Pembuatan Biofuel dari Palm Olein dengan Proses Thermal Catalytic Cracking Menggunakan Katalis ZSM-5
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
[1]
Badan Pusat Statistik, Produksi Minyak Bumi dan Gas Alam, 2012.
[2]
Chew, Thiam Leng dan Bhatia, Subhash, Effect of Catalyst Additives on the
Production of Biofuels from Palm Oil Cracking in a Transport Riser
Reactor, Bioresource Technology, 100 (2540–2545), Elsevier, 2009.
[3]
Tamunaidu, Pramila dan Bhatia, Subhash, Catalytic Cracking of Palm Oil
for the Production of Biofuels: Optimization Studies. Bioresource
Technology, 98 (3593–3601), Elsevier, 2007.
[4]
Karimah, Ahmad, Availability of Different Types of Palm Olein and Their
Performance During Deep Frying, Journal of International Scientific
Publications: Agriculture and Food, Volume 2, ISSN 1314-8591, 2014.
[5]
Badan Pengawas Perdagangan Berjangka Komoditi. 2014. Analisis Harga
CPO Pekan Keempat Juli, 2014.
[6]
Rohmah, E. N., Rochmat, A. dan Sumbogo, S.D, Bio-gasoline from
Catalytic Hydrocracking Reaction of Waste Cooking Oil Using Bayah
Natural Zeolite, International Journal of Environment and Bioenergy, 3(3) :
201-209, 2012.
[7]
Mota, S.A.P da., Mancio, A.A., Lhamas, D.E.L., Abreu, D.H de., Silva,
M.S. da., Santos, W.G. dos., Castro, D.A.R. de., Oliveira, R.M. de Oliveira.,
Ujo, M.E. Ara., Borges, L.E.P dan Machado, N.T, Production of Green
Diesel by Thermal Catalytic Cracking of Crude Palm Oil (Elaeis guineensis
Jacq) in a Pilot Plant, Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, Elsevier,
2014
[8]
Sirajudin, Nurjannah., Jusaff, Kamaruzaman., Yani, Setyawati., Ifa, La dan
Roesyadi, Ahmad, Biofuel Production from Catalytic Cracking of Palm Oil,
World Applied Sciences Journal, (26): 67-71, 2013.
[9]
Sivasamy, Arumugam., Cheah, Kien Yoo., Fornasiero, Paolo., Kemausuor,
Francis., Zinoviev, Sergey dan Miertus, Stanislav, Catalytic Applications in
the Production of Biodiesel from Vegetable Oils, ChemSusChem (2): 278 –
300, 2009.
[10] Ooi, Yean Sang dan Bhatia, Subhash, Alumunium Containing SBA-15 as
Cracking Catalyst for the Production of Biofuel from Waste Used Palm Oil.
Microporous and Mesoporous Materials ,102 (310-317) ,Elsevier , 2007.
[11] Nurjannah., Roesyadi, Ahmad dan Prajitno, Danawati Hari, Konversi
Katalitik Minyak Sawit untuk Menghasilkan Biofuel Menggunakan Silika
Alumina dan HZSM-5 Sintetis, Reaktor , Vol. 13 No. 1, Hal. 37-43, 2010.
33
Universitas Sumatera Utara
[12] Sprung, Christoph dan Weckhuysen, Bert M, Dispersion and Orientation of
Zeolite ZSM-5 Crystallite within a Fluid Catalytic Cracking Catalyst
Particle. Chemistry European Journal, 20 (3667 – 3677), 2014.
[13] Taufiqurrahmi, Niken., Mohamed, Abdul Rahman dan Bhatia, Subhash.
2010. Deactivation and Coke Combustion Studies of Nanocrystalline Zeolite
Beta in Catalytic Cracking of Used Palm Oil. Chemical Engineering Journal
,163 (413–421), Elsevier, 2010.
[14] Li, Lu., Quan, Keijing., Xu, Junming., Liu, Fusheng., Liu, Shiwei., Yu,
Shitao., Xie, Congxia., Zhang, Baoquan dan Ge, Xiaoping, Liquid
Hydrocarbon Fuels from Catalytic Cracking of Rubber Seed Oil Using USY
as Catalyst. Fuel, 123 (189–193), Elsevier, 2014.
