The revenge motivation revealed in Razye`s personality development in Maryse Conde`s Windward Heights - USD Repository
THE REVENGE MOTIVATION REVEALED IN RAZYÉ’S
PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT IN MARYSE CONDÉ’S
WINDWARD HEIGHTS
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters
By
ROBERTUS GALIH PINANDITO
Student Number: 044214139
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
THE REVENGE MOTIVATION REVEALED IN RAZYÉ’S
PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT IN MARYSE CONDÉ’S
WINDWARD HEIGHTS
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters
By
ROBERTUS GALIH PINANDITO
Student Number: 044214139
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
There’s nothing you cannot do that can’t be done Nothing you can sing that can’t be sang Nothing you can say but you can learn how to play the game It’s easy!!
The Beatles
For
My Beloved Family and parents
in their supports and prayers
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Thank God and praise for His blessing that I can finish my thesis. I thank Him for His guidance and all the people He has sent to me. That I can finish finally finish my thesis.
I do realize that I could never complete my thesis without the helps from Elisa Dwi Wardani, S.S., M.Hum., as my advisor who has spent her time and been patient in reading, re-reading and correcting this thesis. To J. Harris
Hermansyah S., S. S., M.Hum., my co-advisor, I also want to say thank for
giving the suggestion on this thesis and for his willingness in rereading my thesis.My deep gratitude goes to all the lecturers in the English Letters Department who have shared their knowledge, I am also thankful to the Secretariat Staff for their best services.
I would like to say thanks to my beloved parents and my brothers and sisters for supporting and praying for me. I also would like to say thanks to Brojo
Community, Dota LieLie Team, Mbahe, Marsulis, Lenyung, Wangwung,
Jonet, Marsulis, Black Soldiers and all my friends in the class of„04. Above of all, I would like to thank everyone whose names can not be mentioned here who have helped and been my part of life during my study in
Sanata Dharma University and also given their contribution to this thesis.
Robertus Galih Pinandito
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE………………………………………………………………….. i
APPROVAL PAGE............................................................................................ ii
ACCEPTANCE PAGE………………………………………………………... iii
MOTTO PAGE
………………………………………………………………… iv DEDICATION PAGE..
……………………………………………………......... v
PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN
…………………………………………… vi
STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY
…………………………………………. vii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
…………………………………………………... viii TABLE OF CONTENTS. ……………………………………………………… ix ABSTRACT. ……………………………………………………………………. xi ABSTRAK. …………………………………………………………………….. xii
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION
…………………………………………..... 1
A. Background of the Study………………………………………………... 1
B. Problem Formulation…………………………………………………… 4
C. Objectives of the Study…………………………………………………. 4
D. Definition of terms……………………………………………………… 4
CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW
……………………….…….…… 6
A. Review of Related Studies………………………………………………... 6
B. Review of Relat ed Theories………………………………………………. 8
1. Theories on Character and Characterization…………………………... 8
2. Psychology and Literature……………………………………………. 10
3. Theory on Personality Development… ……………………………… 11
4. Theory on Motivation........................................................................... 13
5. Theory on Stress……………………………………………………… 16
C. Theoretical Framework………………………………………………….. 18
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY
…………………………………………. 21
A. Object of th e Study………………………………………………………. 21 B. Approach of the Study….………………………………………………... 22 C. Method of the
Study…………………………………………………….. 23
CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS
………………………………………….………. 25 A. Characterization of Razyé…………………………………………..…... 25 1.
Character as seen by another.…………………………………....... 29 2. Reaction…………………………………………………………… 31 3. The Character‟s Thought.………………………………………….. 33 B. The Revenge Motivation revealed in Razyé‟s Personality
Development…………………………………………………………… 34 1.
The Personality Development of Razyé.…………………………... 35 2.
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION
………………………………………………. 53
BIBLIOGRAPHY
…………………………………………………………….. 56
APPENDIX 1 ...................................................................................................... 58
APPENDIX 2..................................................................................................... 59
ABSTRACT
ROBERTUS GALIH PINANDITO. The Revenge Motivation Revealed in Razyé’s Personality Development in Maryse Condé’s Windward Heights. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University.
