An Analysis of Experiential Meaning in Benazir Bhutto’s speeches
AN ANALYSIS OF EXPERIENTIAL MEANINGS IN BENAZIR BHUTTO’S SPEECHES
A THESIS
BY:
RINA MURINDA
REG. NO: 050705010
UNIVERSITY OF NORTH SUMATRA
FACULTY OF LETTERS
ENGLISH LITERATURE DEPARTMENT
MEDAN
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Bismillahirrahmanirrahim,
Alhamdulillah, all praise to ALLAH SWT who always given me blessing, power,
strength and love in my entire life and in terms of my study, especially in completing
this thesis.
I would like to express my gratitude and appreciation to the Dean of Faculty of
Letters, University of North Sumatera, Drs. Syaifuddin, M.A., Ph.D, the Head of
English Department, Dra. Swesana Mardiana Lubis, M.Hum and the Secretary of
English Department, Drs. Yulianus Harefa, M.Ed. TESOL and to all the lecturers of
English Department for all the assistances, valuable knowledge and facilities during
my academic years. As your students, I truly appreciate for all you have done to me.
I would like to express my special feeling of gratefulness to my supervisor,
Dr. Eddy Setia, M.Ed TESP and my Co-Supervisor Drs. Yulianus Harefa, M.Ed. TESOL
for their willingness to spend much time to give me guidance and encouragement in
writing this thesis.
My deep appreciation and thanks are also forwarded to my beloved family. My
beloved farther, H. Zulkifli Hanafiah and my mother, Hj. Zuhra Abdurrahman. Thank
you for your support, suggestion and specially for your unconditional love, players,
cares until the end my study, my only beloved little brother, Mirza Herinaldi, Ulill
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Amri, and Khairil Fikri, thank you for your cares, love and being my inspiration for
doing my thesis. I love you all.
My specially thanks to all my beloved friends Tengku Reza Aditya, Fikri Hanafi
Lubis, Duma, Eka Yusmiati Brandan, Kak Titin, Syasa imut, Astri, Diah haliamah, Faiz
Al amri, Nurul Nayla Azmi, Cut Novita Srikandi, Sri Hidayati Rangkuti, Kak Eva, and
also my best friend in junior high school, Eka, Nanda, anhar, nina, lelan, eva, dek lis,
aina, pocut, gojel, abdi, kukur, ajir being with you make me find a better life. The
last I would like to say deep thank to my dear Muhammad Ridho A.Md, for giving me
support, cares, and love.
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AUTHOR’S DECLARATION
I, RINA MURINDA declare that I am the sole author of this thesis. Except where
reference is made in the text of this thesis. This thesis contains no material
published elsewhere or extracted in whole or in part from a paper from a paper by
which I have qualified for or awarded another degree.
No other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgment in the main
text of this thesis. This thesis has not been submitted in any tertiary education.
Signed :
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COPYRIGHT DECLARATION
Name
:
RINA MURINDA
Title Thesis
:
An Analysis of Experiential Meanings in Benazir
Bhutto’s Speeches
Qualification
:
S1/Sarjana Sastra
Department
:
English
I am willing that my thesis should be available for reproduction at the discretion of
the Librarian of English Department Faculty of Letters, University of Sumatera Utara
on the understanding that users are made aware of their obligation under law of the
Republic of Indonesia.
Signed :
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ABSTRACT
Skripsi ini berjudul “An Analysis of Experiential Meaning in Benazir Bhutto’s
speeches” yaitu suatu nalisis mengenai enam fungsi eksperiensial yang dikaji
berdasarkan Teori Halliday (Teori Linguistik Fungsional). Teori ini memiliki perhatian
yang besar melalui hubungan antara bahasa dengan konteks. Berdasarkan Pakar
Teori Linguistik Fungsional seperti, Halliday, Kress, Stillar (2008) menyebutkan
bahwa wacana merupakan domein linguistik. Keduanya tentu saja memiliki domein
yang terpisah, meskipun hubungan antara teks dan wacana adalah realisasi. Wacana
sangat erat kaitannya dengan konteks, baik konteks situasi, konteks budaya,
maupun konteks ideology.
Data analysis diambil dari pidato terpilih melaui internet yaitu http//www.
Rediff.Com/News/2007/dec/ Benazir Bhutto’s Speech, dengan menggunakan teori
Rakhmat, yaitu “system undi”, sedangkan untuk menghitung data menggunakan
teori Nawawi. Melaui analisis data dapat di temukan bahwa proses material yang
paling banyak muncul dan mendominasi dengan persentasenya adalah sebanyak
88,10%, kemudian diikuti dengan proses relasional dengan persentasenya adalah
28,63%, kemudian diikui dengan proses mental dengan persentasenya adalah
8,81%, dan proses eksistensial persentasenya adalah 4,48%, kemudian proses
behavioral persentasenya adalah 3,52%, dan persentase yang paling kecil yaitu
pada proses verbal persentasenya adalah 1,76%.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...
i
AUTHOR’S DECLARATION ...
iii
COPYRIGHT DECLARATION ...
iv
ABSTRACT
...
v
TABLE OF CONTENTS ...
vi
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ...
1
1.1 Background of the Analysis ...
1
1.2 Problems of the Analysis ...
5
1.3 Objectives of the Analysis ...
5
1.4 Significances of the Analysis ...
5
1.5 Scope of the Analysis ...
6
CHAPTER II THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK
2.1 An overview of Discourse Analysis ...
7
2.2 Systemic Functional Linguistic (SFL) ...
10
2.3 Meta Functions of Language ...
12
2.3.1 The ideational metafunction ...
13
2.3.2 The Interpersonal metafunction ...
14
2.4.2 The textual metafunction ...
15
2.4 Definition of Experiential Meanings ...
16
2.4.1 Material Process ...
17
2.4.2 Mental Process ...
18
2.4.3 Relational Process ...
20
2.4.4 Verbal Process ...
28
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2.4.6 Existential Process ...
34
2.4.7 Review of Related Literature ...
35
CHAPTER III METHODOLOGI
3.1 Source of Data ...
38
3.2 Data Collecting Method ...
38
3.3 Data Analysis Method ...
39
3.4 Data Analysis Procedures ...
40
CHAPTER IV THE ANALYSIS OF EXPERIENTIAL MEANINGS IN BENAZIR BHUTTO’S
SPEECH
4.1 “Pakistan: Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow ...
41
4.2 “Women Leading Change” ...
51
4.3 “Women Emancipation” ...
67
CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1 Conclusions ...
86
5.2 Suggestions ...
86
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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ABSTRACT
Skripsi ini berjudul “An Analysis of Experiential Meaning in Benazir Bhutto’s
speeches” yaitu suatu nalisis mengenai enam fungsi eksperiensial yang dikaji
berdasarkan Teori Halliday (Teori Linguistik Fungsional). Teori ini memiliki perhatian
yang besar melalui hubungan antara bahasa dengan konteks. Berdasarkan Pakar
Teori Linguistik Fungsional seperti, Halliday, Kress, Stillar (2008) menyebutkan
bahwa wacana merupakan domein linguistik. Keduanya tentu saja memiliki domein
yang terpisah, meskipun hubungan antara teks dan wacana adalah realisasi. Wacana
sangat erat kaitannya dengan konteks, baik konteks situasi, konteks budaya,
maupun konteks ideology.
Data analysis diambil dari pidato terpilih melaui internet yaitu http//www.
Rediff.Com/News/2007/dec/ Benazir Bhutto’s Speech, dengan menggunakan teori
Rakhmat, yaitu “system undi”, sedangkan untuk menghitung data menggunakan
teori Nawawi. Melaui analisis data dapat di temukan bahwa proses material yang
paling banyak muncul dan mendominasi dengan persentasenya adalah sebanyak
88,10%, kemudian diikuti dengan proses relasional dengan persentasenya adalah
28,63%, kemudian diikui dengan proses mental dengan persentasenya adalah
8,81%, dan proses eksistensial persentasenya adalah 4,48%, kemudian proses
behavioral persentasenya adalah 3,52%, dan persentase yang paling kecil yaitu
pada proses verbal persentasenya adalah 1,76%.