[15] Li, Lu., Quan, Keijing., Xu, Junming., Liu, Fusheng., Liu, Shiwei., Yu,
Shitao., Xie, Congxia., Zhang, Baoquan dan Ge, Xiaoping, Liquid
Hydrocarbon Fuels from Catalytic Cracking of Waste Cooking Oils Using
Basic Mesoporous Molecular Sieves K2O/Ba-MCM-41 as Catalysts, ACS
Sustainable Chemical Engineering , 1 (1412−1416), 2013.
[16] Chew, Thiam Leng dan Bhatia, Subhash, Catalytic Processes Towards the
Production of Biofuels in a Palm Oil and Oil Palm Biomass-Based
Biorefinery, Journal Bioresource Technology, 99 (7911–7922), Elsevier,
2008.
[17] Mukherjee, Sutapa dan Mitra, Analava, Health Effects of Palm Oil, J Hum
Ecol, 26(3): 197-203, 2009.
[18] Kementrian Keuangan Republik Indonesia, Kajian Signifikansi Bea Keluar
terhadap Hilirisasi Industri Sawit, 2013.
[19] Sayer, Jeffrey., Ghazoul, Jaboury., Nelson, Paul., dan Boedhihartono, Agni
Klintuni Boedhihartono, Oil Palm Expansion Transforms Tropical
Landscapes and Livelihoods. Global Food Security, 1 (114–119), 2012.
[20] Departemen Pertanian, Gambaran Sekilas Industri Minyak Kelapa Sawit,
2007.
[21] Kopas, Jorge dan Kopas, Patricia Mckane, Cosmeceutical Formulation
Containing Palm Oils, Patent WO 2005118759, 2005.
[22] Doronin, V.P., Potapenko, O.V., Lipin, P.V dan Sorokina, T.P, Catalytic
Cracking of Vegetable Oils and Vacuum Gas Oil, Journal Fuel, Elsevier,
2013.
34
Universitas Sumatera Utara
[23] Souza, Marcelo J. B., Silva, Antonio O. S., Jr, Valter J. Fernandes dan
Araujo, Antonio S, Catalytic Cracking of C 5 Gasoline Over HY Zeolite.
React.Kinet.Catal.Lett, Vol. 79, No. 2, 257-262, 2003.
[24] Sadeighbeigi, Reza, Fluid Catalytic Cracking Handbook, Edisi kedua,
United States of America: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2000.
[25] Chang, W. H. dan Tye, C. T, Catalytic Cracking of Used Palm Oil Using
Composite Zeolite, The Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences, Vol 17
No 1: 176 – 184, 2013.
[26] Twaiq, Farouq A, Mohamed, Abdul Rahman., Bhatia, Subhash, Liquid
Hydrocarbon Fuels from Palm Oil by Catalytic Cracking Over
Aluminosilicate Mesoporous Catalysts with Various Si/Al Ratios,
Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 64 (95–107), Elsevier, 2003.
[27] Benson, Tracy John, Elucidation of Reaction Pathways for Catalytically
Cracked Unsaturated Lipid, Dissertation, Mississippi : Mississippi of State
University, 2008.
[28] Polat, Ersin., Karaca, Mehmet., Demir, Halil dan Onus, A, Naci, Use of
Natural Zeolite (Clinoptilolite) in Agriculture. Journal of Fruit and
Ornamental Plant Research, vol. 12, 2004.
[29] Georgiev, Dimitar., Bogdanov, Bogdan., Angelova, Krasimira., Markovska,
Irena., Hristov, Yancho, Synthetic Zeolite Structure, Classification Current
Trend in Zeolite Synthesis, International Science conference, Stara Zagora,
Bulgaria, 2009.
[30] Figueiredo, Luis., Pereira, Mariette M dan Faria, Joaquim, Catalyst from
Theory to Application. Portugal: Imprensa Da Universidade De Coimbra ,
2008.
[31] Sang, Ooi Yean., Twaiq, Farqouq., Zakaria, Ridzuan., Mohamed, Abdul
Rahma., Bhatia, Subhash. Biofuel Production from Catalytic Cracking of
Palm Oil. Energy Source, 25: 859-869, 2003.
[32] Zeolyst International, ZSM-5, 2010.
[33] Lu, Jiangyin., Zhao, Zhen., Xu, Chunming., Duan, Aijun dan Zhang, Pu,
Effects of Calcination Temperature on the Acidity and Catalytic
Performances of HZSM-5 Zeolite Catalysts for the Catalytic Cracking of nButane, Journal of Natural Gas Chemistry 14 (213–220), 2005.