This study discusses Windward Heights, a novel by Maryse Condé, which is published in 2003. The work presents the obsessive love of the main character that makes him capable to stop his action in taking revenge that is influenced by the ill treatment and lack of love.
This study formulates two problems. Firstly, the writer tries to find out whether Razyé is a round or flat character and then, how the author characterizes him in the novel. Secondly, the writer wants to find out how Razyé‟s motivation in taking revenge is revealed from his personality development.
The method that the writer uses to analyze the data in this thesis is library research, because it is involved in a literary work, whose discussion and interpretation can apply some certain approaches. This study uses the psychological approach in analyzing how Razyé‟s motivation in taking revenge to Aymeric and Justin is revealed from his personality development.
Based on the analysis, it can be seen that Razyé has changed and developed his personality. That is seen from the changes and development of Razyé that is at first described as melancholic, jealous, and pessimistic person that in the discussion those characterizations change and develop into repressive, possessive, and ambitious. It is also mentioned that he wants to overcome his depression by taking revenge toward Aymeric and Justin. He tries to protect himself from his depression by creating an object of displacement. That is how he is motivated in taking revenge to Aymeric who has taken Cathy from him and also Justin who has treated him badly in front of his Cathy.
ABSTRAK
ROBERTUS GALIH PINANDITO. The Revenge Motivation Revealed in Razyé’s Personality Development in Maryse Condé’s Windward Heights. Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma.
Studi ini membahas tentang Windward Heights, sebuah novel karya Maryse Condé, yang diterbitkan pada tahun 2003. Novel ini menceritakan tentang perasaan obsesif akan cinta dari karakter utama yang membuatnya tidak dapat berhenti untuk melakukan tindakan balas dendam yang didasari oleh perlakuan kejam dan kekurangan akan kasih sayang.
Studi ini mengajukan dua permasalahan. Langkah pertama, penulis mencoba untuk mengungkapkan apakah Razyé merupakan karakter yang kompleks atau datar dan kemudian bagaimanakah cara dari pengarang novel ini dalam mengkarakterisasikan Razyé dalam novel ini. Langkah kedua, penulis mencoba mengungkapkan bagaimana motivasi balas dendam Razyé yang terungkap dalam perkembangan kepribadiannya.
Penulis menggunakan metode studi pustaka dalam mengolah data analisa pada tesis ini, karena pembahasannya yang menggunakan pendekatan-pendekatan tertentu. Studi ini menggunakan pendekatan psikologis dalam mengungkapkan motivasi balas dendam dari Razyé terhadap Aymeric dan Justin yang diungkapkan dalam perkembangan kepribadiannya.
Berdasarkan data analisa ini, dapat disimpulkan bahwa kepribadian Razyé telah mengalami perubahan dan perkembangan. Hal tersebut terlihat dari perubahan dan perkembangan dari Razyé yang pada awalnya digambarkan sebagai pribadi yang melankolis, pencemburu, dan pesimis yang kemudian dalam pembahasan ini semua karakterisasi tersebut berubah dan berkembang menjadi represif, posesif, dan ambisius. Disebutkan juga bahwa dia mencoba mengatasi rasa depresinya dengan cara melakukan balas dendam terhadap Aymeric dan Justin. Dia berusaha untuk melindungi dirinya dari rasa depresinya dengan cara pengalihan objek. Itulah mengapa Razyé termasuk untuk melakukan balas dendam terhadap Aymeric yang telah merebut Cathy darinya dan juga terhadap Justin yang telah memperlakukannya semena-mena di hadapan Cathy.
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study Imagine that your parents are killed by a stranger or maybe they get
killed by an accident. You will be very angry to the one who causes you to become an orphan. Then, you will take revenge on him or her who takes your parents‟ live because you are under control of your emotion at that time and your motivation at that time is to do a vengeance upon him or her. This assumption of revenge is an assumption concerning your motivation. “Revenge”, in the ‘Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary means something that you do in order to make somebody suffer because they have made you suffer (2000: 1140).
