The narrator`s motivation in bringing back his wife, esther, as revealed in Paulo Coelho`s the Zahir - USD Repository

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  THE NARRATOR’S MOTIVATION IN BRINGING BACK HIS WIFE, ESTHER, AS REVEALED IN PAULO COELHO’S THE ZAHIR A THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree in English Language Education By Anastasia Setyaningrum Student Number: 021214113 ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA

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THE NARRATOR’S MOTIVATION

  

IN BRINGING BACK HIS WIFE, ESTHER,

AS REVEALED IN PAULO COELHO’S THE ZAHIR

A THESIS

Presented as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree

in English Language Education

  

By

Anastasia Setyaningrum

Student Number: 021214113

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM

  

DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION

FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA

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  A Thesis on

  

THE NARRATOR’S MOTIVATION

  

IN BRINGING BACK HIS WIFE, ESTHER,

AS REVEALED IN PAULO COELHO’S THE ZAHIR

  By Anastasia Setyaningrum

  Student Number: 021214113

  

Approved by

Henny Herawati, S.Pd., M.Hum

  27 April 2009 Sponsor

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Once you intend to realize your dream,

the whole world conspires to help you

• Paulo Coelho-

  This thesis is dedicated to: my parents, my friends, and I.

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STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY

  I honestly declare that this thesis, which I have written, does not contain the work or parts of the work of other people, except those cited in the quotations and the references, as a scientific paper should.

  Yogyakarta, 27 April 2009 The writer

  Anastasia Setyaningrum 021214113

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ABSTRACT

Setyaningrum, Anastasia. 2009. The Narrator’s Motivation in Bringing Back

His Wife, Esther, as Revealed in Paulo Coelho’s The Zahir. Yogyakarta:

  English Language Education Study Program, Department of Language and Arts Education, Faculty of Teachers Training and Education, Sanata Dharma University.

  This study is conducted to reveal the narrator’s motivation in The Zahir in finding and bringing back his wife. The novel uses first-person point of view. The narrator of the novel is a successful and popular novelist. One day, his wife, Esther, disappears without any trace and the only reasonable hypothesis is that she leaves him. In the beginning, the narrator suffers for the lost but then he can accept it. He begins to search for her. In his attempt to find Esther, the narrator discovers things that make him understand more about himself and Esther.

  There are three questions discussed in this study. They are (1) how the narrator’s character traits are described, (2) how the character traits of Esther, the narrator’s wife, are described, and (3) what the narrator’s motivations in bringing back his wife are.

  The method of gathering data used was library research. The data was collected from the novel The Zahir as the primary source and from related theories, criticisms, and other sources as the secondary sources. This study used psychological approach. The theory of character and characterization were used to answer the first and second questions. The theory of motivation especially, the theory of hierarchy of needs, was used to answer the third question. These theories were utilized to find out the narrator’s motivation in bringing back his wife, Esther.

  The result of the analysis shows that the narrator is described as a curious, tough, ambitious, and adventurous person who enjoys his privileges as a novelist. Esther is a war journalist. She is caring, intelligent, and adaptable. She is also a risk taker. The narrator’s critical thinking and ambition supported him to find his wife.Based on Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory, it can be concluded that the narrator’s needs for security, love and belonging, and esteem motivate him to find and bring his wife, Esther, back. .

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ABSTRAK

Setyaningrum, Anastasia. 2009. The Narrator’s Motivation in Bringing Back

His Wife, Esther, as Revealed in Paulo Coelho’s The Zahir. Yogyakarta:

  Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris. Jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni. Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan. Universitas Sanata Dharma.

  Studi ini disusun untuk mengungkap motivasi dari narator dalam novel The Zahir dalam usahanya untuk menemukan dan membawa istrinya kembali. Novel ini menggunakan sudut pandang orang pertama. Narator dalam novel tersebut adalah seorang penulis yang sukses dan terkenal. Namun suatu hari istrinya, Esther, menghilang tanpa jejak dan satu-satunya hipotesa yang diperoleh adalah bahwa ia pergi meninggalkan sang narator. Pada awalnya ia merasa terpukul, tetapi kemudian ia mulai dapat menerima kenyataan dan berusaha untuk menemukan istrinya. Dalam perjalanannya mencari Esther, sang narator menemukan hal-hal yang membuatnya semakin mengerti tentang siapa dirinya dan arti Esther baginya.