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background of the Analysis
A dialect is a variety of language distinguished according to user; different
groups of people within the language community speak different dialects. It is
possible also to recognize varieties of a language along another dimension,
distinguished according to use. Language varies as its function varies: it differs in
different situations. The name given to a variety of a language distinguished
according to use is register. (Halliday, McIntosh and Strevens 1964: 87 in Sinar,
2007: 38).
Since language evolved as speech, in the life of the human species, all
writing systems are in origin parasitic on spoken language; and since language
develops as speech, in the life of every hearing individual, this dependency is
constantly being re-enacted. Even with the deaf, whose first language uses the
visual channel, this is not writing; Sign is more closely analogous to spoken than to
written language (Halliday 2004: 7).
Many people use language to express their thoughts and feeling.
Communication exists because of language, that’s why human being cannot be from
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language. Language in discourse is primarily a social interactional phenomenon, so
discourse analysis studies the language of utterances in relation to its function in
social interaction.
When people speak or write, they produce text, the term ‘text’ refers to any
instance of language, in any medium, that makes sense to someone who knows the
language (cf. Halliday and Hasan, 1976: chapter I in Halliday 2004: 3). Human in
society need to interact, to communicate or to show their ideas to the other, speech
has a relationship with languages. It is one of the ways to communicate or express
one’ idea. Every language has some rank scale of phonological constituency is
organized (cf. Halliday, 1992: on Mandarin in cf. Halliday 2004: 5).
We use language to construct houses, to carry on arguments, to convey
information from one person to another, to entertain; in short, to communicate.
Speech is one of the ways to communicate or express one’s ideas, from those
definition, we may conclude that speech is a part of language because it is a system
of voluntary produces by symbols. Beside that, speech permits all people to
communicate or interact. Language is not only a means of communication, but also
a social phenomenon. Speech, for some cases, can be a social phenomenon. For
example, a speech can motivate somebody or group of people to do something.
One level of language is discourse. Concerning with discourse there are many
writers who have defined about discourse. Some of definitions of discourse are:
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Discourse is category that belongs to and derives from the social domain,
and text is a category that belongs to derives from the linguistic domain. The
relation between the two is one of realization: Discourse finds its expression in text.
However, this is never a straightforward relation; any one text may be the
expression or realization of a number of sometimes competing and contradictory
discourses” (emphases added) (Kress 1985, in Sinar 2007: 23).
Discourse is a text, sentence, clause and other many kinds of discourse, such
as prose, poems, speech, conversation, composition, lyric of song, radio script, film,
symbol, text in a book, newspaper, article, magazine and news magazine article
(Indriani: 2008). Therefore, written text of speech is a kind of discourse that involves
context and text, the analyzed three Benazir Bhutto’s speeches by using Discourse
Analysis Approach of Language.
The ideational function consists of logical and experiential function. The
experiential function is realized by the transitivity system. Transitivity is structure of
English clauses. Clauses can be seen to select for a process type (Eggins, 2004: 57).
The process consists of Material Process (process of doing), Mental Process
(process of sensing), Relational Process (process of being), Verbal Process (process
of saying), Behavioral Process (the combination of psychological and physiological
behavioral), and the last Existential Process (represents that something exist and
happen). The participant are directly involved in the process by being effected by it,
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the one that is done to, sensed, etc. while circumstances are typical adjuncts
(Indriani: 2008).
Benazir Bhutto was born on June 21
st1953; she was died on December 27
th2007 in Karachi. Benazir Bhutto was the most powerful woman in the Islamic word.
And from her speeches he has power control and influences his environment. She is
one of the greatest ladies of the world. She was a Pakistan Politician, the first
woman elected to lead a Muslim state, twice elected as Prime Minister of Pakistan.
First in 1988 and again 1993 she was the eldest child of former premier, she was the
first woman leader of Muslim country in modern time to head the government of an
Islamic. The Benazir Bhutto’s speeches are chosen as the object of the analysis
because I am interested in the language found in her speech, and the character of
Benazir Bhutto as a brave women, is the main reason for choosing her.
This thesis only concerns with one component of the metafunction a
function that is the ideational meaning. The ideational meaning consists of a system
which is called the Transitivity. The system of transitivity is a presentation of
meaning in a clause.
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Based on the background, in this thesis, there are some problems that will be
analyzed, and these problems need to be resolved. The problems are:
1.
How to apply the experiential function theory in analyzing text?
2.
What experiential meanings are in Benazir Bhutto’s speeches?
3.
What is the dominant of the experiential meanings process of Benazir
Bhutto’s speeches?
1.3
Objectives of the Analysis
Dealing with the analysis of Transitivity process found in two selected Benazir
Bhutto’s speeches, the objectives of the analysis of this thesis are:
1.
To describe the theory of experiential functions in analysis text.
2.
To find out the experiential functions accrued in Benazir Bhutto’s
speeches.
3.
To find out the dominant types of experiential meaning processes in
Benazir Bhutto’s speeches by using SFL theory.
1.4
Significance of the Analysis
After completing this thesis it is expected that language learners could have
an adequate knowledge on experiential meaning’s processes through a speech.
Moreover, this thesis can also be useful as one of the references in analyzing process
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in speech by using the system of transitivity. Also to find out the six types of
experiential meaning process in Benazir Bhutto’s speech. Hopefully, this thesis will
be useful for the readers who are interested in studying discourse analysis with
focus on experiential meaning process.
1.5
Scope of the Analysis
The analysis is focused on the processes in the systems of transitivity on
three Benazir Bhutto’s speeches which consists of material process, mental process,
verbal process, relational process, behavioral process, and the last Existential
process found in the Benazir Bhutto’s speeches.
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REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
AND THEORICAL FRAMEWORK
2.1 An Overview of Discourse Analysis
Discourse analysis is not a simple field of study. It covers the use of language, spoken and written, in the real communication. Discourse analysis in its everyday practice deals with texts as heterogeneous as advertisement, biological research articles, police interviews, newspaper editorials, and life stories.
In order not to be wrong in the usage of discourse and text, there are some definitions by the experts of linguistics:
Kress (in Sinar 2007: 23) says that “Discourse is a category that belongs to and derives from the linguistic domain. The relation between the two is one of realization: Discourse finds it expression or realization of a number of sometimes competing and contradictory discourses”.
Halliday & Hasan (in Sinar 2007: 7) say that text is the unit of language usages. It’s not the grammatical unit like clause and sentence; and it’s not defined by following its length”. In discourse analysis, the word text generally, refers to the record of situation process (discoursed according to Gregory (in Sinar 2008: 7) involved without any limitation on language systems.
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Holliday’s view (in Sinar 2007: 7) show that a text uses language where its source id from oral and written medias without any limitations, which forms the whole units, the unit of language usage; not grammatical unit like clause and sentence; and is not defined based on its length; has a unity or texture which differs it from the one which is not a text and it involves the semantic relation referred to which is called as Cohesion and Coherence in an expressed meaning, it’s not only in CONTENT/FORM. But the WHOLE choice of the source of language semantics.
Sinar (2007: 7) cites as a language unit, a text consists of signals and representing the actions undergone by the human beings or meaningful objects and situations, the symbols which construct THE CONTENT/FORM and produces a cohesive and coherence message. The aspect of cohesion and textual coherence plays on important role which is used by the speaker and discourse writer.
Sinar (2007: 8) says that text is just like a live thing on language level and text is also as a semantic unit that is the source of meaning maker, it can realize the meaning which is controlled by the discourse of meaning. As a matter of fact, morpheme, word, phrase, clause realize a wording which is controlled by the grammar and lexicon. Phoneme realizes he sound (phonology) and realizes the sound (phonology) and realizes grapheme/a letter (graphology). The analysis of text can be done in the level below text that is investigating some aspects, such as: grapheme/phoneme, morpheme, word, phrase, clause that is vertically to the bottom that is analyzing the linguistic variables. Next, we can analyze the text vertically to the top by investigating the context variables of linguistic that is context of situation, culture, and ideology. The variable that still exists above the text interacts or
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influences each other with the text. All the variables of contexts are found in the text and globally all the potentials are analyzed depending on the needs or aim which is intended by the researcher and how far the relevance or the involvement of variable n which will be searched.
