationship means “a
continuing and usually binding association between two or more people, as in a
family, friendship, marriage, partnership, or other interpersonal link in which the
participants have some degree of influence on each other’s thoughts, feelings, and
even action” (p. 785). In this study, the relationship between mother and daughter
is being the focus. Somer and Asha have a binding association as a mother and a
daughter in a family since Asha is adopted by Somer.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter consists of two sections. The first section is a review of
related theories which contains theory of psychological approach, theory of
conflicts, theory of mother and daughter relationship, and theory of basic family
process. The second section is theoretical framework which explains the
contribution of the theories in solving the problems of this study.
A. Review of Related Theories
1. Psychological Approach
Rohberger and Woods (1971) state that a critical approach to literature
requires an understanding of its nature, function, and positive values. A critical
approach provides the means in order to understand how literature is shaped and
something of what it means. There are five approaches that can be used to analyze
literary works. They are the formalist approach, the biographical approach, the
sociocultural-historical approach, the mythopoeic approach, and the psychological
approach (pp. 3–15).
This study focuses on the influence of Somer’s and Asha’s interpersonal
conflicts on mother and daughter relationship. Therefore, psychological approach
is applied to analyze the conflicts between Somer and Asha through psychological
point of view. According to Rohberger and Woods (1971), psychological
approach is an approach that focuses on the psychological side of human beings.
6
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The characters’ thought and behavior can be understood more appropriate by
using psychological approach since this approach intends to comprehend the
patterns of human personality and behavior (p. 13).
2. Conflicts
a.
Definition of Conflicts
This study reveals conflicts faced by Somer and Asha in their relationship
as a mother and a daughter. Theory of conflicts is used to analyze the two main
characters’ interpersonal conflicts. Isenhart and Spangle (2000) define conflict as
a struggle for power, the way decisions are made, the way in talking to each other
or unresolved problems from past interaction (p. 2). Noller and Fitzpatrick (1993)
further explain that conflict occurs in a family because the family members hold a
difference between them. Conflict happens when the members of family do not
agree about the situations in their lives such as one’s behavior, one’s opinions, etc
(p. 99).
b. Interpersonal Conflict
Worchel and Cooper (1979) state two kinds of conflict which happen in
our daily life. They are intrapersonal conflicts and interpersonal conflicts. First,
intrapersonal conflict is a conflict that arises within one’s character (p. 460).
Second, interpersonal conflict is a conflict that arises between the characters with
the power outside the character (p. 462). In 1996, Beebe, Beebe, and Redmond
state that there are three types of interpersonal conflicts, namely: pseudo conflict
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which is caused by a lack of understanding between individuals, simple conflict
which is caused by differences on definition, goals, ideas, perception, and ego
conflict which is caused by personal differences attached to each individual within
a group (pp. 297-300).
William Wilmot, as cited by Beebe et. al. (2011), further explains that
there are four elements in interpersonal conflict; they are an expressed struggle,
between at least two interdependent people, who perceive incompatible goals, and
who are attempting to achieve specific goals. An expressed struggle shows that
people typically do not know that someone is upset with them until someone
expresses displeasure with a remark or by a nonverbal behavior such as a glare, a
steely facial expression, or an emotion-laden tone of voice. He adds that
interpersonal conflict happens between at least two interdependent people. By
interdependent means that people are dependent on each other; what one person
does or says affects the other person. Meanwhile, incompatible goals from others
are other elements of interpersonal conflict. Conflict often happens because two
people want the same thing, but both cannot have it, or because what a person
wants is the opposite of what the other wants. The last element of interpersonal
conflict is achieving a goal. Conflict occurs because both parties cannot achieve
their own goals (pp. 216–217).
c.
Causes of Interpersonal Conflict
Isenhart and Spangle (2000) identify seven issues that cause interpersonal
conflict. They are data, interests, procedures, values, relationships, roles, and
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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communication. Those causes of conflict suggest why it is so difficult for parties
to be focused on the same issues. First, data is when people have differences of
opinion about the best source, reliability, or interpretation of data. Second,
interests are shown when there are many disagreements and parties cannot meet
one another’s interests. Third, procedures mean parties’ way do not engage in
discussion if they do not agree with a way to solve a problem.
Fourth, values arise from differences of opinion about the importance or
the priority of interests, options, or choices of direction. Fifth, relationship means
people may resist cooperating if they do not trust others, do not feel respected by
others, and do not believe that the other person is honest, or do not feel listened to.
Sixth, roles are caused by expectations for the role or power imbalances created
by the role. The last cause is communication which means conflict as the result of
how something is said (pp. 14–15).
d. Conflict Resolutions
People in a conflict can generally resolve their dispute by a variety of
means. Noller and Fitzpatrick (1993) mention a number of models of conflict
resolution from Blake and Mouton, Pruitt and Rubin, and Rusbult (pp. 105–107).
1) Blake’s and Mouton’s Model
Blake and Mouton as cited by Noller and Fitzpatrick (1993) suggest a twodimensional model involving the dimensions of care for one’s own interests and
care for the relationship. There are five different responses to conflict. The first
response is avoidance that is seen as a lack of concern for either self or the
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
10
relationship and involves physically or emotionally retreating from the situation.
Second, competition is seen as putting one’s own concerns above those
relationships and is characterized by minimal concern for others’ feeling. Third,
soothing is seen as putting concern for relationships above one’s own concerns
and perhaps denying those concerns in the interests of preventing open conflict
and covering up differences. Fourth, compromising is seen as involving some
concern for self and some for relationships but still less satisfactory than problem
solving. The last one is solving that is seen as balancing concerns for relationships
with concern about one’s own interests. Noller and Fitzpatrick quote Schaap et al.
that problem-solving involves “the open and direct expression of feelings,
exploring the causes of the conflict, clarifying misunderstanding, and looking for
a solution that is satisfying to both partners” (pp. 105 – 106).
2) Pruitt’s and Rubin’s Model
Pruitt and Rubin as cited by Noller and Fitzpatrick (1993) also propose
five different responses to conflict. They are avoiding, yielding, contending,
compromising, and collaborating. Avoiding conflict seems to be dependent on the
importance of the issues. Furthermore, yielding is similar to soothing, but yielding
does involve a solution to the problem. Yielding is a useful style if one wants to
show how reasonable one can be or to preserve harmony. While contending
involves putting one’s own concerns above those of the other person striving to
get one’s own way, compromising is often an expedient tactic, but it is rarely
creative and often fails to do justice to both parties’ underlying interest. The last
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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response is collaborating which is similar to problem solving. It involves working
together to find a solution where everybody wins (p. 106).