In this thesis, the writer wants to discuss the Razyé‟s revenge motivation that is revealed in his personality development in Windward
Heights
. The first thing that comes up to us after hearing the word „revenge‟, is something bad or negative in our mind. However, there must be a reason for that action or motivation in doing vengeance to someone. Revenge usually has a motivation behind which leads to the action. It can be influenced by our emotion, threat, or maybe depression of the situation that we have experienced. We know that our anger can lead us to be aggressive or that our fear can produce impaired coordination (Jung, 1978: 314). Most people want to know why they behave the way they do and also what the reason that forces them to do the things that motivate their behavior.
First, it is important to note that the term incentive usually describes some goal object that motivates us (Petri, 1979: 141). It is believed that we may have several goals in our lives, whether it is a positive one or a negative one, and sometimes our certain goal can motivate behavior. Basically, most people have a certain goal in doing something and sometimes they do not realize why they do that thing that can influence or develop their personality behavior.
Herbert L. Petri states that the concept of incentives as motivator of behavior has been a useful tool in attempting to explain why people (and animals) do the things they do, its use in theory recognizes that objects or events can modify and influence our behavior over and above physical needs (Petri, 1979: 142).
Concerning the facts above, it must be related with individual personality, which is the organization of behavior. Moskovitz and Orgel state that personality refers to organized behavior of the individual (Moskovitz and Orgel, 1969:341). However, the psychological meaning of the term personality is very different from its lay meaning. For most laymen, personality refers to a person‟s social appeal or popularity. In their opinion, personality has the same definition with social appeal or popularity. Some people even speak of “amounts” of personality (if someone is likable or we can say as confident, he is said to have a lot of personality. On the other hand, if he is simply unpleasant or shy, he is said to have a little or no personality). However, personality does not occur in “amounts”; every person has a personality, because every person exhibits distinctive patterns of organized behavior. In this context, social appeal is one aspect of personality. It is believed that there is a development of personality as each individual grow up and it depends on the individual‟s life experience itself. Some people will develop into a good personality and some people into a bad personality.
Those phenomena above are going to be analyzed in the novel of Maryse Condé‟s Winward Heights in which the main character –Razyé- is a mulatto who is adopted by Hubert Gagneur. In the novel, he takes revenge toward Aymeric de Linsseuil who has taken Cathy from Razyé‟s life and also Justin Gagneur who has separated him from Cathy and treats him badly. This makes Razyé hates Aymeric de Linsseuil and also Justin who has degraded him in front of Cathy. Condé has reinterpreted stories and historical events that have become a part of Western cultural heritage. Condé is inspired by Emily Brontë‟s wild love affair from Wuthering Heights to a Carribean context (http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/conde.htm). However, Condé changes the name of the character lists and also she transposes the story to her native island of Guadeloupe. This that makes Condé‟s work is different from Emily
Brontë‟s, however she also give her honour and respect for Emily Brontë in the novel.
The story in the novel is told in flashback, that is, a form by which some of the events of a story are related at a point in the narrative after later story-events have already been told. It enables a storyteller to fill in background information about characters and events (Baldick, 1991: 9).
B. Problem Formulation
For the discussion, there are several problems which are formulated as follows:
1. How is Razyé characterized by the author? 2.
How is the revenge motivation revealed in Razyé‟s personality
development? C.
Objectives of the Study
The study, firstly, is intended to describe how the author characterizes Razyé in Windward Heights, in which his characterizations are defined and presented. It is intended to find out how Razyé‟s personality development reveals through his characterization in Windward Heights, in which his characters are defined and presented. Secondly, the study is to find and to understand how the revenge motivation is revealed in Razyé‟s. Therefore, here, the writer will explain how the revenge motivation is shaped within Razyé.
D. Definition of Terms
To add further explanation, some words will be defined to guide the readers in understanding this thesis. The writer gets definition of the specific terms mostly from books and websites, which are considered well qualified.
1. Motivation
Motivation is the concept we use when we describe the forces acting on or within an organism to initiate and direct behavior (Petri, 1979: 3).
2. Personality
According to Allport, Personality is the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determine his unique adjustments to his environment (in Hurlock, 1974: 7). The term dynamic
organization refers to the change and the development of personality. The
term psychophysical refers to either “exclusively mental or exclusively neural” which is meant that the both body and mind are fused into personal unity.
