SPEECH FUNCTION AND MOOD IN THE 2014 INDONESIAN PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATES DEBATE.
SPEECH FUNCTION AND MOOD IN THE 2014 INDONESIAN
PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATES DEBATE
A THESIS
Submitted as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Degree of
Sarjana Sastra
By :
JUNI ARTA SARI TAMBUNAN
Registration Number: 2113220022
ENGLISH AND LITERATURE DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2015
DECLARATION
I have familiarized myself with the University’s policy on Academic
integrity. Except what appropriately acknowledged, this thesis is my own work,
has been expressed in my own words, and has not previously been submitted for
assessment.
I understand that this thesis may be screened electronically or otherwise
for plagiarism.
Medan,
August 2015
Juni Arta Sari Tambunan
Reg. No. 2113220022
ABSTRACT
Tambunan, Juni Arta. Speech Function and Mood in The 2014 Indonesian
Presidential Candidates Debate. Faculty of Languages and Arts. State
University of Medan. 2015
This study deals with Speech Function and Mood used in the 2014 Indonesian
Presidential Candidates Debate. This study was conducted by using descriptive
qualitative method. The purpose of this study is to find out the types of Speech
Function and Mood used in the debate based on Halliday’s theory. The data of this
study were the utterances of both President Candidates, namely Jokowi Dodo and
Prabowo Subianto. The findings show that both President candidates used all
types of Speech Function in the debate, which Statement are 464 utterances
(82.71%), Question are 51 utterances (9.09%), Command are 34 utterances
(6.06%) and Offer are 12 utterances (2.14%). It is also found that they use
congruent and metaphorical realization of Mood in debating. The use of
Congruent Mood of declarative are 469 utterances (83.6%), Interrogative are 49
utterances (8.73%), and Imperative are 33 utterances (5.89%). Meanwhile the
metaphorical realization of Declarative are 7 utterances (1.24%), Intterogative are
2 utterances (0.36%) and Imperative only 1 utterance (0.18%). Statement as the
most dominant type of speech function in this debate shows that Jokowi and
Prabowo are mostly giving information in order to deliver their future plans and
ideas in the form of proposition, promise and persuasion, to strengthen the
arguments and to convey messages logically in a limited time, so that the hearer/
people of Indonesia interested in choosing him as the next President. And the use
of congruent or metaphorical realization in this debate implies that both Jokowi
and Prabowo are able to give and to response arguments logically in different
ways.
Keywords: Speech Function, Mood, The 2014 Indonesian Presidential
Candidates Debate
i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Pages
Abstract ...................................................................................................................i
Acknowledgment .................................................................................................. ii
Table of Contents .................................................................................................iv
List of Tables ....................................................................................................... vii
List of Pictures ................................................................................................... viii
List of Appendices ................................................................................................ix
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION.......................................................................... 1
A. The Background of the Study .........................................................................1
B. The Problem of the Study ...............................................................................4
C. The Objectives of the Study ...........................................................................5
D. The Scope of the Study...................................................................................5
E. The Significance of the Study ........................................................................5
CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE .................................................... 7
A. Theoretical Framework ................................................................................. 7
1. Functional Grammar .................................................................................. 7
2. Metafunction .............................................................................................. 7
3. Interpersonal Function ............................................................................... 9
4. Speech Function ......................................................................................... 9
a. Statement ........................................................................................... 11
b. Question .............................................................................................. 11
c. Offer ................................................................................................... 12
d. Command ........................................................................................... 12
iv
e. System Network of Speech Function ................................................ 12
5. Mood ........................................................................................................14
6. Realization of Speech Function in Mood ................................................16
7. The 2014 Indonesian Presidential Candidates Debate ............................. 19
a. Biography of Jokowi ......................................................................... 21
b. Biography of Prabowo ....................................................................... 22
B. Previous Relevant Studies ........................................................................... 23
C. Conceptual Framework ............................................................................... 24
CHAPTER III. RESEARCH METHOD .......................................................... 26
A. Research Design .......................................................................................... 26