3) Rusbult’s Model
Rusbult as cited by Noller and Fitzpatrick (1993) suggests only four
different responses to conflict; they are voice, exit, neglect, and loyalty. Voice,
very similar to problem solving, is an active response and constructive. It involves
bringing problems into the open, discussing them, seeking advice, and trying to
bring about change. Exit is also an active response but destructive. It involves
such responses as threatening to end the relationship. Meanwhile, neglect is a
passive response and destructive. It involves withdrawing from the partner,
treating the partner badly, and generally letting the relationship end. Then, loyalty
is a passive response but constructive. It involves waiting in the hope that things
will improve while supporting the partner and having faith in the relationship (p.
107).
3. Mother-Daughter Relationship
a.
Meaning of Mother and Daughter Relationship
Noller and Fitzpatrick (1993) state that the strongest parents-children
relationship is the relationship between mother and daughter. The reason is
women tend to be more involved in maintaining family relationships, and
particularly through links between mother and daughters (p. 267). It describes the
close relationship between mother and her children. According to Deutsch (1973),
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12
a daughter identifies her mother for her emotional and moral development. A
mother will become a model for her daughter to develop her daughter’s mental
and moral based on the daughter’s perspective toward the mother (p. 322).
b. Conflicts in Mother and Daughter Relationship
Noller and Fitzpatrick (1993) state that woman is more likely to see the
relationship with her mother as a negative one. A woman sees her mother as a
critical, controlling, and demanding person while man usually idealizes his
mother. On the other hand, the mother expects more from her daughter but shows
less appreciation on her daughter’s efforts. On the contrary, the mother expects
less from her son and appreciates more on the thing her son does. Hence, they
mention that mother-daughter relationship as a complex, ambivalent, and
ambiguous (pp. 267–268).
Nadeau (2001) says that mother and daughter usually have the added
conflicts during the daughter’s adolescence because the mother is the primary role
model and the teacher of cultural values. She further explains that conflicts in the
daughter adolescence occur because the daughter is confused with the social
meanings of womanhood and motherhood. The conflictual situation is getting
worse when the daughter tries to get away from her mother. There are some
causes of the separation. First, the separation happens because the individual
boundaries between a mother and her daughter are not clear. Second, the daughter
wants to have a freedom in her life but the mother does not agree with that.
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13
Therefore, the daughter has the negative attitudes towards her mother and tries to
separate from her mother.
The last cause is the different views in human life which is the teachings
from her mother. The mother teaches her daughter to be dependent. Mother
teaches her daughter how to behave in a society. Unfortunately, the daughter does
not agree with these teachings and she wants to separate from her mother. The
daughter should resolve the conflict in her relationship with her mother. This is
important since the daughter needs to understand her mother if she wants to
understand herself and establish her own identity (para. 3).
4. Basic Family Processes
Noller and Fitzpatrick (1993) classify four elements in basic family
process; they are intimacy, conflict, power, and decision making (pp. 75–162). In
this study, intimacy and power are relevant to be used in analyzing the influence
of interpersonal conflict between Somer and Asha on mother and daughter
relationship since intimacy and power are seen in the novel.
a.
Intimacy
Almost everyone would say that they want to be part of a warm and
intimate relationship. Jones in Noller and Fitzpatrick (1993) say that intimate
relationships have positive effects on human life, decreasing the probability of
loneliness, symptoms illness, and simultaneously increasing the probability of
good psychological adjustment, and strong social support (p. 75). Noller and
Fitzpatrick (1993) state that intimacy is defined in terms of over behaviors such as
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self-disclosure, declarations of liking and loving, hugging and caressing and also
strong positive emotions like trust (p. 76).
Noller and Fitzpatrick (1993) divide five major perspectives that are
potentially very important in the family context. Intimacy has been defined as
spontaneity, process, motivation, interdependence, and dialectic. First, intimacy
as spontaneity emphasizes the importance of being able to “be oneself” in the
presence of intimates or in the presence of those we care about without having to
be conscious of one’s self-presentation. Second, intimacy as an interpersonal
process emphasizes that intimacy is dynamic, and changing, and centered in a
particular relationship. Intimacy is built up through the moment by moment
interactions of individuals in a relationship as they disclose to one another and
accept one another’s revelations. Third, intimacy as motivation focuses on
individual difference factors and the effects of past history in both our family
origin and other prior relationships on our willingness to work at the development
of intimacy in our closest relationship. Fourth, intimacy as interdependence
focuses on the degree of impact (frequency, duration, intensity, and diversity of
impact) which those in close or intimate relationships have on one another.
Adolescents, for example, report both more positive interactions (support and
acceptance) with their mother and more conflict with them. Fifth, intimacy as
dialectical process focuses on the necessity for balancing conflicting needs in
relationships, particularly those between autonomy and connectedness and
between openness and closeness (pp. 76–81).
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b. Power
Emerson and Giddens in Noller and Fitzpatrick (1993) state that power is
as the ability of an individual to change the behavior of other family members, or
as the ability to influence social outcomes (p. 124). Baumrind in the same book
further explains that parents vary in the extent to which they seek to exercise
power over the children (p. 134). Noller and Fitzpatrick (1993) divide three basic
styles of parenting which are identified as authoritarian, authoritative, and
permissive (p. 135). The authoritarian parents attempt to shape, control, and
evaluate the behavior and attitudes of the child in accordance with a set standard
of conduct. They also values obedience as a virtue and favors punitive forceful
measure to curb self-will (p. 135).
The authoritative parent, by contrast, directs the activities of the child, but
in a rational issue-oriented manner. These authoritative parents encourage verbal
give-and-take, and share with the child reasoning behind family rules and family
policy. Exerting control, the authoritative parents are careful not to surround the
child with lots of restrictions and tend to use reason rather than coercion to get
child’s cooperation (p. 135). The last is the permissive parents. These permissive
parents behave in a nonpunitive, acceptance, and affirmative manner, consults
about policy decisions, and give explanations about family rules, make few
demands for household responsibility and orderly behavior, and allows the child
to regulate their own activities as much as possible (p. 135).
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B. Theoretical Framework
This study focuses on the discussion about mother and daughter
relationship which is influenced by Somer’s and Asha’s interpersonal conflicts.
First, the writer needs to use the appropriate approach of literary criticism. The
psychological approach from Rohberger and Woods is the most appropriate since
it focuses on psychological side of human beings.
In order to analyze the interpersonal conflicts between Somer and Asha,
the writer uses theories from Worchel and Cooper, Beebe et.al., and William
Wilmot. For finding out the causes of interpersonal conflicts, the writer uses
theories from Isenhart and Spangle. Noller and Fitzpatrick state theory about
conflict resolutions which are classified into three categories, they are Blake’s and
Mouton’s model, Pruitt’s and Rubin’s model, and Rusbult’s model. These theories
are used to analyze the conflict resolutions between Somer and Asha.
