GAYA BAHASA PADA NOVEL TRILOGI RONGGENG DUKUH PARUK BUKU III (JANTERA BIANGLALA) KARYA AHMAD TOHARI (SEBUAH KAJIAN PRAGMATIK)

  

KARYA AHMAD TOHARI

(SEBUAH KAJIAN PRAGMATIK)

SKRIPSI

Diajukan untuk Memenuhi Salah Satu Syarat

  

Memperoleh Gelar Sarjana Pendidikan

Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia

Oleh:

Dedy Setyo Herutomo

  

091224091

PROGRAM STUDI PENDIDIKAN BAHASA DAN SASTRA INDONESIA

JURUSAN PENDIDIKAN BAHASA DAN SENI

FAKULTAS KEGURUAN DAN ILMU PENDIDIKAN

UNIVERSITAS SANATA DHARMA

YOGYAKARTA

  

2014

  

MOTTO

 

 

 

  PENDIDIKAN  MERUPAKAN PERLENGKAPAN PALING BAIK UNTUK HARI 

TUA

 

  

(ARISTOTELES)

 

 

 

 

 

  HARGA  KEBAIKAN MANUSIA ADALAH DIUKUR MENURUT APA YANG  TELAH  DILAKSANAKAN / DIPERBUATNYA  (  ALI BIN ABI THALIB ) 

 

 

 

 

 

KEMALASAN

   ADALAH MUSUH TERBESAR JIWA  (ST  BENEDIKTUS DARI NURSIA) 

  HALAMAN PERSEMBAHAN Skripsi ini saya persembahkan secara khusus untuk Ibu saya tercinta Y. Murwiyati, S.Pd. Adik saya Ratna Hindrias Ningrum. Amd.Keb Ibu Winarni dan Bapak Y. Sutomo Kekasih saya Angela Editha Fortunata. L Keluarga Bapak Andreas Yan Lanting dan Ibu Lamberta Maria Baysing Skripsi ini saya persembahkan sebagai tanda terima kasih yang mendalam atas segala dukungan dan kasih yang diberikan selama ini. Saya menyatakan dengan sesungguhnya bahwa skripsi yang saya tulis ini tidak memuat karya atau bagian karya orang lain, kecuali yang telah disebutkan dalam kutipan dan daftar pustaka, sebagaimana layaknya karya ilmiah.

  Yogyakarta, 24 Februari 2014 Penulis

  Dedy Setyo Herutomo

  

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN

PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS

  Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma: Nama : Dedy Setyo Herutomo Nomor Mahasiswa : 091224091

  Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya berjudul:

  

PARUK BUKU III (JANTERA BIANGLALA) KARYA AHMAD

  Dengan demikian, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma Yogyakarta hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu izin dari saya maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.

  Demikian pernyataan ini yang saya buat dengan sebenarnya. Dibuat di Yogyakarta Pada tanggal : 24 Februari 2014 Yang menyatakan (Dedy Setyo Herutomo)

  

ABSTRAK

  Herutomo, Dedy Setyo. 2013. Gaya Bahasa pada Novel Trilogi Ronggeng

  Dukuh Paruk Buku III (Jantera Bianglala). Karya Ahmad Tohari (Sebuah Kajian Pragmatik). Skripsi, Yogyakarta: PBSI, JPBS,

  FKIP,USD. Langkah awal penelitian ini adalah mengumpulkan kutipan teks novel yang ada dalam novel dan mengklasifikasikannya ke dalam bagian gaya bahasa yang ditemukan. Berdasarkan hasil klasifikasi bagian dari gaya bahasa, kemudian peneliti menganalisis bagaimanakah maksud dan karakteristik gaya bahasa dalam novel Jantera Bianglala ditinjau dengan pragmatik, kemudian peneliti juga menyimpulkan penggunaan gaya bahasa dalam novel Jantera Bianglala. Setiap teks yang mengandung dari bagian gaya bahasa, peneliti mampu memahami dan memaknai isi teks tersebut dengan mencari sendiri di dalam teks novel sehingga mampu untuk menangkap dinamika apa yang diarahkan oleh strukturasi karya atau dinamika internal teks novel tersebut melalui gaya bahasa yang terkandung dalam gaya bahasa. Subjek penelitian ini adalah novel Ronggeng Dukuh Paruk Jantera Bianglala karya Ahmad Tohari.

  Hasil klasifikasi gaya bahasa dalam novel Ronggeng Dukuh Paruk, ditemukan gaya bahasa bahasa retoris, yang semata-mata merupakan penyimpangan dan konstruksi biasa untuk mencapai efek tertentu. Macam-macam gaya bahasa retoris seperti yang dimaksud di atas adalah: (1) anastrof, (2)

  

apofasis atau preterisio, (3) asindenton, (4) polisideto ,(5) kiasmus,(6) elipsis, (7)

eufemismus, (8) litotis, (9) histeron proteron, (10) pleonasme dan tautologi, (11)

perifrasis, (12) prolepsis atau antisipasi, (13) erotesis atau pertanyaan retoris, (14)

silepsis dan zeugma, (15) koreksio atau epanortosis, (16) hiperbol, (17) paradoks,

  (18) oksimoron dan (19) apostrof, (20) Metafora, (21) Ironi.

  .

          

  

ABSTRACT

Herutomo, Dedy Setyo. 2013.