B. The Source of Data ...................................................................................... 26
C. Technique of Data Collection ...................................................................... 27
D. The Data Analysis ....................................................................................... 27
CHAPTER IV. DATA AND DATA ANALYSIS .............................................. 28
A. The Data ...................................................................................................... 28
B. The Analysis of Data ................................................................................... 28
1. Types of Speech Function ...................................................................... 29
2. Mood ...................................................................................................... 31
a. Declarative ....................................................................................... 33
b. Interrogative .................................................................................... 34
c. Imperative ........................................................................................ 35
C. Research Findings ....................................................................................... 36
D. Discussion ............................................................................................................ 37
CHAPTER V. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ...................................... 39
v
A. Conclusion ................................................................................................... 39
B. Suggestion ................................................................................................... 40
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................ 41
vi
LIST OF TABLES
Pages
Table 2.1 Types of Speech Function .................................................................... 10
Table 2.2 Realization of Speech Function in Mood ...........................................17
Table 2.3 Unmarked Realization of Speech Function .......................................... 17
Table 4.1 The Total Number of Types and Percentages of Speech Function
of Jokowi Dodo and Prabowo Subianto .............................................. 29
Table 4.2 The example of clauses exist in the 2014 Indonesian Presidential
Candidates debate ................................................................................ 30
Table 4.3 The Calculation of the Congruent and Metaphorical Realization
of Mood ............................................................................................... 32
vii
LIST OF PICTURES
Pages
Picture 2.1 System Network of Speech Function Diagram ................................ 13
Picture 2.2 System Network of Mood Diagram ................................................... 15
viii
LIST OF APPENDICES
Pages
APPENDIX A ...................................................................................................... 43
APPENDIX B .................................................................................................... 113
ix
1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. The Background of the Study
Communication is a vital part of human personal life and it is also important
in any other situation where people encounter one another. By using language,
people communicate each other in their interaction in order to express their
thought, feelings, desires, and intentions both in written or spoken forms.
In communication, language is a system that contains what is called speech
functions. Speech functions are action or performance done by language users.
Halliday (1994:69) defined the four primary Speech Functions namely Statement,
Question, Offer, and Command. Statement is a way of giving information that can
be either positive or negative. Question is a way of demanding information in
form of interrogative statement of the Yes/No questions and information questions
(WH questions). Offer is an expression of willingness to give or to do something.
And command is a way to receive some information, goods or service by forcing
the listener to give them.
The four types of speech functions are congruently expressed in Mood. Mood
here doesn’t mean the temporary state of mind or feeling, but Mood means the
role that speaker selects in the conversation and the role he/she assigns to the
addressee. The speech function of statement is realized by declarative Mood,
question is realized by interrogative Mood, and command is realized by
2
imperative Mood. Speech function of offer does not have an unmarked
representation of Mood.
As a collegian who has studied Speech function and Mood, the writer saw that
sometimes people unconsciously used speech function incongruently in daily
communication both among friends, parents and also at college. For example,
(1)
A: I wonder whether you met my aunt yesterday. (Q: incongruent/declarative)
B: Yes, I did.
In this conversation, the speaker asked the listener whether she meet her aunt
yesterday. If we came back to Halliday’s theory stated that questions are most
congruently associated with interrogative Mood, so the first conversation should
be,
(2)
A : Did you meet my aunt yesterday?
B : Yes, I did.
(Q: Congruent/interrogative)
However, the first conversation shows that people also ask questions with a
declarative Mood by their own reason. This is essentially the fact that mood
choices and speech roles do not always coincide. There are situations in which a
speech function is not congruently realized.
Related to this study, Ayoola (2013) studied “An Interpersonal Metafunction
Analysis of Some Selected Political Advertisements in Some Nigerian
Newspapers” found the interpersonal meaning of a structure does not always
correspond with its lexicogrammar analysis as the political advertiser use various
mood types to interact, negotiate, establish and maintain good relations with the
3
readers. The differences in the distribution of mood types in the adverts are
determined by contextual factors such as the need to reflect the economic and
socio-political context/situation of the country.
Based on the explanation above, the writer’s interested to analyze the Speech
Function and Mood used in the 2014 Indonesian Presidential Candidates Debate.