Going further, theories from Noller and Fitzpatrick, Deutsch, and Nadeau
are implemented to find out the mother and daughter relationship which consists
of the meaning of mother and daughter relationship and the conflicts that happens
in mother and daughter relationship. In order to answer the influence of
interpersonal conflicts on the mother and daughter relationship, the writer uses
some theories from Jones, Noller and Fitzpatrick, Emerson and Giddens, and
Baumrind, The theories shows about intimacy and power in a family context.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
This chapter consists of three sections. The first section is object of the
study which is used to elaborate physical description of the novel. The second
section is approach of the study which is used to explain the approach for the
analysis. The third section is method of the study which is used to explain the
primary and secondary sources and the steps taken in the analysis.
A. Object of the Study
The object of the study is t
ABSTRACT
Nugroho, Stefanus Brian Dwi (2013). The Influence of Somer’s and Asha’s
Interpersonal Conflicts on Mother and Daughter Relationship in Shilpi
Somaya Gowda’s Secret Daughter. Yogyakarta: English Language Education
Study Program, Sanata Dharma University.
This study discusses a novel written by Shilpi Somaya Gowda entitled
Secret Daughter. The novel is a fascinating novel that portrays communication
problems in a family and motherhood experience. The writer chooses to analyze
the interpersonal conflicts between Somer and Asha because Asha, as an adopted
child, grows in a deep curiosity about her biological parents. It has caused
interpersonal conflicts between Somer and Asha and has influenced their
relationship as a mother and a daughter.
There are two problems analyzed in this thesis. Those are (1) What are
Somer’s and Asha’s interpersonal conflicts as described in the novel? (2) How do
Somer’s and Asha’s interpersonal conflicts affect their mother and daughter
relationship?
This study used psychological approach since this study focused on
interpersonal conflicts. The method used for the analysis was library research. A
novel entitled Secret Daughter was the primary data in this study. The secondary
data were books and journal on interpersonal conflicts and mother and daughter
relationship which were used to analyze the novel.
Based on the analysis, there are two main points which can be drawn. The
first point is the interpersonal conflicts between Somer and Asha. The
interpersonal conflicts between Somer and Asha happen when Asha asks about
her biological parents to Somer. Besides, Somer and Asha have different goals,
ideas, and perceptions about Asha’s study, Asha’s interests in journalism, and
freedom as a teenager. The interpersonal conflicts also happen when Asha thinks
that knowing the origin for a child is important to find out her identity. These
interpersonal conflicts can be classified as pseudo conflict, simple conflict, and
ego conflict. The causes of the interpersonal conflicts are defined as the different
opinions or interests, roles in a family, and lack of communication. The conflict
resolutions between Asha and Somer are classified as loyalty, avoidance, soothing
or yielding, compromising, competition or contending, and solving. The second
point is the influence of Somer’s and Asha’s interpersonal conflicts on mother and
daughter relationship. The interpersonal conflicts between Somer and Asha have
given influence on intimacy and power. The intimate relationship between Somer
and Asha is shown when they spend special moments together and Somer gives
her allowance to Asha to develop her ability appropriate with her interest. For the
power aspect, Somer becomes a permissive mother, not an authoritarian anymore.
This thesis provides suggestions for future researchers and English teachers to
teach English by using Secret Daughter as the teaching material.
Keywords: interpersonal conflicts, mother and daughter relationship, influence
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ABSTRAK
Nugroho, Stefanus Brian Dwi (2013). The Influence of Somer’s and Asha’s
Interpersonal Conflicts on Mother and Daughter Relationship in Shilpi
Somaya Gowda’s Secret Daughter. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Bahasa Inggris,
Universitas Sanata Dharma.
Studi ini membicarakan sebuah novel yang ditulis oleh Shilpi Somaya
Gowda berjudul Secret Daughter. Novel ini merupakan sebuah novel yang
menarik dengan gambaran tentang masalah komunikasi di dalam sebuah keluarga
dan pengalaman keibuan. Oleh sebab itu, penulis memilih untuk menganalisa
konflik antar pribadi antara Somer dan Asha karena Asha, sebagai anak adopsi,
tumbuh dalam rasa ingin tahu yang mendalam tentang orang tua kandungnya. Hal
ini telah menyebabkan konflik–konflik antar pribadi antara Somer dan Asha dan
telah mempengaruhi hubungan mereka sebagai seorang ibu dan seorang anak.
Ada dua masalah yang dianalisa dalam skripsi ini. Masalah itu adalah (1)
Apa saja konflik–konflik antar pribadi antara Somer dan Asha seperti yang
terdapat di dalam novel? (2) Bagaimana konflik-konflik antar pribadi antara
Somer dan Asha mempengaruhi hubungan ibu dan anak?
Studi ini menggunakan pendekatan psikologi karena studi ini berpusat
pada konflik–konflik antar pribadi. Metode yang digunakan untuk analisis adalah
studi pustaka. Novel berjudul Secret Daughter adalah data utama dalam studi ini.
Data sekunder adalah buku–buku dan jurnal tentang konflik–konflik antar pribadi
dan hubungan ibu dan anak yang digunakan untuk menganalisa novel ini.
Berdasarkan analisis, ada dua hal utama yang dapat ditarik dari skripsi ini.
Hal pertama adalah konflik–konflik antar pribadi antara Somer dan Asha.
Konflik–konflik antar pribadi antara Somer dan Asha terjadi ketika Asha
menanyakan tentang orang tua kandungnya kepada Somer. Selain itu, Asha dan
Somer mempunyai tujuan, gagasan, dan tanggapan yang berbeda tentang sekolah
Asha, minat Asha pada bidang jurnalistik, dan kebebasan sebagai seorang remaja.
Konflik–konflik antar pribadi juga terjadi ketika Asha berpikir bahwa mengetahui
asal seorang anak adalah penting untuk menemukan jati dirinya. Konflik–konflik
antar pribadi ini dapat digolongkan dalam konflik semu, konflik sederhana, dan
konflik diri. Penyebab–penyebab dari konflik antar pribadi dirumuskan dalam
perbedaan pendapat atau kepentingan, peran dalam keluarga, dan kurangnya
komunikasi. Pemecahan konflik antara Somer dan Ashar digolongkan dalam
kesetiaan, penghindaran, menenangkan atau melunak, berkompromi, kompetisi,
dan pemecahan masalah. Hal kedua adalah pengaruh konflik–konflik antar pribadi
antara Somer dan Asha terhadap hubungan ibu dan anak. Konflik–konflik antar
pribadi antara Somer dan Asha telah memberikan pengaruh pada dua aspek yaitu
keintiman dan wewenang. Hubungan yang intim antara Somer dan Asha terlihat
ketika mereka menghabiskan momen–momen spesial bersama dan Somer
memberikan ijinnya kepada Asha untuk mengembangkan kemampuannya sesuai
dengan minatnya. Untuk aspek wewenang, Somer menjadi seorang ibu yang
toleran, bukan lagi seorang yang otoriter. Skripsi ini memberikan saran–saran bagi
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peneliti di masa datang dan bagi guru bahasa Inggris untuk mengajar bahasa
Inggris menggunakan Secret Daughter sebagai bahan ajar.