    The Style Of a Language In The Trilogy Of

  Ronggeng Dukuh Pruk Book III (Jantera Bianglala) By Ahmad Tohari (A Pragmatics Study). Thesis, Yogyakarta: PBSI, JPBS,

  FKIP, USD. The first step of this research is colleting the quotes of the novel that is in the novel and classitying it into the language styles that had been found. Based on the result of the classified language style, then the researcher analyzed the meaning and the characteristic of the language style of novel Jantera Bianglala pragmatically, then concluded the use of language style on the novel Jantera

  

Bianglala . Each text that contained language style, the researcher can understand

  and clarity the content by searching on the novel alone so that the researcher can grab the internal dynamics of the novel thorough the language style.the subject of this research is Ahmad Tohari novel Ronggeng Dukuh Paruk Jantera Bianglala.

  The result of the classified language style in the novel Ronggeng Dukuh

  

Paruk is the finding of the rherotical language style which is only a mere anomaly

  or divergence and common construction to attain a certain or particular effect. The types of the rhetoric language style that had been already mentioned above are : (1) anastrof, (2) apofasis or preterisio, (3) asindenton, (4) polisideto, (5) kiasmus, (6) elipsis, (7) eufemismus, (8) litotis, (9) histeron proteron (10) pleonasme and

  

tautology , (11) perifrasis, (12) prolepsis or anticipation, (13) erotesis or

rhetorical question , (14) silepsis and zeugma, (15) koreksio or epanortosis, (16),

hyperbole (17) paradox, (18) oksimoron and (19) apostrophe, (20) metaphor, (21)

irony .

                   

  Puji Syukur saya panjatkan kepada Tuhan Yang Maha Esa atas berkat, kasih dan karunia-Nya yang senantiasa menyertai saya, sehingga saya dapat menyelesaikan skripsi saya yang berjudul Gaya Bahasa pada Novel Trilogi

  

Ronggeng Dukuh Paruk Buku III (Jantera Bianglala) Karya Ahmad Tohari

(Sebuah Kajian Pragmatik) ini dengan baik. Skripsi ini ditulis untuk memenuhi

  salah satu syarat untuk memperoleh gelar Sarjana Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia.

  Oleh karena itu, secara khusus penulis ingin mengucapkan terimakasih kepada:

  1. Setya Tri Nugraha, S.Pd, M.Pd., selaku dosen pembimbing pertama yang bersedia meluangkan waktunya untuk membimbing dan mengarahkan penulis menyelesaikan skripsi ini.

  2. Prof. Dr. Pranowo, M.Pd., selaku dosen pembimbing kedua, atas segala waktu, pengertian, saran, nasihat, dan bimbingannya pada penulis dalam menyelesaikan skripsi ini.

  3. Dr. Yuliana Setiyaningsih, selaku Ketua Prodi Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia.

  4. Para dosen PBSI, yang dengan caranya masing-masing telah membekali penulis dengan berbagai ilmu dan pengetahuan yang dibutuhkan.

  5. Robertus Marsidiq, yang sudah membantu dan melayani penulis dalam mengurusi berbagai hal yang sifatnya administratif.

  6. Teman-teman PBSI angkatan 2009, secara khusus kelas B, yang telah memberikan dukungan serta memberikan banyak masukan serta semangat sehingga penulis bisa menyelesaikan skripsi ini.

  7. Teman-teman terkasih, Nuridang, Satrio, Yudha, Hening, Bambang, Aldo, Jati, Tina, Ita, Clara, Erni, Emon, Ibnu, Atow dan teman tercintaku Ria, ibeth, Henta, Adven, Riris, Anik, Gatik, Vina dll.

  8. Pihak Universitas Sanata Dharma, yang telah mencipkan kondisi serta menyediakan berbagai fasilitas yang mendukung penulis dalam studi dan penyelesaian skripsi ini. Penulis menyadari skripsi ini belum lah sempurna.Walaupun demikian, semoga penelitian ini berguna dan menjadi inspirasi bagi peneliti selanjutnya.

  Yogyakarta, 24 Februari 2014 Penulis Dedy Setyo Herutomo

                     

  

DAFTAR ISI

HALAMAN JUDUL ...................................................................................... i HALAMAN PERSETUJUAN PEMBIMBING .......................................... ii

HALAMAN PENGESAHAN........................................................................ iii

MOTTO .......................................................................................................... iv

HALAMAN PERSEMBAHAN .................................................................... v

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN KEASLIAN KARYA...................................... vi

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI ...................... vii

KATA PENGANTAR.................................................................................... viii

ABSTRAK ...................................................................................................... x

ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................... xi

DAFTAR ISI................................................................................................... xii

DAFTAR TABEL .......................................................................................... xv

DAFTAR BAGAN.......................................................................................... xvi

  

BAB I PENDAHULUAN............................................................................... 1

  1.1 Latar Belakang Masalah....................................................................... 1

  1.2 Rumusan Masalah ................................................................................ 5

  1.3 Tujuan Penelitian.................................................................................. 6

  1.4 Manfaat Penelitian................................................................................ 6

  1.5 Definisi Istilah ...................................................................................... 7

  1.6 Sistematika Penyajian .......................................................................... 8

  

