By ANA RESA NIM. 2007-32-132 DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
THE PARATAXIS AND HYPOTAXIS CONSTRUCTION IN CLAUSE
COMPLEXES FOUND IN THE BACKGROUND OF SKRIPSI
WRITTEN BY THE STUDENTS OF ENGLISH EDUCATION
DEPARTMENT OF MURIA KUDUS UNIVERSITY
COMPLETED IN 2011
By
ANA RESA
NIM. 2007-32-132
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH EDUCATION
FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
UNIVERSITY OF MURIA KUDUS
2012
i
ii
THE PARATAXIS AND HYPOTAXIS CONSTRUCTION IN CLAUSE
COMPLEXES FOUND IN THE BACKGROUND OF SKRIPSI
WRITTEN BY THE STUDENTS OF ENGLISH EDUCATION
DEPARTMENT OF MURIA KUDUS UNIVERSITY
COMPLETED IN 2011
SKRIPSI
Presented to The University of Muria Kudus
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for Completing the Sarjana Program
In English Education
By
ANA RESA
NIM. 2007-32-132
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH EDUCATION
FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
UNIVERSITY OF MURIA KUDUS
2012
iii
ADVISOR’S APPROVAL
This is to certify that the Sarjana skripsi of Ana Resa (NIM. 2007-32-132) has
been approved by the thesis advisors for the further approval by the Examining
Committee.
Kudus,
February 2012
Advisor I
Dr. H. A. Hilal Madjdi, M. Pd
NIS. 0610713020001020
Advisor II
Titis Sulistiyowati, SS, M. Pd
NIP. 19810402 200501 2 001
Acknowledged by
The Faculty of Teacher Training and Education
Dean,
Drs. Susilo Rahardjo, M.Pd.
NIP. 19560619 198503 1 002
iv
EXAMINERS’ APPROVAL
This is to certify that the Sarjana skripsi of Ana Resa (NIM. 2007-32-132) has
been approved by the Examining Committee as a requirement of the Sarjana
Degree in the Teaching of English as a Foreign Language.
Kudus,
Thesis Examining Committee
Atik Rokhayani, S.Pd, M.Pd
NIS. 0610701000001207
, Chairperson
Titis Sulistiyowati, SS, M. Pd
NIP. 19810402 200501 2 001
, Member
Drs. Muh. Syafei, M. Pd
NIP. 19620413 198803 1 002
, Member
Agung Dwi Nurcahyo, SS, M.Pd
NIS. 0610701000001187
, Member
Acknowledged by
The Faculty of Teacher Training and Education
Dean,
Drs. Susilo Rahardjo, M. Pd
NIP. 19560619 198503 1 002
v
MOTTO AND DEDICATION
Motto:
•
If we want to be succesfull in all sides of our life, always remember these
three key words : patient, generous, and honest ! (the writer)
Dedication:
I dedicate my skripsi to:
A
llah SWT the Almighty and my Prophet
Muhammad, peace be upon on him
M
y entire family, for all prayers which have been
said and all spirit given
M
y incredible husband and My little angel Aira
A
ll people who appreciate knowledge
vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the name of Allah, the most gracious and the most merciful, in this
occasion, I would like to express my gratitude to the God, Allah S.W.T., who has
given me mercies and blessing so that I can accomplish this skripsi entitle “The
Parataxis and Hypotaxis Construction in Clause Complexes Found in the
Background of Skripsi Written by the Students of English Education Department
of Muria Kudus University Completed in 2011”.
There are many people who give their own contribution during my
struggle to complete this skripsi. So that in this special occasion, I would also like
to convey my special gratitude to them. They are:
1.
Drs. Susilo Rahardjo, M.Pd, the Dean of Teacher
Training and Education Faculty of Muria Kudus University
2.
Fitri Budi Suryani, S.S. M.Pd the Head of English
Education Department
3.
Dr. H. A. Hilal Madjdi, M. Pd., my first advisor who
gives me his best effort I could never imagine before
4.
Titis Sulistiyowati, SS, M. Pd as my second advisor
who already gives me wise suggestions in completing this skripsi
5.
All of the lecturers who taught me during studying at
the Faculty.
6.
My beloved parents, brothers, and the entire families
who give me everything and give endless supports
vii
I hope that it will be useful for those especially who are in the field of
education.
Kudus,
Ana Resa
viii
ABSTRACT
Resa, Ana. 2012. The Parataxis and Hypotaxis Construction in Clause
Complexes Found in The Background of Skripsi Written By The Students
of English Education Department of Muria Kudus University Completed
in 2011. Skripsi. English Education Department. Teacher Training and
Education Faculty. Muria Kudus University. Advisor Lecturer: (I) Dr. H.
A. Hilal Madjdi, M.Pd (II) Titis Sulistiyowati, SS, M. Pd
Key Words: Parataxis, Hypotaxis, and Background of Sripsi
Writing final project or also known as “skripsi” in the university especially
the University of Muria Kudus is a must for students who major English to get
sarjana degree. Such as other writing activities, when students write a skripsi, they
have to turn over in mind the sentences that they have produced, since it is kind of
written text which extremely needs to be grammatically correct and coherent to
others. Skripsi itself contains some chapters and one of them is introduction.
Background section of skripsi is a kind of text, in this case, a written text. In the
term of text, both spoken and written texts consist of clauses which are connected
with conjunctions to form clause complexes. Each clause complex forms and
combines into paragraph which tied by cohesion to create good meaning. This
research basically comes to the facts mentioned above.
The purpose of this research is to find out which of parataxis or hypotaxis
that is dominantly used in constructing clause complexes which are found in the
background of skripsi written by the students of English Education Department of
Muria Kudus University Completed in 2011 and to find the implications of the
use of parataxis and hypotaxis constructed in clause complexes which are found in
the background of skripsi written by the students of English Education
Department of Muria Kudus University Completed in 2011.