Kata kunci: interpersonal conflicts, mother and daughter relationship, influence
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THE INFLUENCE OF SOMER’S AND ASHA’S
INTERPERSONAL CONFLICTS ON MOTHER
AND DAUGHTER RELATIONSHIP
IN SHILPI SOMAYA GOWDA’S SECRET DAUGHTER
A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education
By
Stefanus Brian Dwi Nugroho
Student Number: 081214051
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM
DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION
FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2013
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
THE INFLUENCE OF SOMER’S AND ASHA’S
INTERPERSONAL CONFLICTS ON MOTHER
AND DAUGHTER RELATIONSHIP
IN SHILPI SOMAYA GOWDA’S SECRET DAUGHTER
A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education
By
Stefanus Brian Dwi Nugroho
Student Number: 081214051
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM
DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION
FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2013
i
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
ii
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
iii
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
This thesis is dedicated to:
God, Jesus Christ, and Mother Mary
My beloved parents
Ignatius Lagiman and Florentina Suratiyem
My Sister
Paskalina Widiastuti Ratnaningsih
My grandparents
Suparno Warnotiyoso and Satirah Warnotiyoso
My friends
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STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY
I honestly declare that this thesis, which I have written, does not contain the work
or parts of the work of other people, except those cited in the quotations and the
references, as a scientific paper should.
Yogyakarta, January 14th, 2013
The Writer
Stefanus Brian Dwi Nugroho
081214051
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LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN
PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS
Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma:
Nama
: Stefanus Brian Dwi Nugroho
Nomor Mahasiswa : 081214051
Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan
Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul:
THE INFLUENCE OF SOMER’S AND ASHA’S INTERPERSONAL
CONFLICTS ON MOTHER AND DAUGHTER RELATIONSHIP IN
SHILPI SOMAYA GOWDA’S SECRET DAUGHTER
beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan
kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan,
mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan
data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di internet atau
media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin dari saya
maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencamtukan nama saya
sebagai penulis.
Demikian pernyataan ini yang saya buat dengan sebenarnya.
Dibuat di Yogyakarta
Pada tanggal : 14 Januari 2013
Yang menyatakan
(Stefanus Brian Dwi Nugroho)
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ABSTRACT
Nugroho, Stefanus Brian Dwi (2013). The Influence of Somer’s and Asha’s
Interpersonal Conflicts on Mother and Daughter Relationship in Shilpi
Somaya Gowda’s Secret Daughter. Yogyakarta: English Language Education
Study Program, Sanata Dharma University.
This study discusses a novel written by Shilpi Somaya Gowda entitled
Secret Daughter. The novel is a fascinating novel that portrays communication
problems in a family and motherhood experience. The writer chooses to analyze
the interpersonal conflicts between Somer and Asha because Asha, as an adopted
child, grows in a deep curiosity about her biological parents. It has caused
interpersonal conflicts between Somer and Asha and has influenced their
relationship as a mother and a daughter.
There are two problems analyzed in this thesis. Those are (1) What are
Somer’s and Asha’s interpersonal conflicts as described in the novel? (2) How do
Somer’s and Asha’s interpersonal conflicts affect their mother and daughter
relationship?
This study used psychological approach since this study focused on
interpersonal conflicts. The method used for the analysis was library research. A
novel entitled Secret Daughter was the primary data in this study. The secondary
data were books and journal on interpersonal conflicts and mother and daughter
relationship which were used to analyze the novel.
Based on the analysis, there are two main points which can be drawn. The
first point is the interpersonal conflicts between Somer and Asha. The
interpersonal conflicts between Somer and Asha happen when Asha asks about
her biological parents to Somer. Besides, Somer and Asha have different goals,
ideas, and perceptions about Asha’s study, Asha’s interests in journalism, and
freedom as a teenager. The interpersonal conflicts also happen when Asha thinks
that knowing the origin for a child is important to find out her identity. These
interpersonal conflicts can be classified as pseudo conflict, simple conflict, and
ego conflict. The causes of the interpersonal conflicts are defined as the different
opinions or interests, roles in a family, and lack of communication. The conflict
resolutions between Asha and Somer are classified as loyalty, avoidance, soothing
or yielding, compromising, competition or contending, and solving. The second
point is the influence of Somer’s and Asha’s interpersonal conflicts on mother and
daughter relationship. The interpersonal conflicts between Somer and Asha have
given influence on intimacy and power. The intimate relationship between Somer
and Asha is shown when they spend special moments together and Somer gives
her allowance to Asha to develop her ability appropriate with her interest. For the
power aspect, Somer becomes a permissive mother, not an authoritarian anymore.
This thesis provides suggestions for future researchers and English teachers to
teach English by using Secret Daughter as the teaching material.
Keywords: interpersonal conflicts, mother and daughter relationship, influence
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ABSTRAK
Nugroho, Stefanus Brian Dwi (2013). The Influence of Somer’s and Asha’s
Interpersonal Conflicts on Mother and Daughter Relationship in Shilpi
Somaya Gowda’s Secret Daughter. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Bahasa Inggris,
Universitas Sanata Dharma.
Studi ini membicarakan sebuah novel yang ditulis oleh Shilpi Somaya
Gowda berjudul Secret Daughter. Novel ini merupakan sebuah novel yang
menarik dengan gambaran tentang masalah komunikasi di dalam sebuah keluarga
dan pengalaman keibuan. Oleh sebab itu, penulis memilih untuk menganalisa
konflik antar pribadi antara Somer dan Asha karena Asha, sebagai anak adopsi,
tumbuh dalam rasa ingin tahu yang mendalam tentang orang tua kandungnya. Hal
ini telah menyebabkan konflik–konflik antar pribadi antara Somer dan Asha dan
telah mempengaruhi hubungan mereka sebagai seorang ibu dan seorang anak.
Ada dua masalah yang dianalisa dalam skripsi ini. Masalah itu adalah (1)
Apa saja konflik–konflik antar pribadi antara Somer dan Asha seperti yang
terdapat di dalam novel? (2) Bagaimana konflik-konflik antar pribadi antara
Somer dan Asha mempengaruhi hubungan ibu dan anak?
Studi ini menggunakan pendekatan psikologi karena studi ini berpusat
pada konflik–konflik antar pribadi. Metode yang digunakan untuk analisis adalah
studi pustaka. Novel berjudul Secret Daughter adalah data utama dalam studi ini.
Data sekunder adalah buku–buku dan jurnal tentang konflik–konflik antar pribadi
dan hubungan ibu dan anak yang digunakan untuk menganalisa novel ini.
Berdasarkan analisis, ada dua hal utama yang dapat ditarik dari skripsi ini.
Hal pertama adalah konflik–konflik antar pribadi antara Somer dan Asha.