[34] Luque, Rafael., Campelo, Juan dan Clark, James, Handbook of Biofuel
Production, UK: Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2011
35
Universitas Sumatera Utara
[35] Frety, Roger., Rocha, Maria da Graca C. da., Brandao, Soraia T., Pontes,
Luiz A. M., Padilha, Jose F., Borges, Luiz E. P dan Gonzalez, Wilma A.,
Cracking and Hydrocracking of Triglycerides for Renewable Liquid Fuels:
Alternative Processes to Transesterification. J. Braz. Chem. Soc., Vol. 22, No.
7, 1206-1220, 2011.
[36] Taufiqurrahmi, Niken dan Bhatia, Subhash, Catalytic Cracking of Edible
and Non-Edible Oils for the Production of Biofuels, Energy and
Evironmental Science,4, 1087-1112, 2011.
[37] Ortega, D., Norena, L., Aguilar, J., Hernandez, I dan Ramirez, V. Recycling
of Plactic Materials Employing Zeolite and MCM-41 Material, Revista
Mexicana de Ingeniería Química , Vol. 5, No. 3: 189-195, 2006.
[38] Rengga, Wara Dyah Pita., Handayani, Prima Astuti., Kadarwati, Sri dan
Feinnudin, Agung, Kinetic Study on Catalytic Cracking of Rubber Seed
(Hevea brasiliensis) Oil to Liquid Fuels, Bulletin of Chemical Reaction
Engineering & Catalysis, 10 (1), 50-60, 2015.
[39] Indonetwork, Distributor Minyak Goreng, 2015.
[40] PT Pertamina, Daftar Harga BBK 2015, Jakarta, 2015.
[41] Sutarno, Harga Avtur Pertamina Turun 7,2 -8,9 %, Tiket Pesawat Ikut
Turun, Industri Bisnis.com, 2015.
[42] PT Pertamina, Harga Bahan Bakar Minyak, Jakarta, 2015.
[43] Buzetzki, Eduard., Svanova, Katarina dan Cvengros, Jan, Zeolite Catalyst
In Cracking Natural Triacylgliserols, 44th International Petroleum
Conference, 2009.
José
36
Universitas Sumatera Utara
[1]
Badan Pusat Statistik, Produksi Minyak Bumi dan Gas Alam, 2012.
[2]
Chew, Thiam Leng dan Bhatia, Subhash, Effect of Catalyst Additives on the
Production of Biofuels from Palm Oil Cracking in a Transport Riser
Reactor, Bioresource Technology, 100 (2540–2545), Elsevier, 2009.
[3]
Tamunaidu, Pramila dan Bhatia, Subhash, Catalytic Cracking of Palm Oil
for the Production of Biofuels: Optimization Studies. Bioresource
Technology, 98 (3593–3601), Elsevier, 2007.
[4]
Karimah, Ahmad, Availability of Different Types of Palm Olein and Their
Performance During Deep Frying, Journal of International Scientific
Publications: Agriculture and Food, Volume 2, ISSN 1314-8591, 2014.
[5]
Badan Pengawas Perdagangan Berjangka Komoditi. 2014. Analisis Harga
CPO Pekan Keempat Juli, 2014.
[6]
Rohmah, E. N., Rochmat, A. dan Sumbogo, S.D, Bio-gasoline from
Catalytic Hydrocracking Reaction of Waste Cooking Oil Using Bayah
Natural Zeolite, International Journal of Environment and Bioenergy, 3(3) :
201-209, 2012.
[7]
Mota, S.A.P da., Mancio, A.A., Lhamas, D.E.L., Abreu, D.H de., Silva,
M.S. da., Santos, W.G. dos., Castro, D.A.R. de., Oliveira, R.M. de Oliveira.,
Ujo, M.E. Ara., Borges, L.E.P dan Machado, N.T, Production of Green
Diesel by Thermal Catalytic Cracking of Crude Palm Oil (Elaeis guineensis
Jacq) in a Pilot Plant, Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, Elsevier,
2014
[8]
Sirajudin, Nurjannah., Jusaff, Kamaruzaman., Yani, Setyawati., Ifa, La dan
Roesyadi, Ahmad, Biofuel Production from Catalytic Cracking of Palm Oil,
World Applied Sciences Journal, (26): 67-71, 2013.