3. Development
Development, in the book An Adult Psychology, which was written by Mappiare in 1982, means that the term refers to the change and improvisation of parts or forms of organism and its integration in united function as it grows (Mappiare, 1982: 43).
CHAPTER II THEORETICAL REVIEW A. Review of Related Studies Windward Heights
is Maryse Condé‟s novel that was published in 1998 and it tells about Razye‟s obsessive love toward Cathy, which leads him to do revenge for the loss of his love. Condé reimagines Emily Brontë‟s passionate novel as a tale of obsess ive love between the “African” Razye and
Cathy, the mulatto daughter of the man who takes Razye in and raises him, but whose treatment goads Razye into rebellious flight. In Cuba, Razye makes his fortune, but upon his return, he discovers Cathy has wed the weak scion of a socially prominent Creole family. Razyé determines to be avenged for the loss of his love. His vengeance continues into the next generation, haunting both Cathy‟s daughter and his
The related studies above inspire the writer to discover what Razyé‟s motivation is in taking the revenge to Aymeric, the white creole, who has taken Cathy from him. Especially, from the statement above that says, “Razyé determines to be avenged for the loss of his love”. It means that Razyé becomes a revengeful person because of the loss of Cathy, his love, which has stimulated and motivated him to do his vengeance.
There are two theses from English Letters‟ students of Sanata Dharma University that analyzed the same topic. First, Anna Fransisca Veralia Yulianti analyzes motivation of revenge as revealed in the main character.
The needs of love, affections, and belongings have motivated Ruth to take revenge towards her husband and his mistress, Bobbo and Mary Fisher. In her past life, Ruth lacks of love and affection from her mother. It makes her suffers because Ruth is alienated by her mother from her family. After Ruth becomes an adult person, she does not want to feel that way again. Ruth comes up and decides to change her fate into the person who both the receiving and giving of love, love from another and someone to love (Yulianti, 2005: 52).
Second, there is Nyoman Sugiani who analyzes revenge that is revealed in the main character.
It can be concluded that revenge as revealed through Heathcliff‟s character leads him to his poor end of life. Even though he feels that those who has wronged him deserve to suffer as he was and occasionally he is satisfied, but finally he realizes that he cannot make any excuse for involving those who are innocent. The revenge only leads him into his suffering and it is ended by his death in hoping to be able to see his love (Sugiani, 2003: 50). Those related studies above helps the writer to develop the topic of this thesis. Especially, from the statements above that say, “the needs of love, affection, and belongings have motivated Ruth to take revenge towards her husband and his mistress” and also “the revenge only leads him into his suf fering and it is ended by his death in hoping to be able to see his love”. The writer agrees with the statements above and relates with the study whether there is a motive behind Razyé‟s vengeance and also how his vengeance is shaped within his personality development. In addition, related to the study, the writer tries to discover what the motive of Razyé in taking revenge to Aymeric and Justin and also what the main problem is in Razyé‟s life that influences his action. Therefore, the writer develops the topic that discusses the motivation of Razyé in taking revenge to Aymeric and Justin, which is because this study wants to discuss about human‟s motivation in taking revenge and to reveal the relationship between the revenge motivation and personality development from the main character.
B. Review of Related Theories
In order to analyze the revenge of Razye, which is revealed in his personality development, there are some applied theories, which are related much to the topic. Character and characterization are applied since the thesis deals with the revenge of character, which is revealed, in character‟s personality development. Psychological theories are applied since a character has particular aspects in performing his behavior. There are motivation and personality development theories to know about the character‟s motive in doing revenge.
1. Theories on Character and Characterization
Characters are persons who are involved in the stories and who act out in a particular time and place some kind of conflict in a pattern of events.
Characters have particular personalities and physical attributes that distinguish them from other characters. They must be credible, that is, readers must accept them as believable people (Rohrberger, 1971: 20).
Abrams in his A Glossary of Literary Terms defined that, there are two distinctions; they are the character and characters (1981: 20). The character means a literary genre, a description or narrative work that are interpreted by the reader about their moralities and disposition qualities lie in the way they say or act. The characterization is the presentation of the characters by the author, which showing the qualities and moral values.