The writer took debate as the source of this study because as we know debate is an
art. Debate gives a skill of speaking especially ways of expressing and respecting
ideas, thinking fast and critically. The 2014 Indonesian Presidential Candidates
Debate is recently held in Indonesia and certainly the President and Vice
President candidates has their own techniques and analytical thinking to convince
other people in order to accept their own arguments.
Following examples taken from a text of debate will give some clarification of
Speech Function and Mood:
a. ‘Artinya, yang ingin saya sampaikan bahwa visi misi mengenai anggaran
desa 1 milyar itu berasal dari Undang-Undang, bukan dari visi misi bapak
Prabowo.’
(That is, I want to say that the vision and mission of 1 billion village
budget was derived from the Act, instead of the vision and mission of Mr.
Prabowo)
b. Saya berikan contoh, seni pertunjukan.
(I give an example, the art show.)
In the situation of example (a) the speaker interacts with the hearers. The
message indicates that the speaker doesn’t agree to the statement given by other
4
team and he gives other alternatives to reject it. Example (b) can be interpreted
that the speaker would offer some information in the form of example to the
hearers in hope that his statement is accepted by them.
In this study, the writer aims to find out the type of speech functions and
Mood that usually used by the President Candidates, Jokowi Dodo and Prabowo
Subianto in answering the question and convince other people to accept their own
arguments. Analyzing Speech function and Mood is interesting to be conducted
since it deals to find out whether the President Candidates used Speech function
congruently or metaphorically in The 2014 Indonesian Presidential Candidates
Debate.
B. The Problem of the Study
Based on the explanation on the background of the study, the problems of the
study are formulated as the following.
1. What types of Speech function are used by President Candidates in the
second debate of the 2014 Indonesian Presidential Candidates Debate?
2. How are the speech functions realized in Mood?
3. In what context did the President Candidates use one type of Speech
Function dominantly in the 2014 Indonesian Presidential Candidates
Debate?
5
C. The Objectives of the Study
The objectives of this study deal with the problems that have been
formulated, they are
1. to analyze the types of speech function existing in the second debate in the
2014 Indonesian Presidential Candidates Debate,
2. to describe the ways speech functions coded in Moods, and
3. to elaborate the reason of President Candidates used one type of speech
function dominantly in the 2014 Indonesian Presidential Candidates
Debate.
D. The Scope of the Study
Human beings use language in order to fulfill the main three functions
namely ideational, interpersonal, and textual functions. The focus of this study
limited to the interpersonal meaning which includes the Speech functions and
Mood. The source of the data is the second debate in 2014 Indonesian Presidential
Candidates Debate with the topic is Economic Development and Social Welfare.
E. The significance of the Study
This study hopefully will give significant to the readers both practically and
theoretically. Practically, by referring to Speech functions and Mood a better
understanding of verbal interaction can be obtained. Specifically, it can be
obtained whether the speech functions is congruently or metaphorically realized.
Better knowledge of verbal interaction, will provide us with good knowledge of
6
the society. Theoretically, this study can be useful in learning Functional
Grammar especially to analyze speech function and Mood in debates and of
course to help the reader who interested in writing papers about interpersonal
meaning in improving their skill.
39
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
A. Conclusion
After analyzing the data of second debate in 2014 Indonesian Presidential
Candidates Debate, conclusions are drawn as follows:
1. A language consists of a set of systems, which offer the speaker an
unlimited choice of ways of creating meanings. In the 2014 Indonesian
Presidential Candidates debate, both President candidates used all types of
Speech Function. The most dominant type of Speech function used is in
the form of Statement, and then followed by Question, Command, and
Offer. In the debates, Jokowi dominates Prabowo, though Prabowo made
attempts to rebut and to attack the arguments, Jokowi are capable of giving
strong arguments to ruin it.