BAB II LANDASAN TEORI ........................................................................ 9

  2.1 Penelitian Yang Relevan ...................................................................... 9

  2.2 Pragmatik ............................................................................................. 11

  2.3 Gaya ..................................................................................................... 11

  2.4 Bahasa .................................................................................................. 12

  2.5 Gaya Bahasa ......................................................................................... 13

  2.5.2 Apofasis atau Preteresio.................................................................... 15

  2.5.3 Apostrof ........................................................................................... 15

  2.5.4 Asidenton .......................................................................................... 15

  2.5.5 Polisindeton....................................................................................... 16

  2.5.6 Kiasmus ........................................................................................... 16

  2.5.7 Elipsis ........................................................................................... 16

  2.5.8 Eufimisme ......................................................................................... 17

  2.5.9 Litotes ........................................................................................... 18

  2.5.10 Histeron Proteron .......................................................................... 18

  2.5.11 Pleonasme/Tautologi..................................................................... 19

  2.5.12 Perifrasi ......................................................................................... 19

  2.5.13 Prolepsia/Antisipasi....................................................................... 20

  2.5.14 Eroteris/Retoris ............................................................................. 20

  2.5.15 Silepsis/Zeugma ............................................................................ 21

  2.5.16 Koreksio/Epanortosis .................................................................... 21

  2.5.17 Hiperbol......................................................................................... 21

  2.5.18 Paradoks ........................................................................................ 22

  2.5.19 Oksimoron..................................................................................... 22

  2.5.20 Metafora ........................................................................................ 22

  2.5.21 Ironi ........................................................................................... 23

  2.6 Kerangka Berpikir ............................................................................... 23

  

BAB III METODOLOGI PENELITIAN .................................................... 26

  3.1 Jenis Penelitian .................................................................................... 26

  3.2 Sumber Data dan Data Penelitian........................................................ 26

  3.3 Teknik Pengumpulan Data .................................................................. 26

  3.4 Instrumen Penelitian............................................................................ 28

  3.5 Teknik Analisis Data ........................................................................... 29

  

BAB IV HASIL ANALISIS DAN PEMBAHASAN.................................... 30

  4.1 Deskripsi Data ..................................................................................... 30

  4.2 Karakteristik Gaya Bahasa Pada Novel Jantera Bianglala.................. 32

  4.3 Maksud Gaya Bahasa Pada Novel Jantera Bianglala.......................... 34

  4.4 Analisis Data ....................................................................................... 38

  4.5 Pembahasan Hasil Penelitian .............................................................. 39

  4.5.1 Metafora ........................................................................................... 40

  4.5.2 Ironi ................................................................................................ 40

  4.5.3 Anastrof ........................................................................................... 41

  4.5.4 Koreksio atau Epanortosis ................................................................ 42

  4.5.5 Asidenton .......................................................................................... 42

  4.5.6 Polisidenton....................................................................................... 43

  4.5.7 Elipsis ........................................................................................... 44

  4.5.8 Eufemismus........................................................................................ 44 4.5.9 Litotes ...........................................................................................

  45

  4.5.10 Histeron Proteron .......................................................................... 46

  4.5.11 Pleonasme ..................................................................................... 46

  4.5.12 Tautologi ....................................................................................... 47

  4.5.13 Perifrasis........................................................................................ 48

  4.5.14 Prolepsis ........................................................................................ 49

  4.5.15 Erotesis atau Pertanyaan Retoris ................................................... 49

  4.5.16 Hiperbola....................................................................................... 50

  4.5.17 Paradoks ........................................................................................ 51

  4.5.18 Oksimoron..................................................................................... 51

  4.5.19 Apofasis atau Praterisio................................................................. 52

  4.5.20 Silepsis dan Zeugma ..................................................................... 53

  4.5.21 Apostrof......................................................................................... 54

  4.5.22 Kiasmus......................................................................................... 54

  4.6 Gaya Bahasa Yang Terkandung Dalam Novel Jantera Bianglala....... 55

  

BAB V PENUTUP.......................................................................................... 89

  5.1 Kesimpulan........................................................................................... 89

  5.2 Saran..................................................................................................... 92

  

DAFTAR PUSTAKA ..................................................................................... 93

LAMPIRAN              

  DAFTAR TABEL

  Tabel 1: Gaya Bahasa Trope Dalam Novel Jentera Bianglala ........................... 56

  

DAFTAR BAGAN

  Bagan Kerangka Pikir ......................................................................................... 26

  

B A B

  I P E N D A H U L U A N .

  1 L a t a r B e l a k a n g

  1 K a r y a s a s rt a , s e b a g a i s e b u a h s rt u k t u r t e r d ri i a t a s u n s u r y a n g t e r s u s u n

  s e c a r a b e r s i s t e m . M e m b i c a r a k a n s a s rt a y a n g b e r s fi a t i m a ij n a t fi , b e r h a d a p a n

  g e n r e

  d e n g a n it g a j e n i s s a s rt a , y a ti u p r o s a , p u i s i , d a n d r a m a . P r o s a d a l a m p e n g e r it a n k e s a s rt a a n j u g a d i s e b u t if k s ,i t e k s n a r a t fi , a t a u w a c a n a n a r a t fi . I s t li a h if k s i d a l a m p e n g e r it a n i n i a d a l a h c e r ti a r e k a a n a t a u c e r ti a k h a y a l a n . H a l ti u d i s e b a b k a n k a r e n a if k s i m e r u p a k a n k a r y a n a r a it f y a n g i s i n y a it d a k m e n y a r a n p a d a k e b e n a r a n s e j a r a h , A b r a m s ( N u r g i y a n t o r o ,

  2 7 : 2 .) S e b a g a i s e b u a h k a r y a i m a ij n e r , if k s i m e n a w a r k a n b e r b a g a i p e r m a s a l a h a n m a n u s i a d a n k e m a n u s i a a n , h i d u p d a n k e h i d u p a n .