Stiller, G (in Sinar 2007: 8) says that text shows a kind of unity or texture which gives the capability to the text which is noticed socially as something intact. Text is bound and tied up and as a means produced. The function is bringing together the separated parts. Text has the meaningful unit, and it is the authority of the source of meaning maker included the source of “material” which has a quality; such has voice quality for an oral text or draft of a written text. The identification of text can be accomplished through the togetherness of text substance which is associated by the social agents in various situations.
From those definitions of discourse and text, I agree with the experts of the Systemic Linguistic Theory like Kress, Halliday, and Stellar as emphasized (in Sinar 2007: 8) who mentioned that discourse is a social domain and text belongs to linguistic domain. The discourse and text, of course, have separated domains; nevertheless the relation between text and discourse is a realization. In addition, discourse moves actively and can do something in the real context which determines the social life. The discourse is closely related to the contexts of situation, culture, and ideology.
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2.2 Systemic Functional Linguistics Theory
The name is actually self-explanatory. Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) is
a theory of language which is focused on the notion of how language is used. Every
text – spoken or written – unfolds in some context of use. The use of language then
evolves over generations. In other words, the evolution of a language is much
determined by the way it is used to satisfy human needs. SFL starts at social context,
and looks at how language both acts upon, and is constrained by, this social context.
The following are the main principles adopted in SFL when analyzing
linguistic phenomena:
1.
Language is viewed as complete text, not merely a collection of words or
linguistic rules.
2.
Linguistic forms are created to deliver meaning.
3.
Language is functional. It exists because it is used.
A central notion is 'stratification', such that language is analyzed in terms of four
strata: Context, Semantics, Lexica-Grammar and Phonology-Graphology. Context
concerns the Field (what is going on), Tenor (the social roles and relationships
between the participants), and the Mode (aspects of the channel of communication,
e.g., monologic/dialogic, spoken/written, +/- visual-contact, etc.).
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Systemic semantics includes what is usually called 'pragmatics'. Semantics is
divided into three components:
•
Ideational Semantics (the propositional content);
•
Interpersonal Semantics (concerned with speech-function, exchange structure,
expression of attitude, etc.);
•
Textual Semantics (how the text is structured as a message, e.g., theme-structure,
given/new, rhetorical structure etc.
The Lexica-Grammar concerns the syntactic organization of words into
utterances. Even here, a functional approach is taken, involving analysis of the
utterance in terms of roles (such as Actor, Agent/Medium, Theme Mood, etc. (See
Halliday 1994 for full description).
Source: (http://www.isfla.org/
Last Updated on
Tuesday, 03 March 2009 20:59).
SLFT works on language in context are available in a great variety of forms such as books and journals. It is also used to explore different ways of interpreting thing theoretically such as text, cohesion, coherence, discourse, context, situation, culture and other phenomena. In General Systemic Functional Linguistic Theory (GSFLT), the ‘S’ for ‘Systemic’ implies that the theory pays attention to the systemic relations and their probabilities in a system network of relations and choices starting from general to specific feature which are paradigmatic in nature. It also implies that the systems of meaning that are interrelated to the phenomena under study. The ‘F’ for ‘Functional’ implies that it is
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concerned with the functional realizations of the system is structures. It also implies the semiotic functions or meanings that operate in various semiotic levels and dimensions. The ‘L’ for ‘Linguistics’ implies that the theory derives from a discipline called “Linguistics”. It is a language based on theory which is used to investigate the phenomena of language (Sinar 2007: 25).
2.3 Meta functions of Language
The metafunctions of language are inherent in every language use in social contexts. These functions, i.e. the ideational (the logical and the experiential). The interpersonal and the textual, represent the intrinsic functional organization of language that resides in the semantic system. The semantic system is one of the systems of language, the others being the lexicogrammatical and the phonological/graphology system is one of the systems of language, the others being the lexicogrammatical and the phonological/graph logical systems. The semantic system is concerned with meaning in text, the lexicogrammatical system is concerned with wording in syntax, morphology and lexis, and the phonological/graph logical systems are concerned with sounding/writing in phonemes/graphemes or sounds/letters. Three major metafunction: the ideational functions, the interpersonal function, and the textual function (Sinar 2007: 56).
According to SFG, functional bases of grammatical phenomena are divided
into three broad areas, called Meta functions: the ideational, the interpersonal and the
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Written and spoken texts can be examined with respect to each of these Meta
functions i
(http://www.isfla. org/Systemics/Definition/definition.html, accessed on 30 July 2008, 8: 22 AM).2.3.1 The ideational metafunction
The ideational metafunction is divided into two: experiential and logical
metafunction. The experiential metafunction organizes our experience and
understanding of the world. It is the potential of the language to construe figures with
elements (such as screen shots of a moving picture or pictures of a comic novel) and
its potential to differentiate these elements into processes, the participants in these
processes, and the circumstances in which the processes occur. The logical
metafunction works above the experiential. It organizes our reasoning on the basis of
our experience. It is the potential of the language to construe logical links between
figures; for example, "this happened after that happened" or, with more experience,
"this happens every time that happens".
The ideational metafunction relates to the field aspects of a text, or its subject
matter and context of use. Field is divided into three areas: semantic domain,
specialization, and angle of representation.
Within the semantic domain, SFG proponents examine the subject matter of a
text through organizing its
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verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. These are the words that carry lexical meaning in a
text, as opposed to
their purpose lies only in relation to other words in the vicinity.
Specialization is partially determined through attention to
technica
look at types of processes, participants, and circumstances.
2.3.2 The interpersonal metafunction
The interpersonal metafunction relates to a text's aspects of tenor or
status are applicable only to spoken texts. Note - this is not so, looking at the text of
O´Halloran we are told that we no longer have the option to contrast the various
speakers but we can examine "how the individual authors present themselves to the
reader", therefore, we are able to look at social distance and relative social status in
texts where there is only one author.
The speaker/writer persona concerns the stance, personalization and standing
of the speaker or writer. This involves looking at whether the writer or speaker has a
neutra
Social distance means how close the speakers are, e.g. how the use of
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shows the degree to which they are intimate. Relative social status asks whether they
are equal in terms of power and knowledge on a subject, for example, the relationship
between a mother and child would be considered unequal. Focuses here are on
answer), who chooses the topic, turn management, and how capable both speakers are
o
2.3.4 The textual metafunction
The textual metafunction relates to mode; the internal organization and
communicative nature of a text. This comprises textual interactivity, spontaneity and
communicative distance. Textual interactivity is examined with reference to
Spontaneity is determined through a focus on
complexity,
that is, how it hangs together, as well as any abstract language it uses. Cohesion is
analyzed in the context of lexical and grammatical as well as
with reference to
The lexical aspect focuses on sense relations and lexical repetitions, while the
grammatical aspect looks at repetition of meaning shown through reference,
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substitution a
grammar deals with all of these areas of meaning equally within the grammatical
system itself.
2.4
Definition of Experiential Meaning
Experiential meaning is expressed through the system of Transitivity or process type, with the choice of process implicating associate participant roles and configurations. System cists argue that the clause’s experiential meaning is realized simultaneously with its interpersonal meaning, so that the description of Transitivity in the clause complements its simultaneous mood description (Suzanne Eggins : 2004).
Focusing the language on the clause level with respect to the notion of clause
as representation. Clause as a representation means that one function of the clause is
as representation of experience of both external realities (i.e. reality outside oneself)
and internal reality (reality inside oneself). The experiential or representational
function of language (clause) is realized by the transitivity system of language. The
outer world of reality that is brought into the inner world of reality in one’s
consciousness, which is encoded in the transitivity system of language, is interpreted
as what is going on process, which is related to material actions, events, states, and
relations.
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Halliday (in Sinar 2003: 60) says that focusing language on the clause level
with respect to the notion of clause as representation, clause as a representation
means that one function of the clause is a representation of experience of both
external reality (i.e. reality outside oneself) and internal reality. (Reality inside
oneself). The experiential or representational function of language (clause) is realized
by the transitivity system of language (clause). The outer world of reality that is
brought into the inner world of reality in one’s consciousness, which is encoded in
the transitivity system of language, is interpreted as a what-is-going process, which is
related to material actions, events, states and relations. The what-is-going-an
processes of the realities under discussion, and he has also linguistically
(grammatically) classified the various processes in question into various process type:
(1) material, (2) Mental, (3) Relational, and he classifies other processes into three
subsidiary process type: (1) Behavioral, (2) Verbal, (3) Existential.