This is a descriptive qualitative research. This research describes parataxis
and hypotaxis found in the skripsi background of the students of English
Education Department of Muria Kudus University by splitting the clause
complexes into clause, identifying its taxis relation whether it is parataxis or
hypotaxis, giving formulaic explanation, and stating conclusion for the last step. It
means that this research does not have a hypothesis and such that it does not need
to perform a hypothesis testing.
The result shows that after analyzing the parataxis and hypotaxis in the
four bakgrounds of skripsi, I summarize that the writers use both parataxis and
hypotaxis to construct clause complexes. In other words, the writers construct
clause complexes paratatically and hypotactically. The occurrence of parataxis
and hypotaxis in each bakcground of skripsi is different. The first background
skripsi uses 28 parataxis and 70 hypotaxis. In the second background of skripsi, I
count that there are 14 parataxis and 27 hypotaxis. Meanwhile, in the third
background of skripsi, there are 24 parataxis and 55 hypotaxis. The last, in the
fourth background of skripsi, I retrieve that the writer uses 17 parataxis and 47
hypotaxis. By calculating the taxis, I determined that between parataxis and
hypotaxis, the writers have tendency to use hypotaxis. It has some implications i.e
they have good English competence since they have no difficulties in realizing
ideas into writing and use various style of constructing clause complexes either
parataxis or hypotaxis to make themselves as quailified as native speakers of
ix
English, they want to make their writing as the same as what native speakers of
English do by hypotatically constructing the text and they want to present their
arguments as sub-ordinate to others to emphasize the greater or lower functional
importance of the messages they carry on rather than explain the messages in
sequence of order.
Then, I address my suggestion to the students, the lecturers and the future
researchers. For the students, I suggest them to fully concern on the clause
boundaries; they should truly pay attention to embedded clause which probably
exist, and should be careful and think deeply in determining whether it parataxis
or hypotaxis. While, for the lecturers, I suggest the lecturers to lead the students to
hold a study like this sort study as I have been conducted as many as possible in
order to increase students’ interests to the clause compexes especially parataxis
and hypotaxis and functional grammar in general. Whereas, for the next
researchers, I suggest those who want to conduct a similar research as I did, you
can use my research as previous research finding to sustain your research. In this
chance, I also realize that it is not an easy job to do. I hope that the next
researchers can develop their study probably by conducting deeper study about
this topic.
x
ABSTRAKSI
Resa, Ana. 2012. Parataxis dan Hypotaxis yang di Konstruksikan pada klausa
kompleks yang di temukan di latar belakang skripsi yang di tulis oleh
mahasiswa program studi pendidikan bahasa inggris fakultas keguruan
dan ilmu pendidikan universitas muria kudus yang di buat pada tahun
2011. Skripsi. Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan. Universitas Muria
Kudus. Dosen pembimbing: (I) Dr. H. A. Hilal Madjdi, M.Pd (II) Titis
Sulistiyowati, SS, M. Pd
Kata Kunci: Parataxis, Hypotaxis, dan latar belakang skripsi
Menulis tugas akhir atau yang juga dikenal sebagai skripsi di Universitas
khususnya di Universitas Muria Kudus adalah sebuah keharusan bagi mahasiswa
yang mengambil jurusan bahasa inggris untuk memperoleh gelar sarjana. Seperti
halnya aktivitas menulis lainnya, ketika mahasiswa menulis skripsi, mereka harus
mempertimbangkan dengan seksama kalimat yang mereka tulis, karena skripsi
adalah teks tertulis yang memang harus benar secara tata bahasa dan koheren satu
sama lain. Skripsi itu sendiri terdiri dari beberapa bab dan salah satunya adalah
latar belakang. Latar belakang skripsi adalah teks, dalam kasus ini, teks tertulis.
Dalam istilah teks, baik teks lisan maupun tertulis terdiri atas beberapa klausa
yang dihubungkan dengan konjungsi untuk membentuk klausa kompleks. Setiap
klausa kompleks membentuk dan mengkombinasikan menjadi paragraf yang
diikat dengan untuk kohesi untuk menbentuk makna yang baik. Penelitian ini pada
dasarnya berasal dari fakta yang tersebut diatas.
Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menemukan yang mana dari
parataxis ataupun hypotaxis yang paling banyak digunakan dalam membangun
klausa kompleks yang ditemukan di latar belakang skripsi yang di tulis oleh
mahasiswa program studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris Universitas Muria Kudus
yang di buat tahun 2011 dan menemukan apa implikasi (maksud) dari penggunaan
parataxis dan hypotaxis yang di bangun dalam klausa kompleks yang ditemukan
di latar belakang skripsi yang di tulis oleh mahasiswa program studi Pendidikan
Bahasa Inggris Universitas Muria Kudus yang di buat tahun 2011.
Penelitian ini adalah penelitian diskriptif kualitatif. Penelitian ini
membahas parataxis dan hypotaxis yang ditemukan di latar belakang skripsi yang
di tulis oleh mahasiswa program studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris Universitas
Muria Kudus dengan memisahkan k;ausa kompleks menjadi klausa-klausa,
menidetifikasi hubungan taxis-nya apakah parataxis atau hypotaxis, memberikan
alas an yang berterima dan menyatkan kesimpulan sebagai langkah terakhir. Hal
ini berarti bahwa penelitian ini tidak memiliki hipotesis dan pleh karena itu dalam
penelitian ini tidak perlu untuk menyebutkan pengujian hipotesis.
Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa setelah menganalisa
parataxis dan hypotaxis di empat latar belakang skripsi, saya menyimpulkan
bahwa penulis menggunakan parataxis maupun hypotaxis untuk membangun
klausa kompleks. Dengan kata lain, penulis membangun kluasa kompleks secara
parataxis maupun hypotaxis. Kejadian parataxis dan hypotaxis di setiap latar
belkang skripsi tentulah berbeda. Latar belakang pertama menggunakan 28
parataxis dan 70 hypotaxis. Pada latar belakang kedua, saya menemukan ada 14
parataxis dan hypotaxis. Sementara itu, pada latar belakang ketiga, ada 24
parataxis dan 55 hypotaxis. Yang terakhir, pada latar belakang keempat, saya
xi
memperoleh bahwa penulis menggunakan 17 parataxis dan 47 hypotaxis. Dengan
menhitung taxis-nya, saya menyimpulkan bahwa antara parataxis dan hypotaxis,
penulis memiliki kecenderungan untuk menggunakan hypotaxis. Hal ini
mempunyai beberapa maksud yakni: penulis memiliki kemampuan bahasa
inggris yang baik karena mereka tidak memiliki kesulitan dalam merealisasikan
idea ke dalam tulisan dan mampu menggunakan beragam gaya dalam membangun
klausa kompleks baik itu parataxis maupun hypotaxis untuk membuat diri mereka
sendiri sama berkualitasnya seperti pembicara asli, mereka ingin membuat tulisan
mereka sama seperti apa yang diperbuat oleh pembicara asli dengan menbangun
teks secara hypotaxis dan mereka ingin menyajikan argumen mereka dalam
bentuk sub-ordinasi terhadap yang lain untuk menekankan mana yang lebih
memiliki nilai tingkat kepentingan pesan yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan
menjelaskan pesan dalam urutan.
Kemudian, saya mengalamatkan sran kepada mahasiswa, dosen, dan
peneliti berikutnya. Untuk mahasiswa, saya menyarankan bahwa mereka harus
benar-benar memperhatikan batasan klausa; mereka seharusnya memperhatikan
klausa embedded yang mungkin ada, berhati-hati dan memikirkan lebih mendalam
dalam menentukan apakah ini parataxis atau hypotaxis. Sementara, untuk dosen,
saya menyarankan bahwa dosen seharusnya membimbing mahasiswa untuk
mengadakan sebanyak mungkin penelitian sejenis seperti yang saya lakukan
dalam upaya untuk meningkatkan ketertarikan mahasiswa terhadap klausa
kompleks terlebih parataxis dan hypotaxis dan functional grammar pada
umumnya. Sedangkan, untuk peneliti selanjutnya, saya menyarankan bagi mereka
yang ingin mengadakan penelitian yang sejenis, anda dapat menggunakan
penelitian ini sebagai penelitian terdahulu untuk mendukung penelitian anda. Pada
kesempatan ini, saya juga menyadari bahwa penelitian ini bukanlah hal yang
mudah untuk dikerjakan. Saya berharap bahwa peneliti selanjutnya dapat
mengembangkan penelitian ini dengan mendalami lebih lanjut tentang topic ini.
xii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
COVER .........................................................................................................
LOGO ...........................................................................................................
PAGE OF TITLE ........................................................................................
PAGE OF APPROVAL ..............................................................................
BOARD OF EXAMINERS .........................................................................
MOTTO AND DEDICATION ...................................................................
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ..........................................................................
ABSTRACT .................................................................................................
ABSTRAKSI ................................................................................................
TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................
LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................
LIST OF APPENDICES .............................................................................
i
ii
iii
iv
v
vi
vii
ix
xi
xiii
xvii
xviii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Research............................................................... 1
1.2 Statement of the Problems.................................................................. 6
1.3 Objectives of the Research................................................................. 7
1.4 Significance of the Research.............................................................. 7
1.5 Scope of the Research......................................................................... 8
1.6 Definition of the Terms...................................................................... 8
CHAPTER II REVIEW TO RELATED LITERATURE
2.1
Discourse Analysis ............................................................................ 10
2.2
Grammar............................................................................................. 11
2.2.1
Traditional Grammar.......................................................................... 12
2.2.2
Formal Grammar................................................................................ 12
2.2.3
Functional Grammar .......................................................................... 13
2.3
Clause ................................................................................................ 13
2.3.1
Types of Clause ................................................................................. 15
2.3.1.1 Independent Clause ............................................................................ 16
2.3.1.2 Dependent Clause .............................................................................. 17
2.3.1.3 Embedded Clause .............................................................................. 18
2.3.2
Types of Relationship between Clauses ............................................ 19
xiii
2.3.2.1 Taxis .................................................................................................. 20
2.3.2.1.1 Parataxis ............................................................................................ 20
2.3.2.1.2 Hypotaxis .......................................................................................... 21
2.4
Background of Skripsi ....................................................................... 22
2.5
Review of Previous Study ................................................................. 23
2.6
Theoretical Framework ...................................................................... 24
CHAPTER III METHOD OF THE RESEARCH
3.1
Design of the Research ........................................................................ 26
3.2
Data and Data Source ........................................................................... 27
3.3
Data Collection .................................................................................... 27
3.4
Data Analysis ....................................................................................... 28
CHAPTER IV FINDING OF THE RESEACH
4. 1
Parataxis and Hypotaxis Construction in Clause Complexes
Found In The Background of Skripsi Written the Students