  S a l a h s a t u j e n i s p r o s a a d a l a h n o v e l . N o v e l m e r u p a k a n b a g i a n d a r i k a r y a if k s i y a n g m e m u a t p e n g a l a m a n m a n u s i a s e c a r a m e n y e l u r u h a t a u m e r u p a k a n s u a t u t e jr e m a h a n t e n t a n g p e jr a l a n a n h i d u p y a n g b e r s e n t u h a n d e n g a n k e h i d u p a n m a n u s i a , s e h i n g g a d a p a t d i k a t a k a n b a h w a k a r y a if k s i b e r u p a n o v e l a d a l a h s u a t u p o rt e t r e a l ti a s y a n g t e r w u j u d m e l a l u i b a h a s a y a n g e s t e it s .

  M a n u s i a s e l a l u b e r u s a h a m e n c u k u p i k e b u t u h a n j a s m a n i d a n r o h a n ,i s a l a h s a t u k e b u t u h a n r o h a n i m a n u s i a a d a l a h k e i n d a h a n a t a u s e n i . K e i n d a h a n a t a u s e n i d a p a t d i p e r o l e h d a r i k a r y a s a s rt a y a n g d a p a t d i u n g k a p k a n m e l a l u i p i k ri a n d a n p e r a s a a n , s e s e o r a n g d a p a t m e n g u n g k a p k a n a t a u m e l u k i s k a n s e s u a t u h a l y a n g s e s e o r a n g d a p a t m e l a k u k a n n y a d e n g a n c a r a y a n g b e r b e d a p u l a . D a l a m m e n y a m p a i k a n p i k ri a n d a n p e r a s a a n t e r s e b u t , k e i n d a h a n a t a u s e n i d a p a t d i il h a t d a r i g a y a b a h a s a y a n g d i g u n a k a n , p e n g g u n a a n k a t a d a l a m k a il m a t , m e n g u n g k a p k a n s e s u a t u d e n g a n b a h a s a y a n g i n d a h , d a n m a s i h b a n y a k l a g i .

  G a y a b a h a s a s e s u n g g u h n y a t e r d a p a t p a d a s e l u r u h r a g a m b a h a s a , b a i k r a g a m b a h a s a il s a n m a u p u n r a g a m b a h a s a t u il s a n . R a g a m b a h a s a il s a n d i n y a t a k a n d e n g a n m i m i k , t e k a n a n s u a r a - , g e r a k t u b u h , d a n l a i n l a i n . S e m e n t a r a r a g a m b a h a s a t u il s a n d a p a t d i n y a t a k a n d e n g a n p i k ri a n d a n p e r a s a a n m e l a l u i k a r y a y a n g d i h a s li k a n . M e n u r u t K e r a f (

  2 4 :

  1

  1 2 ) g a y a a t a u k h u s u s n y a g a y a b a h a s a d i k e n a l d a l a m r e t o ir k a d e n g a n i s t li a h s t y l e . G a y a b a h a s a a t a u s t y l e m e n j a d i m a s a l a h a t a u b a g i a n d a r i d i k s i a t a u p i il h a n k a t a y a n g m e m p e r s o a l k a n c o c o k it d a k n y a p e m a k a i a n k a t a , f r a s e a t a u k l a u s a t e tr e n t u u n t u k m e n g h a d a p i s ti u a s i t e tr e n t u .

  S e d a n g k a n m e n u r u t T a ir g a n (

  1

  9

  8 5 : 5 ) . S e c a r a s i n g k a t d a p a t d i k a t a k a n b a h w a g a y a b a h a s a a d a l a h c a r a m e n g u n g k a p k a n p i k ri a n m e l a l u i b a h a s a s e c a r a k h a s y a n g m e m p e r il h a t k a n ij w a d a n k e p ir b a d i a n p e n u il s ( p e m a k a i a n b a h a s a .)

  M e n u r u t K e r a f (

  2 6 :

  1 3 ) , b e r d a s a r k a n l a n g s u n g it d a k n y a , m a k n a g a y a b a h a s a d a p a t d i b e d a k a n m e n j a d i d u a g o l o n g a n y a ti u : . 1 g a y a b a h a s a r e t o ir s , d a n 2 . g a y a b a h a s a k i a s a n . G a y a b a h a s a r e t o ir s m e r u p a k a n g a y a b a h a s a y a n g - s e m a t a m a t a m e r u p a k a n p e n y i m p a n g a n d a r i k o n s rt u k s i b i a s a u n t u k m e n c a p a i e f e k t e tr e n t u ( K e r a f ,

  2 6 :