Konflik–konflik antar pribadi antara Somer dan Asha terjadi ketika Asha
menanyakan tentang orang tua kandungnya kepada Somer. Selain itu, Asha dan
Somer mempunyai tujuan, gagasan, dan tanggapan yang berbeda tentang sekolah
Asha, minat Asha pada bidang jurnalistik, dan kebebasan sebagai seorang remaja.
Konflik–konflik antar pribadi juga terjadi ketika Asha berpikir bahwa mengetahui
asal seorang anak adalah penting untuk menemukan jati dirinya. Konflik–konflik
antar pribadi ini dapat digolongkan dalam konflik semu, konflik sederhana, dan
konflik diri. Penyebab–penyebab dari konflik antar pribadi dirumuskan dalam
perbedaan pendapat atau kepentingan, peran dalam keluarga, dan kurangnya
komunikasi. Pemecahan konflik antara Somer dan Ashar digolongkan dalam
kesetiaan, penghindaran, menenangkan atau melunak, berkompromi, kompetisi,
dan pemecahan masalah. Hal kedua adalah pengaruh konflik–konflik antar pribadi
antara Somer dan Asha terhadap hubungan ibu dan anak. Konflik–konflik antar
pribadi antara Somer dan Asha telah memberikan pengaruh pada dua aspek yaitu
keintiman dan wewenang. Hubungan yang intim antara Somer dan Asha terlihat
ketika mereka menghabiskan momen–momen spesial bersama dan Somer
memberikan ijinnya kepada Asha untuk mengembangkan kemampuannya sesuai
dengan minatnya. Untuk aspek wewenang, Somer menjadi seorang ibu yang
toleran, bukan lagi seorang yang otoriter. Skripsi ini memberikan saran–saran bagi
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peneliti di masa datang dan bagi guru bahasa Inggris untuk mengajar bahasa
Inggris menggunakan Secret Daughter sebagai bahan ajar.
Kata kunci: interpersonal conflicts, mother and daughter relationship, influence
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, I would like to express my deepest praise and gratitude to
Jesus Christ and Mother Mary for their blessings. Thanks for giving me strength,
health and guidance so that I am able to finish my thesis.
Second, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my major sponsor,
Henny Herawati, S.Pd., M.Hum., for her patience, kindness, suggestions, and
encouragement in finishing my thesis. My sincere gratitude is also addressed to
Sr. Margaret, FCJ and Mas Risang Baskara, S.S., who kindly helped me in
checking my grammar. Furthermore, I would like to thank PBI lecturers for the
guidance for me during my study. I also thank PBI’s administration staffs, Mbak
Daniek and Mbak Tari for helping me in administrative matters.
Third, I would like express my sincere gratitude to my father, Ignatius
Lagiman, S.Pd., and my mother, Florentina Suratiyem, for unending support, love,
and pray. I also thank my sister, Paskalina Widiastuti Ratnaningsih, S.Pd., for her
support and assistance during finishing this thesis. I also would like to express my
gratitude to my grandfather, Suparno Warnotiyoso, and my grandmother, Satirah
Warnotiyoso, for their prayers and support during the completion of this thesis. I
also would like express my gratitude to my family in Klaten and Cirebon for their
prayers in finishing my study.
Fourth, my greatest thanks go to Kresentia Yosta Dhinda Aprillia for her
support, prayers, and love so I can keep moving forward. Your presence has given
many influences during my study. I also thank Gisela Delicia for her support
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PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
during the completion of this thesis. My special thanks to people in my boarding
house: Odoy, Yus, Resex, Ahsan, Mbak Asih, Eka, and Pak Jasman’s family. I
thank them for their support and assistance during my study. I also would like to
thank my friends: Sandy ‘cino’, Doddi, Patrick ‘kak beb’, Simek, Sigrid, Mas
Lukas, Gendon, Erick, Dimas, and Rara.
Fifth, I would like to express my gratitude to my friends in PBI: Yus,
Yuan, Frater, Adam, Yosua, Rizky ‘suketi’, Mas Ketchup, Niken, Diah, Rean,
Dhita ‘mbak ndut’, Astri, Yuan ‘chu’, Adi, Dimas, Gilang, Mbak Bowtie, Mas
Jojo, Selvi, Tiyus, Yohana, Baruna, Leo, Mas Yoko, Father Richie, and Mas
Miko. I also would like to thank my EMC’s friends: Marcel, Topan, Bella, Delis,
Pita, and Franky. For my friends in Laziale Yogyakarta, I would like to thank for
your support and for the great moments in supporting our beloved football team,
SS Lazio.
Sixth, I would like to thank the people in Jambi, my hometown. I thank my
neighbors in Jambi, especially Bapak Imron’s family: Bapak, Mamak, Bang
Ujang, Bang Ayik, and Ayuk Ika, for their prayers for my study. I also would like
to thank my friends in Jambi: Wawan, Rohmo, Nuke, Adi, Dani ‘jamet’, Dede
Mirtha, and Samuel Ramos Pakpahan.
Finally, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to all people whom I
cannot be mentioned one by one. I thank them for their support during the
completion of my study.
Stefanus Brian Dwi Nugroho
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
TITLE PAGE ...................................................................................................
i
APPROVAL PAGES ........................................................................................
ii
DEDICATION PAGE ...................................................................................... iv
STATEMENTS OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY ............................................
v
PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI .............................................. vi
ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................... vii
ABSTRAK .......................................................................................................... viii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS..............................................................................
x
TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................. xii
LIST OF APPENDICES ................................................................................. xv
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1
A. Background of the Study .........................................................
1
B. Problem Formulation ..............................................................
3
C. Objectives of the Study ...........................................................
4
D. Benefits of the Study ...............................................................
4
E. Definition of Terms .................................................................
5
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
6
A. Review of Related Theories ....................................................
6
1. Psychological Approach ......................................................
6
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2. Conflicts ..............................................................................
7
a. Definition of Conflicts .....................................................
7
b. Interpersonal Conflict ......................................................
7
c. Causes of Interpersonal Conflict .....................................
8
d. Conflict Resolutions ........................................................
9
1) Blake’s and Mouton’s Model .....................................