E.M. Foster, in the Aspects of Novel, states that character is divided into two; they are flat and round characters (Foster, 1974:46). A flat character is called a type, two dimensional, which presents a single idea or quality of character without much individualizing detail; therefore, it can be described in a single phrase or sentence. A round character is a complex in temperament and motivation and is represented with subtle particularity; therefore, it is described in detail. Character in the dramatic or narrative work can be said as a flat or round character, depends on the author characterizes and functions him, without individualizing detail or only described in a single quality, it can be said as a flat and with explicitly explaining a complex description of qualities, and it is said as a round. The definition that shows that the characters are round is that they are capable of rotundity (1974:50). The round characters are the reverses that they cannot be summed up by a single phrase. They can be changed by the circumstances, in which modify them. They change because they face so many facets. There are many phrases, or even sentences that are used to describe them. Therefore, the reader does not easily remember them.
The characters‟ capability of rounding shows that they are able to change and develop.
According to Murphy in Understanding Unseen an Introduction to
English Poetry and the English Novel for Overseas Students , he stated that
“there are some ways to understand character” (Murphy, 1972:161). There are nine ways how the author presents and describe his characters of the story.
They are; personal description, character as seen by another, speech, past life, conversation of others, direct comment, thoughts, mannerism. However, this thesis only takes three items of those nine such as character as seen by another, thought and reaction.
Character as seen by another is the personal image of a character in the story through the eyes and opinions of another character in the story, in which the author can give us a clu e to know a person‟s character.
Reactions is how the character reacts to various situations and events, how their attitude in facing those situations and events that can give the reader a clue about his or her characteristic.
Thought is how the character thinks or feels that can give the reader a clue about his or her characteristic in the novel.
2. Psychology and Literature There is a close relation between psychology and literature.
According to Rene Wellek and Austin Waren in their book entitled Theory of
Literature
, “psychology and literature have a close relation in which some works of literature talk about psychological cases”. They write, “People can learn psychology that may be revealed in works of literature by analyzing the works”. Furthermore, “the important part is the application of the writer can prove that the behaviors of the character in the novel is in line with we know about human‟s spirit or soul, thus the writer is successful using psychological approach to interpret the work of literature. In Razye‟s case, if the writer can prove that Razye‟s behaviors in the novel proper to what do we know about human‟s motivation, thus the writer is successful using psychological approach to interpret the novel Windward Heights.
3. Theories on Personality Development
Personality is defined by the particular concept contained within a given theory that is considered adequate for the complete description or understanding human behavior (Hall & Lindzey, 1951: 15). The theories of personality are accepted where they have the complete description of our understanding about human behavior, which means that they must comprehensively concern with wide range of human behavior. While, Moskovitz and Orgel state that personality refers to the organized behavior of the individual (Moskovitz and Orgel, 1969:341). He also states that „behavior is ultimately an expression of the individual organism, functioning as a discrete unit in dynamic relationship with its environment (1969: 340). It is believed that there is a development of personality as each individual grow up and it depends on the individual‟s life experience itself, it is concerned with the behavioral characteristics of the unique individual.
There are so many theorists, who define the terms of personality and
Personality Development . He stated that personality is the dynamic
organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determine his characteristic behavior and thought (Hurlock, 1974: 7). His statement has been stated at the previous chapter. Related to the statement above, it can be said that personality is something unique and dynamically organized, and develops within the environmental influences that someone does not want to experience it. The personality is unique and complex, which means that one‟s personality, is different from another that each of adjustment to the environment is n ot the same. The “dynamic organization” refers to the change and development of personality, even though there is still an organization or system, which is linked together with the various components of personality. The “psychophysical system” refers to the organization, which entails the operation of both body and mind, which is fused into a personal unity. The word “determine” refers to the motivational role of the psychophysical systems within the individual; once an attitude, belief, habit, sentiment, or some other element of a psychophysical system has been aroused it provokes expressive acts which are characteristics forms of expression of that individual, so that it can importantly influence the individual‟s behavior. In summary, the personality dynamically changes and develops, and is able to adjust to the environment, even though it is still in the organization in the terms of the components of personality.