  1 3 ) . G a y a b a h a s a i n i m e m i il k i b e r b a g a i f u n g s i a n t a r a l a i n m e n j e l a s k a n , m e m p e r k u a t , m e n g h i d u p k a n o b j e k m a it , m e n i m b u l k a n g e l a k t a w a , a t a u u n t u k h i a s a n . S e d a n g k a n g a y a b a h a s a k i a s a n m e m b a n d i n g k a n s e s u a t u d e n g a n s e s u a t u h a l y a n g l a i n , b e r a tr i m e n c o b a u n t u k m e n e m u k a n c ri i y a n g m e n u n j u k k a n k e s a m a a n a n t a r a d u a h a l t e r s e b u t ( K e r a f , 2 6 :

  1

  3 6 .) S e p e tr i h a l n y a d a l a m g a y a b a h a s a r e t o ir s , g a y a b a h a s a r e t o ir s m e r u p a k a n g a y a b a h a s a y a n g m a m p u m e n g u n g k a p k a n p e r a s a a n s e s e o r a n g k h u s u s n y a g a y a b a h a s a d a r i s e o r a n g p e n u il s n o v e l d e n g a n a p a y a n g i n g i n I a u n g k a p k a n e n t a h ti u d e n g a n m a k n a t e r s ri a t m a u p u n it d a k t e r s ri a t , g a y a b a h a s a r e t o ir s s e n d ri i m e m p u n y a i a tr i g a y a b a h a s a y a n g s - e m a t a m a t a m e r u p a k a n p e n y i m p a n g a n d a n k o n s rt u k s i b i a s a u n t u k m e n c a p a i e f e k t e tr e n t u .

  B li a d i il h a t s e c a r a u m u m , d a p a t d i k a t a k a n b a h w a g a y a b a h a s a a d a l a h c a r a m e n g u n g k a p k a n d ri i s e n d i ir , e n t a h m e l a l u i b a h a s a , it n g k a h l a k u , b e r p a k a i a n d a n s e b a g a i n y a . G a y a b a h a s a d a p a t d i g u n a k a n u n t u k m e n li a i p ir b a d i , w a t a k , d a n k e m a m p u a n s e s e o r a n g y a n g m e m p e r g g u n a k a n b a h a s a ti u . S e m a k i n b a i k g a y a b a h a s a n y a , s e m a k i n b a i k p u l a p e n li a i a n o r a n g t e r h a d a p n y a . P a d a d a s a r n y a d e if n i s i t e n t a n g g a y a b a h a s a t e r s e b u t d i a t a s m e m i il k i k e s a m a a n . G a y a b a h a s a j u g a d i p a h a m i s e b a g a i p e m a n f a a t a n a t a s k e k a y a a n b a h a s a o l e h s e s e o r a n g d a l a m b e tr u t u r a t a u m e n u il .s

  J a n t e r a B a n g l a l a

  D a l a m n o v e l k a r y a A h m a d T o h a r i b a n y a k s e k a l i g a y a b a h a s a y a n g d i g u n a k a n o l e h n y a , s e l a i n u n t u k m e n g u n g k a p k a n p e r a s a a n t e r s ri a t d i ir n y a m e n g e n a i a l u r c e r ti a y a n g I a b u a t , A h m a d t o h a r i j u g a i n g i n s e d i k i t m e m p e r il h a t k a n g a y a b a h a s a y a n g

  I a g u n a k a n u n t u k d i p a h a m i o l e h p e m b a c a . D e n g a n k a t a l a i n A h m a d T o h a r i m e m b e ir k a n p e r h a it a n u t a m a t e r h a d a p p e r a n a n p e m b a c a u n t u k m e n e m u k a n s e n d ri i g a y a b a h a s a y a n g

  I a t u il s k a n d a l a m n o v e l n y a . m e n j a d i s a l a h s a t u k a ij a n d a r i li m u p r a g m a it k , - s e h i n g g a h a l h a l t e r s e b u t y a n g m e n j a d i p o k o k p e n e il it a n i n .i P e n d e k a t a n p r a g m a it k m e m b e ir k a n p e r h a it a n u t a m a t e r h a d a p p e r a n a n p e m b a c a , d a l a m k a ti a n n y a d e n g a n s a l a h s a t u t e o r i m o d e r n y a n g p a il n g p e s a t p e r k e m b a n g a n n y a , y a ti u t e o r i r e s e p s i , p e n d e k a t a n p r a g m a it k d i p e tr e n t a n g k a n d e n g a n p e n d e k a t a n e k s p r e s fi . S u b j e k p r a g m a it k d a n s u b j e k e k s p r e s i f s e b a g a i p e m b a c a d a n p e n g a r a n g b e r b a g a i o b j e k y a n g s a m a , y a ti u k a r y a s a s rt a . P e r b e d a a n y a , p e n g a r a n g m e r u p a k a n s u b j e k p e n c i p t a , t e t a - p i s e c a r a t e r u s m e n e r u s f u n g s i n y a d i h li a n g k a n , b a h k a n p a d a g li ri a n n y a p e n g a r a n g d i m a it k a n . S e b a il k n y a , p e m b a c a y a n g s a m a s e k a l i it d a k m e n g e t a h u i t e n t a n g p r o s e s k r e a it v ti a s d i b e ir k a n t u g a s u t a m a b a h k a n d i a n g g a p s e b a g a i p e n u il .s

