Pentingnya mempelajari Implementasi SI

I mplementasi Sistem I nformasi I nformasi

  Sistem I nformasi Manajemen Teknik I ndustri Unhas 2008

  1 Pentingnya mempelajari

I mplementasi SI

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  I mpact of Enterprise Systems (ES) on firm performance

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  Large investments, but high failure rate I ndustrial Engineering Hasanuddin University

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Sistem I nformasi dan Enterprise Systems ( ES/ ERP)

   I S: a sub-system of an organisation whose components are software, hardware, data, procedure, and skilled user that processes information and support the business processes within the organisation at any managerial levels

   ES/ ERP: integrated information systems that S/ teg ated o at o syste s t at

  support organisations to manage their resources across different business functions I ndustrial Engineering Hasanuddin University

  3 Scope I mplementasi

   the process that begins with the managerial decision to install an information systems/ enterprise system and is complete when the system is used and operating as an integral part of the organisation’s information system I ndustrial Engineering Hasanuddin University

  4 Dari mana ide (keputusan) implementasi?

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  I S Planning

  I S Planning

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  Top management: strategic pull; largest project size and longest duration

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  Steering Committee

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  I ntegration; cross functional, greater organizational change, formal cost/ benefit analysis, larger and riskier projects

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  User department/ manager

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  Specific business need: fine-tuning; often enhance an Specific business need: fine-tuning; often enhance an existing system, fast development, fewer users

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  Development group

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  New platform, improvements: technological push; integrate with existing systems, less concern with cost/ benefit analysis

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  5 Keputusan pemilihan project I ndustrial Engineering Hasanuddin University

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Trend Paket ERP ( paket standar)

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  Packaged software instead of tailor made P k d f i d f il d application

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  ERP biasanya disertai dengan “Reference model” yang adalah: “standard model that globally contains generic structure of systems being studied; blue print that helps as a basis for t di d bl i t th t h l b i f modeling enterprise”

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  7 I mplementasi ERP

    ERP I mplementation Approaches ERP I mplementation Approaches

   Vendor Specific - Use ERP software components from a single vendor.

   Speeds up implementation times, reduces compatibility problems, reduces the need for middleware to connect different vendors’

  ERP components.

    Best of Breed - Choose the best software components available for Best of Breed - Choose the best software components available for various ERP tasks.

   Allows the choice of ERP processes that work best for a business and have the best available capabilities. 

  May require additional implementation time and maintenance costs.

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  8 Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) sebagai sebuah konsep

   ERP ERP

   A process of planning and managing all resources and their use in the entire enterprise.

   Objective

   To integrate departments and functions across a company onto a single computer system that can serve all of the enterprise’s needs.

   Results

   productivity improvement

   better profitability

   increases customer satisfaction

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  9 Proses I mplementasi ES/ ERP

Enterprise Systems Enterprise Systems

  “Content” “Container”

Business Practices ES Application ES Implementation

  “Context”

Organisation: Structure and Culture

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Proses I mplementasi ES/ ERP

  

Container Container

Context

Information Systems

  (organisational structure,

Application

culture, capabilities)

  

Environment

Implementation Process: p

  

Content: Content:

  IS Development Organizational Change

  

New way of

Organization Transition Innovation adoption

doing

  Organisational learning

business

  Knowledge Transfer

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  11 I mplementasi sebagai

  

I T-enabled change

ES Implementation ES Implementation

Technology Organization

  

Business

processes

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  “

I mplementasi sebagai

Usage

  Unfreezing Change

  Adaptation p , , Infusion

Conversion

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  13 I M P L E M E N T A T I O N

  

change process”

Acceptance, Routinisation,

I mplementasi sebagai “transition process” Desired state: Improved Present state :

Transition Process: Planning, Implementing

Non ES-based organizational processes

  Institutionalizing

  processes

  14 Improved

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  organizational practices

I mplementasi sebagai “ innovation adoption process”

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  Four types of innovation decision: optional, F f i i d i i i l collective, authority, and contingent (Rogers, 1995)

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  I S usually contingent innovation decision

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  Contingent innovation-decisions are choices to adopt or reject that can be made only after a prior innovation-decision

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  Only successful if most of users involved I ndustrial Engineering Hasanuddin University

  15 I mplementasi sebagai Difusi Teknologi Stages Process Product Initiation Scanning for organisational problem/ Match between IT solution and its opportunity and IT solution (pressure to application in the organisation change

  Adoption Rational and political negotiation for A decision is reached to invest backing of the implementation resources to accommodate the effort Adaptation

  IT application is developed, installed; The IT application is available for use organisation procedures are revised; in organisational work organisations members are trained