4. Theories on Motivation
All people have motives in their lives. It is sometimes hidden, but it will become visible and other will know it. The characters in the story also have motives. The characters must have motives because without motives the story will not be interesting. It is because the motives usually sign that there is a conflict in a story.
Perrine states that the characters in the story must be clearly motivated in whatever they do, especially when there is some change in their behavior. The reader must be able to understand the reasons for what they do, if not immediately, at least by the end of the story (Perrine, 1974: 69).
There are many definitions of motivation that have been given by many different psychologists. One of them is Petri. According to Petri in his book Motivation: Theory and Research,
„Motivation is the concept we use when we describe the forces acting on or within an organism to initiate and direct behavior‟ (1981: 3). We can understand that motivation is an explanatory concept that is used to make sense out of the behaviors we observe. It is worth pointing out that motivation is inferred. Instead of measuring it directly, we manipulate certain conditions and note how behavior changes. From the observed changes, we refine our understanding of the underlying motivation.
There is also another definition of motivation by Hebb. According to Hebb in his article Drives and the CNS (Conceptual Nervous System),
„Motivation‟ refers here in a rather general sense to the energizing of behavior, and especially to the sources of energy in a particular set of responses that keep them temporarily dominant over others and account for continuity and direction in behavior (Hebb, 1968: 64). According to Kalish, motivation can be strong enough to activate goal-seeking behavior, which began with agitated feelings and ended with behavior that satisfied his need (Kalish, 1973: 30). Most people are actually motivated by needs to satisfy their goal-seeking behavior. Thus a need for food signifies that a person feels the lack of food, and it sets into motion hunger-motivated behavior.
Motivation and needs are concepts, not things. They cannot be seen or heard or touched; they must be inferred or assumed. All human behavior is motivated, even if the person is not necessarily aware of his motives at the time of the behavior.
In motivation, it can be found motive and needs. Motive and needs stimulate a person to do something that what we called motivation. According to Drever, “Motive is an affective-conative factor which operates in determining the direction of an individual‟s behavior towards an end or goal, consciously apprehended, or unconscious” (1975: 178). While in giving a definition of needs, Drever says, “a condition marked by the feeling of lack or want of something, or of requiring the performance of some action” (1975: 182). These theories have relation each other, motivation has been stimulated by motives and needs to be done.
According to one of the highly respected psychologist, Abraham H. Maslow explains the hierarchy of needs in Kalish‟s The Psychology of Human to become everything that one is capable of becoming” (Kalish, 1973: 34). The individuals seem rewarded by the feeling that they have done something to make the most of their abilities, to make something of themselves
- – to do as much as their potential allows. Before one person can do an effective job of self-actualizing, there are other needs that must be reasonably well satisfied. Maslow also construct a hierarchy of needs, which includes physiological needs, safety needs, love and belonging needs, and esteem needs, in addition to the self-actualizing needs (Kalish, 1973: 35). However, the writer only uses love and belonging needs to analyze this thesis.
Most people have the feeling to be loved by others. There is no doubt that the motivating power of the need for love and for a sense of belonging is an important part in our life. In any event, the need for love and belonging is important. Like what Spitz states that “love may be necessary for the mainte nance of good health. “ Babies who lack the love of a mother or mother- substitute have been observed to become depressed” (Kalish, 1973: 44). It means that when someone has no love or maybe get loss of his or her beloved person in his or her life, he or she will feel depressed because of that situation he or she will try anything to get his or her love back. Although love needs and belonging needs are related, they are far from identical. People need to be loved and belonged to some community. People who feel friendless and unloved exert great efforts to satisfy their love and also those who are alienated do gain a sense of belonging within a small group.
5. Theory on Stress
The term stress has been used to describe a variety of negative feelings and reactions that accompany threatening or challenging situations.
According to Selye in Huffman‟s Psychology in Action, stress is a bodily reaction that can occur in response to either internal, cognitive stimuli or external, environmental stimuli. He also distinguishes between eustress (pleasant, desirable stress, as from moderate exercise) and distress (unpleasant, objectionable stress, as from prolonged illness) (Huffman, 2000: 438). It means the body is nearly always in some state of stress, whether pleasant or unpleasant. Things, events, people, situation, and environment are the components that can make someone stressful.