2. It is found that congruent and metaphorical realizations of Speech function
in Mood are used by Jokowi and Prabowo in this debate. The types of
Speech function realized by Mood is dominantly expressed in congruent
declarative. The dominant declarative is coded by S^F in which it is
formed by subject followed by finite. The metaphorical forms of Mood
functioning to beautify expressions are also found though not as much as
the use of congruent forms. This implies that linguistic choice is available
to speakers not only with regard to interrogatives, imperatives and
declaratives; it operates at every point in the production of speech. Both
Jokowi and Prabowo are able to give and to response arguments logically
40
in different ways and this indicates that their performance are considered
to be good enough because they are able to use metaphorical clauses in the
context of debate.
3. It can be stated that the use of statement in speech function of
interpersonal meaning is dominant in this debate. It is because debating
needs a skill of speaking in which the President Candidates should give
their arguments in the form of Statement that should be affirmed. Also,
they have important roles to influence the opponents and people of
Indonesia.
Therefore, both of them show their capability of giving
information to deliver their future plans and ideas when chosen as the next
President in the form of proposition, promise, and persuasion, and to
convey the messages logically in a limited time, 3 up to 4 minutes for each
with the purpose that the hearer/ people of Indonesia interested in choosing
him as the next President.
B. Suggestion
In relation to the conclusion, suggestions are staged as follows:
1. It is suggested that a comparative study of the same approach between
English and Indonesian debate should be conducted.
2. For trainers and debaters, it is suggested that metaphorical realization of
Mood in the debates should be applied more frequently in order to
improve the quality of debaters in expressing arguments, as long as the
meaning is delivered and affirmed.
41
REFERENCES
Arta Rosaen and Lidiman Sinaga. 2012. Speech Function in Feature Stories in
Reader’s Digest. Medan.
Ayoola. 2013. An Interpersonal Metafunction Analysis of Some Selected Political
Advertisements in Some Nigerian Newspaper. Nigeria.
Birshan, M. 2000. Debating Handbook: Debating Competition (Unpublished).
Bloor, Thomas & Bloor, Mariel. 2004. The Functional Analysis of English.
London: Oxford University Press.
Halliday, M.A.K. 1994. An Introduction to Functional Grammar. London:
Edward Arnold.
Hasibuan. 2010. Speech Function in Detective Conan Comic. Medan
Grolier, A. 1992. New Webster’s Dictionary, Connecticut: Grolier.
Nazir, M. 2003. Metode Penelitian. Jakarta: Ghalia Indonesia.
Saragih, A. 2014. Discourse Analysis: A study on Discourse Based on Systemic
Functional Linguistic Theory. Medan: Unpublished.
Thompson, G. 2004. Introducing Functional Grammar. China: Edward Arnold.
Taverniers, M. 2003. Grammatical Metaphor: Views from Systemic Functional
Linguistics. Amsterdam.
http://nasional.kompas.com/read/2014/05/24/1359426/Ini.Jadwal.Debat.Capres.d
an.Cawapres.di.Televisi. Accessed on January 26,2015.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joko_Widodo. Accessed on February 23, 2015.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prabowo_Subianto. Accessed on February 23, 2015.
PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATES DEBATE
A THESIS
Submitted as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Degree of
Sarjana Sastra
By :
JUNI ARTA SARI TAMBUNAN
Registration Number: 2113220022
ENGLISH AND LITERATURE DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2015
DECLARATION
I have familiarized myself with the University’s policy on Academic
integrity. Except what appropriately acknowledged, this thesis is my own work,
has been expressed in my own words, and has not previously been submitted for
assessment.
I understand that this thesis may be screened electronically or otherwise
for plagiarism.