  Terdapat tiga permasalahan mendasar yang dibahas dalam studi ini, yaitu (1) bagaimana karakter sang narator dalam novel The Zahir, (2) bagaimana karakter Esther, istri sang narator, dan (3) apa motivasi sang narator dalam menemukan dan membawa kembali Esther, istrinya.

  Metode pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah studi pustaka. Data dikumpulkan dari novel The Zahir itu sendiri sebagai sumber utama dan dari teori-teori, kritik, dan sumber-sumber lainnya yang berhubungan dengan studi sebagai data tambahan. Studi ini menggunakan pendekatan psikologis. Teori karakter dan karakteristik digunakan untuk menjawab permasalahan pertama dan kedua. Sedang teori motivasi, terutama hirarki kebutuhan dipakai untuk menjawab permasalahan ketiga. Teori-teori ini digunakan untuk mengetahui motivasi sang narator dalam menemukan dan membawa Esther kembali.

  Hasil dari analisis menunjukkan bahwa sang narator adalah orang yang memiliki rasa ingin tahu yang tinggi, kuat, ambisius dan berjiwa petualang. Ia menikmati kemewahan hidupnya sebagai penulis novel. Sedang Esther adalah seorang wartawan perang. Ia seorang wanita yang penyayang, berpengetahuan luas, suka mengambil resiko dan mudah beradaptasi. Karakter sang narator yang kritis dan ambisius mendukung motivasinya dalam menemukan istrinya. Berdasarkan teori hirarki kebutuhan Maslow, kebutuhannya akan perasaan aman, dicintai dan dimiliki, serta dihargai membuatnya ingin menemukan dan membawa Esther, istrinya, kembali.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to thank those who have supported me in finishing my thesis.

  First and foremost, I would like to bestow my greatest gratitude to Jesus Christ for his love and mercy. His never ending blessings and guidance have strengthened me to finish my thesis.

  My deepest gratitude goes to my beloved parents, Papa Djoko and Mama

  

Niena, who shower me with their love, affection and prayers. I thank them for

  encouraging me patiently in finishing my thesis and supporting me in my hard days. I would also like to thank my sister, Irena, for her care and jokes. Their love and prayers are everything for my life.

  My greatest appreciation goes to my major sponsor, Ibu Henny

  

Herawati, S.Pd., M.Hum., who has found time to read my thesis and patiently

guide me in composing the thesis. I would like to thank Ibu DR. Dra. Wigati Y.

  

Modouw, M.Hum. who has encouraged and guided me in working on my thesis.

  I thank them for their patient guidance, time and suggestions. My thankfulness goes to Sr. Margaret O’Donohue FCJ who had checked my thesis in a short time. I would also like to thank all English Language Education Study

  

Program (EESP) lecturers for the knowledge, experience, and guidance during

  my study as a student of EESP. My thanks are extended to Mbak Dani, Mbak Tari and other staffs for helping me in dealing with administration works.

  I would like to express my gratitude to my best friends, Echi, Mawar,

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  them for all the sweet moments we have. It is a six-year friendship and going to be forever. My big thanks go to my friends, Esta, Tika, Ike, Lissa, Cicil, Wieda,

  

Seto, Ook, Udjo, Galih, Deddy, Metty, Emen, Miko, Jantri, Nana and all

members of PBI 2002 for the supports and laughter we share.

  Last but not least, I thank those whose names I cannot mention here. May God bless them.

  Yogyakarta, 27 April 2009 Anastasia Setyaningrum

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

  TITLE PAGE ...................................................................................................... i APPROVAL PAGES .......................................................................................... ii DEDICATION PAGE......................................................................................... iv STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY ................................................... v ABSTRACT........................................................................................................ vi

  

ABSTRAK ............................................................................................................ vii

  ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................ viii TABLE OF CONTENTS.................................................................................... x LIST OF APPENDICES .................................................................................... xiii CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................

  1

  1.1. Background of the Study...................................................... 1

  1.2. Objectives of the Study ........................................................ 4

  1.3. Problem Formulation ........................................................... 5

  1.4. Benefits of the Study............................................................ 5

  1.5. Definition of Terms.............................................................. 6 CHAPTER 2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ...................................