of English Education Department of Muria Kudus University
Completed in 2011 ............................................................................... 32
4.1.1 Parataxis and Hypotaxis Construction in the First Background
of Skripsi ......Entitle “The Process Types Found in Barack Obama’s
Speech At Cairo University” by Nafik ................................................ 33
4.1.2 Parataxis and Hypotaxis Construction in the second Background
of Skripsi Entitle “The Reading Comprehension of the Eleventh
Year Students of SMA N 1 Bae Kudus in the Academic Year
2010/2011Taught by Using Reciprocal Teaching” by Valentina......... 36
4.1.3 Parataxis and Hypotaxis Construction in the Third Background
of Skripsi Entitle “Teaching Speaking to the Fourth Semester
Students of English Education Department of Teacher Training
and Education Faculty of Muria Kudus University
in Academic Year 2010-2011 by Using Effortless
At English System” by Aziz ............................................................... 38
xiv
4.1.4 Parataxis and Hypotaxis Construction in the Fourth Background
of Skripsi Entitle “Teaching Listening Comprehension
by Using Dictogloss to the Tenth Grade Students of SMA 1 Bae
Kudus in the Academic Year 2011/2012” by Endhartiningtias............ 40
4. 2
The Implication of the Using of Parataxis and Hypotaxis
in Clause Complexes Found in the Background of Skripsi
Written by the Students of English Education Department
of Muria Kudus University Completed in 2011 ..................................... 42
CHAPTER V DISCUSSION
5.1
Parataxis and Hypotaxis Construction in Clause Complexes
Found In The Background of Skripsi Written the Students
of English Education Department of Muria Kudus University
Completed in 2011 ............................................................................... 45
5.1.1 Parataxis and Hypotaxis Construction in the First
Background of Skripsi .......................................................................... 47
5.1.2 Parataxis and Hypotaxis Construction in the second
Background of Skripsi .......................................................................... 50
5.1.3 Parataxis and Hypotaxis Construction in the Third
Background of Skripsi ......................................................................... 52
5.1.4 Parataxis and Hypotaxis Construction in the Fourth
Background of Skripsi .......................................................................... 55
5.2
The Implication of the Using of Parataxis and Hypotaxis
in Clause Complexes Found in the Background of Skripsi
Written by the Students of English Education Department
of Muria Kudus University Completed in 2011 ................................... 57
CHAPTER VI CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
6.1
Conclusion .............................................................................................. 61
6.2
Suggestion ............................................................................................... 62
xv
BIBLIOGRAPHY .......................................................................................... 64
APPENDICES ................................................................................................ 66
STATEMENT ................................................................................................ 135
CURRICULUM VITAE ................................................................................ 136
xvi
LIST OF TABLES
Table
4.1
Page
The Amount of Parataxis and Hypotaxis Construction
in the First Background of Skripsi ....................................................... 35
4.2
The Amount of Parataxis and Hypotaxis Construction
in the Second Background of Skripsi ................................................... 37
4.3
The Amount of Parataxis and Hypotaxis Construction
in the Third Background of Skripsi ...................................................... 39
4.4
The Amount of Parataxis and Hypotaxis Construction
in the Fourth Background of Skripsi .................................................... 41
4.5
The Calculation of the Labeled Data ................................................... 43
4.6
Parataxis and Hypotaxis Construction in the the First Background
of Skripsi entitle “The Process Types . Found in Barack Obama’s
Speech at Cairo University”.................................................................. 73
4.7
Parataxis and Hypotaxis Construction in the Second Background
of Skripsi ...entitle “The Reading Comprehension of the Eleventh
Year Students of SMA N 1 Bae Kudus in the Academic Year
2010/2011 Taught by Using Reciprocal Teaching”.............................. 95
4.8
Parataxis and Hypotaxis Construction in the Third Background
of Skripsi Entitle “Teaching Speaking to the Fourth Semester
Students . .of English Education Department of Teacher Training
and Education Faculty of Muria Kudus University in Academic
Year 2010-2011 by Using Effortless At English System”.................... 107
4.9
Parataxis and Hypotaxis Construction in the Fourth Background
of Skripsi Entitle “Teaching Listening. Comprehension by Using
Dictogloss to the Tenth Grade Students of SMA 1 Bae Kudus
in the Academic Year 2011/2012”........................................................ 124
xvii
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix
1.
Page
The First Background of Skripsi entitle “The Process Types
Found in Barack Obama’s Speech at Cairo University”...................... 66
2.
Parataxis and Hypotaxis Construction in the the First Background
of Skripsi entitle “The Process Types . Found in Barack Obama’s
Speech at Cairo University”.................................................................. 73
3.
The Second Background of Skripsi entitle “The Reading
Comprehension of the Eleventh Year Students of
SMA N 1 Bae Kudus in the Academic Year2010/2011
2011Taught by Using Reciprocal Teaching”........................................ 91
4.
Parataxis and Hypotaxis Construction in the Second Background
of Skripsi ...entitle “The Reading Comprehension of the Eleventh
Year Students of SMA N 1 Bae Kudus in the Academic Year
2010/2011 Taught by Using Reciprocal Teaching”.............................. 95
5.
The Third Background of Skripsi Entitle “Teaching Speaking
to the Fourth Semester Students of English Education
Department of Teacher Training and Education Faculty
of Muria Kudus University in Academic Year 2010-2011
by Using Effortless At English System”............................................... 102
6.
Parataxis and Hypotaxis Construction in the Third Background
of Skripsi Entitle “Teaching Speaking to the Fourth Semester
Students . .of English Education Department of Teacher Training
and Education Faculty of Muria Kudus University in Academic
Year 2010-2011 by Using Effortless At English System”.................... 107
7.
The Fourth Background of Skripsi Entitle “Teaching Listening
Comprehension by Using Dictogloss to the Tenth Grade
Students of SMA 1 Bae Kudus in the Academic
Year 2011/2012”................................................................................... 119
xviii
8.