Medan,
August 2015
Juni Arta Sari Tambunan
Reg. No. 2113220022
ABSTRACT
Tambunan, Juni Arta. Speech Function and Mood in The 2014 Indonesian
Presidential Candidates Debate. Faculty of Languages and Arts. State
University of Medan. 2015
This study deals with Speech Function and Mood used in the 2014 Indonesian
Presidential Candidates Debate. This study was conducted by using descriptive
qualitative method. The purpose of this study is to find out the types of Speech
Function and Mood used in the debate based on Halliday’s theory. The data of this
study were the utterances of both President Candidates, namely Jokowi Dodo and
Prabowo Subianto. The findings show that both President candidates used all
types of Speech Function in the debate, which Statement are 464 utterances
(82.71%), Question are 51 utterances (9.09%), Command are 34 utterances
(6.06%) and Offer are 12 utterances (2.14%). It is also found that they use
congruent and metaphorical realization of Mood in debating. The use of
Congruent Mood of declarative are 469 utterances (83.6%), Interrogative are 49
utterances (8.73%), and Imperative are 33 utterances (5.89%). Meanwhile the
metaphorical realization of Declarative are 7 utterances (1.24%), Intterogative are
2 utterances (0.36%) and Imperative only 1 utterance (0.18%). Statement as the
most dominant type of speech function in this debate shows that Jokowi and
Prabowo are mostly giving information in order to deliver their future plans and
ideas in the form of proposition, promise and persuasion, to strengthen the
arguments and to convey messages logically in a limited time, so that the hearer/
people of Indonesia interested in choosing him as the next President. And the use
of congruent or metaphorical realization in this debate implies that both Jokowi
and Prabowo are able to give and to response arguments logically in different
ways.
Keywords: Speech Function, Mood, The 2014 Indonesian Presidential
Candidates Debate
i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Pages
Abstract ...................................................................................................................i
Acknowledgment .................................................................................................. ii
Table of Contents .................................................................................................iv
List of Tables ....................................................................................................... vii
List of Pictures ................................................................................................... viii
List of Appendices ................................................................................................ix
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION.......................................................................... 1
A. The Background of the Study .........................................................................1
B. The Problem of the Study ...............................................................................4
C. The Objectives of the Study ...........................................................................5
D. The Scope of the Study...................................................................................5
E. The Significance of the Study ........................................................................5
CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE .................................................... 7
A. Theoretical Framework ................................................................................. 7
1. Functional Grammar .................................................................................. 7
2. Metafunction .............................................................................................. 7
3. Interpersonal Function ............................................................................... 9
4. Speech Function ......................................................................................... 9
a. Statement ........................................................................................... 11
b. Question .............................................................................................. 11
c. Offer ................................................................................................... 12
d. Command ........................................................................................... 12
iv
e. System Network of Speech Function ................................................ 12
5. Mood ........................................................................................................14
6. Realization of Speech Function in Mood ................................................16
7. The 2014 Indonesian Presidential Candidates Debate ............................. 19
a. Biography of Jokowi ......................................................................... 21
b. Biography of Prabowo ....................................................................... 22
B. Previous Relevant Studies ........................................................................... 23
C. Conceptual Framework ............................................................................... 24
CHAPTER III. RESEARCH METHOD .......................................................... 26
A. Research Design .......................................................................................... 26
B. The Source of Data ...................................................................................... 26
C. Technique of Data Collection ...................................................................... 27
D. The Data Analysis ....................................................................................... 27
CHAPTER IV. DATA AND DATA ANALYSIS .............................................. 28
A. The Data ...................................................................................................... 28
B. The Analysis of Data ................................................................................... 28
1. Types of Speech Function ...................................................................... 29
2. Mood ...................................................................................................... 31
a. Declarative ....................................................................................... 33
b. Interrogative .................................................................................... 34
c. Imperative ........................................................................................ 35
C. Research Findings ....................................................................................... 36
D. Discussion ............................................................................................................ 37
CHAPTER V. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ...................................... 39
v
A. Conclusion ................................................................................................... 39
B. Suggestion ................................................................................................... 40
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................ 41
vi
LIST OF TABLES
Pages
Table 2.1 Types of Speech Function .................................................................... 10
Table 2.2 Realization of Speech Function in Mood ...........................................17
Table 2.3 Unmarked Realization of Speech Function .......................................... 17
Table 4.1 The Total Number of Types and Percentages of Speech Function
of Jokowi Dodo and Prabowo Subianto .............................................. 29
Table 4.2 The example of clauses exist in the 2014 Indonesian Presidential
Candidates debate ................................................................................ 30
Table 4.3 The Calculation of the Congruent and Metaphorical Realization
of Mood ............................................................................................... 32
vii
LIST OF PICTURES
Pages
Picture 2.1 System Network of Speech Function Diagram ................................ 13
Picture 2.2 System Network of Mood Diagram ................................................... 15
viii
LIST OF APPENDICES
Pages
APPENDIX A ...................................................................................................... 43
APPENDIX B .................................................................................................... 113
ix
1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. The Background of the Study
Communication is a vital part of human personal life and it is also important
in any other situation where people encounter one another. By using language,
people communicate each other in their interaction in order to express their
thought, feelings, desires, and intentions both in written or spoken forms.