2.4.1 Material Process
The material clauses construe the procedure as a sequence of concrete changes in the trees brought about by the person being instructed the implicit you (which could be made explicit, as in you replace the fruiting rod). In the example above and in material clauses in general, the source of the energy bringing about the change is typically participants the actor, participant are realized by nominal groups (M.A.K Halliday : 2004).
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We have net two participant roles in material clauses, the Actor and the Goal. The Actor is an inherent participant in both intransitive and transitive material clauses. The Goal is inherent in transitive clauses (M.A.K Halliday: 2004).
Material processes, all these clauses are describing processes of doing, usually concrete, tangible actions. Processes of doing are what we call material processes. The basic meaning of material processes in that some entity does something, undertakes some action. This is the semantic definition of material processes (Suzanne Eggins: 2004).
For example:
She overcome the problem
Actor Process: Material Goal
According to Halliday (in Sinar 2003: 61) says that three are 2 participants inherent in the process, i.e. He overcame the problem as the goal. The actor is the active participant in the process or the one that does the deed, whereas the goal is the one to which the process is extended, or the one being affected by the process.
2.4.2 Mental Processes
Mental Processes is that people are not always talking about concrete processes of doing. We very often talk not about what we are doing, but about what we think or feel. Halliday calls processes which encode meanings of thinking or feeling mental processes.
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While material clauses are concerned with our experience of the material world, mental clauses are concerned with the experience of the world. They are clauses of sensing. Such clauses are similar to emotive and cognitive”mental” clauses in that the Senser is construed as a conscious being. In a material clause, every participant is a thing: that is, it is a phenomenon of our experience, including of course our inner experience or imagination, some infinity (person, creature, institution, object, substance or abstraction).
Mental processes are processes of sensing, in which a participant, i.e. a conscious being or thing, is engaged in a process of seeing, feeling or thinking, which may involve some other participant (s). In the case of a mental process having two participants, the second participant may be a thing or a fact. The first participant as the conscious being or thing is the one that sense – perceives, feels or thinks. This sensing (perceiving, feeling, thinking) participant is typically human, or else human like, and is referred to as Senser. The second participant, i.e. the sensed (perceived, felt or thought) participant, is called phenomenon. (Sinar: 2007: 61-62).
Halliday categorizes mental processes into three principal subtypes: (1) perception, (2) affection, and (3) cognition. As been stated, in a mental process there should be one participant that is human or human like, i.e. the one that senses – perceives, feeling or thinking, this participant should be a conscious being, and a human being is conscious. It is possible that a non-human being can be the sensing participant if it is endowed with consciousness. This being the case, the sensing participant is called a human like sensing participant, which is grammatically labeled as. Consider the following illustrations:
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Mental: Cognition
You teacher trusts you
Senser Process: mental, cognition Phenomenon : fact
Mental: Perception
You See My appearance now
Senser Process: mental, perception Phenomenon : act
Mental: affection
Many students love The teacher
Senser Process: mental, phenomenon
2.4.3 relational Process
Relational process is the process of being; whose central meaning central meaning is something is attribute, and identity. English relational functions are categorized into three principal types: (1) Intensive, (2) circumstantial, and (3) Possessive. Each of these
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comes in two modes: (a) attributive, and (b) indentifying, thus extending the English relational functions into six types, Halliday (in Sinar 2003: 63).
We will begin by clarifying the basic structural different between attributive and identifying process, exemplified initially for the intensive sub-type.
1. Intensive attribute processes
An intensive Relational process involves establishing a relationship between two terms, where the relationship is expressed by the verb be or a synonym. In the attribute sub-type, a quality, classification or descriptive epithet (Attribute) is assigned to a participant (carrier). The carrier is always realized by a noun or nominal group.
The meaning of an Attribute intensive is that ‘X is a member of the class a’. In this classification kind of attributive intensive, the attribute is also a nominal group, typically an indefinite nominal.
Diana is a talkative dinner guest
carrier Pr: intensive Attribute
I Won’t be a police
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In the descriptive attributive intensive, the attribute is a quality or epithet ascribed to the carrier i.e. ‘x carrier the attribute a’. In these attributive intensives, the attribute is typically an adjective:
You are Very skinny
Carrier Pr: intensive attribute
All the other things Would have been minute
Carrier Pr: intensive attribute
2. Intensive Identifying Processes
The intensive identifying processes contrast with the attributives both semantically and grammatically. Semantically, an identifying clause is not about ascribing or classifying, but defining. The meaning of an identifying intensive is that ‘x serves t define the identity of ‘y. for example, in the clause:
You are The skinniest one here
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You are identified as the ‘holder’ or occupant’ of the identity of label of skinniest one. Grammatically, defining involves two participants: a Token (that which stands for what is being defined) and a value (that which defines). While the most frequently used identifying intensives are listed and exemplified. Both the token and value are realized by nominal groups. E.g. The skinny one (identifying) vs. a skinny one (attributive). Because the identifying clause contains two autonomous nominal participants, all identifying clauses are reversible, i.e. they can form passives.
Active:
You are The skinniest one here
token Pr: intensive value
Passive:
The skinniest one here is you
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Active:
Married women are the real victims
Token Pr: intensive value
Passive:
The real victims are Married women
Value Pr: intensive token
The reversibility of identifying intensives raises the question of determining which ‘side’ of the clause is the token and which the value. This can be determined both semantically and grammatically. Halliday points out that semantically the token will be a sign, name, form, holder or occupant’ of a value, which gives the ‘meaning, referent, function, status or role’ of the token. The token, then, is the nominal group which contains the ‘name’, and the value is the nominal group which gives the classification. Often, semantic criteria will indicate immediately which part of the clause is a token or value. However, it is the grammatical test which determines role assignment. The rest involves replacing the verb to be with one of the synonymous identifying intensive verbs listed above, and then determining whether the resulting clause is active or passive, and which constituent is functioning as subject. The correlation is that:
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• Token will always be subject in an active clause.
• Value will always be subject in a passive clause.
Other common sub-types of relational:
(1). Circumstantial
As well as the intensive relational, two other types of relational processes, circumstantial and possessive, occur commonly, both as attributive and identifying processes. Circumstantial relational processes encode meanings about the circumstantial dimensions discussed earlier: location, manner, cause, etc. circumstance, then, can be expressed in a clause either as a circumstantial constituent in a material, mental, behavioral or verbal process, or through a relational process. In attributive circumstantial, the circumstance is often expressed in the attribute. While the verb remains intensive, the attribute will be a prepositional phrase or an adverb of location, manner, cause, etc. example of the conflation of the attribute with the circumstantial element:
The bomb was In her luggage
carrier Pr: intensive Attribute/circ: location
The circumstantial meaning may also be encoded in the process itself, with the verb meaning ‘is + circumstance’. In this case, the process is as ‘circumstantial’:
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The operation lasted One hour
carrier Pr: circumstantial attribute
(Where lasted = be + for one hour)
Di’s narrative concerns Her daughter’s operation
carrier Pr: circumstantial attribute
(Where concerned = be + about). Again, these attribute process are not reversible:
• One hour was lasted by the operation.
• Her daughter’s operation was concerned by Di’s narrative.
With identifying circumstantial, it is also possible to encode the circumstantial meaning within either the participants or the process. When the circumstantial meaning is encoded through the participants, both the token and the value will be circumstantial elements of time, place, etc. while the verb remains intensive:
Yesterday was the last time di gave blood
Token/circ: time Pr: intensive Value/circ: time
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The circumstance may also be expressed through the process, using verb such as take up, follow, cross, resemble, accompany, etc. in these case, the process is labeled as ‘circumstantial’:
The operation took One hour
Token Pr: circumstantial value
The terrorist accompanied The young women.
Token Pr: circumstantial value
A milk bottle holds One liter of liquid.
Token Pr: circumstantial Value
Other relational: (2) Possessives
Possessives processes encode meanings of ownership and possession between clausal participants. In attribute possessives, possession may be encoded through the participants (with the attribute the possessor, and the process remaining intensive):
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This is Yours.
