THE ATTITUDE IN A L’ARC-EN-CIEL SONG: AN ANALYSIS OF INTERPERSONAL MEANING.

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THE ATTITUDE IN A L’Arc-en-Ciel SONG: AN ANALYSIS OF INTERPERSONAL MEANING

A RESEARCH PAPER

Submitted to the Department of English Education, Faculty of Languages and Arts Education,

Indonesia University of Education

in Partial Fulfillment of the requirements for Sarjana Pendidikan Degree

Harry Ramadan Putra 0906148

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH EDUCATION

FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS EDUCATION

INDONESIA UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION

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THE ATTITUDE IN A L’Arc

-en-Ciel SONG:

AN ANALYSIS OF INTERPERSONAL MEANING

Oleh

Harry Ramadan Putra

Sebuah skripsi yang diajukan untuk memenuhi salah satu syarat memperoleh gelar Sarjana pada Fakultas Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni

April 2014

Hak Cipta dilindungi undang-undang.

Skripsi ini tidak boleh diperbanyak seluruhya atau sebagian, dengan dicetak ulang, difoto kopi, atau cara lainnya tanpa ijin dari penulis.

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PAGE OF APPROVAL Harry Ramadan Putra

THE ATTITUDE IN A L’Arc-en-Ciel SONG: AN ANALYSIS OF INTERPERSONAL MEANING

Approved by Main Supervisor

Prof. DR. Nenden Sri Lengkanawati, M.Pd. NIP. 195111241985032001

Co-Supervisor

Rd. Della Nuridah K.S.A., S,Pd, M.Ed. NIP. 197704142001122003

Head of Department of English Education Faculty of Languages and Arts Education

Indonesia University of Education

Prof. DR. Didi Suherdi, M.Ed. NIP. 196211011987121001

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Harry Ramadan Putra, 2014

The Attitude In A l’arc-En-Ciel Song: An Analysis Of Interpersonal Meaning

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu TABLE OF CONTENT

Statement of Authorization ... i

Preface …. ... ... ii

Acknowledgement ... iii

Abstract ... iv

Table of Content ... v

List of Figures ... viii

List of Tables ... ix

List of Appendices ... x

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ... 1

1.1 Background of the study ... 1

1.2 Research questions ... 5

1.3 Aims of the study ... 5

1.4 Scope of the study ... 5

1.5 Significance of the study ... 6

1.6 Research methodology ... 7

1.6.1 Data Collection ... 7

1.6.2 Data Analysis ... 7

1.7 Clarification of key terms ... 8

1.8 Organization of Paper ... 10

CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL FOUNDATION ... 13

2.1 Systemic Functional Linguistics ... 13

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Harry Ramadan Putra, 2014

The Attitude In A l’arc-En-Ciel Song: An Analysis Of Interpersonal Meaning

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

2.1.2 Stratification and Instantiation ... 14

2.1.3 Metafunctions ... 16

2.2 Interpersonal Meaning ... 18

2.3 Appraisal Framework ... 19

2.3.1 Inscribed and Evoked Appraisal ... 21

2.3.2 Attitude ... 22

2.3.3 Graduation System ... 28

2.4 Appraisal and Music ... 29

CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ... 33

3.1 Research Questions ... 33

3.2 Research Design ... 33

3.3 Data Collection ... 34

3.4 Data Analysis ... 35

CHAPTER IV: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION ... 39

4.1 Findings ... 39

4.1.1 Analysis of Affect on the lyric ... 39

4.1.2 Analysis of Judgment on the lyric ... 42

4.1.3 Analysis of Appreciation on the lyric ... 44

4.1.4 Analysis of Graduation on the lyric ... 45

4.2 Discussion ... 46

4.2.1 The Appraisal resources on the lyric ... 47

4.2.2 The themes and descriptions of the lyric ... 47

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Harry Ramadan Putra, 2014

The Attitude In A l’arc-En-Ciel Song: An Analysis Of Interpersonal Meaning

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ... 52

5.1 Conclusions ... 52

5.2 Suggestions ... 53

BIBLIOGRAPHY ... 56

APPENDICES ... 65

Appendix I: Coding and Conventions ... 65

Appendix II: Song Lyric ... 66

Appendix III: Data Analysis: Song Lyric ... 68

Appendix IV: Distribution of Affect resources in the lyric ... 74

Appendix V: Distribution of Judgment resources in the lyric ... 75

Appendix VI: Distribution of Appreciation resources in the lyric ... 75

Appendix VII: Distribution of Graduation resources in the lyric ... 76 CURRICULUM VITAE