9
2) Pruitt’s and Rubin’s Model ........................................ 10
3) Rusbult’s Model ......................................................... 11
3. Mother-Daughter Relationship ............................................ 11
a. Meaning of Mother and Daughter Relationship .............. 11
b. Conflicts in Mother and Daughter Relationship .............. 12
4. Basic Family Processes ....................................................... 13
a. Intimacy ........................................................................... 13
b. Power ............................................................................... 15
B. Theoretical Framework ............................................................ 16
CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY
17
A. Object of the Study .................................................................. 17
B. Approach of the Study ............................................................ 18
C. Method of the Study ................................................................ 18
CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS
20
A. The Conflicts ........................................................................... 20
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1. The Interpersonal Conflict ................................................ 21
a. Pseudo Conflict ........................................................... 21
b. Simple Conflict ........................................................... 23
c. Ego Conflict ................................................................ 26
2. The Causes of Interpersonal Conflict ................................ 28
3. The Conflict Resolutions .................................................. 33
B. Mother and Daughter Relationship ......................................... 39
C. The Influence of the Interpersonal Conflicts on Mother and
Daughter Relationship ............................................................. 43
CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
50
A. Conclusions ............................................................................. 50
B. Suggestions ............................................................................. 52
1. Suggestions for the Future Researchers ............................ 53
2. Suggestions for the English Teachers ............................... 53
REFERENCES ................................................................................................. 57
APPENDICES .................................................................................................. 59
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LIST OF APPENDICES
Page
Appendix A : The Summary of Secret Daughter ............................................
59
Appendix B : Shilpi Somaya Gowda’s Biography .........................................
61
Appendix C : Lesson Plan ...............................................................................
62
Appendix D : Handouts (for students) ............................................................
70
Appendix E : Handouts (for teacher) ..............................................................
74
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PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter is divided into five parts. Those parts are background of the
study, problem formulation, objectives of the study, benefits of the study and
definition of the terms. Background of the study explains some reasons underlying
the basis for choosing the topic. Problem formulation focuses on the problem to
be analyzed in this study through the novel. Objectives of the study reveal the
purposes of this study. Benefits of the study show the uses of this study for the
readers and other researchers. As the last part of chapter one, definition of the
terms presents some special terms related to the novel that are important to be
clarified.
A. Background of the Study
Literature has a close relationship with human’s life. There are many
literary works, such as novel, poem, short story, etc. From reading literary works,
readers can obtain various kinds of idea, feeling, and view about life. The author
of novel usually presents the real life situations. A novel may contain many
valuable things which appear in society. The readers of the novel may get values
after reading the novel since it is a reflection of life.
Stanton (1965) states that the particular strength of the novel is its ability
to build a complex subject fully, to create a complete world through the
presentation of the characters, a large complex of social situation, and a complex
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PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
2
relationship among few characters (p. 44). A novel presents the conditions of
people’s real life, values, thought and feeling. It reveals people’s experiences in
their daily life and the problems that may emerge. Sometimes, the problems are
not easy to be solved. Problems can influence someone’s reaction to other people.
It will affect interpersonal relationship among them.
This study focuses on Secret Daughter by Shilpi Somaya Gowda as the
novel to be discussed. There are many reasons underlying the selection of this
novel. The first reason, Secret Daughter by Shilpi Somaya Gowda is a vivid novel
about mother-daughter relationship between Somer and Asha, and also her
biological mother, Kavita. The novel greatly depicts the relationship between
mother and adopted child. The second reason is good dynamics which are shown
in the novel. Shilpi Somaya Gowda describes the dynamic relationship between a
daughter and a mother in a good way. Therefore, the conflicts in the novel
describe author’s concern about her feeling on adoption and motherhood
experiences.
The third reason is a good description about adopting a child in human
life. Adoption is extremely complicated. It covers issues of self identity, sense of
being adopted, the questions of origins and biological family, and the experiences
of relationship. People who commit to adopt a child cannot avoid these issues. It
will appear during the child’s development. The fourth reason is the moral values
that we can draw from this novel. They are the sense of being a family and
forgiveness.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
3
John Simmonds as cited by Debbie Hindle and Graham Shulman (2008)
states that adoption changes everything. Whatever the children brings into their
adoptive home (their genetic inheritance, their personality, their pre-birth and preplacement
experiences,
their
class,
ethnicity,
language,
culture
and
family history); it will be changed by the people, circumstances and opportunities
that make up their new world (p. 28). Adoption is an association of emotional
force. After reading the novel, the writer finds issues related to the interpersonal
conflict dealing with mother and daughter relationship as a study to be discussed.
The writer finds that Asha, as one of the major characters, experiences curiosity
about her biological parents in India since she became adult. The curiosity raises
interpersonal conflicts with her foster mother, Somer. These interpersonal
conflicts influence mother and daughter relationship between both of them.
Hence, this study discusses the influence of Somer’s and Asha’s
interpersonal conflicts on mother and daughter relationship in Shilpi Somaya
Gowda’s Secret Daughter.
B. Problem Formulation
This study focuses on two problems as follows:
1.
What are Somer’s and Asha’s interpersonal conflicts as described in the
novel?
2.
How do Somer’s and Asha’s interpersonal conflicts affect their mother
and daughter relationship?
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
4
C. Objectives of the Study
The first objective is to identify the interpersonal conflicts between Somer
and Asha. The second objective is to reveal how the interpersonal conflict affect
their mother and daughter relationship.
D. Benefits of the Study
There are some advantages from this study. They are divided into two
parts as follows.
1.
The benefits for the readers
By analyzing this novel, the readers can get a better knowledge about
literature on mother and daughter relationship. Through this study, the
readers, hopefully, can gain more insights into motherhood experiences,
especially in adopting a child. In addition, the readers are able to have some
perspectives in the conflicts which usually reflect mother and daughter
relationship in real life.
2.
The benefits for the educational field
This study can be used as one reference in some courses. For the teachers,
this study is also useful to develop teaching materials from the novel. The
teachers can provide this novel as a sample of material to explore mother and
daughter relationship from a psychological aspect. The novel could be a
variation to make teaching and learning activities more interesting. By
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
5
reading and exploring the novel, it expected that the teachers and the students
can appreciate literary study as something valuable.
E. Definition of Terms
There are two definitions of terms that are needed to be explained in this
part. The first definition of term is interpersonal conflict. According to Beebe,
Beebe, and Redmond (2011), interpersonal conflict is “an expressed struggle
between at least two interdependent people who perceive incompatible goals,
scarce resources, or interference in the achievement of their goals” (p. 216).
Noller and Fitzpatrick (1993) state that conflict occurs in a family because the
family members hold a difference between them. Conflict happens when the
members of family do not agree about the situations in their lives such as one’s
behavior, one’s opinions or ideas, etc (p. 99). In this study, the two major
characters, Somer and Asha, are facing many problems in interpersonal conflicts
since there are differences in goals, opinions, and ideas between them.
The second definition of term is mother and daughter relationship.
According to APA Dictionary of Psychology (2007), relationship means “a
continuing and usually binding association between two or more people, as in a
family, friendship, marriage, partnership, or other interpersonal link in which the
participants have some degree of influence on each other’s thoughts, feelings, and
even action” (p. 785). In this study, the relationship between mother and daughter
is being the focus. Somer and Asha have a binding association as a mother and a
daughter in a family since Asha is adopted by Somer.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter consists of two sections. The first section is a review of
related theories which contains theory of psychological approach, theory of
conflicts, theory of mother and daughter relationship, and theory of basic family
process. The second section is theoretical framework which explains the
contribution of the theories in solving the problems of this study.