  P e n d e k a t a n p r a g m a it k d e n g a n d e m i k i a n m e m b e ir k a n p e r h a it a n p a d a p e r g e s e r a n - d a n f u n g s i f u n g s i b a r u p e m b a c a t e r s e b u t . S e c a r a h i s t o ir s A b r a m s (

  1

  9

  7 6 :

  1 6 ) m e n y a t a k a n b a h w a p e n d e k a t a n p r a g m a it k t e l a h a d a t a h u n

  1

  4 S M , t e r k a n d u n g d a l a m A r s P o e it c a ( H o a it u s ) . M e s k i p u n d e m i k i a n , s e c a r a t e o ir it s d i m u l a i d e n g a n l a h ri n y a s rt u k t u r a il s m e d i n a m i k . S t a g n a s i s r u k t u r a il s m e m e m e lr u k a n i n d i k a t o r l a i n s e b a g a i p e m i c u p r o s e s e s t e it ,s y a ti u p e m b a c a ( M u k a r o v s k y ,

  1

  9

  7 5 :

  7 6 .) P a d a t a h a p t e tr e n t u p e n d e k a t a n p r a g m a it k m e m i il k h u b u n g a n y a n g c u k u p d e k a t d e n g a n s o s i o l o g i , y a ti u d a l a m p e m b i c a r a a n m e n g e n a i m a s y a r a k a t p e m b a c a .

  P e n d e k a t a n p r a g m a it k m e m i il k i m a n f a a t t e - r h a d a p f u n g s i f u n g s i k a r y a s a s rt a d a l a m m a s y r a k a t , p e r k e m b a n g a n d a n p e n y e b a lr u a s a n n y a , s e h i n g g a m a n f a a t k a r y a p e n d e k a t a n p r a g m a it s m e m b e ir k a n m a n f a a t t e r h a d a p p e m b a c a . P e n d e k a t a n p r a g m a it k s e c a r a k e s e l u r u h a n b e fr u n g s i u n t u k m e n o p a n g t e o ir r e s e p s ,i t e o ir s a s rt a y a n g m e m u n g k i n k a n p e m a h a m a n h a k e k a t k a r y a s a s rt a t a n p a b a t a .s

  S e j a u h i n i m a s i h s e d i k ti p e n e il it a n s a s rt a y a n g d i it n j a u d a ir s e g i p a r g m a it k , s p e s i if k a s i n y a d a r i a n a il s i s g a y a b a h a s a d a l a m s u a t u b a c a a n s a s rt a . G a y a b a h a s a r e t o ir s m e r u p a k a n g a y a b a h a s a y a n g m a m p u m e n g u n g k a p k a n p e r a s a a n s e s e o r a n g k h u s u s n y a g a y a b a h a s a d a r i s e o r a n g p e n u il s n o v e l d e n g a n a p a y a n g i n g i n

  I a u n g k a p k a n .

  D a r i b e r b a g a i s u m b e r b u k u y a n g p e n e l ti i p e r o l e h , p e n e l ti i m e n c o b a m e n e l ti i g a y a b a h a s a y a n g t e r d a p a t p a d a n o v e l J a n t e r a B i a n g l a l a . D a l a m h a l i n i i n i p e n e il it a k a n l e b i h b a n y a k b a n y a k m e n e il it t e n t a n g g a y a b a h a s a y a n g t e r d a p a t d a l a m n o v e l Ja n t e r a B i a n g l a l a d e n g a n k a ij a n p r a g m a it k , d a l a m n o v e l Ja n t e r a

  

B i a n g l a l a A h m a d T o h a r i b a n y a k m e n g g u n a k a n g a y a b a h a s a y a n g m e n a ir k . S e it a p

  p e r c a k a p a n m a u p u n n a r a s i d a l a m n o v e l i n i m e n g a n d u n g m a k n a d a n a m a n a t y a n g

• b e r b e d a b e d a , b a h k a n j u g a t e r d a p a t k ir it k . G a y a b a h a s a d a l a m n o v e l J a n t e r a B i a n g l a l a i n li a h y a n g m e n a ir k u n t u k d ti e l ti i m e l a l u i k a ij a n p r a g m a it k .

  .

  2 R u m u s a n M a s a l a h

  1 R o n g g e n g D u k u h P a r u k

  B a g a i m a n a k a h g a y a b a h a s a p a d a n o v e l rt li o g i b u k u

  I I I ( J a n t e r a B i a n g l a l a ) k a r y a A h m a d T o h a r i d e n g a n d i it n j a u m e l a l u i k a ij a n p r a g m a it k ? B e r d a s a r k a n r u m u s a n m a s a l a h t e r s e b u t m a k a d i s u s u n l a h s u b m a s a l a h a n t a r a l a i n : 1 . B a g a i m a n a k a h k a r a k t e ir s it k g a y a b a h a s a d a l a m n o v e l Ja n t e r a B i a n g l a l a

  . 2 a n a m i a g a B d u s k a m h a k a s a h a b a y a g l e v o n m a l a d Ja a l a l g n a i B a r e t n ? 3 .

  1 P n a it il i n e n a u j u T

  A p a d h a l a d a i n i n a it il e n e p n a u j u t n u : .

  1 M d n e e a s a h a b a y a g k it s ir e t k a r a k n a k i s p ir k s m a l a d t a p a d r e t g n a y n l e v o

  Ja g n a i B a r e t n a l a l j n it n a g n e d n a u a k it a m g a r p , .