Carrier Pr: intensive Attribute/possessor
2.4.4 Verbal Process
A verbal process typically contains three participants: Sayer, Receiver and Verbiage. The Sayer, the participant responsible for the verbal process, does not have to be a conscious participant (although it typically is), nut anything capable of beneficiary of a verbal message, occurring with or without a preposition depending on position in the clause. The verbiage is nominal zed statement of the verbal process: a noun expressing some kind of verbal behavior (e.g. statement, questions, retort, answer, and story) (Eggin, 2004:235).
For example:
So I asked him A question.
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The Arab
boyfriend
told her A lot of rubbish.
Sayer Pr: verbal Receiver Verbiage
As with all process types. Circumstantial can occur in verbal process. The commonest type is manner circumstantial:
They ‘re talking About the news.
Sayer Pr: verbal Circ: manner
what are they talking About?
Circ: manner Sayer Pr: verbal Circ: manner
Although many verbal processes occur with a nominal element, Verbiage it is a distinctive feature of verbal processes that they project. That is, like mental processes, verbal from a clause complex, projecting a second clause by either quoting or reporting. But whereas mental processes report or quote ideas, verbal processes quote or report speech (or ‘locutions’ in Halliday’s terms). A relationship of interdependence between the two clauses gives quoting or direct speech, whereas a relationship of dependency between projected and projecting clause gives indirect or
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reported speech. The projecting clause may occur as first or second in the sequence. Analysis must describe the transitivity structure of both the projecting clause (the verbal process clause) and the projected clause (which may be any process type).
Direct/quoted speech:
I said can you avoid The scar tissue?
Sayer Pr: verbal Receiver actor Pr: material goal
Indirect/reported speech:
I asked them to avoid The scar
tissue.
sayer Pr: verbal Receiver Pr: material goal
Direct/quoted speech:
They pay you you Said
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Indirect/reported speech:
You said that they pay You
Sayer Pr: verbal Actor Pr: material Client
2.4.5 Behavioral processes
Halliday describes these processes semantically as a ‘half-way house’ between mental and material processes. That is, the meanings they realize are mid-way between materials on the one hand and mental on the other. They are in part about action, but it is action that has to be experienced by a conscious being. Behavioral are typically processes of physiological and psychological behavior. For example:
Breathe, cough, dream, frown, gawk, grimace, grin, laugh, look, over, scowl, smile, sniff, snuffle, stare, taste, think on, watch.
Indicating their close relationship with mental processes, some behavioral in fact contrast with mental process synonyms, e.g. look at is behavioral but see is mental, listen to is behavioral but hear is mental. Not only are these types of verbs semantically a mix of material and mental, but grammatically they also fall mid-way between material and mental processes.
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The majority of behavioral have only one participant. Behavioral thus express from of doing that does not usually extend to another participant. This one obligatory participant is called the behaver, and is typically a conscious being (like the senser in his mental process clause), for example:
She sighed With despaired.
Behaver Pr: behavioral Circ: manner
He coughed Loudly.
Behaver Pr: behavioral Behavior
Behavioral can contain a second participant that is like a Range: a restatement of the process. This participant is called the behavioral, for example:
He smiled A broad smile.
Behaver Pr: behavioral Behavior
If there is another participant which is not a restatement of the process, it is called a phenomenon, for example:
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George sniffed The soup.
Behaver Pr: behavioral Phenomenon
Behavioral processes often occur with circumstantial elements, particularly of manner and clause, for example:
Simon laughed At the girl’s stupidity
Behaver Pr: behavioral Circ: manner/cause
She Was crying With frustration.
Behaver Pr: behavioral Circ: manner/cause
While behavioral display many features of mental processes, the process functions more like one of ‘doing’ than one of ‘thinking/feeling’, etc. the evidence for this is that the unmarked present tense for behavioral is the present continuous, as it for materials.
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2.4.6 Existential Processes.
Existential are easy to identify as the structure involves the use of the word there. There, when used in existential processes, has no representational meaning: it does not refer to a location. It is present in the clause merely because all English clauses require a subject. It is important to distinguish between there used as an existential subject, and there used as a circumstance of location. While structural there is usually unstressed, circumstantial there is usually stressed and often carries an intonation contour. The structural there in an existential process does not receive any functional label, as it is not encoding any representational meaning. It is left unanalyzed for transitivity, although in mood analysis it is of course assigned the subject role (Eggin, 2004: 238).
Existential processes typically employ the verb be or synonyms such exist, arise, and occur. The only obligator participant in an existential process which receives a functional label is called the existent. This participant which usually follows the there is/there are sequence, may be a phenomenon of any kind, and is often in fact an event (nominal zed action), e.g. there was a battle. Circumstantial elements (particularly of location) are common in existential processes, for example:
There was snow On the ground.
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There were These two wonderful Swiss men.
Pr: existential Existent
Should there arise Any difficulties.
Pr: exist Existent
2.4.7
Review of Related Literature
In completing this thesis, the writer consults some related analysis based on
the experiential meaning system to support this thesis. Some of the related research
to this can be mentions under following, there are:
Experiential meaning is expressed through the system of transitivity or
process type, with the choice of process implicating associated participant roles and
configurations. System cists argue that the clause’s experiential meaning is realized
simultaneously with its interpersonal meaning, so that the description of transitivity
in the clause complements it is simultaneous Mood description (Eggins, 2004: 206).
Transitivity is structure of English clauses. Clauses can be seen to select for a
process type: The process consists of Material Process (process of doing), Mental
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Process (process of sensing), Relation Process (process of being), Verbal Process
(process of saying), Behavioral Process (the combination of psychological and
physiological behavioral), and the last Existential Process (represents that something
exist and happen). The participant are directly involved in the process by being
effected by it, the one that is done to, sensed, etc. while circumstances are typical
adjuncts (Eggins : 2004).
There are some related references to completing this analysis: Phrasal and
Experiential Realizations in Lecture Discourse, written by Sinar
: 2007). This book
discusses about the function of language which is to make meanings.
An Introduction Systemic Functional Linguistics. Written by Eggin (2004). This
book discusses about the metafunction of languages.
An Introduction to Functional Grammar. Written by M.A.K Halliday (2004),
this book tells about the motif of using a grammar to analyze text.
An analysis of Material and Mental Process of Three Selected George
W.Bush’s speeches. Written by Nurul Adi Susanto (2007). In this thesis, he explores
the transitivity process which belong to Material and Mental Process in George W
Bush’s speeches by adopting the Systemic Functional Approach. He found material
process (67, 5%) as the most dominant process that accrued.
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An Analysis of Transitivity Process Types on President Susilo Bambang
Yudhoyono’s Selected Speeches. Written by Sofina (2002). In this work, she analyzes
President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s selected speeches. In this work, she analyzes
President Susilo bamabang Yudhoyono’s selected speeches to find the transitivity
process that occurred. In her final analysis, she find the material process (50, 92%)
as the most dominant process that occurred.
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CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Method
In analyzing the speeches, both the library research are used in the analysis of the thesis some related references either from books and internet is also used to support the analysis of the experiential meaning of Benazir Bhutto’s speech. Regarding to this method, (Syafri, 2001: 74) says:
“Penelitian perpustakaan hanya mengumpulkan informasi dari berbagi jurnal, artikel, buku, monograf yang ada di perpustakaan”.
(Library research only collects the information from journals, articles, book, and monographs in library).
3.2 Data Collecting Method
I choose the two Benazir Bhutto’s speeches as the primary source of the analysis, the data collected by using simple random sampling (Rakhmat, 1991: 79). There are two topics of her speeches, i.e. (1) Pakistan, Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow. (2) Social Development and Women’s Empowerment. The first speeches is presented in San Francisco on January 22, 1999, consists of 12 pages and the second one presented in New Delhi on November 26, 2001, consist of 13 pages.
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There are several stages to analysis the speech from experiential meaning processes, collected the speeches from the internet and apply the library research method that is by collecting some theories and information about experiential meaning process from books, thesis internet and other sources which support the writing.