[9]
Sivasamy, Arumugam., Cheah, Kien Yoo., Fornasiero, Paolo., Kemausuor,
Francis., Zinoviev, Sergey dan Miertus, Stanislav, Catalytic Applications in
the Production of Biodiesel from Vegetable Oils, ChemSusChem (2): 278 –
300, 2009.
[10] Ooi, Yean Sang dan Bhatia, Subhash, Alumunium Containing SBA-15 as
Cracking Catalyst for the Production of Biofuel from Waste Used Palm Oil.
Microporous and Mesoporous Materials ,102 (310-317) ,Elsevier , 2007.
[11] Nurjannah., Roesyadi, Ahmad dan Prajitno, Danawati Hari, Konversi
Katalitik Minyak Sawit untuk Menghasilkan Biofuel Menggunakan Silika
Alumina dan HZSM-5 Sintetis, Reaktor , Vol. 13 No. 1, Hal. 37-43, 2010.
33
Universitas Sumatera Utara
[12] Sprung, Christoph dan Weckhuysen, Bert M, Dispersion and Orientation of
Zeolite ZSM-5 Crystallite within a Fluid Catalytic Cracking Catalyst
Particle. Chemistry European Journal, 20 (3667 – 3677), 2014.
[13] Taufiqurrahmi, Niken., Mohamed, Abdul Rahman dan Bhatia, Subhash.
2010. Deactivation and Coke Combustion Studies of Nanocrystalline Zeolite
Beta in Catalytic Cracking of Used Palm Oil. Chemical Engineering Journal
,163 (413–421), Elsevier, 2010.
[14] Li, Lu., Quan, Keijing., Xu, Junming., Liu, Fusheng., Liu, Shiwei., Yu,
Shitao., Xie, Congxia., Zhang, Baoquan dan Ge, Xiaoping, Liquid
Hydrocarbon Fuels from Catalytic Cracking of Rubber Seed Oil Using USY
as Catalyst. Fuel, 123 (189–193), Elsevier, 2014.
[15] Li, Lu., Quan, Keijing., Xu, Junming., Liu, Fusheng., Liu, Shiwei., Yu,
Shitao., Xie, Congxia., Zhang, Baoquan dan Ge, Xiaoping, Liquid
Hydrocarbon Fuels from Catalytic Cracking of Waste Cooking Oils Using
Basic Mesoporous Molecular Sieves K2O/Ba-MCM-41 as Catalysts, ACS
Sustainable Chemical Engineering , 1 (1412−1416), 2013.
[16] Chew, Thiam Leng dan Bhatia, Subhash, Catalytic Processes Towards the
Production of Biofuels in a Palm Oil and Oil Palm Biomass-Based
Biorefinery, Journal Bioresource Technology, 99 (7911–7922), Elsevier,
2008.
[17] Mukherjee, Sutapa dan Mitra, Analava, Health Effects of Palm Oil, J Hum
Ecol, 26(3): 197-203, 2009.
[18] Kementrian Keuangan Republik Indonesia, Kajian Signifikansi Bea Keluar
terhadap Hilirisasi Industri Sawit, 2013.
[19] Sayer, Jeffrey., Ghazoul, Jaboury., Nelson, Paul., dan Boedhihartono, Agni
Klintuni Boedhihartono, Oil Palm Expansion Transforms Tropical
Landscapes and Livelihoods. Global Food Security, 1 (114–119), 2012.
[20] Departemen Pertanian, Gambaran Sekilas Industri Minyak Kelapa Sawit,
2007.
[21] Kopas, Jorge dan Kopas, Patricia Mckane, Cosmeceutical Formulation
Containing Palm Oils, Patent WO 2005118759, 2005.
[22] Doronin, V.P., Potapenko, O.V., Lipin, P.V dan Sorokina, T.P, Catalytic
Cracking of Vegetable Oils and Vacuum Gas Oil, Journal Fuel, Elsevier,
2013.
34
Universitas Sumatera Utara
[23] Souza, Marcelo J. B., Silva, Antonio O. S., Jr, Valter J. Fernandes dan
Araujo, Antonio S, Catalytic Cracking of C 5 Gasoline Over HY Zeolite.
React.Kinet.Catal.Lett, Vol. 79, No. 2, 257-262, 2003.
[24] Sadeighbeigi, Reza, Fluid Catalytic Cracking Handbook, Edisi kedua,
United States of America: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2000.