  2 M d n e e n a k i s p ir k s d u s k a m a s a h a b a y a g m a l a d n a k a n u g i d g n a y a p a n l e v o

  Ja . a l a l g n a i B a r e t n 4 .

  1 P n a it il e n e t a a f n a M

  A n a m a u d a d u ti a y ,i n i n a it il e n e p m a l a d t a a f : .

  1 M s it ir o e t t a a f n a . a M ir o e t g n a t n e t n a u h a t e g n e p h a b m a n e - i r o e t a s a h a b a y a g n a d k it a m g a r p

  , a rt s a s m a l a d . b M m e m k u t n u a l u m l a w a i d a j n e i r o e t i m a h a a s a h a b a y a g n a ij a k a y n s u s u h k k it a m g a r p . a rt s a s a y r a k m a l a d

  .

  2 M s it k a r p t a a f n a . a B s il u n e p i g a

  M i u h a t e g n e m n a d l e v o n s i s il a n a g n e m a r a c g n a t n e t n a s a w a w h a b m a n e i u l a l e m n a k i a p m a s i d n a k a g n a y d u s k a m u a t a k it ir k l e v o n m a l a d a y a g a s a h a b .l e v o n m a l a d n a k a n u g i d g n a y

  . b B a c a b m e p i g a M n e e t n a s a w a w h a b m a g n a t n n a d k it a m g a r p a s a h a b a y a g l e v o n m a l a d

  Ja a l a l g n a i b a r e t n .i r a h o T d a m h A a y r a k

  .

  1

  1 . P r a g m a it k P r a g m a it k a d a l a h c a b a n g li m u b a h a s a y a n g m e m p e l a j a r i s rt u k t u r b a h a s a s e c a r a e k s t e r n a l , y a k n i b a g a i m a n a s a t u a n k e b a h a s a a n ti u d i g u n a k a n d a l a m k o m u n i k a s i ( W ji a n a ,

  1

  9

  9 6 : 1 . ) 2 . G a y a G a y a a d a l a h k e s e l u u r u h a n c a r a y a n g d li a k u k a n d a l a m a k it v ti a s k e h i d u p a n s - e h a ir h a ir , b a i k k e g i a t a n j a s m a n i a h m a u p u n r o h a n i a h , b a i k il s a n m a u p u n t u il s a n . T i d a k a d a k e g i a t a n y a n g d li a k u k a n t a n p a m e n g g u n a k a n g a y a t e tr e n t u . P e r b e d a a n n y a t e lr e t a k p a d a k u a l ti a s n y a . 3 . B a h a s a

  B a h a s a a d a l a h s i s t e m s i m b o l b u n y i y a n g b e r m a k n a d a n b e r a r it k u l a s i ( d i h a s li k a n o l e h a l a t u c a p ) y a n g b e r s fi a t a r b i rt e r d a n k o n v e n s i o n a l , y a n g d i p a k a i s e b a g a i a l a t b e r k o m u n i k a s i o l e h s e k e l o m p o k m a n u s i a u n t u k m e l a h ri k a n p e r a s a a n d a n p i k ri a n ( W i b o w o ,

  2 1 : 3 ,) 4 . G a y a B a h a s a M e n u r u t K e r a f (

  2 4 :

  1

  1 2 ) , g a y a a t a u k h u s u s n y a g a y a b a h a s a d i k e n a l d a l a m

  ts y l e s t y l e

  r e t o ir k a d e n g a n i s t li a h . G a y a b a h a s a a t a u m e n j a d i m a s a l a h a t a u b a g i a n d a r i d i k s i a t a u p i il h a n k a t a y a n g m e m p e r s o a l k a n c o c o k it d a k n y a p e m a k a i a n k a t a , f r a s e a t a u k l a u s a t e tr e n t u u n t u k m e n g h a d a p i s ti u a s i t e tr e n t u . S e d a n g k a n m e n u r u t T a ir g a n (

  1

  9

  8 5 : 5 ) . S e c a r a s i n g k a t d a p a t d i k a t a k a n b a h w a “ g a y a b a h a s a a d a l a h c a r a m e n g u n g k a p k a n p i k ri a n m e l a l u i b a h a s a s e c a r a k h a s

  .

  6 S i s t e m a it k a p e n y a ij a n

  1 P e n e il it a n i n i t e r d ri i d a r i il m a b a b . B a b

  I s e b a g a i p e n d a h u l u a n b e ir s i l a t a r b e l a k a n g , r u m u s a n m a s a l a h , t u j u a n p e n e il it a n , m a n f a a t p e n e il it a n , d e if n i s i i s t li a h d a n s i s t e m a it k a p e n y a ij a n . B a b

  I I b e ir s i p e n e il it a n t e r d a h u l u a t a u r e l e v a n d a n l a n d a s a n t e o ir . B a b

  I I I b e ir s i j e n i s p e n e il it a n , d a t a p e n e il it a n , t e k n i k p e n g u m p u l a n d a t a , i n s rt u m e n t p e n e il it a n , d a n t e k n i k a n a il s i s d a t a . B a b

  I V b e ir s i d e s k ir p s i d a t a , a n a il s i s d a t a , d a n p e m b a h a s a n . B a b V b e ir s i k e s i m p u l a n d a n s a r a n .