Lazarus and Folkman define stress as a particular relationship between the person and the environment that is appraised by the person as taxing or exceeding his or her resources and endangering his or her well-being He believes that when we appraise events to determine whether they involve harm or the threat of harm. Appraisals are determined simultaneously by perceiving environmental demands and personal resources. They can change over time due to coping effectiveness, altered requirements, or improvements in personal abilities. In other words, the individual brings his or her own beliefs, abilities, and prior experience to the appraisal process. In this case, harm or loss can experience of harm/loss, some damage to the person has already occurred. Damages can include the injury or loss of valued persons, important objects, self-worth, or social standing which will make the person feeling of helplessness and get depression. Thus, any one event may be perceived either as a stressful ordeal or as an exciting opportunity, depending on the individual person‟s appraisal.
Although stress is pervasive in our lives, some things cause more stress than others do. The major influences of stress are thought, emotion, and our behavior. Stress can lead us to the depression feeling. According to Beck, what are central to depression are the negative thoughts, instead of hormonal changes or low rates of reinforcement (http://www.personalityresearch.org/papers/allen.html).
Someone who experiences depression looks like unhappy person and he or she seems to have readjusted to his or her environment. The expression of anger at the assumed inactivity of others would at this point be viewed as inappropriate, so this feeling must be repressed. When a person experiences depression in a long term, he or she will try to cover his or her feeling. What he or she wants is some means of protecting himself or herself from this feeling, and it will lead him or her to create defense mechanism for him or herself. Sigmund Freud defines defense mechanisms as the psychological techniques that defend the person‟s ego and self-esteem from overwhelming anxiety, guilt, and consequent loss of pride/ love (Aiken, 1969: 432). Those are learned responses to depression, and it is only when they are used excessively or become seriously exaggerated that we think of the person as maladjusted. Defense mechanism frequently serves to protect the individual from breaking down completely and developing a major mental disorder. There are many major defense mechanisms that are introduced by Freud. However, the writer only uses one of them that are applied to support this study. Freud mentions Displaced Aggression, or Displacement, in which the individual shows aggression toward an object other than the direct cause of depression (Aiken, 1969: 435). Displaced Aggression is more like an object displacement, in which we displace our direct cause of depression to another object to reduce the effect of our depression.
C. Theoretical Framework
The focus of this study is on the analysis of motivation of revenge, which is revealed in Razye‟s personality development. Thus, the related theories to the study above mentioned are used as the bases to solve the analysis. Besides, those theories are used in supporting the analysis of the questions in problem formulation.
Theories of intrinsic elements, especially theories on character and characterization are used in supporting the first problem formulation is the analysis of the main character. The theories of character by Rohrberger and Abrams, which provide definitions of the term character, give a clear description to understand what character in fiction is.
Foster‟s theory is helpful to determine the complexity of the nature of the character, which refers to the flat and round characters. By using Foster‟s theory, the writer can recognize what kind of character Razye is. By using Foster‟s theory, it can be concluded whether Razye is a flat or round character. It will be applied to analyze and give deeper meaning and also detail explanation about character.
In understanding the main character, the writer uses Murphy‟s theory to analyze Razye‟s characterization. Murphy proposes several ways to characterize characters, however, the writer only uses three of those ways. It is because the writer only finds out those three aspects of Murphy‟s theory in the novel. This theory supports the analysis in describing Razye characterization; the revelation of the main character is done by the observation on the opinion of others characters, the reaction of the character and the characters thought.
The explanation of the relationship between psychology and literature is needed to give an understanding to the reader and also to prove that there is a relation between human being in reality and character in fiction. It also proves that the behaviors of the character in the novel proper to what do we know about human‟s spirit or soul, thus the writer is successful using psychological approach to interpret the work of literature.
Then, the writer relates Hall & Lindzey and Allport‟s theory in Elizabeth Hulock‟s Theory of Personality Development in explaining on personality development in the second problem formulation. Hall and Lindzey explain about the understanding on personality, whereas Allport shows how the Razye‟s personality develops. These theories are needed in supporting how Razyé‟s personality develops.