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Harry Ramadan Putra, 2014

The Attitude In A l’arc-En-Ciel Song: An Analysis Of Interpersonal Meaning

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

ABSTRAK

Artikel ini melaporkan temuan penelitian yang menginvestigasi Attitude dan nilai interpersonal yang terdapat dalam sebuah lagu melalui analisa lirik. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif, dengan berdasarkan pada teori Linguistik Sistemik Fungsional (Halliday, 1994; Halliday dan Matthiessen, 2004) untuk mengidentifikasi Attitude dan nilai interpersonal. Lebih spesifiknya, penelitian ini menggunakan kerangka Appraisal yang dikembangkan Martin beserta kolega (Martin, 1997, 2000; White, 1998, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2011; Martin and White, 2005). Dari analisa teks, terungkap bahwa lagu ini mengandung nilai positif dan negatif di sisi Affect. Nilai positif mayoritas ada dalam bentuk In/security yang mengindikasikan rasa percaya diri, sedangkan nilai negatif mayoritas ada dalam bentuk Dis/satisfaction dan Un/happiness yang mengindikasikan rasa frustasi, kesedihan, dan kemarahan. Penelitian ini juga mengungkap bahwa sumber Judgment dan Appreciation yang ada dalam lirik kebanyakan negatif, yang berarti kritik pada orang lain, penilaian akan bagaimana orang lain bersikap, dan juga tidak menghargai hal-hal dan sifat-sifat dari benda yang dideskripsikan dalam lirik.

Kata Kunci: Linguistik Sistemik Fungsional, Kerangka Appraisal, Sistem Attitude, Lirik

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Harry Ramadan Putra, 2014

The Attitude In A l’arc-En-Ciel Song: An Analysis Of Interpersonal Meaning

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu ABSTRACT

This study investigates the attitude shared and the interpersonal meaning of a song by analyzing its lyric. Utilizing qualitative research, this study analyzes “CHASE– Eng ver.-”, a song written by L’Arc-en-Ciel which is taken from the album

“World’s Best Selection” (2012). The analysis is framed by Appraisal framework proposed by Martin and his colleagues (Martin, 2000; White, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2011; Martin and White, 2005) which is drawn from Halliday’s Systemic Functional Linguistics theory (Halliday, 1994; Halliday and Matthiessen, 2004). From the result of text analysis, the finding shows that the song contains both positive and negative values in terms of the attitude. The positive values are mainly in the form of In/security which indicate the feelings of confidence and superiority, while the negative values are mainly in the form of Dis/satisfaction and Un/happiness which indicate the feelings of frustration, sadness, and anger. This study reveals that Judgment and Appreciation values shared in the lyric are generally negative, which means it criticizes other persons, and the way they behave. Furthermore, it does not value the things and properties which are described in the lyric. In addition, the lyric uses graduation system as sharpening resources to emphasize and indicate maximal investment of attitude resources. The study extends to the pedagogical implication of how to integrate song lyrics to English Language Teaching.

Keywords: Systemic Functional Linguistics, Appraisal framework, Attitude system, song lyric, L’Arc-en-Ciel.

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Harry Ramadan Putra, 2014

The Attitude In A l’arc-En-Ciel Song: An Analysis Of Interpersonal Meaning

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

This chapter discusses several points as an introductory section of this study. It covers the background of the study, research questions, aims of the study, the scope of the study, the significance of the study, research methodology, clarification of key terms, and the organization of the paper.

1.1 Background of the Study

The role of language as a medium of communication, especially in teaching and learning process, has great importance. One medium of its importance is manifested in song lyrics. A very basic observation regarding the importance of language in song lyrics is the fact that each language contains two systems rather than one; a system of sounds and a system of meanings. Bloch & Trager (1942:5 as cited in Ariyapitipun, 2007) state that language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols by means of which a social group co-operates. Through music and its song lyrics, musicians share what is in their mind, their opinions, and their feelings.