Parataxis and Hypotaxis Construction in the Fourth Background
of Skripsi Entitle “Teaching Listening. Comprehension by Using
Dictogloss to the Tenth Grade Students of SMA 1 Bae Kudus
in the Academic Year 2011/2012”........................................................ 124
xix
COMPLEXES FOUND IN THE BACKGROUND OF SKRIPSI
WRITTEN BY THE STUDENTS OF ENGLISH EDUCATION
DEPARTMENT OF MURIA KUDUS UNIVERSITY
COMPLETED IN 2011
By
ANA RESA
NIM. 2007-32-132
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH EDUCATION
FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
UNIVERSITY OF MURIA KUDUS
2012
i
ii
THE PARATAXIS AND HYPOTAXIS CONSTRUCTION IN CLAUSE
COMPLEXES FOUND IN THE BACKGROUND OF SKRIPSI
WRITTEN BY THE STUDENTS OF ENGLISH EDUCATION
DEPARTMENT OF MURIA KUDUS UNIVERSITY
COMPLETED IN 2011
SKRIPSI
Presented to The University of Muria Kudus
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for Completing the Sarjana Program
In English Education
By
ANA RESA
NIM. 2007-32-132
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH EDUCATION
FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
UNIVERSITY OF MURIA KUDUS
2012
iii
ADVISOR’S APPROVAL
This is to certify that the Sarjana skripsi of Ana Resa (NIM. 2007-32-132) has
been approved by the thesis advisors for the further approval by the Examining
Committee.
Kudus,
February 2012
Advisor I
Dr. H. A. Hilal Madjdi, M. Pd
NIS. 0610713020001020
Advisor II
Titis Sulistiyowati, SS, M. Pd
NIP. 19810402 200501 2 001
Acknowledged by
The Faculty of Teacher Training and Education
Dean,
Drs. Susilo Rahardjo, M.Pd.
NIP. 19560619 198503 1 002
iv
EXAMINERS’ APPROVAL
This is to certify that the Sarjana skripsi of Ana Resa (NIM. 2007-32-132) has
been approved by the Examining Committee as a requirement of the Sarjana
Degree in the Teaching of English as a Foreign Language.
Kudus,
Thesis Examining Committee
Atik Rokhayani, S.Pd, M.Pd
NIS. 0610701000001207
, Chairperson
Titis Sulistiyowati, SS, M. Pd
NIP. 19810402 200501 2 001
, Member
Drs. Muh. Syafei, M. Pd
NIP. 19620413 198803 1 002
, Member
Agung Dwi Nurcahyo, SS, M.Pd
NIS. 0610701000001187
, Member
Acknowledged by
The Faculty of Teacher Training and Education
Dean,
Drs. Susilo Rahardjo, M. Pd
NIP. 19560619 198503 1 002
v
MOTTO AND DEDICATION
Motto:
•
If we want to be succesfull in all sides of our life, always remember these
three key words : patient, generous, and honest ! (the writer)
Dedication:
I dedicate my skripsi to:
A
llah SWT the Almighty and my Prophet
Muhammad, peace be upon on him
M
y entire family, for all prayers which have been
said and all spirit given
M
y incredible husband and My little angel Aira
A
ll people who appreciate knowledge
vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the name of Allah, the most gracious and the most merciful, in this
occasion, I would like to express my gratitude to the God, Allah S.W.T., who has
given me mercies and blessing so that I can accomplish this skripsi entitle “The
Parataxis and Hypotaxis Construction in Clause Complexes Found in the
Background of Skripsi Written by the Students of English Education Department
of Muria Kudus University Completed in 2011”.
There are many people who give their own contribution during my
struggle to complete this skripsi. So that in this special occasion, I would also like
to convey my special gratitude to them. They are:
1.
Drs. Susilo Rahardjo, M.Pd, the Dean of Teacher
Training and Education Faculty of Muria Kudus University
2.
Fitri Budi Suryani, S.S. M.Pd the Head of English
Education Department
3.
Dr. H. A. Hilal Madjdi, M. Pd., my first advisor who
gives me his best effort I could never imagine before
4.
Titis Sulistiyowati, SS, M. Pd as my second advisor
who already gives me wise suggestions in completing this skripsi
5.
All of the lecturers who taught me during studying at
the Faculty.
6.
My beloved parents, brothers, and the entire families
who give me everything and give endless supports
vii
I hope that it will be useful for those especially who are in the field of
education.
Kudus,
Ana Resa
viii
ABSTRACT
Resa, Ana. 2012. The Parataxis and Hypotaxis Construction in Clause
Complexes Found in The Background of Skripsi Written By The Students
of English Education Department of Muria Kudus University Completed
in 2011. Skripsi. English Education Department. Teacher Training and
Education Faculty. Muria Kudus University. Advisor Lecturer: (I) Dr. H.
A. Hilal Madjdi, M.Pd (II) Titis Sulistiyowati, SS, M. Pd
Key Words: Parataxis, Hypotaxis, and Background of Sripsi
Writing final project or also known as “skripsi” in the university especially
the University of Muria Kudus is a must for students who major English to get
sarjana degree. Such as other writing activities, when students write a skripsi, they
have to turn over in mind the sentences that they have produced, since it is kind of
written text which extremely needs to be grammatically correct and coherent to
others. Skripsi itself contains some chapters and one of them is introduction.
Background section of skripsi is a kind of text, in this case, a written text. In the
term of text, both spoken and written texts consist of clauses which are connected
with conjunctions to form clause complexes. Each clause complex forms and
combines into paragraph which tied by cohesion to create good meaning. This
research basically comes to the facts mentioned above.
The purpose of this research is to find out which of parataxis or hypotaxis
that is dominantly used in constructing clause complexes which are found in the
background of skripsi written by the students of English Education Department of
Muria Kudus University Completed in 2011 and to find the implications of the
use of parataxis and hypotaxis constructed in clause complexes which are found in
the background of skripsi written by the students of English Education
Department of Muria Kudus University Completed in 2011.