In communication, language is a system that contains what is called speech
functions. Speech functions are action or performance done by language users.
Halliday (1994:69) defined the four primary Speech Functions namely Statement,
Question, Offer, and Command. Statement is a way of giving information that can
be either positive or negative. Question is a way of demanding information in
form of interrogative statement of the Yes/No questions and information questions
(WH questions). Offer is an expression of willingness to give or to do something.
And command is a way to receive some information, goods or service by forcing
the listener to give them.
The four types of speech functions are congruently expressed in Mood. Mood
here doesn’t mean the temporary state of mind or feeling, but Mood means the
role that speaker selects in the conversation and the role he/she assigns to the
addressee. The speech function of statement is realized by declarative Mood,
question is realized by interrogative Mood, and command is realized by
2
imperative Mood. Speech function of offer does not have an unmarked
representation of Mood.
As a collegian who has studied Speech function and Mood, the writer saw that
sometimes people unconsciously used speech function incongruently in daily
communication both among friends, parents and also at college. For example,
(1)
A: I wonder whether you met my aunt yesterday. (Q: incongruent/declarative)
B: Yes, I did.
In this conversation, the speaker asked the listener whether she meet her aunt
yesterday. If we came back to Halliday’s theory stated that questions are most
congruently associated with interrogative Mood, so the first conversation should
be,
(2)
A : Did you meet my aunt yesterday?
B : Yes, I did.
(Q: Congruent/interrogative)
However, the first conversation shows that people also ask questions with a
declarative Mood by their own reason. This is essentially the fact that mood
choices and speech roles do not always coincide. There are situations in which a
speech function is not congruently realized.
Related to this study, Ayoola (2013) studied “An Interpersonal Metafunction
Analysis of Some Selected Political Advertisements in Some Nigerian
Newspapers” found the interpersonal meaning of a structure does not always
correspond with its lexicogrammar analysis as the political advertiser use various
mood types to interact, negotiate, establish and maintain good relations with the
3
readers. The differences in the distribution of mood types in the adverts are
determined by contextual factors such as the need to reflect the economic and
socio-political context/situation of the country.
Based on the explanation above, the writer’s interested to analyze the Speech
Function and Mood used in the 2014 Indonesian Presidential Candidates Debate.
The writer took debate as the source of this study because as we know debate is an
art. Debate gives a skill of speaking especially ways of expressing and respecting
ideas, thinking fast and critically. The 2014 Indonesian Presidential Candidates
Debate is recently held in Indonesia and certainly the President and Vice
President candidates has their own techniques and analytical thinking to convince
other people in order to accept their own arguments.
Following examples taken from a text of debate will give some clarification of
Speech Function and Mood:
a. ‘Artinya, yang ingin saya sampaikan bahwa visi misi mengenai anggaran
desa 1 milyar itu berasal dari Undang-Undang, bukan dari visi misi bapak
Prabowo.’
(That is, I want to say that the vision and mission of 1 billion village
budget was derived from the Act, instead of the vision and mission of Mr.
Prabowo)
b. Saya berikan contoh, seni pertunjukan.
(I give an example, the art show.)
In the situation of example (a) the speaker interacts with the hearers. The
message indicates that the speaker doesn’t agree to the statement given by other
4
team and he gives other alternatives to reject it. Example (b) can be interpreted
that the speaker would offer some information in the form of example to the
hearers in hope that his statement is accepted by them.