Song lyric is an important form of communication, serving a variety of purposes as documented in psychology of language literature (Pettijohn II & Sacco Jr, 2009). It tells stories and communicates with audiences in a manner similar to how people have conversations with each other. Song lyric reflects the important changes of social concept and living styles. It is one of the main study

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Harry Ramadan Putra, 2014

The Attitude In A l’arc-En-Ciel Song: An Analysis Of Interpersonal Meaning

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

materials for the research of socio-cultural, economics, and political interaction (Hu, 2011). Song lyric contributes to the emotional interpretation of music.

Moreover, a study which has been conducted by Shen (2009) in China proves that songs can be used as an enjoyable and effective approach to English Language Teaching. Shen (2009) states that song lyric serves as a direct genuine source of teaching material in foreign language classes for its richness in culture and theme, its idiomatic and poetic expressions, recitability, and its therapeutic functions. Furthermore, the means to utilize song lyric as a teaching material can come in many ways for different language skills, such as in listening, speaking, creative writing, and memorizing vocabulary, structure, and grammar.

The study of language, linguistics, has developed frameworks to investigate and analyze the functions of language. Halliday (1973 as cited in Haratyan, 2011) explores three basic functions of language, which are ideational as an expression of contents or messages; interpersonal as a mean of sharing of

one’s feelings, ideas and emotions with others; and textual as a creation of a text, through which a link is made between language and situation. Each function has its own developmental framework as a tool for a deeper understanding of language. A framework that has developed to investigate and analyze language function, particularly interpersonal metafunction, is Appraisal framework.

Appraisal framework, which was put forward by James Martin at the beginning of the 1990s, is an extension of Halliday’s Systemic Functional Linguistics. It serves as an analytical tool to get a better understanding of some

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Harry Ramadan Putra, 2014

The Attitude In A l’arc-En-Ciel Song: An Analysis Of Interpersonal Meaning

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

issues which associated with evaluative resources and the negotiation of intersubjective positions, and opens a new area of interpersonal meaning (Liu, 2010). Evaluation plays an important role in the establishment and maintenance of interpersonal relationship, and Appraisal system, which deals with the language of evaluation, is a crucial part of interpersonal semantics to express viewpoints and attitudes.

The implementation of the Appraisal framework has been applied in practical research of various discourses. For instance, the applications of Appraisal analysis on the generic structures of English news editorial, on English football commentaries, and on political speeches have been conducted (New York Times, 2010). However, there are still few studies in analyzing song lyrics by using Appraisal framework, specifically the ones which correlate with English language teaching.

Thus, the main topic of this study is the implementation of Appraisal analysis on a song lyric which has its pedagogical implication. The verbal appraisal system deals with the investigation of attitude shared on the lyric. This study endeavors to reveal the meanings behind a particular song lyric by using a language evaluation tool called Appraisal framework which is derived from

Halliday’s SFL. To be more specific, this study focuses on the attitude shared on

the lyric. This study is expected to contribute to teaching and learning process where teachers can make use of the framework to carefully select the songs as teaching media; considering the fact that song lyrics are ones of many language learning sources for students to develop their language skills.

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Harry Ramadan Putra, 2014

The Attitude In A l’arc-En-Ciel Song: An Analysis Of Interpersonal Meaning

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

The song investigated in this study comes from a Japanese rock band called L’Arc-en-Ciel, which began their musical career in 1991. In March to June 2012, this band was performing a concert tour in 14 cities of 10 countries all over the world to celebrate their 20th anniversary of musical career entitled “L’Arc -en-Ciel 20thL’Anniversary World Tour”. In this concert tour, they have reached for about 450.000 audiences all over the world. Indonesia was one of the destination countries in their world tour where the concert took place in Jakarta and was successfully held with 13.000 total audiences (Oishi, as cited in Nikken Entertainment, 2013). The world tour and the enthusiasm of audiences all over the world show that L’Arc-en-Ciel is one of the most influential bands in the world, even Forbes labels the band as “the richest rock band you've never heard of” (Greenburg, 2012).