  8

  2.1. Theoretical Review .............................................................. 8

  2.1.1. Theory of Critical Approaches ................................... 8

  2.1.2. Theory of Character and Chracterization ................... 10

  2.2. Theoretical Framework ........................................................ 17 CHAPTER 3. METHODOLOGY ......................................................................

  4.2. The Character of Esther ....................................................... . 31

  4.3.3. Fulfilling the Narrator’s Belongingness and Love Needs ........................................................................... 39

  4.3.2. Fulfilling the Narrator’s Safety Needs......................... 38

  4.3. The Narrator’s Motivation in Bringing Back His Wife, Esther.................................................................................... . 37

  4.2.4. Adaptable..................................................................... 35

  4.2.3. Risk Taking.................................................................. 34

  4.2.2. Intelligent..................................................................... 33

  4.2.1. Caring .......................................................................... 32

  4.1.4. Adventurous................................................................. 30

  19

  4.1.3. Ambitious..................................................................... 29

  4.1.2. Tough ........................................................................... 27

  4.1.1. Critical ......................................................................... 25

  4.1. The Character of the Narrator .............................................. . 24

  24

  3.3. Procedure.............................................................................. 21 CHAPTER 4. ANALYSIS .................................................................................. .

  3.2. Approach of the Study ......................................................... 21

  3.1. Subject Matter ...................................................................... 19

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  CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS .....................................

  44

  5.1. Conclusions .......................................................................... . 44

  5.2. Suggestions .......................................................................... . 46

  5.2.1. Suggestion for Future Researchers............................... 46

  5.2.2. Suggestion for Teaching-Learning Activities .............. 47 REFERENCES ..................................................................................................... 48

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LIST OF APPENDICES

  Appendix

  1. Summary of The Zahir ...................................................................................... 49

  2. Paulo Coelho Biography ................................................................................... 51

  3. Lesson Plan for Speaking IV............................................................................. 54

  4. Material for Teaching Speaking IV................................................................... 56

  5. Paulo Coelho’s Works ...................................................................................... 62

  6. Hierarchy of Needs Diagram ............................................................................ 63

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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION This chapter deals with the background of the study, problem formulation,

  objective of the study, benefit of the study, and the definition of terms. The background of the study discusses the writer’s personal reasons in choosing the topic of the study. The problem formulation formulates the problems that become the focus of the study. The objectives of the study state the aims of this study. The next part includes the benefits that are expected through the study. At the end of the section, the definition of terms, the writer defines some terms in order to avoid misunderstanding.

1.1 Background of the Study

  Marriage is a bond between a man and a woman. It is a relationship where two people commit not only to live together in both good and bad times, but also to share their life to their partner. Schware states that marriage is a permanent union between a man and woman and legalized by the authority of the state (218).

  Relating with permanent union, it is hoped that marriage happens just once in a lifetime and cannot be separated, except because of death. Stanford defines marriage as a kind of relationship to human beings. Marriage is a vital relationship to human being for the growth and development (Stanford 169). In other words, it can be said that marriage is a means to reach maturity as human beings and through this process they learn and develop. If this process succeeds, it brings

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  History records some stories showing one’s love to his or her partner in marriage; how they struggle to save their marriage. One of the most known love history is from India. Taj Mahal, a great building which is known as a great proof of love, was built by the Mughal emperor, Shah Jahan, as a monument to his beloved wife, Mumtaz Mahal. They fell in love when they were fifteen and got married at twenty on May 10, 1612. In the following 19 years, Mumtaz gave him 14 children. Mumtaz accompanied her husband everywhere. They were together on a military expedition when she had their fourteenth child. Tragically she died soon after this birth when she was only 39. Jahan was beside her, and according to popular history it was a moment which inspired him to create this wonderful monument (Singh 767).