This is a descriptive qualitative research. This research describes parataxis
and hypotaxis found in the skripsi background of the students of English
Education Department of Muria Kudus University by splitting the clause
complexes into clause, identifying its taxis relation whether it is parataxis or
hypotaxis, giving formulaic explanation, and stating conclusion for the last step. It
means that this research does not have a hypothesis and such that it does not need
to perform a hypothesis testing.
The result shows that after analyzing the parataxis and hypotaxis in the
four bakgrounds of skripsi, I summarize that the writers use both parataxis and
hypotaxis to construct clause complexes. In other words, the writers construct
clause complexes paratatically and hypotactically. The occurrence of parataxis
and hypotaxis in each bakcground of skripsi is different. The first background
skripsi uses 28 parataxis and 70 hypotaxis. In the second background of skripsi, I
count that there are 14 parataxis and 27 hypotaxis. Meanwhile, in the third
background of skripsi, there are 24 parataxis and 55 hypotaxis. The last, in the
fourth background of skripsi, I retrieve that the writer uses 17 parataxis and 47
hypotaxis. By calculating the taxis, I determined that between parataxis and
hypotaxis, the writers have tendency to use hypotaxis. It has some implications i.e
they have good English competence since they have no difficulties in realizing
ideas into writing and use various style of constructing clause complexes either
parataxis or hypotaxis to make themselves as quailified as native speakers of
ix
English, they want to make their writing as the same as what native speakers of
English do by hypotatically constructing the text and they want to present their
arguments as sub-ordinate to others to emphasize the greater or lower functional
importance of the messages they carry on rather than explain the messages in
sequence of order.
Then, I address my suggestion to the students, the lecturers and the future
researchers. For the students, I suggest them to fully concern on the clause
boundaries; they should truly pay attention to embedded clause which probably
exist, and should be careful and think deeply in determining whether it parataxis
or hypotaxis. While, for the lecturers, I suggest the lecturers to lead the students to
hold a study like this sort study as I have been conducted as many as possible in
order to increase students’ interests to the clause compexes especially parataxis
and hypotaxis and functional grammar in general. Whereas, for the next
researchers, I suggest those who want to conduct a similar research as I did, you
can use my research as previous research finding to sustain your research. In this
chance, I also realize that it is not an easy job to do. I hope that the next
researchers can develop their study probably by conducting deeper study about
this topic.
x
ABSTRAKSI
Resa, Ana. 2012. Parataxis dan Hypotaxis yang di Konstruksikan pada klausa
kompleks yang di temukan di latar belakang skripsi yang di tulis oleh
mahasiswa program studi pendidikan bahasa inggris fakultas keguruan
dan ilmu pendidikan universitas muria kudus yang di buat pada tahun
2011. Skripsi. Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan. Universitas Muria
Kudus. Dosen pembimbing: (I) Dr. H. A. Hilal Madjdi, M.Pd (II) Titis
Sulistiyowati, SS, M. Pd
Kata Kunci: Parataxis, Hypotaxis, dan latar belakang skripsi
Menulis tugas akhir atau yang juga dikenal sebagai skripsi di Universitas
khususnya di Universitas Muria Kudus adalah sebuah keharusan bagi mahasiswa
yang mengambil jurusan bahasa inggris untuk memperoleh gelar sarjana. Seperti
halnya aktivitas menulis lainnya, ketika mahasiswa menulis skripsi, mereka harus
mempertimbangkan dengan seksama kalimat yang mereka tulis, karena skripsi
adalah teks tertulis yang memang harus benar secara tata bahasa dan koheren satu
sama lain. Skripsi itu sendiri terdiri dari beberapa bab dan salah satunya adalah
latar belakang. Latar belakang skripsi adalah teks, dalam kasus ini, teks tertulis.
Dalam istilah teks, baik teks lisan maupun tertulis terdiri atas beberapa klausa
yang dihubungkan dengan konjungsi untuk membentuk klausa kompleks. Setiap
klausa kompleks membentuk dan mengkombinasikan menjadi paragraf yang
diikat dengan untuk kohesi untuk menbentuk makna yang baik. Penelitian ini pada
dasarnya berasal dari fakta yang tersebut diatas.
Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menemukan yang mana dari
parataxis ataupun hypotaxis yang paling banyak digunakan dalam membangun
klausa kompleks yang ditemukan di latar belakang skripsi yang di tulis oleh
mahasiswa program studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris Universitas Muria Kudus
yang di buat tahun 2011 dan menemukan apa implikasi (maksud) dari penggunaan
parataxis dan hypotaxis yang di bangun dalam klausa kompleks yang ditemukan
di latar belakang skripsi yang di tulis oleh mahasiswa program studi Pendidikan
Bahasa Inggris Universitas Muria Kudus yang di buat tahun 2011.
Penelitian ini adalah penelitian diskriptif kualitatif. Penelitian ini
membahas parataxis dan hypotaxis yang ditemukan di latar belakang skripsi yang
di tulis oleh mahasiswa program studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris Universitas
Muria Kudus dengan memisahkan k;ausa kompleks menjadi klausa-klausa,
menidetifikasi hubungan taxis-nya apakah parataxis atau hypotaxis, memberikan
alas an yang berterima dan menyatkan kesimpulan sebagai langkah terakhir. Hal
ini berarti bahwa penelitian ini tidak memiliki hipotesis dan pleh karena itu dalam
penelitian ini tidak perlu untuk menyebutkan pengujian hipotesis.
Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa setelah menganalisa
parataxis dan hypotaxis di empat latar belakang skripsi, saya menyimpulkan
bahwa penulis menggunakan parataxis maupun hypotaxis untuk membangun
klausa kompleks. Dengan kata lain, penulis membangun kluasa kompleks secara
parataxis maupun hypotaxis. Kejadian parataxis dan hypotaxis di setiap latar
belkang skripsi tentulah berbeda. Latar belakang pertama menggunakan 28
parataxis dan 70 hypotaxis. Pada latar belakang kedua, saya menemukan ada 14
parataxis dan hypotaxis. Sementara itu, pada latar belakang ketiga, ada 24
parataxis dan 55 hypotaxis. Yang terakhir, pada latar belakang keempat, saya
xi
memperoleh bahwa penulis menggunakan 17 parataxis dan 47 hypotaxis. Dengan
menhitung taxis-nya, saya menyimpulkan bahwa antara parataxis dan hypotaxis,
penulis memiliki kecenderungan untuk menggunakan hypotaxis. Hal ini
mempunyai beberapa maksud yakni: penulis memiliki kemampuan bahasa
inggris yang baik karena mereka tidak memiliki kesulitan dalam merealisasikan
idea ke dalam tulisan dan mampu menggunakan beragam gaya dalam membangun
klausa kompleks baik itu parataxis maupun hypotaxis untuk membuat diri mereka
sendiri sama berkualitasnya seperti pembicara asli, mereka ingin membuat tulisan
mereka sama seperti apa yang diperbuat oleh pembicara asli dengan menbangun
teks secara hypotaxis dan mereka ingin menyajikan argumen mereka dalam
bentuk sub-ordinasi terhadap yang lain untuk menekankan mana yang lebih
memiliki nilai tingkat kepentingan pesan yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan
menjelaskan pesan dalam urutan.
Kemudian, saya mengalamatkan sran kepada mahasiswa, dosen, dan
peneliti berikutnya. Untuk mahasiswa, saya menyarankan bahwa mereka harus
benar-benar memperhatikan batasan klausa; mereka seharusnya memperhatikan
klausa embedded yang mungkin ada, berhati-hati dan memikirkan lebih mendalam
dalam menentukan apakah ini parataxis atau hypotaxis. Sementara, untuk dosen,
saya menyarankan bahwa dosen seharusnya membimbing mahasiswa untuk
mengadakan sebanyak mungkin penelitian sejenis seperti yang saya lakukan
dalam upaya untuk meningkatkan ketertarikan mahasiswa terhadap klausa
kompleks terlebih parataxis dan hypotaxis dan functional grammar pada
umumnya. Sedangkan, untuk peneliti selanjutnya, saya menyarankan bagi mereka
yang ingin mengadakan penelitian yang sejenis, anda dapat menggunakan
penelitian ini sebagai penelitian terdahulu untuk mendukung penelitian anda. Pada
kesempatan ini, saya juga menyadari bahwa penelitian ini bukanlah hal yang
mudah untuk dikerjakan. Saya berharap bahwa peneliti selanjutnya dapat
mengembangkan penelitian ini dengan mendalami lebih lanjut tentang topic ini.
xii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
COVER .........................................................................................................
LOGO ...........................................................................................................
PAGE OF TITLE ........................................................................................
PAGE OF APPROVAL ..............................................................................
BOARD OF EXAMINERS .........................................................................
MOTTO AND DEDICATION ...................................................................
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ..........................................................................
ABSTRACT .................................................................................................
ABSTRAKSI ................................................................................................
TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................
LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................
LIST OF APPENDICES .............................................................................
i
ii
iii
iv
v
vi
vii
ix
xi
xiii
xvii
xviii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Research............................................................... 1
1.2 Statement of the Problems.................................................................. 6
1.3 Objectives of the Research................................................................. 7
1.4 Significance of the Research.............................................................. 7
1.5 Scope of the Research......................................................................... 8
1.6 Definition of the Terms...................................................................... 8
CHAPTER II REVIEW TO RELATED LITERATURE
2.1
Discourse Analysis ............................................................................ 10
2.2
Grammar............................................................................................. 11
2.2.1
Traditional Grammar.......................................................................... 12
2.2.2
Formal Grammar................................................................................ 12
2.2.3
Functional Grammar .......................................................................... 13
2.3
Clause ................................................................................................ 13
2.3.1
Types of Clause ................................................................................. 15
2.3.1.1 Independent Clause ............................................................................ 16
2.3.1.2 Dependent Clause .............................................................................. 17
2.3.1.3 Embedded Clause .............................................................................. 18
2.3.2
Types of Relationship between Clauses ............................................ 19
xiii
2.3.2.1 Taxis .................................................................................................. 20
2.3.2.1.1 Parataxis ............................................................................................ 20
2.3.2.1.2 Hypotaxis .......................................................................................... 21
2.4
Background of Skripsi ....................................................................... 22
2.5
Review of Previous Study ................................................................. 23
2.6
Theoretical Framework ...................................................................... 24
CHAPTER III METHOD OF THE RESEARCH
3.1
Design of the Research ........................................................................ 26
3.2
Data and Data Source ........................................................................... 27
3.3
Data Collection .................................................................................... 27
3.4
Data Analysis ....................................................................................... 28
CHAPTER IV FINDING OF THE RESEACH
4. 1
Parataxis and Hypotaxis Construction in Clause Complexes
Found In The Background of Skripsi Written the Students
of English Education Department of Muria Kudus University
Completed in 2011 ............................................................................... 32