Therefore, based on the preceding elaboration of arguments, this study has taken a song of L’Arc-en-Ciel to be investigated by using Appraisal framework.

The song title is “CHASE –English ver-“ which was first released as a single song in 2011 in Japanese language. It is the latest song of the band before they went to perform L’Arc-en-Ciel 20thL’Anniversary World Tour and it has been used as the ending song of a movie entitled “WILD 7”. This song has marked the band’s twentieth year of musical career. Even though this song is originally in Japanese, later on the song has the English version and is included in their best album

“World’s Best Selection” which was distributed globally since 2012.

Utilizing the Attitude system, one of three main systems of the Appraisal framework, this study analyzes the attitude and the interpersonal meaning in the

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Harry Ramadan Putra, 2014

The Attitude In A l’arc-En-Ciel Song: An Analysis Of Interpersonal Meaning

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

selected song. The Attitude system is used to analyze whether a person, thing, situation, action, event or state of affairs is viewed either positively or negatively. Attitude consists of three sub-systems that is Affect which is concerned with the emotional stance; Judgment which is concerned with the evaluation of human behaviour with respect to social norms; and Appreciation which is concerned with the evaluation of objects and products by reference to aesthetic principles and other systems of social value. This study also uses Graduation system to help determining the grade of its attitude.

1.2 Research questions

This study is intended to analyze the interpersonal meaning in the lyric of a song entitled “CHASE –English ver-“, written by L’Arc-en-Ciel, which is described by answering these two research questions:

1. What is the attitude of the persona as expressed in the lyric? 2. What interpersonal meaning can be gained from the lyric?

1.3 Aims of the study

Based on the statements and the formulation of problems, this study is aimed to reveal these two main concerns, and they are

 To investigate the attitude shared in the lyric

 To investigate the interpersonal meaning in the lyric

1.4 Scope of the study

This study attempts to reveal the interpersonal meaning and the attitude shared in a song lyric which has its pedagogical implication. The selected lyric

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Harry Ramadan Putra, 2014

The Attitude In A l’arc-En-Ciel Song: An Analysis Of Interpersonal Meaning

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

comes from a song of a Japanese rock band named L’Arc-en-Ciel titled “CHASE– English ver-“ that is taken from their best album “World’s Best Selection” which was released in 2012. The investigation concentrates on the Appraisal framework of interpersonal meaning which is evaluated in three aspects of Attitude system; emotive, aesthetic, and ethic, with Graduation system to determine the grade of its attitude.

1.5 Significance of the study

This study is an attempt to investigate the interpersonal meaning which

shares the persona’s feelings and emotions in the lyric by investigating its attitude.

This study is expected to contribute to increase the listeners and readers’ awareness on the meanings behind a song by informing the meaning-making process of its lyric, therefore teachers, for instance, can carefully select songs to be used in teaching and learning process. Moreover, regarding the theoretical benefits, this study is expected to contribute in English Language Teaching by suggesting the integration of songs and using song lyrics as a language resource to improve students’ language skills development. Furthermore, it is also expected that this study will provide a reference in the area of discourse analysis, specifically in the area of interpersonal metafunction of language.

In relation to practical benefits, this study and its finding are expected to be useful for writer and readers for building critical awareness toward hidden ideology manifested in a song lyric. The critical awareness of language is one of the requirements to create democratic or effective citizenship (Fairclough, 1992,

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Harry Ramadan Putra, 2014

The Attitude In A l’arc-En-Ciel Song: An Analysis Of Interpersonal Meaning

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

1995). For the writer, this study is hoped to develop knowledge and make the writer to be used to the research study, specifically in linguistics study.

1.6 Research methodology

This study is conducted in form of qualitative study. Qualitative study is designed to understand a social phenomenon and individual perspective being analyzed (McMillan & Schumacher, 2001, as cited in Syamsudin & Damayanti, 2007). According to Best & Kahn (1989), qualitative study can describe events, persons, and so forth scientifically without the use of numerical data. It is a method applied to explain, analyze and classify something through various techniques, such as survey and observation. This study analyzes the data collected using Appraisal framework in several steps which is elaborated in data analysis.

1.6.1 Data Collection

The data used in this study is a song from a band named L’Arc-en-Ciel.