  There is also a love story of Greek mythology. One of the most known stories, though it is the tragic one, is Orpheus and Eurydice. Orpheus was the son of the Muse Calliope and a grand musician. His wife was Eurydice, who also attracted the attentions of Aristaeus. Aristaeus pursued her until she stepped on a poisonous snake and was forced into the underworld. Orpheus wanted his beloved one back. Thus, he journeyed down to the underworld facing some creatures and obstacles. He encountered Hades, who initially refused to release Eurydice, but because of Orpheus's touching music, he released Eurydice with one condition; Orpheus must not look back on their way out. Orpheus who was worried that Eurydice was not behind him on their way home, looked at a glance back to see if

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  Unable to live without her, Orpheus spent the rest of his days in sorrow until his death <“Orpheus and Eurydice”>.

  Those stories show how people respect marriage. Unfortunately, more marriages break easily nowadays. People are not able to save their marriage.

  According to the World Divorce Statistic in 1996, the divorce rate was so high in some countries. For example, in France the divorce rate reached 41% as % of marriages. United States Departement of Health and Human Services, National Center for Health Statistics, noted that in 2005 United States’ divorce rate reached 3.6 per 1000 population, while marriage rate reached 7.5 per 1000 population <”Americans for Divorce Reform”> . This number shows that the number of divorce is almost a half of the number of marriages. We then question the ability of couples in maintaining their marriages. What happened to the love that brought the couple together in the beginning?

  This phenomenon of broken marriage is seized well by Paulo Coelho in his novel, The Zahir. He expresses the meaning and values of marriage through his beautiful paragraphs. It shares a story about a bestselling novelist who lives in France and enjoys all the privilleges his money and celebrity bring. One day, he discovers that his wife, a war correspondent, has disappeared without any trace.

  He does not have any answer but he has plenty of questions of his own though he does not know where to start looking for his wife, Esther. All the memories of Esther cannot be erased from his mind and becomes an obsession that almost

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  explores his moments with Esther; all the things that happen to their mariage until her leaving.

  In his searching, he meets Mikhail, a young man who once was Esther’s translator in Kazakhstan and also the person with whom he believes his wife dissapeares. Mikhail promises to reunite him with his wife if the time is right. He also says that Esther is fine and waiting for him. His searching for her and his attempt to recapture his lost love takes him from France to Spain, Croatia and, eventually, the beautiful landscape of Central Asia, Kazakhstan. The journey takes him from the safety of his world to a totally unknown path, searching for a new understanding of the nature of love. He finally reunites with his wife and starts to have a happy marriage with new way of thinking.

  The writer regards that it is a very interesting topic to be discussed since nowadays there are many divorce cases. Many reasons for it, but still it seems like people do not appreciate the values of marriage much. In this novel, the author shows that marriage is worth to maintain. The narrator in Paulo Coelho’s The Zahir, whose name is not mentioned in the novel, has everything in life; popularity, stability and wealth. Those things can be strong reasons to end his marriage with his wife, Esther, when she left him. On the contrary, he searches for her and prefers to continue his marriage life with his wife. Analyzing one’s motivation in maintaining his or her marriage is the idea that the writer will discuss in this study. Based on that fact, the writer wants to analyze the narrator’s

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  1.2 Objectives of the Study

  Based on the background, the writer is interested in finding out three objectives. The first objective is to reveal the narrator’s character traits. The second objective is to figure out the character traits of Esther, the narrator’s wife. Thirdly, this study is employed to find out the motivation behind the narrator’s decision to bring his wife back.

  1.3 Problem Formulation

  There are three problems that are discussed in this study :

  1. How are the narrator’s character traits in The Zahir described?

  2. How are character traits of Esther, the narator’s wife, described?

  3. What are the narrator’s motivations in finding his wife, Esther, and bringing her back?

  1.4 Benefits of the Study

  This study gives three advantages to the readers. Firstly, this study intends to introduce the readers to Paulo Coelho’s novel. This novel is worth reading because it offers information about people’s character traits and effort in maintaining a marriage. Secondly, the explanation and information in this study can be a reference to the readers who are interested in analyzing Paulo Coelho’s novels. Finally, it gives its contribution to the readers especially students of

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  English Education Study Program through the teaching materials provided in this study.

1.5 Definition of terms

  There are some specific terms that need to be defined in order to avoid misconception. They are :

  1. Motivation The term motive refers to an internal state of the organism which arouses activity and directs the organism’s behavior toward certain objects or conditions called goal (Aiken 110). According to Stanton, a character’s reason for behaving as he does is his motivation (17). While Kalish states that motivated behavior is behavior set into motion by a need (29). Motivation, in this study, is the reasons of people’s behavior.