4.1.1 Parataxis and Hypotaxis Construction in the First Background
of Skripsi ......Entitle “The Process Types Found in Barack Obama’s
Speech At Cairo University” by Nafik ................................................ 33
4.1.2 Parataxis and Hypotaxis Construction in the second Background
of Skripsi Entitle “The Reading Comprehension of the Eleventh
Year Students of SMA N 1 Bae Kudus in the Academic Year
2010/2011Taught by Using Reciprocal Teaching” by Valentina......... 36
4.1.3 Parataxis and Hypotaxis Construction in the Third Background
of Skripsi Entitle “Teaching Speaking to the Fourth Semester
Students of English Education Department of Teacher Training
and Education Faculty of Muria Kudus University
in Academic Year 2010-2011 by Using Effortless
At English System” by Aziz ............................................................... 38
xiv
4.1.4 Parataxis and Hypotaxis Construction in the Fourth Background
of Skripsi Entitle “Teaching Listening Comprehension
by Using Dictogloss to the Tenth Grade Students of SMA 1 Bae
Kudus in the Academic Year 2011/2012” by Endhartiningtias............ 40
4. 2
The Implication of the Using of Parataxis and Hypotaxis
in Clause Complexes Found in the Background of Skripsi
Written by the Students of English Education Department
of Muria Kudus University Completed in 2011 ..................................... 42
CHAPTER V DISCUSSION
5.1
Parataxis and Hypotaxis Construction in Clause Complexes
Found In The Background of Skripsi Written the Students
of English Education Department of Muria Kudus University
Completed in 2011 ............................................................................... 45
5.1.1 Parataxis and Hypotaxis Construction in the First
Background of Skripsi .......................................................................... 47
5.1.2 Parataxis and Hypotaxis Construction in the second
Background of Skripsi .......................................................................... 50
5.1.3 Parataxis and Hypotaxis Construction in the Third
Background of Skripsi ......................................................................... 52
5.1.4 Parataxis and Hypotaxis Construction in the Fourth
Background of Skripsi .......................................................................... 55
5.2
The Implication of the Using of Parataxis and Hypotaxis
in Clause Complexes Found in the Background of Skripsi
Written by the Students of English Education Department
of Muria Kudus University Completed in 2011 ................................... 57
CHAPTER VI CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
6.1
Conclusion .............................................................................................. 61
6.2
Suggestion ............................................................................................... 62
xv
BIBLIOGRAPHY .......................................................................................... 64
APPENDICES ................................................................................................ 66
STATEMENT ................................................................................................ 135
CURRICULUM VITAE ................................................................................ 136
xvi
LIST OF TABLES
Table
4.1
Page
The Amount of Parataxis and Hypotaxis Construction
in the First Background of Skripsi ....................................................... 35
4.2
The Amount of Parataxis and Hypotaxis Construction
in the Second Background of Skripsi ................................................... 37
4.3
The Amount of Parataxis and Hypotaxis Construction
in the Third Background of Skripsi ...................................................... 39
4.4
The Amount of Parataxis and Hypotaxis Construction
in the Fourth Background of Skripsi .................................................... 41
4.5
The Calculation of the Labeled Data ................................................... 43
4.6
Parataxis and Hypotaxis Construction in the the First Background
of Skripsi entitle “The Process Types . Found in Barack Obama’s
Speech at Cairo University”.................................................................. 73
4.7
Parataxis and Hypotaxis Construction in the Second Background
of Skripsi ...entitle “The Reading Comprehension of the Eleventh
Year Students of SMA N 1 Bae Kudus in the Academic Year
2010/2011 Taught by Using Reciprocal Teaching”.............................. 95
4.8
Parataxis and Hypotaxis Construction in the Third Background
of Skripsi Entitle “Teaching Speaking to the Fourth Semester
Students . .of English Education Department of Teacher Training
and Education Faculty of Muria Kudus University in Academic
Year 2010-2011 by Using Effortless At English System”.................... 107
4.9
Parataxis and Hypotaxis Construction in the Fourth Background
of Skripsi Entitle “Teaching Listening. Comprehension by Using
Dictogloss to the Tenth Grade Students of SMA 1 Bae Kudus
in the Academic Year 2011/2012”........................................................ 124
xvii
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix
1.
Page
The First Background of Skripsi entitle “The Process Types
Found in Barack Obama’s Speech at Cairo University”...................... 66
2.
Parataxis and Hypotaxis Construction in the the First Background
of Skripsi entitle “The Process Types . Found in Barack Obama’s
Speech at Cairo University”.................................................................. 73
3.
The Second Background of Skripsi entitle “The Reading
Comprehension of the Eleventh Year Students of
SMA N 1 Bae Kudus in the Academic Year2010/2011
2011Taught by Using Reciprocal Teaching”........................................ 91
4.
Parataxis and Hypotaxis Construction in the Second Background
of Skripsi ...entitle “The Reading Comprehension of the Eleventh
Year Students of SMA N 1 Bae Kudus in the Academic Year
2010/2011 Taught by Using Reciprocal Teaching”.............................. 95
5.
The Third Background of Skripsi Entitle “Teaching Speaking
to the Fourth Semester Students of English Education
Department of Teacher Training and Education Faculty
of Muria Kudus University in Academic Year 2010-2011
by Using Effortless At English System”............................................... 102
6.
Parataxis and Hypotaxis Construction in the Third Background
of Skripsi Entitle “Teaching Speaking to the Fourth Semester
Students . .of English Education Department of Teacher Training
and Education Faculty of Muria Kudus University in Academic
Year 2010-2011 by Using Effortless At English System”.................... 107
7.
The Fourth Background of Skripsi Entitle “Teaching Listening
Comprehension by Using Dictogloss to the Tenth Grade
Students of SMA 1 Bae Kudus in the Academic
Year 2011/2012”................................................................................... 119
xviii
8.
Parataxis and Hypotaxis Construction in the Fourth Background
of Skripsi Entitle “Teaching Listening. Comprehension by Using
Dictogloss to the Tenth Grade Students of SMA 1 Bae Kudus
in the Academic Year 2011/2012”........................................................ 124
xix