[25] Chang, W. H. dan Tye, C. T, Catalytic Cracking of Used Palm Oil Using
Composite Zeolite, The Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences, Vol 17
No 1: 176 – 184, 2013.
[26] Twaiq, Farouq A, Mohamed, Abdul Rahman., Bhatia, Subhash, Liquid
Hydrocarbon Fuels from Palm Oil by Catalytic Cracking Over
Aluminosilicate Mesoporous Catalysts with Various Si/Al Ratios,
Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 64 (95–107), Elsevier, 2003.
[27] Benson, Tracy John, Elucidation of Reaction Pathways for Catalytically
Cracked Unsaturated Lipid, Dissertation, Mississippi : Mississippi of State
University, 2008.
[28] Polat, Ersin., Karaca, Mehmet., Demir, Halil dan Onus, A, Naci, Use of
Natural Zeolite (Clinoptilolite) in Agriculture. Journal of Fruit and
Ornamental Plant Research, vol. 12, 2004.
[29] Georgiev, Dimitar., Bogdanov, Bogdan., Angelova, Krasimira., Markovska,
Irena., Hristov, Yancho, Synthetic Zeolite Structure, Classification Current
Trend in Zeolite Synthesis, International Science conference, Stara Zagora,
Bulgaria, 2009.
[30] Figueiredo, Luis., Pereira, Mariette M dan Faria, Joaquim, Catalyst from
Theory to Application. Portugal: Imprensa Da Universidade De Coimbra ,
2008.
[31] Sang, Ooi Yean., Twaiq, Farqouq., Zakaria, Ridzuan., Mohamed, Abdul
Rahma., Bhatia, Subhash. Biofuel Production from Catalytic Cracking of
Palm Oil. Energy Source, 25: 859-869, 2003.
[32] Zeolyst International, ZSM-5, 2010.
[33] Lu, Jiangyin., Zhao, Zhen., Xu, Chunming., Duan, Aijun dan Zhang, Pu,
Effects of Calcination Temperature on the Acidity and Catalytic
Performances of HZSM-5 Zeolite Catalysts for the Catalytic Cracking of nButane, Journal of Natural Gas Chemistry 14 (213–220), 2005.
[34] Luque, Rafael., Campelo, Juan dan Clark, James, Handbook of Biofuel
Production, UK: Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2011
35
Universitas Sumatera Utara
[35] Frety, Roger., Rocha, Maria da Graca C. da., Brandao, Soraia T., Pontes,
Luiz A. M., Padilha, Jose F., Borges, Luiz E. P dan Gonzalez, Wilma A.,
Cracking and Hydrocracking of Triglycerides for Renewable Liquid Fuels:
Alternative Processes to Transesterification. J. Braz. Chem. Soc., Vol. 22, No.
7, 1206-1220, 2011.
[36] Taufiqurrahmi, Niken dan Bhatia, Subhash, Catalytic Cracking of Edible
and Non-Edible Oils for the Production of Biofuels, Energy and
Evironmental Science,4, 1087-1112, 2011.
[37] Ortega, D., Norena, L., Aguilar, J., Hernandez, I dan Ramirez, V. Recycling
of Plactic Materials Employing Zeolite and MCM-41 Material, Revista
Mexicana de Ingeniería Química , Vol. 5, No. 3: 189-195, 2006.
[38] Rengga, Wara Dyah Pita., Handayani, Prima Astuti., Kadarwati, Sri dan
Feinnudin, Agung, Kinetic Study on Catalytic Cracking of Rubber Seed
(Hevea brasiliensis) Oil to Liquid Fuels, Bulletin of Chemical Reaction
Engineering & Catalysis, 10 (1), 50-60, 2015.
[39] Indonetwork, Distributor Minyak Goreng, 2015.
[40] PT Pertamina, Daftar Harga BBK 2015, Jakarta, 2015.
[41] Sutarno, Harga Avtur Pertamina Turun 7,2 -8,9 %, Tiket Pesawat Ikut
Turun, Industri Bisnis.com, 2015.
[42] PT Pertamina, Harga Bahan Bakar Minyak, Jakarta, 2015.
[43] Buzetzki, Eduard., Svanova, Katarina dan Cvengros, Jan, Zeolite Catalyst
In Cracking Natural Triacylgliserols, 44th International Petroleum
Conference, 2009.
José
36
Universitas Sumatera Utara