3.3 Data Analysis Method
The data are analyzed by using descriptive quantitative method is used as proposed by (Umar, 2003: 36-37) says:
“penelitian kualitatif umumnya sulit diberi pembenaran nya secara matematik, ia lebih kepada penyampaian perasaan atau wawasan yang datanya diambil berdasarkan sampel. Walaupun demikian, penelitian kualitatif bisa menyediakan informasi penting yang kemudian bisa dijelajahi lebih lanjut melalui penelitian kuantitatif, penelitian kuantitatif menggunakan data yang bukan dalam bentuk skala rasio, tetapi dalam bentuk skala yang lebih rendah yaitu skala nominal, ordinal ataupun interval yang kesemuaannya dapat dikategorikan, sehingga jelas apa yang akan disamakan dan dibedakan dari apa yang akan diperbandingkan dalam rangka menjawab permasalahan yang telah dirumuskan dalam penelitian”.
(Qualitative research is commonly hard to examine mathematically, it is focused on presenting feeling or knowledge of data took based on the samples. Even so, qualitative research can provide important information which could explore further through quantitative, it uses unsealed ratio, but in the lower ratio scale, they are: nominal scale, ordinal or all categorize interval, so, it is absolutely clear what will be the same and what will be different from those that are compared in answering the problems being proposed in the research).
In order to gain the most frequent function type in the selected articles, the following formula from Nawawi (1991:127) will be used:
N
OO
Y
X
=
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Y: Total number of all data.
N: Percentage of experiential function.
X: Number of each of experiential function.
3.4 Data Analysis Procedures
In analyzing the data, the applied procedures are:
1. Reading the chosen selected articles.
2. Identifying and selecting the data that belongs to the experiential function.
3. Categorizing and underlining the experiential function,
4. Analyzing the data that belongs to the experiential function.
5. Listing and recapitulating the most frequent function type.
6. Making the percentage of experiential function.
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CHAPTER IV
AN ANALYSIS OF EXPERIENTIAL FUNCTIONS IN BENAZIR BHUTTO’S SPEECHESS
4.1 ANALYSIS THE DATA
4.1.1
The analysis of Benazir Bhutto’s speeches “Pakistan: Yesterday, Today,and
Tomorrow
1.
It is a great pleasure to be here in San Francisco, California
It
is
a great pleasure
To be here in San Francisco,
California
Carrier
Pr: Relational
Attribute
Cir: Location
2.
To speak with you this evening
To speak
with you
this evening
Pr: verbal
Target
Cir: Time
3.
As you may know
As
you
may know
Senser
Pr: Mental
4. I am no stranger to America
I
am
no stranger
to America
Carrier
Pr: Relational
Attribute
Cir: Cause,
purpose
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4.
I am having spent the four happiest years of my life as a student at Harvard
from 1969 to 1973
I am
Having
spent
the four
happiest years
Of my life
As a
student
At Harvard
From 1969
to 1973
Actor
Pr: material
Goal
Cir: Matter Cir: Role,
goose
Cir:
Location
Cir: Time
5.
It was during those years
It
was
during those years
Carrier
Pr: Relational
Cir: Time
6.
It was during those vibrant years of intellectual exploration
It
was
During those vibrant
years
Of intellectual
exploration
Carrier
Pr: Relational
Cir: time
Attribute
7. It was during those turbulent years of American political unrest over the war in Vietnam
It was During those turbulent years
Of political unrest
Over the war in Vietnam Carrier Pr: Relational Cir: Time Attribute Cir: Time
8. I came to fully understand the power of people
I came to fully understand the power of people Actor Pr: Material Goal
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9. I came to fully understand to change policy
I Came to fully understand to change policy Actor Pr: Material Goal
10. I came to fully understand the inevitable triumph of democracy over repression
I Came to fully understand The inevitable triumph
Of democracy over repression Actor Pr: Material Goal Cir: Matter
11. Possibly the greatest strength to America, as seen through these eyes of the East, is the extraordinary diversity of its people
Possibly the greatest strength to America, as seen through these
eyes of the East
is the extraordinary diversity
Of its people
Carrier Pr: Relational Attribute Cir: Matter
12. Possibly the greatest strength to America, as seen through these eyes of the East, is the extraordinary diversity of its political
possibly the greatest strength to America, as seen through these eyes of the East
is The extraordinary diversity
Of its political
Carrier Pr: Relational
Attribute Cir: Matter
13. Its system is remarkable ability
Its system is remarkable ability Carrier Pr: Relational Attribute
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14. Its system is to accept that diversity
Its system Is to accept That diversity Actor Pr: Material Goal
15. Its system is to try on it
Its system Is to try on It Actor Pr: Material Goal
16. And despite the bewilderment of the current impeachment spectacle, American democracy remain the model to which all nations aspire
And despite the bewilderment of the current impeachment
spectacle
American democracy
remains the model to which all nation aspire
Cir: contingency, concession
Carrier Pr: Relational Attribute Cr: Location
17. Nowhere is the promise of the democratic dream more true than in this glorious state
Nowhere is the promise of the democratic dream
more true than in this glorious state of California Carrier Pr: Relational Attribute Cir: Manner,
comparison
Cir: Location
18. Nowhere is the fulfillment of the democratic dream more true than in this glorious state of California
Nowhere is the fulfillment of the democratic dream
more true than in this glorious state of California Carrier Pr:
Relational
Attribute Cir: Manner, Comparison
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19. This glorious state of California is one of the greatest and strangest economies on Earth, with a unique entrepreneurial spirit
This glorious state of California
is one of the greatest and strangest
economies
on Earth with a unique entrepreneurial
spirit Carrier Pr:
Relational
Attribute Cir: Location
Cir: Commutative,
positive
20. This glorious state of California is the home to the technological and information revolution
This glorious state of California
is the home to the technological and information revolution Carrie Pr:
Relational
Attribute
21. The home to the technological and information revolution which has transformed our world over the last two decades
The home to the technological and information revolution
Which has transformed Our world Over the last two decades
Actor Pr: Material Goal Cir: time
22. California is a model of what the new global community can be
California is a model of what the new global community
can be Carrier Pr: Relational Attribute Cir: Matter
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23. As we approach the turn of the millennium
As we reach a new and different future
for all mankind
Cir: contingency. condition
Actor Pr: Material Goal Client
24. As we reach for a new and different future for all mankind
as we reach a new and different future
for all mankind
Cir: contingency, condition
Actor Pr: Material Goal Client
25. It is in these visits to America
It is in these visits to America Carrier Pr: Relational Attribute Cir: Location
26. I am so often reminded of the possibilities
I am soften reminded of the possibilities Senser Pr: Mental Cir: Matter
27. The possibilities that exist for developing world
The possibilities that exist for developing world Existent Existential Cir: cause, purpose
28. The possibilities that exist for the potential of their people
The possibilities that exist for the potential of their people
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29. Which each visit here, I take home with me new energy
Which each visit here
I take home with me new energy
Cir: Condition Behaver Pr: Behavioural Cir: commutative,
positive
Range
30. With each visit here, I take home with me a stronger conviction towards democratic ideals
With each visit here
I Take home With me A stronger conviction towards democratic ideals Cir; condition
Behaver Pr: Behavioural
Cir: commutative,
positive
Range Cir: Matter
31. With each visit here, I take home with me a renewed sense of faith in the ability for the people of Pakistan
With each visit here
I Take home With me A renewed sense Of faith in the ability For the people of Pakistan Cir: condition
Behaver Pr: Behavioural
Cir: commutative,
positive
Range Cir: Matter
Cir: cause, purpose
33. For that matter all over the world, to thrive on diversity
For that matter All over the world To thrive on diversity Cir: Cause, purpose Cir: Location Pr: Material
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34. For that matter all over the world, to accept differences
For that matter All over the world To accept Differences among people Cir: cause, purpose Cir: Location Pr: Material Goal
35. For that matter all over the world, to grow with pluralism and democracy
For that matter All over the world To grow With pluralism and democracy Cir: Cause,