A. Review of Related Theories
1. Psychological Approach
Rohberger and Woods (1971) state that a critical approach to literature
requires an understanding of its nature, function, and positive values. A critical
approach provides the means in order to understand how literature is shaped and
something of what it means. There are five approaches that can be used to analyze
literary works. They are the formalist approach, the biographical approach, the
sociocultural-historical approach, the mythopoeic approach, and the psychological
approach (pp. 3–15).
This study focuses on the influence of Somer’s and Asha’s interpersonal
conflicts on mother and daughter relationship. Therefore, psychological approach
is applied to analyze the conflicts between Somer and Asha through psychological
point of view. According to Rohberger and Woods (1971), psychological
approach is an approach that focuses on the psychological side of human beings.
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PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
7
The characters’ thought and behavior can be understood more appropriate by
using psychological approach since this approach intends to comprehend the
patterns of human personality and behavior (p. 13).
2. Conflicts
a.
Definition of Conflicts
This study reveals conflicts faced by Somer and Asha in their relationship
as a mother and a daughter. Theory of conflicts is used to analyze the two main
characters’ interpersonal conflicts. Isenhart and Spangle (2000) define conflict as
a struggle for power, the way decisions are made, the way in talking to each other
or unresolved problems from past interaction (p. 2). Noller and Fitzpatrick (1993)
further explain that conflict occurs in a family because the family members hold a
difference between them. Conflict happens when the members of family do not
agree about the situations in their lives such as one’s behavior, one’s opinions, etc
(p. 99).
b. Interpersonal Conflict
Worchel and Cooper (1979) state two kinds of conflict which happen in
our daily life. They are intrapersonal conflicts and interpersonal conflicts. First,
intrapersonal conflict is a conflict that arises within one’s character (p. 460).
Second, interpersonal conflict is a conflict that arises between the characters with
the power outside the character (p. 462). In 1996, Beebe, Beebe, and Redmond
state that there are three types of interpersonal conflicts, namely: pseudo conflict
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
8
which is caused by a lack of understanding between individuals, simple conflict
which is caused by differences on definition, goals, ideas, perception, and ego
conflict which is caused by personal differences attached to each individual within
a group (pp. 297-300).
William Wilmot, as cited by Beebe et. al. (2011), further explains that
there are four elements in interpersonal conflict; they are an expressed struggle,
between at least two interdependent people, who perceive incompatible goals, and
who are attempting to achieve specific goals. An expressed struggle shows that
people typically do not know that someone is upset with them until someone
expresses displeasure with a remark or by a nonverbal behavior such as a glare, a
steely facial expression, or an emotion-laden tone of voice. He adds that
interpersonal conflict happens between at least two interdependent people. By
interdependent means that people are dependent on each other; what one person
does or says affects the other person. Meanwhile, incompatible goals from others
are other elements of interpersonal conflict. Conflict often happens because two
people want the same thing, but both cannot have it, or because what a person
wants is the opposite of what the other wants. The last element of interpersonal
conflict is achieving a goal. Conflict occurs because both parties cannot achieve
their own goals (pp. 216–217).
c.
Causes of Interpersonal Conflict
Isenhart and Spangle (2000) identify seven issues that cause interpersonal
conflict. They are data, interests, procedures, values, relationships, roles, and
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
9
communication. Those causes of conflict suggest why it is so difficult for parties
to be focused on the same issues. First, data is when people have differences of
opinion about the best source, reliability, or interpretation of data. Second,
interests are shown when there are many disagreements and parties cannot meet
one another’s interests. Third, procedures mean parties’ way do not engage in
discussion if they do not agree with a way to solve a problem.
Fourth, values arise from differences of opinion about the importance or
the priority of interests, options, or choices of direction. Fifth, relationship means
people may resist cooperating if they do not trust others, do not feel respected by
others, and do not believe that the other person is honest, or do not feel listened to.
Sixth, roles are caused by expectations for the role or power imbalances created
by the role. The last cause is communication which means conflict as the result of
how something is said (pp. 14–15).
d. Conflict Resolutions
People in a conflict can generally resolve their dispute by a variety of
means. Noller and Fitzpatrick (1993) mention a number of models of conflict
resolution from Blake and Mouton, Pruitt and Rubin, and Rusbult (pp. 105–107).
1) Blake’s and Mouton’s Model
Blake and Mouton as cited by Noller and Fitzpatrick (1993) suggest a twodimensional model involving the dimensions of care for one’s own interests and
care for the relationship. There are five different responses to conflict. The first
response is avoidance that is seen as a lack of concern for either self or the
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
10
relationship and involves physically or emotionally retreating from the situation.
Second, competition is seen as putting one’s own concerns above those
relationships and is characterized by minimal concern for others’ feeling. Third,
soothing is seen as putting concern for relationships above one’s own concerns
and perhaps denying those concerns in the interests of preventing open conflict
and covering up differences. Fourth, compromising is seen as involving some
concern for self and some for relationships but still less satisfactory than problem
solving. The last one is solving that is seen as balancing concerns for relationships
with concern about one’s own interests. Noller and Fitzpatrick quote Schaap et al.
that problem-solving involves “the open and direct expression of feelings,
exploring the causes of the conflict, clarifying misunderstanding, and looking for
a solution that is satisfying to both partners” (pp. 105 – 106).
2) Pruitt’s and Rubin’s Model
Pruitt and Rubin as cited by Noller and Fitzpatrick (1993) also propose
five different responses to conflict. They are avoiding, yielding, contending,
compromising, and collaborating. Avoiding conflict seems to be dependent on the
importance of the issues. Furthermore, yielding is similar to soothing, but yielding
does involve a solution to the problem. Yielding is a useful style if one wants to
show how reasonable one can be or to preserve harmony. While contending
involves putting one’s own concerns above those of the other person striving to
get one’s own way, compromising is often an expedient tactic, but it is rarely
creative and often fails to do justice to both parties’ underlying interest. The last
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
11
response is collaborating which is similar to problem solving. It involves working
together to find a solution where everybody wins (p. 106).
3) Rusbult’s Model
Rusbult as cited by Noller and Fitzpatrick (1993) suggests only four
different responses to conflict; they are voice, exit, neglect, and loyalty. Voice,
very similar to problem solving, is an active response and constructive. It involves
bringing problems into the open, discussing them, seeking advice, and trying to
bring about change. Exit is also an active response but destructive. It involves
such responses as threatening to end the relationship. Meanwhile, neglect is a
passive response and destructive. It involves withdrawing from the partner,
treating the partner badly, and generally letting the relationship end. Then, loyalty
is a passive response but constructive. It involves waiting in the hope that things
will improve while supporting the partner and having faith in the relationship (p.
107).
3. Mother-Daughter Relationship
a.