The selected song is “CHASE -English ver.-” which was first released in Japanese language on December 21st, 2011 and later on included in L’Arc -en-Ciel’s 12th studio album “Butterfly” which was released on February 8th, 2012. In the next following months after that, the band went to do a concert tour to celebrate their 20th years of musical career around the world by visiting 10

countries on three continents. On the world tour, the band re-released the song in English version in L’Arc-en-Ciel’s best album “World's Best Selection” which was released on March 3rd, 2012. The song lyric is taken from this

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Harry Ramadan Putra, 2014

The Attitude In A l’arc-En-Ciel Song: An Analysis Of Interpersonal Meaning

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu 1.6.2 Data Analysis

The data is investigated by using Appraisal framework proposed by Martin and his colleagues (Martin, 1997, 2000; White, 1998, 2005, 2006, 2011; Martin and White, 2005; Martin and Rose, 2007). The framework is more focused on the analysis of Attitude which consists of Affect (the emotions shared on the song), Judgment (the ethics), and Appreciation (the aesthetic side).

The main step of this study is analyzing a song by using Appraisal framework. The first step in the analyzing the song is a detailed reading of data collected and exploring its general sense. Then, analyzing and classifying the data by using a coding system based on the Appraisal framework. The final step is interpreting and reporting findings of the study.

1.7 Clarification of key terms

To avoid misunderstanding, the following explanationsare clarification of key terms used in this study:

1)Linguistics is the scientific study of language (Ariyapitipun, 2007). It tries to observe language and to describe them accurately; then to find generalizations within what has been described; and finally to draw conclusions about the general nature of human language (Hana, 2006). 2)Interpersonal function / Interpersonal metafunctionis one of the language

functions which concerns the use of language to set up and sustain interaction between people using language (Halliday, 1975; Christie &

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Harry Ramadan Putra, 2014

The Attitude In A l’arc-En-Ciel Song: An Analysis Of Interpersonal Meaning

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

Unsworth, 2000; Bloor & Bloor, 1995 as cited in Emilia, 2005:54-55). It is through the interpersonal metafunction that users of language establish, negotiate and assume their position in social relationships (Halliday, 1994:68 as cited in Ye, 2010).

3)Appraisal framework is a system of interpersonal meaning; concerned with evaluation – the kinds of attitudes that are negotiated in a text, the strength of the feelings involved and the ways in which values are sourced and readers aligned (Martin & Rose, 2007). Appraisal is understood as a particular approach to explore, describe and explain the way language is used to evaluate, to adopt stances, to construct textual personas and to manage interpersonal positioning and relationships (White 2001:1 as cited in Page, 2003).

4)Attitude has to do with evaluating things, people’s characters and their

feelings. It may be the writer’s own or it may be attributed to some

other sources (Martin & Rose, 2007). Attitude itself is divided into three regions: Affect, Judgment, and Appreciation (Martin & White, 2005).

5)Affect is the means by which writers/speakers positively or negatively evaluate the entities, happenings and states-of-affairs. It is concerned with registering positive and negative feelings (Martin & White, 2005). 6)Judgment is the region of meaning construing our attitudes to people and

the way they behave – their characters, and how they measure up. It is concerned with resources for assessing behavior according to various normative principles (Martin & White, 2005).

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Harry Ramadan Putra, 2014

The Attitude In A l’arc-En-Ciel Song: An Analysis Of Interpersonal Meaning

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

7)Appreciation looks at resources for construing the value of things, especially things we make and performances we give, but also including natural phenomena and semiosis– what such things are worth; how we value them (Martin & White, 2005).

8)Graduation attends to grading phenomena whereby feelings are amplified and categories blurred (Martin & White, 2005). It establishes resources for intensification (force) and for adjusting boundaries (focus), makes it possible to compare things – to say how strong the feelings are (Martin & Rose, 2007).

1.8 Organization of Paper

The study covers five chapters in which the general description of each chapter is elaborated as follows:

1) T

he first chapter: Introduction

This chapter provides background of the study, research questions, aims of the study, the scope of the study, significance of the study, research methodology, clarification of key terms, and organization of the paper.