In this study, the writer aims to find out the type of speech functions and
Mood that usually used by the President Candidates, Jokowi Dodo and Prabowo
Subianto in answering the question and convince other people to accept their own
arguments. Analyzing Speech function and Mood is interesting to be conducted
since it deals to find out whether the President Candidates used Speech function
congruently or metaphorically in The 2014 Indonesian Presidential Candidates
Debate.
B. The Problem of the Study
Based on the explanation on the background of the study, the problems of the
study are formulated as the following.
1. What types of Speech function are used by President Candidates in the
second debate of the 2014 Indonesian Presidential Candidates Debate?
2. How are the speech functions realized in Mood?
3. In what context did the President Candidates use one type of Speech
Function dominantly in the 2014 Indonesian Presidential Candidates
Debate?
5
C. The Objectives of the Study
The objectives of this study deal with the problems that have been
formulated, they are
1. to analyze the types of speech function existing in the second debate in the
2014 Indonesian Presidential Candidates Debate,
2. to describe the ways speech functions coded in Moods, and
3. to elaborate the reason of President Candidates used one type of speech
function dominantly in the 2014 Indonesian Presidential Candidates
Debate.
D. The Scope of the Study
Human beings use language in order to fulfill the main three functions
namely ideational, interpersonal, and textual functions. The focus of this study
limited to the interpersonal meaning which includes the Speech functions and
Mood. The source of the data is the second debate in 2014 Indonesian Presidential
Candidates Debate with the topic is Economic Development and Social Welfare.
E. The significance of the Study
This study hopefully will give significant to the readers both practically and
theoretically. Practically, by referring to Speech functions and Mood a better
understanding of verbal interaction can be obtained. Specifically, it can be
obtained whether the speech functions is congruently or metaphorically realized.
Better knowledge of verbal interaction, will provide us with good knowledge of
6
the society. Theoretically, this study can be useful in learning Functional
Grammar especially to analyze speech function and Mood in debates and of
course to help the reader who interested in writing papers about interpersonal
meaning in improving their skill.
39
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
A. Conclusion
After analyzing the data of second debate in 2014 Indonesian Presidential
Candidates Debate, conclusions are drawn as follows:
1. A language consists of a set of systems, which offer the speaker an
unlimited choice of ways of creating meanings. In the 2014 Indonesian
Presidential Candidates debate, both President candidates used all types of
Speech Function. The most dominant type of Speech function used is in
the form of Statement, and then followed by Question, Command, and
Offer. In the debates, Jokowi dominates Prabowo, though Prabowo made
attempts to rebut and to attack the arguments, Jokowi are capable of giving
strong arguments to ruin it.
2. It is found that congruent and metaphorical realizations of Speech function
in Mood are used by Jokowi and Prabowo in this debate. The types of
Speech function realized by Mood is dominantly expressed in congruent
declarative. The dominant declarative is coded by S^F in which it is
formed by subject followed by finite. The metaphorical forms of Mood
functioning to beautify expressions are also found though not as much as
the use of congruent forms. This implies that linguistic choice is available
to speakers not only with regard to interrogatives, imperatives and
declaratives; it operates at every point in the production of speech. Both
Jokowi and Prabowo are able to give and to response arguments logically
40
in different ways and this indicates that their performance are considered
to be good enough because they are able to use metaphorical clauses in the
context of debate.
3. It can be stated that the use of statement in speech function of
interpersonal meaning is dominant in this debate. It is because debating
needs a skill of speaking in which the President Candidates should give
their arguments in the form of Statement that should be affirmed. Also,
they have important roles to influence the opponents and people of
Indonesia.
Therefore, both of them show their capability of giving
information to deliver their future plans and ideas when chosen as the next
President in the form of proposition, promise, and persuasion, and to
convey the messages logically in a limited time, 3 up to 4 minutes for each
with the purpose that the hearer/ people of Indonesia interested in choosing
him as the next President.
B. Suggestion
In relation to the conclusion, suggestions are staged as follows:
1. It is suggested that a comparative study of the same approach between
English and Indonesian debate should be conducted.
2. For trainers and debaters, it is suggested that metaphorical realization of
Mood in the debates should be applied more frequently in order to
improve the quality of debaters in expressing arguments, as long as the
meaning is delivered and affirmed.
41
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