  Acceptance Organisational members are induced The IT application is employed to commit to IT application usage Routinisation Routinisation Usage of IT application is encouraged Usage of IT application is encouraged The organisation’s governance The organisation’s governance as a normal activity systems are adjusted to account for the IT application

  Infusion Increased organisational effectiveness The IT application is used within the is obtained by using the IT application organisation to its fullest potential in a more comprehensive and (Sullivan, 1985) integrated manner to support the higher aspects of organisational work

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I mplementation process as I T- enabled change and transition process P lan - Im ple In sti

  P resen t S ystem N ew S ystem

  n in g m en tu tio

   Technology  Technology

  tin g n ali

   Business Process sing  Business Process

   O rganisation  Organisation

   I T enabled change is a mutually adaptation of technology, organisation and business processes (Benjamin and Levinson, 1993) i i d b i (B j i d L i 1993)  A transition process must not only done through planning and implementing, but also institutionalising stage (Levinson, 1988)

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  17 I mplementasi sebagai “ learning” dan

  “know ledge transfer”  

Learning Learning

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  Studying lack in current organization memory

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  I mplementation as double loop learning

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Know ledge transfer

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  Knowledge transfer among internal people g g p p

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  Knowledge transfer between source and implementing organization

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  Facilitating knowledge management I ndustrial Engineering Hasanuddin University

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Proses Transfer “Best practices” dalam ERP ES vendor

Best practices User organisation

Adopted best- practices Best practices adoption

  Develop

  Implement

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  19 Best business Best business

  process business process Organisation business process Influencing Factors Kerangka Pikir I mplementasi ERP/ ES/ I S ES Adoption Improved Organisational Inter - mediate Planning and

Influencing Factors Implementation Process

  Usage and

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  20 Adoption

  Adaptation Institution alisation

Decision Effectiveness mediate Outcome

Masalah- masalah dalam implementasi

  Risk are cukup ditentukan oleh: pengenalan akan teknologi ( newness ), scope (size), structure

  Roles of involved stakeholder

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  I nvolvement of relevant stakeholders I ndustrial Engineering Hasanuddin University

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  I nternal integration, external integration, formal planning tools, formal control loops

  Project management is important:

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  D i bl

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  21 Hal- hal penting pada tahapan “project”

  Operations I ndustrial Engineering Hasanuddin University

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  Cost problems (planning, project and maintenance)

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  Data problems

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  Design problems

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Yang menjadi target project

  1 New I S environment

  1. New I S environment

• Technical and functional system quality
• I nformation quality
• Organisational processes
• Accompanying organisational arrangements
• knowledge to use, maintain and modify • Belongs to users, key users and I T spec.

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  2. Related know ledge

Target project - lanjutan

• Ownership of business people towards I S • Ownership of I S people towards business

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I S and business ow nerships

  Partnership Partnership

  

IT Function

Organisation

  

Members

members

IT Users’ IT professional business ownership ownership

  Functional Functional responsibility responsibility Information

  Business Systems

  Processes

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  25 Sasaran akhir implementasi:

  efektivitas organisasi yang lebih baik 

  I mpact on individual

   I mpact on organisation  Organisational and managerial processes  I mpact on improvement efforts

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Sasaran implementasi - Lanjutan

  Based on time horizon

   Short term I mproved communication and co-ordination within and among • departments (Davis, 1989)

  More eficient tasks performance (Stelzer et al., 1998) •

• Better decision making environment (Thong et al., 1996 adapted from DeLone 1990) adapted from DeLone, 1990) Better learning environment • Better supervision •
• I mproved planning and control of resources

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  27 Sasaran implementasi - Lanjutan

   Long term Profitability • Competitiveness •

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Fokus kegiatan pada masa “project”

   Alignment (adaptation) efforts

   Change mobilisation

   Knowledge development

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  29 Fokus kegiatan pada masa “post-

  project”

   I nstitutionalisation effort

   Facilitating improvement efforts

  System improvement facilitation

• Learning facilitation •

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Peran yang penting selama “project”

   Senior management (Change mobilisation,

  alignment process)

   I T people (Alignment, Knowledge development)

   Consultant (Alignment, Knowledge development)  Key users (Alignment, Knowledge development,

  change mobilisation) change mobilisation)

   Users (Alignment, knowledge development)

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  31 Peran yang penting selama “ post- project”

   Senior management (I nstitutionalisation, improvement facilitation)

   I T people (I mprovement efforts)

   Key users (I mprovement efforts)

   Users (Appropriate use and improvement efforts) I ndustrial Engineering Hasanuddin University

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Hal- hal penting lainnya.

   Adoption of decision making best practices Low influence on data-based decision making

   I nfluence of culture in implementation process High power distance and culture of following the leader

   Sophistication effect  Trend to broaden application instead of improve already exist systems

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  33 Case Study

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  Open this file I ndustrial Engineering Hasanuddin University

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