  2. Zahir In the novel The Zahir, it is mentioned that according to the writer Jorge

  Luis Borges, the idea of the Zahir comes from Islamic tradition. Zahir, in Arabic, means visible, present, and incapable of going unnoticed. It can refer to an object or a person, and that object or person gradually takes over our every thought, until we are unable to think of anything else.

  3. Character According to Abrams, characters are defined as “the persons presented in a dramatic or narrative work, who are interpreted by the reader as being endowed

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  say – the dialogue – and by what they do – the action” (23). In other words, a character is a person who plays a role in a story. This person expresses emotions and moral principles through what he or she says and does.

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CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE This chapter examines some theories to discuss the topic of the study. There

  

are three parts in this chapter. The first part is theoretical review, which discusses

about some related theories that help the writer to analyze Paulo Coelho’s The Zahir.

  

Since the objectives of the study are to describe the narrator’s character traits and the

character traits of the narrator’s wife, and also to find out the narrator’s motivation in

bringing his wife back, the theories in this part are related to those topics. The second

part deals with theoretical framework, which explains the reasons for choosing the

theories and the functions of each theory.

2.1 Theoretical Review

  To analyze this study, the writer uses some theories. They are theory of

critical approaches that are usually used in literary study, theory of character and

characterization, and theory of psychology which focuses on motivation.

2.1.1 Theory of Critical Approaches

  Appreciating literary works can be in different ways for every reader. One

way to do it is by giving evaluative judgments. Therefore, readers need some

appropriate approaches known as critical approach to literature. It helps the readers

gain better understanding in the nature, function, and positive values of literary

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works. Rohrberger and Wood Jr. introduce five approaches as the means for the

readers to evaluate a literary work (6-15). Those approaches are the formalist

approach, the biographical approach, the sociocultural-historical approach, the

mythopoeic approach, and the psychological approach.

  The first is the formalist approach. It is concerned with demonstrating the

harmonious involvement of all the parts to the whole and with pointing out how

meaning is derived from structure and how matters and technique determine structure

(6-7). The second approach is the biographical approach. This approach provides

useful facts about the author which helps the readers to have a better understanding

and appreciation towards the literary object (8-9). The third approach is the

sociocultural-historical approach. This approach is concerned with the social

background in which work of literary was created. In short, before one can

understand well a work of literature, he or she has to know the social, cultural, and

historical aspects of the literary work because these aspects are inseparable from the

literary object (9-11). The forth approach is the mythopoeic approach. This approach

emphasizes the universal recurrent patterns of human thought. It is believed that these

patterns are found in ancient myths and folk rites which are so basic to human

thought and have meaning for all humans (11-13). The fifth approach is the

psychological approach. This approach believes that one’s imagination, capacity for

creation, and complexity of thoughts and behaviors are expressed through symbolic

words, thoughts and action. These symbols are common to all humans in which can

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be interpreted in light of the individual’s experience. This approach involves the

effort to locate and demonstrate certain recurrent pattern (13-15).

  In this study, the writer uses the psychological approach to analyze Paulo

Coelho’s The Zahir. By using this approach, the analysis of the narrator’s motivation

in the novel can be done profoundly. The psychological approach uses psychological

theories to explain human motivation, personality, and behavior patterns written in

literary objects. Moreover, this approach believes that characters’ thought,

personality, and behavior may reflect their psychological order.

2.1.2 Theory of Characters and Characterization

  Characters play essential roles in a literary work. They are the first point to

build a story. Most stories contain a central character, which is relevant to every event

in the story; usually the events cause some changes in him/her or in our attitude

toward him/her. Characters are the persons presented in a dramatic or narrative work,

who are interpreted by the reader as being endowed with moral and dispositional

qualities that are expressed in what they say – the dialogue – and by what they do –

the action (Abram 23).

  Stanton clarifies that the term character is generally used in two ways (17).

The first, character marks out the persons in the story, the persons who appear in the

story. The second, character refers to the mixture of interests, desires, emotions, and

moral principles that make up each of the persons. Thus, the meaning of character can

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be both the actor in a story and the character traits of the characters. There must be a

relationship between an actor and the character traits that he or she has.