Meaning of Mother and Daughter Relationship
Noller and Fitzpatrick (1993) state that the strongest parents-children
relationship is the relationship between mother and daughter. The reason is
women tend to be more involved in maintaining family relationships, and
particularly through links between mother and daughters (p. 267). It describes the
close relationship between mother and her children. According to Deutsch (1973),
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a daughter identifies her mother for her emotional and moral development. A
mother will become a model for her daughter to develop her daughter’s mental
and moral based on the daughter’s perspective toward the mother (p. 322).
b. Conflicts in Mother and Daughter Relationship
Noller and Fitzpatrick (1993) state that woman is more likely to see the
relationship with her mother as a negative one. A woman sees her mother as a
critical, controlling, and demanding person while man usually idealizes his
mother. On the other hand, the mother expects more from her daughter but shows
less appreciation on her daughter’s efforts. On the contrary, the mother expects
less from her son and appreciates more on the thing her son does. Hence, they
mention that mother-daughter relationship as a complex, ambivalent, and
ambiguous (pp. 267–268).
Nadeau (2001) says that mother and daughter usually have the added
conflicts during the daughter’s adolescence because the mother is the primary role
model and the teacher of cultural values. She further explains that conflicts in the
daughter adolescence occur because the daughter is confused with the social
meanings of womanhood and motherhood. The conflictual situation is getting
worse when the daughter tries to get away from her mother. There are some
causes of the separation. First, the separation happens because the individual
boundaries between a mother and her daughter are not clear. Second, the daughter
wants to have a freedom in her life but the mother does not agree with that.
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Therefore, the daughter has the negative attitudes towards her mother and tries to
separate from her mother.
The last cause is the different views in human life which is the teachings
from her mother. The mother teaches her daughter to be dependent. Mother
teaches her daughter how to behave in a society. Unfortunately, the daughter does
not agree with these teachings and she wants to separate from her mother. The
daughter should resolve the conflict in her relationship with her mother. This is
important since the daughter needs to understand her mother if she wants to
understand herself and establish her own identity (para. 3).
4. Basic Family Processes
Noller and Fitzpatrick (1993) classify four elements in basic family
process; they are intimacy, conflict, power, and decision making (pp. 75–162). In
this study, intimacy and power are relevant to be used in analyzing the influence
of interpersonal conflict between Somer and Asha on mother and daughter
relationship since intimacy and power are seen in the novel.
a.
Intimacy
Almost everyone would say that they want to be part of a warm and
intimate relationship. Jones in Noller and Fitzpatrick (1993) say that intimate
relationships have positive effects on human life, decreasing the probability of
loneliness, symptoms illness, and simultaneously increasing the probability of
good psychological adjustment, and strong social support (p. 75). Noller and
Fitzpatrick (1993) state that intimacy is defined in terms of over behaviors such as
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self-disclosure, declarations of liking and loving, hugging and caressing and also
strong positive emotions like trust (p. 76).
Noller and Fitzpatrick (1993) divide five major perspectives that are
potentially very important in the family context. Intimacy has been defined as
spontaneity, process, motivation, interdependence, and dialectic. First, intimacy
as spontaneity emphasizes the importance of being able to “be oneself” in the
presence of intimates or in the presence of those we care about without having to
be conscious of one’s self-presentation. Second, intimacy as an interpersonal
process emphasizes that intimacy is dynamic, and changing, and centered in a
particular relationship. Intimacy is built up through the moment by moment
interactions of individuals in a relationship as they disclose to one another and
accept one another’s revelations. Third, intimacy as motivation focuses on
individual difference factors and the effects of past history in both our family
origin and other prior relationships on our willingness to work at the development
of intimacy in our closest relationship. Fourth, intimacy as interdependence
focuses on the degree of impact (frequency, duration, intensity, and diversity of
impact) which those in close or intimate relationships have on one another.
Adolescents, for example, report both more positive interactions (support and
acceptance) with their mother and more conflict with them. Fifth, intimacy as
dialectical process focuses on the necessity for balancing conflicting needs in
relationships, particularly those between autonomy and connectedness and
between openness and closeness (pp. 76–81).
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b. Power
Emerson and Giddens in Noller and Fitzpatrick (1993) state that power is
as the ability of an individual to change the behavior of other family members, or
as the ability to influence social outcomes (p. 124). Baumrind in the same book
further explains that parents vary in the extent to which they seek to exercise
power over the children (p. 134). Noller and Fitzpatrick (1993) divide three basic
styles of parenting which are identified as authoritarian, authoritative, and
permissive (p. 135). The authoritarian parents attempt to shape, control, and
evaluate the behavior and attitudes of the child in accordance with a set standard
of conduct. They also values obedience as a virtue and favors punitive forceful
measure to curb self-will (p. 135).
The authoritative parent, by contrast, directs the activities of the child, but
in a rational issue-oriented manner. These authoritative parents encourage verbal
give-and-take, and share with the child reasoning behind family rules and family
policy. Exerting control, the authoritative parents are careful not to surround the
child with lots of restrictions and tend to use reason rather than coercion to get
child’s cooperation (p. 135). The last is the permissive parents. These permissive
parents behave in a nonpunitive, acceptance, and affirmative manner, consults
about policy decisions, and give explanations about family rules, make few
demands for household responsibility and orderly behavior, and allows the child
to regulate their own activities as much as possible (p. 135).
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B. Theoretical Framework
This study focuses on the discussion about mother and daughter
relationship which is influenced by Somer’s and Asha’s interpersonal conflicts.
First, the writer needs to use the appropriate approach of literary criticism. The
psychological approach from Rohberger and Woods is the most appropriate since
it focuses on psychological side of human beings.
In order to analyze the interpersonal conflicts between Somer and Asha,
the writer uses theories from Worchel and Cooper, Beebe et.al., and William
Wilmot. For finding out the causes of interpersonal conflicts, the writer uses
theories from Isenhart and Spangle. Noller and Fitzpatrick state theory about
conflict resolutions which are classified into three categories, they are Blake’s and
Mouton’s model, Pruitt’s and Rubin’s model, and Rusbult’s model. These theories
are used to analyze the conflict resolutions between Somer and Asha.
Going further, theories from Noller and Fitzpatrick, Deutsch, and Nadeau
are implemented to find out the mother and daughter relationship which consists
of the meaning of mother and daughter relationship and the conflicts that happens
in mother and daughter relationship. In order to answer the influence of
interpersonal conflicts on the mother and daughter relationship, the writer uses
some theories from Jones, Noller and Fitzpatrick, Emerson and Giddens, and
Baumrind, The theories shows about intimacy and power in a family context.
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CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
This chapter consists of three sections. The first section is object of the
study which is used to elaborate physical description of the novel. The second
section is approach of the study which is used to explain the approach for the
analysis. The third section is method of the study which is used to explain the
primary and secondary sources and the steps taken in the analysis.
A. Object of the Study
The object of the study is t