purpose
Cir: Location Pr: Material Cir: Commitative/Positive
36. For that matter all over the world, to guarantee a good life
For that matter All over the world To guarantee A good life Cir: Cause, purpose Cir: Location Pr: Material Goal
37. For that matter all over the world, to guarantee rich with opportunity and choice
For that matter All over the world
To guarantee rich With opportunity and choice Cir: Cause,
purpose
Cir: Location Pr: Material Goal Cir: Commitative. positive
38. As all people across the world prepare
As all people across the world prepare Cir: Condition Behaver Pr: Beha- Range vioural
39. Only for the second time in recorded history, for the crossing of one millennium into another
Only for the second history For the crossing Of one millennium into another Cir: Condition Pr: Material Cir: Matter
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40. It is a time
It is A time Carrier Pr: Relational Cir: Matter
41. To take stock
To take Stock Pr: Material Goal
42. Where we have been
Where we Have been Cir: Location Actor Pr: Material
43. Where we are now
Where we are now Cir: Location Carrier Pr: Relational Cir: Time
44. Where we are going
Where we are going Cir: Location Actor Pr: Material
45. I wish to answer these questions from the perspective of my homeland
I wish to answer these questions from the perspective of my homeland Actor Pr: material Goal Cir: Location
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Pakistan, a land of promise and hope, but also of frustration and contradiction
Pakistan A land of promise and hope But also of frustration and contradiction Cir: Location Cir: Location Cir: Location
46. Let me share with you my thoughts on Pakistan at the crossroads
Let me share With you My thoughts On Pakistan at crossroads Pr: Ma- Actor terial Client Goal Cir: Location
47. Pakistan’s Islamic history began long ago with the arrival of Arabs in the 8th century to Sindh
Pakistan’s Islamic
history
began Long ago With the arrival of Arabs
In the 8th century
To Sindh
Actor Pr: material
Cir: time Cir: commutative,
positive
Cir: time Cir: location
48. From here they spread Islam across India
From here they spread Islam across India Cir: location Behaver Pr: Be- Range havioural Cir: place
49. They then came under Muslim rule for nearly a thousand years
They then came under Muslim rule for nearly a thousand years Actor Pr: Material Goal Cir: time
In speech “Pakistan: Yesterday, today, and tomorrow”, it is discovered that the process of Material gained 22 clauses, the process of Material gained 2 clauses, the process of
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Relational gained 17clauses, the process of Behavioral gained 5 clauses, the process of verbal gained 1 clause, and the process of existential gained 2 caluses. It can be seen in this following table:
NO PROCESS TYPE TOTAL
1. Material 22
2. Mental 2
3. Verbal 1
4. Behavioral 5
5. Existential 2
6. Relational 17
From the findings above, we can conclude this article has the Material process as the most dominant process, and then followed by Relational process, Behavioral pr
4.1.2 Analysis of Benazir Bhutto’s speech “Women Leading Change”
1. As the first woman ever elected to head an Islamic nation
As the first woman Ever elected To head An Islamic nation
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2. I feel a special responsibility regarding issues that related to women
I feel A special responsibility
Regarding issues that related to women Senser Pr: Mental phenomenon Cir: accompaniment,
purpose
3. Women rights must be promoted both by the US and the Islamic countries
Women right Must be promoted Both By the US and the Islamic countries Actor Pr: material Goal Cir: Manner
4. The Qur’an and Traditions of the Prophet are the sources from which every Muslim derives their rights and duties
The Qur’an and the Traditions of the Prophet
are The sources From
Which every Muslim derive their rights and duties
Token Pr: Relational Value Cir: role
5. Today people say that the women’s liberation movement began in the 20th century
Today people say That the women’s liberation movement began in the 20th century
Cir: Time Sayer Pr: Verbal Cir: Manner
6. Although it is not reflected in Muslim societies
Although It is not reflected In Muslim societies Token Pr: Relational Value Cir: location
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7. The women’s rights movement is as old as Islam
The women’s rights movement
is As old as Islam
Token Pr: Relational value
8. The Qur’an is insistent on the full participation of women in the society
The Qur’an is insistent On the full participant of women in the society
Token Pr: Relational Value Cir: Location
9. Men and Women perform Hajj, the Muslim Pilgrimage side by side
Men and women perform hajj The Muslim Pilgrimage side by
side Actor Pr: Material Goal Cir: Place
10. In Islam, neither gender can be superior because it would be a contradiction of equality
In Islam Neither gender Can Be superior Because it would be a contradiction of equality
Cir: Place Actor Pr: Material Cir: Reason
11. Women are also encouraged in Islam to contribute their opinions and ideas
Women are Also encouraged
In Islam To contribute their opinions and ideas
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12. The Prophet was the first witness to Islam
The Prophet was The first witness to Islam Token Pr: Relational Value
13. She was a working woman a business woman
She was A working woman a business woman
Token Pr: Relational Value
14. A Muslim woman chooses her husband
A Muslim woman chooses Her husband Actor Pr: Material Goal
15. A Muslim woman keeps her name after marriage in terms of human rights
A Muslim woman
keeps Her name After marriage In terms of human rights Actor Pr: Material Goal Cir: Time Cir: Location
16. The Qur’an makes no distinction between men and women
The Qur’an makes No distinction Between men and women
Actor Pr: Material Goal Cir: Manner
17. Islam does not for bit a woman from holding important positions in government
Islam Does not for bit A woman From holding important position in goverment
(64)
18. Abdurrahman Ibn Auf consulted many women
Abdurrahman ibn Auf consulted Many women Actor Pr: Material Goal
19. He recommended Hazrat Uthman to be the Caliph
He Recommended Hazrat uthman To be Caliph Actor Pr: material Goal Cir: role
20. The Prophet of Islam preached equal rights for women
The Prophet of Islam preached Equal rights For women
Actor Pr: Material Goal Cir: Cause, purpose
21. The task before us all is to restore them in the Islamic World
The task before us all is To restore them In the Islamic World Token Pr: Relational Value Cir: Location
22. The fact that four Muslim countries (Pakistan, Bangladesh, Turkey and Indonesia) have had five female heads of government
The fact that four Muslim
countries (Pakistan, Bangladesh, turkey and Indonesia)
Have Had five fame head of government
Token Pr: Relational Value
(65)
23. The fact that four Muslim countries give assurance that the problems of women in Islamic societies can be seriously addressed
The fact that four Muslim countries
give assurance That the problems of women in Islamic societies can be seriously addressed Actor Pr: Material Goal Cir: Reason
24. To me, there is nothing more UN Islamic than discrimination
To me There is Nothing more UN Islamic
Than discrimination
Cir: role Pr: Existential existent Cir: Manner
25. There is nothing more UN Islamic than violence against women
There is Nothing more UN Islamic Than violence against women
Pr: Existential Existent Cir: Manner
26. There is nothing more UN Islamic than terrorism the killing of innocent men, women and children
There is Nothing more UN Islamic
Than terrorism the killing of innocent men, women and children
Pr: Existential Existent Cir: Manner
27. It is not easy for women in modern society
It is Not easy For women in modern society
(66)
28. It is in Dhaka, Doha or Dallas
It is In Dhaka, Doha, or Dallas Token Pr: Relational Cir: Place
29. Even though women’s representation has been steadily increasing in parliaments since 1990
Even though women’s
representation
Has been Steadily increasing
In parliaments Since 1990
Token Pr: Relational Value Cir: Place Cir: Time
30. Women still only occupy a total of 16 percent of seats worldwide
Women Still only occupy A total 0f 16 percent of seats worldwide
Actor Pr: Material Goal Cir: Cause
31. In the US Senate, there are only 13 Women Senators, while there are only 3 to 4 women Governors
In the US Senate There are Only 13 Women Senator While there are only 3 to 4 women Governors Cir: Place Pr: Existential Existent Cir: Contingency
32. In the corporate world there are currently only 8 fame CEOs of fortune 500 companies
In the corporate world
There are Currently only 8 female CEOs of
Fortune 500 companies
(67)
33. Women hold only 12% of seats on Board of Directors of Fortune 500 companies
Women Hold Only 12% of seats On Board of Directors of Fortune 500 companies
Actor Pr: Material
Goal Cir: Place
34. In the Islamic World, there is the perception that a good leader is inherently masculine
In the Islamic World There is The perception That a good leader is inherently masculine Cir: Location Pr: Existential existent Cir: Cause