  There are types of character as a person in a story. Holman and Harmon

categorize character into two types (82). First, major character is the character that

plays the most important role in a story. A major character becomes the focus of the

story. He or she is the most frequently appearing character in the story from the

beginning until the end. Second, minor character is the character that takes a less

important role in the story. He or she does not always appear in the story.

  Characters can also be flat and round characters, as E. M. Forster categorizes

in his book. Flat characters are easily recognized, “they are constructed round a single

idea or quality” (47). They have only one outstanding trait or feature. They change

only a little part from the beginning to the end of the story. In contrast, round

character is dynamic and changes. Round character is more complex than flat

character. Round character is presented with more facets with greater depth and more

details. He or she is complex in emotion and motivation. This kind of character has

unpredictable action and therefore often surprises the readers.

  Abrams in Glossary of Literary Terms states that there are two methods in

portraying characters. They are telling method and showing method. Telling method

is a method, in which the author himself can interfere authoritatively, in order to

describe and often evaluate the motives and dispositions qualities of his characters.

  

Showing method is a method in which the author merely presents his characters’

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talking and acting, and leaves the readers to infer what motives and dispositions lay

behind what they say or do (21).

  Murphy in his book Understanding Unseens mentions nine methods to

understand personality in characters. They are personal description, character as seen

by another, speech, past life, conversation of others, reaction, direct comment,

thoughts, and mannerism (Murphy 161-173).

  The first one is personal description (161). It deals with physical appearances.

The author describes a person’s character from his or her face detail and clothes that a

person wears in the story. For example, a person wears cashmere and silk scarf can be

identified as a rich person. A person with scars, whiskers and untidy clothes can be

assumed as a criminal.

  The second is characters as seen by another (162). Using this method, a

person’s character is described through the eyes and opinions of another character.

  

Therefore the readers can get a reflected image of one’s character. The reader gets, as

it were, a reflected image. This method can give the impressions of shape,

cleanliness, firmness, smoothness, colour, and many other things.

  The third is speech (164). It is an important way that we can use to describe a

character. The author gives us a description of the characteristic of one person in a

novel through the words that come out from his or her mouth and the style of his or

her speech. Whenever a person speaks, whenever he or she is in a conversation with

others, whenever he or she puts forward an opinion, the person is giving us some

clues to his or her character.

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  13 The fourth is past life (166). A person’s character is influenced by his or her

past life. This is the reason why the author often gives hints to certain events in the

characters past life in a literary work.

  The fifth one is conversation of others (167). We can take clues of a person’s

character through the conversations of the other people and the things they say about

him or her. People talk about other people and things they say describe other’s

character in their mind. Through these saying people give clues to the character of the

person spoken about.

  The next is reactions (168). Different characters will react differently if they

face problems. Each reaction toward the problems shows the character’s tendency

and this tendency give the readers a description about the character’s personality. For

example, a story tells about two sisters who gets an accident one night. The first girl

cries out because there is no one there to help them. The second girl directly calls the

police to ask for help. These two girls show different characters from their reaction

toward a problem.

  The seventh is direct comment (170). The description by direct comment is

different from the personal description. In the direct comment description, it is the

author who gives his or her personal reception and comment directly to the character

that he creates.

  The eight is thoughts (171). By knowing a person’s thought, the author can

give us direct knowledge of what a person is thinking about. Knowing a person’s

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mind is one way to know the character of that person. Moreover, the author can give

description to the readers that different people may have different ways of thinking.

  The last one is mannerism (173). A person’s character can be described

through a person’s mannerisms, habits, or unusual behavior which may also tell us

something about his or her character. The way a character acts can be a clue to

understand the person’s character.

2.1.3 Theory of Motivation

  People’s behavior is influenced by certain motives. These motives lead them

to behave in their manner to get some achievement. Motivation seems to provide the

“Why” of behavior. The term motive refers to an internal state of the organism which

arouses activity and directs the organism’s behavior toward certain objects or

conditions called goal (Aiken 110). Since motives are always inferred from behavior,

it is circular reasoning to argue that a motive explains the behavior from which it was

inferred. According to Stanton, a character’s reason for behaving as he does is his

motivation (17). Moreover, Kalish clarifies that motivated behavior is behavior set

into motion by a need (29). A need indicates that some type of satisfaction is lacking

and implies that the organism is activated to reduce the dissatisfaction. He believes

that motivation is strong enough to activate goal-seeking behavior, which begins with

curious feeling and ended with behavior that satisfied one’s need.