2) T

he second chapter: Theoretical Foundation

This chapter deals with the theoretical framework of the study to reveal the Attitude shared and the interpersonal meaning on the lyric. In doing so, this chapter discusses the theories and concepts which are employed to answer the research questions.

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Harry Ramadan Putra, 2014

The Attitude In A l’arc-En-Ciel Song: An Analysis Of Interpersonal Meaning

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

3) T

he third chapter: Research Methodology

This chapter deals with the procedures taken in undertaking the study. It also presents the analytical tools and the reason of choosing it.

4) T

he fourth chapter: Findings and Discussion

This chapter consists of result of the study and the answers of research questions as well as the discussion and interpretation of findings.

5) T

he fifth chapter: Conclusion

This chapter contains conclusions of the study. It also includes several suggestions for future studies.

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Harry Ramadan Putra, 2014

The Attitude In A l’arc-En-Ciel Song: An Analysis Of Interpersonal Meaning

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu Table of Contents

CHAPTER I ... 1

INTRODUCTION ... 1

1.1 Background of Study ... 1

1.2 Research questions ... 5

1.3 Aims of the study ... 5

1.4 Scope of the study ... 5

1.5 Significance of the study ... 6

1.6 Research methodology ... 7

1.6.1 Data Collection... 7

1.6.2 Data Analysis ... 8

1.7 Clarification of key terms ... 8

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Harry Ramadan Putra, 2014

The Attitude In A l’arc-En-Ciel Song: An Analysis Of Interpersonal Meaning

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter explains the research methodology used in this study. It covers research questions, research design, data collection and data analysis.

3.1 Research Questions

This study was intended to analyze the interpersonal meaning in a song lyric. The chosen song was “CHASE –English ver-“, a song written by L‟Arc -en-Ciel, which was described by answering these two research questions:

1. What is the attitude of the persona as expressed in the lyric? 2. What interpersonal meaning can be gained from the lyric?

3.2 Research Design

This study was conducted in the form of qualitative study. Qualitative study was designed to understand a social phenomenon and individual perspective being analyzed (McMillan & Schumacher, 2001, as cited in Syamsudin & Damayanti, 2007). It was a method applied to explain, analyze and classify something through various techniques, such as: survey, interview, questionnaire, observation and test. According to Best & Kahn (1989), qualitative can describe events, persons, and so forth scientifically without the use of numerical data. It was about analysing and attempting to uncover the deeper meaning and significance of the object being researched.

The aim of qualitative research itself was to understand a particular social situation, event, role, group, or interaction (Kocke, Spirduso, & Silverman, 1987), and to describe certain aspects of a phenomenon, with a view to explaining the subject of study (Cormack, 1991). It was largely an exploratory process where the researcher gradually made sense of a social phenomenon by contrasting, comparing, replicating, cataloguing and classifying the object of study (Miles & Huberman, 1984, as cited in Creswell, 2002). The methodology itself was also described as phenomenology (Duffy, 1985), or as a humanistic and idealistic

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Harry Ramadan Putra, 2014

The Attitude In A l’arc-En-Ciel Song: An Analysis Of Interpersonal Meaning

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

approach (Leach, 1990). This study considered the object being researched as a discourse; therefore the approach used was discourse-analytic approach.

Discourse-analytic approach revealed the „meaningfulness‟ of texts. Discourse here implied „language above the sentence‟ and referred to a sequence of sentences or utterances that constituted a „text‟ (Cameron, 2001). By far the most common sources of data for discourse analysis tend to be the accounts drawn from recordings of informal, spoken interviews between researchers and respondents, making it a popular, qualitative method of data analysis for linguists and social scientists alike (e.g. Widdicombe, 1993). However, it had also been used to analyze a variety of data such as formal academic journal writing (Gilbert & Mulkay, 1984); newspaper reports and media interviews (Potter & Reicher, 1987), and accounts of journalists and politicians during a political controversy (Potter & Edwards, 1990). This study was aimed to find the Attitude shared and the interpersonal meaning in the song lyric, which has its pedagogical implication. The data collected was analyzed by Appraisal framework system in several steps which were elaborated in the subsequent part.