35. Only recently, there has been representation given to women in Parliaments of certain Islamic countries
Only recently There has been representation Given to women In Parliaments of certain
Cir: Duration Pr: Existential existent Cir: Role Cir: Place
36. Women will be optimistic if there are more women role models in leadership
Women Will be optimistic If there are more women role models
In leadership
Token Pr: Relational Value Cir: cause Cir: role
37. Key challenges for women in the next five years
Key challenges For women In the next five years Actor R: Material goal Cir: Time
(68)
38. Education leads to job opportunities
Education leads To job opportunities Actor Pr: Material Goal
39. Opportunities that are critical to the empowerment of women
Opportunities That are critical To the empowerment of women
Actor Pr: Relational Value Cir: role
40. Gender equality is essential to the dispensation of justice
Gender equality is essential To the dispensation of justice
Token Pr: Relational Value Cir: Cause
41. We need women in the police and also police stations
We need women In the police And also police stations
Senser Pr: Mental phenomenon Cir: cause Cir: place
42. Social stigma women face when wishing to report crimes against them
Social stigma women face When wishing to report crimes
Senser Pr: Mental Cir: Extent
43. Many women are ignorant of their right
Many women are Ignorant Of their right Token Pr: Relational Value Cir: Matter
(69)
44. An advertising campaign can inform women
An advertising campaign Can inform Women Senser Pr: Mental phenomenon
45. That violence against them
That violence Against Them Actor Pr: Material Goal
46. Their Family members is illegal
Their family members Is Illegal Token Pr: Relational Value
47. Women’s hotels are important
Women’s hotels are important Token Pr: Relational Value
48. Women have a place of shelter
Women have A place Of shelter Actor Pr: Material Goal Cir: place
49. Availability of child care centers to facilitate women who wish to work
Availability of child centers
To facilitate women Who wish to work
(70)
50. Women need access to credit business of their own
Women need Access Senser Pr: Mental Phenomenon
51. My Government opened a woman’s bank
My Government opened A woman’s bank Actor Pr: Material Goal
52. Men could keep their money in it too if they wanted
Men Could keep Their money In too if they wanted Actor Pr: Material Goal Cir: Cause
53. We believed that economic independence is the key to social equality
We believed That economic independence Is the key to social equality
Senser Pr: Material Cir: Reason Cir: Matter
54. There is the model of Islamic society
There is The model Of Islamic society Pr: Existential Existent Cir: Matter
55. One billion Muslim reaches a critical path in development
One billion Muslim reaches a critical path In development Senser Pr: Mental Phenomenon Cir: Location
(71)
56. There is a choice
There is A choice Pr: Existential Existent
57. I see sign of change that make me optimistic about the future
I see sign of change that make me optimistic about the future
Senser Pr: Mental Phenomenon Cir: Matter
58. The model to expand rights for women has been embraced by several young, progressive, reformist leaders
The model to expand rights for women
has been embraced several young, progressive, reformist leaders
Actor Pr: Material Cir: Role
59. Women forward to jump start societal change
Women forward To jump start Societal change Actor Pr: Material Goal
60. Step by step, empowerment cannot be denied
Step by step empowerment Cannot be denied Cir: Manner Actor Pr: Material
61. Women lead differently
Women lead Differently Actor Pr: Material Cir: Manner
(72)
62. I do think that women lead differently
I Do think That women lead differently Senser Pr: Mental Cir: Cause
63. Maybe it is stereotypical
Maybe it is Stereotypical Token Pr: Relational Value
64. Women leaders are more nurturing and sensitive to the social needs of society
Women leaders are More nurturing And sensitive to the social needs of society
Token Pr: Relational Value Cir: Matter
65. Women’s rights lead to further modernization of society as educational
Women’s rights lead To further modernization of society as educational
Token Pr: Relational Value
66. The US and the Islamic world can accelerate this process by making democracy
The US and the Islamic world
Can accelerate This process By making democracy
Actor Pr: Material Goal Cir: Manner
67. But let us be frank, Democracy alone is not enough
But let us be frank Democracy alone Is Not enough Cir: Cause Token Pr: Relational Value
(73)
68. Empowerment is not only the right to become a Prime Minister
Empowerment is not only the right to become a Prime Minister
Token Pr: Relational Value
69. Empowerment is the right to be economically independent
Empowerment is The right To be economically independent
Token Pr: Relational Value Cir: Manner
70. Empowerment is the right to be educated and make choices
Empowerment is The right To be educated and make choices
Token Pr: Relational Value Cir: Manner
71. Empowerment is the right to have the opportunity to select a career
Empowerment is the right to have the opportunity to select a career Token Pr: Relational Value Cir: Manner
72. Empowerment is the right to own property, to start a business, to flourish in the marketplace
Empowerment is the right to own property, to start a business, to flourish
in the marketplace
(1)
5. Existential 0
6. Behavioral 3
From the findings above, we can conclude this speech has the Material process as the most dominant process, and then followed by Relational process, mental process, and the last one Verbal process. And there is no find existential process.
4.1.4 The Findings
In three selected speech of Benazir Bhutto that L have analyzed, there are some different total clauses and its function there are 200 clauses as Material Process, 20 clauses as Mental Process, 4 clauses as verbal Process, 8 clauses as Behavioral process, 65 clauses as Relational Process, 11 clauses in Existential Process.
After analyzing al the data of the experiential meanings in Benazir Bhutto’s speeches Selected Speeches, I would like to give the findings by following the formula of Nawawi (1991: 127) to gain the most frequent function type in the selected speeches. The percentages of each function will be shown below:
200
=
×
(2)
3. Verbal Process
100
%
1
,
76
%
227
4
=
×
4. Behavioral Process
100
%
3
,
52
%
227
8
=
×
5. Relational Process
100
%
28
,
63
%
227
65
=
×
6. Existential Process
100
%
4
,
48
%
227
11
=
×
From the percentages above, it shows that the most frequent functions type in the selected article is Material Process (88,10%), followed Relational Process (28,3%), then Mental Process (8,81%), afterward followed by Existential Process (4,48%), Behavioral Process (3,52 %), and the least is Verbal Process (1,76%)
My interpretation to the result of the analysis is due to the story in the three selected speeches in Benazir Bhutto that contain the interesting personal experiences in Pakistan people especially women in Pakistan. It means that the meaning showed in that text consists of action verbs realized through process of doing and happenings. In the case, the Material Process dominates the three selected articles.
(3)
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1 conclusions
After analyzing all the data of the experiential meanings in Benazir Bhutto’s speeches, I would like to provide some conclusions, they are:
1. Material Process is as the most Frequent Process type in selected Speeches (200 clauses = 88,10%) followed by Relational Process (65 clauses = 28,63%), Mental Process (20 clauses = 8,81 %), Existential (11 clauses = 4,48%), Behavioral Process (8 clauses = 3,52 %), and the least is Verbal Process (4 clauses = 1,76%)
2. There are six experiential meanings in all three speeches of Benazir Bhutto, Material Function is as the most frequent processes type in the selected speeches.
5.2 Suggestions
There are some suggestions to the readers who are in analyzing the experiential meanings:
(4)
2. The students who are interested in analyzing the Experiential Meanings to do further research or analysis by applying the whole aspect of Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL).
(5)
Adi Susanto, Nurul. 2007.
An analysis of Material and Mental Process of Three
Selected George W.Bush’s speeches
(unpublished Thesis). Medan: Faculty of
Letters USU.
Andriani, Nova. 2008.
Transitivity Process in Worldview’s Articles of Newsweek
(unpublished Thesis). Medan: Faculty of Letters USU.
Arikunto, Prof. Dr. Suharsimi. 2006.
Prosedur Penelitian Suatu Pendekatan Praktek
(Rvisi VI
). Jakarta: Rineka Cipta.
Eggins, Suzanne. 2004.
An Introduction Systemic Functional Linguistics.
London:
Continuum.
Fairclough, Norman. 2003.
Language and Power.
Malang: Boyan Publishing.
Halliday, M.A.K. 2004.
An Introduction to Functional Grammar.
London: Edwarol
Arnold Ltd.
Mandasari, Rahma. W. 2005. A
n Analysis of Six Types of Transitivity Process in
Kangguru Radio English Script.
(Thesis, Unpublished). Medan: Faculty of Letters
USU.
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