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  15 Theory of motivation plays an essential role in this study because it helps the

writer to discover the narrator’s motivation in finding and bringing back his wife. It

helps the writer understands the reason why the narrator decides to take such action.

  There are different theories of motivation stated by some theorists. The most

widely known is Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. Maslow believes, as mentioned in

Braun and Linder, that human needs, or motives, are organized hierarchically (375).

The hierarchy of needs is presented in appendix 3.

  Maslow in Goble’s The Third Force clarifies motivations in relation with

human needs (38). He states, as explained by Petri, that human motivations are based

on human needs and that people conduct an action to fulfill their needs (302).

Moreover, Maslow theory, as mentioned in Schultz, states that the needs of love and

possessing have to be fulfilled in order to get the satisfaction feeling and motivation

arises because of such needs (94). This shows that motivation exists to fulfill the

lacks that people feel inside them.

  Maslow’s hierarchy of needs consists of physiological needs, safety needs,

belonging and love needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization needs. The first two

needs are considered primary or lower-order needs; the remaining three are secondary

or higher-order needs. Maslow argues that usually the lowest need on the hierarchy

has to be satisfied first before the higher needs on the hierarchy being satisfied (Goble

38-43).

  The physiological needs are the fundamental needs for food, clothing, shelter,

comfort, and self-preservation. Someone who faces death by starvation or any other

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need of this level may resort to murder to meet fundamental, life sustaining need,

despite what society might think. When a person lacks of food, self-esteem, and love,

he is going to demand food first. He will ignore the other needs until the need of food

is satisfied.

  The safety needs are the needs for stability, order and protection. An insecure

person behaves as if a great tragedy is almost always impending. This person has an

over need for order and stability, and tries hard to avoid the strange and the

unexpected. In short, people need to feel secure, safe and out of danger. People are

going to realize that higher needs become unimportant when their life is endangered.

  The next needs are the belonging and love needs. Love, according to Maslow,

involves a healthy, loving relationship between two people which includes mutual

trust (Goble 41). We satisfy our love needs by establishing an intimate, caring

relationship with another person, or people in general, and in these relationships it is

just as important to give love as to receive it. In the proper relationship, there are lack

of fear and dropping of defenses. The absence of love stifles growth and the

development of potential. To defeat love needs is considered as a prime cause of

maladjustment. Love hunger is a deficiency disease. Love involves research hunger

for affectionate relationship with others and it requires both the receiving and giving

of love itself, love from another and someone to love. According to Maslow,

belonging and love needs are difficult to be satisfied in this modern world in which

people move a lot. We no longer stay permanently in one place. We change houses,

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neighborhood, cities, countries, or even spouses. We are not long enough in one place

to develop a sense of belonging.

  The esteem needs have two categories, they are self-esteem and respect from

other people. Self-esteem comprises such needs as desires for confidence,

competence, mastery, adequacy, achievement, independence, and freedom. Those

characteristics, if we lack of them, we feel inferior, weak and helpless in facing life.

  

Respect encloses such concepts as prestige, recognition, acceptance, attention, status,

reputation, and appreciation. Very often we think well ourselves if we are sure that

others think well of us.

  The self-actualization needs are described as the desire to become more and

more what one is, to become everything that one is capable of becoming. These needs

are the identification of the psychological need for growth, development, and

utilization of potential. Self-actualizing people express their emotions in open and

direct ways. They are also committed to their work. According to Maslow, if this

sense of devotion and dedication is absent, it is impossible for someone to become

self-actualizing. These needs also appear after reasonable satisfaction of love and

esteem needs (Goble 42).

2.2 Theoretical Framework

  The theories that the writer had explained were to support the analysis of the

study. In this part, the writer mentioned what theories are applied and why the writer

used those theories. First was the theory of critical approach which was important to

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know what approach was the most relevant to analyze the study. It turned out that the

psychological approach was the most relevant one because this study discussed

human motivation, personality, and behavior patterns written in literary objects.