3.3 Data Collection

This study took a song from L‟Arc-en-Ciel as data document. The song title was “CHASE -English ver.-” which was first released in Japanese language on December 21st, 2011, and later on included in L‟Arc-en-Ciel 12th studio album

“Butterfly” which was released on February 8th, 2012. The song then re-released in English version on L‟Arc-en-Ciel‟sbest album “World's Best Selection” which was released on March 3rd, 2012. The song was selected on the basis that this was the latest song of L‟Arc-en-Ciel before they went for World Tour concert, considering that this song marked a significant point of their musical career (Excite Music Interview, 2012), alongside with the fact that this song had been made as the ending song of a movie entitled “WILD 7”. The lyric of this song was taken from L‟Arc-en-Ciel‟s original album, World's Best Selection, which was released globally in 2012.

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Harry Ramadan Putra, 2014

The Attitude In A l’arc-En-Ciel Song: An Analysis Of Interpersonal Meaning

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu 3.4 Data Analysis

The data was investigated by using Appraisal framework proposed by Martin and his colleagues (Martin, 1997, 2000; White, 1998, 2005, 2006, 2011; Martin & White, 2005; Martin & Rose, 2007). The framework was directed to be more focused on the analysis of Attitude which consisted of Affect (the emotion shared on the songs), Judgment (the ethics), and Appreciation (the aesthetic side). The main step of this research was analyzing the song with Appraisal framework. It involved preparing the data for analysis, moving deeper into understanding the data, representing, and making an interpretation of the larger meaning of the data.

The general steps of data analysis in this study were based on Creswell (2002). However, Creswell pointed out that qualitative procedure has unique steps, therefore these following steps came with some slight modifications;

Step 1 Organizing and preparing the data for analysis. In this step, researcher took

the whole lyric of the song from the original album of L‟Arc-en-Ciel.

Step 2 Reading through all the data. Creswell (2002) pointed out that the first

general step was to obtain a general sense of the information and to reflect on its overall meaning. In this step, researcher tried to understand the general ideas of the lyric and presumed what kind of messages the lyric writer wanted to convey.

Step 3 Beginning a detailed analysis with a coding process. Coding is the process of organizing the material into “chunks” before bringing meaning to those “chunks” (Rossman & Rallis, 1998). The coding in this study was based on the Appraisal framework system, specifically the Attitudes system, with some modifications. To highlight the realization of each category in the text, this study used keys as follows:

Underlined = the indirect realization of attitude

Bold = the direct realization of attitude

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Harry Ramadan Putra, 2014

The Attitude In A l’arc-En-Ciel Song: An Analysis Of Interpersonal Meaning

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Harry Ramadan Putra, 2014

The Attitude In A l’arc-En-Ciel Song: An Analysis Of Interpersonal Meaning

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu Table 3.1 the Appraisal analysis of a song lyric – Attitude and Graduation

No Clauses Attitude Graduation

Affect Judgment Appreciation Force Focus

1 Run from your cage and race

t, - Cap

2 All the distance is fading

+ Val Quant:

Number 3 (Must speed up,

must speed up)

t, + Sec Intens:

Process

Focus

4 The chain is around your skin

t, - Norm

5 Feel my breath in your side

t, - Sec

Notes:

t : Token of Attitude Norm : Normality

-/+ : Negative/Positive Val : Valuation

Sec : In/Security Quant : Quantification

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Step 4 The next step was using the coding process to generate a description of the

setting or people as well as categories or themes for analysis. Description involved a detailed rendering of information about people, places, or events in a setting.

Step 5 Advancing how the description will be represented in the findings and

discussion. The findings were organized from the specific to the general and were sometimes called a bottom-up approach.

Step 6 The final step in data analysis involved making an interpretation or meaning of the data. “What were the lessons learned” captured the essence of this idea (Lincoln & Guba, 1985). These lessons could be the researcher‟s personal interpretation, implied in the individual understanding that the inquirer brought to the study from researcher‟s culture, history, and experiences. The findings themselves could also suggested new questions that needed to be asked-questions rose by the data and analysis that had not foreseen earlier in the study.

The comprehensive findings and discussion will be discussed in the following chapter.

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Table of Contents

CHAPTER III ... 33

METHODOLOGY ... 33

3.1 Research Questions ... 33

3.2 Research Design ... 33

3.3 Data Collection ... 34

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The Attitude In A l’arc-En-Ciel Song: An Analysis Of Interpersonal Meaning

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

This chapter presents the summary of the findings and discussions of the study. The conclusion is formulated from the research questions, followed by the suggestions for further study relating to Appraisal analysis and education.

5.1 Conclusions

This study was aimed to investigate the attitude shared and the interpersonal meaning in a song lyric alongside with its pedagogical implication, particularly in teaching and learning process. The finding shows that the Attitude resources, specifically Affect, in the lyric mostly consisted of positive values. The positive values were mainly in the form of In/security which indicates the feelings of confidence and superiority. However, there were also negative values in form of Dis/satisfaction which indicates the feelings of frustration and Un/happiness which indicates the feelings of sadness and anger in the lyric.

Besides Affect, there are also Judgment resources in the lyric. Judgment resources which deal with the attitude to people and the way they behave took form of Social Esteem that tends to be policed in oral culture. The Judgment resources in this lyric were mainly negative which mean it criticizes the person and the way s/he behaves rather than admires him/her. Though some of the Judgment resources did not criticize explicitly, readers/listeners could feel it through tokens that evoke certain feelings in the lyric.

Another resource of Attitude system is Appreciation which relates to the evaluation of things, the evaluation toward things someone makes and performance someone gives. In the analyzed lyric, negative values of Appreciation dominantly took place which means the things and properties in the lyric were not valued by the persona. Furthermore, this study also considered Graduation resources that concern with up-scaling or sharpening and down-scaling or softening resources of Attitude. From the Graduation analysis, the lyric

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The Attitude In A l’arc-En-Ciel Song: An Analysis Of Interpersonal Meaning

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used sharpening resources on several parts to emphasize and indicate maximal investment of Attitude resources.

Related to the pedagogical implication, songs can be used as teaching media since those are the combination of music and lyrics, have many benefits in it such as the cultural values and its rich collections of vocabulary. Shen (2009) states that one practical pedagogical implication to make English Language Teaching (ELT) becomes enjoyable and effective is through the integration of songs in ELT. Furthermore, in relation to the theory of Multiple Intelligences proposed by Gardner (1993), listening to songs could be a great value to develop

students’ linguistic ability through enchanting its melody or evoking the

image-evoked in lyrics. The implementation of songs in ELT, especially in receptive skills, could be in many forms. In listening, teachers could make use of song lyrics in developing the skill through several techniques, for instance a gap-fill task. A gap-fill task could be used to help students learned a new vocabulary in the lyric and noticed its pronunciation, structure, and grammar. Another receptive skill that could be developed through the implementation of songs is reading skill. Based on the study by Liu (2010), which discussed the application of Appraisal framework to teaching critical reading, teachers can develop it in three basic steps. First, teachers make students to understand the context of the text, both linguistics and non-linguistics contexts. Second, students, with the help from teachers may distinguish author’s attitude and discuss the messages in the lyric. Finally, teachers encourage the students to speak out their view about the discussed text.

5.2 Suggestions

This section provides some suggestions on the basis of the limitation of the present study. After drawing the inferences, there are several suggestions that hopefully can give some constructive ideas for readers, especially future researchers. The suggestions are related to the Attitude system, song lyric, and its pedagogical implication.

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The Attitude In A l’arc-En-Ciel Song: An Analysis Of Interpersonal Meaning

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First, this study focuses only on Attitude system. Further studies may conduct the complete analysis of Appraisal resources on a song lyric, with the Graduation and Engagement systems. Second, this study focuses only on a song lyric. Further studies may analyze its tone of sound and its graphic or moving pictures to have a whole complete look of the interpretation. Moreover, further studies may analyze the effect of a song as learning media to teachers and students with Appraisal framework, such study had conducted by Liu (2010) which investigated the application of Appraisal framework to teaching English reading and Shen (2009) which used songs as an enjoyable and effective approach to English Language Teaching. It is also suggested that Appraisal framework can provide English teachers with a new perspective in English Language Teaching.

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Harry Ramadan Putra, 2014

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CHAPTER V ... 52

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ... 52

5.1 Conclusions ... 52

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