  

B A B

  I I L A N D A S A N T E O R

  I .

  1 P e n e il it a n y a n g r e l e v a n

  2 A d a

  3 p e n e il it a n t e r d a h u l u y a n g r e l e v a n d e n g a n p e n e il it a n i n i , p e n e il it a n p e tr a m a a d a l a h p e n e il it a n y a n g d li a k u k a n o l e h B e r n a d e t a D i a h P u s p ti a s a ir t a h u n

  F e m i n i s m e T o k o h S r i n it l d a l a m N o v e l R o n g g e n g D u k u h

  2

  1 2 y a n g b e jr u d u l

  

P a r u k k a r y a A h m a d T o h a r i ( K a ij a n T i n d a k T u t u r P r a g m a it k ) . P e n e il it a n t e r s e b u t

  m e m a n g m e n g k a j i t e n t a n g u n s u r f e m i n i s m e t o k o h S ir n t li , n a m u n m e m i il k i k e s a m a a n d a l a m m e n g g a b u n g k a n k a ij a n s a s rt a d e n g a n p r a g m a it k . P e n e il it a n y a n g d li a k u k a n o l e h B e r n a d e t a D i a h P u s p ti a s a r i i n i b e tr u j u a n u n t u k m e n d e s k ir p s i k a n k a r a k e r it s it k f e m i n i s m e d a l a m n o v e l R o n g g e n g D u k u h P a r u k d a n m e n d e s k ir p s i k a n it n d a k t u t u r y a n g m e m p e r il h a t k a n k a r a k t e ir s it k f e m i n i s m e t e r s e b u .t K - a t a k a t a k u n c i y a n g s a y a t a n g k a p a d a l a h d i a l o g a n t a tr e k s , s a s rt a m o d e r n d a n k ir it k s a s rt a y a n g d i p a k a i n y a .

  D i a l o g a n t a tr e k s a t a u i n t e tr e k s t u a l ti a s d a l a m d u n i a s a s rt a m e r u p a k a n s u a t u k e n i s c a y a a n k a r e n a k a r y a s a s rt a it d a k l a h i r d a r i r u a n g h a m p a b u d a y a ( T e e u w ,

  1

  9

  8 3 :

  6 5 ) . S e b e l u m s u a t u k a r y a s a s rt a d i c i p t a k a n , s u d a h a d a k a r y a s a s rt a y a n g m e n d a h u l u i n y a s e h i n g g a d a l a m m e m b i c a r a k a n k a r y a s a s rt a s e b a i k n y a d i il h a t p e tr a il a n n y a d e n g a n k a r y a S e z a m a n , s e b e l u m , a t a u s e s u d a h n y a . D e n g a n k a t a l a i n , p ir n s i p i n t e tr e k s t u a l ti a s m e n j a d i p e n it n g d a n h a r u s d i p e r h a it k a n u n t u k m e m b e r i m a k n a p a d a k a r y a s a s rt a ( P r a d o p o ,

  2 3 :

  9 7 ) . J e l a s t e r il h a t k a ij a n y a n g h a m p i r d e n g a n k a ij a n p r a g m a it k y a n g d i il h a t d a r i it n d a k t u t u r n y a . P e n g g a b u n g a n i n i y a n g s e k a r a n g d i s e b u t d e n g a n s it il s it k a p r a g m a it k .

  P e n e il it a n k e d u a y a n g r e l e v a n d e n g a n p e n e il it a n y a n g p e n u il s l a k u k a n a d a l a h p e n e il it a n y a n g d li a k u k a n o l e h R r . L . S a n t i W a r d a j a h a d i P a n u n t u n t a h u n

  1

  9

  9 9 y a n g b e jr u d u l M e t a f o r a D a l a m P e r c a k a p a n A n t a r T o k o h P a d a N o v e l

  

B a l a d a B e c a k , R o m o R a - h a d i , B u r u n g B u r u n g M a n y a r , d a n B u r n g B - u u r u n g

R a n t a u K a r y a Y . B . M a n g u n w ji a y a u a t u T u j u a n S e m a n it k d a n P r a g m a it k

  : S . P e n e il it a n t e r s e b u t b e tr u j u a n u n t u k m e n g k a j i m e t a f o r a d a l a m p e r c a k a p a n a n t a tr o k o h p a d a n o v e l B a l a d a B e c a k , R o m o R a - h a d i , B u r u n g B u r u n g M a n y a r , d a n

  

B - u r u n g B u r u n g R a n t a u K a r y a Y . B . M a n g u n w ji a y a : S u a t u T u j u a n S e m a n it k d a n

  P r a g m a it k , O b j e k p e n e il it a n d i it n j a u d a r i p e n e r a p a n k e s a m a a n a n t a r a m a k n a u n - s u r u n s u r y a n g m e m b e n t u k n y a . T e m u a n d a r i p e n e il it a n i n i a n t a r a l a i n u n t u k m e n e m u k a n j e n i s p e n g u n g k a p a n m e t a f o r a d a l a m p e r c a k a p a n a n t a r t o k o h d a n v a ir a s i a n t a r a b e n t u k p e n e r a p a n k e s a m a a n m a k n a m a u p u n m a k s u d d a r i p e r c a k a p a n ti u .

  B a g i b i d a n g p e n g e m b a n g a n b a h a s a I n d o n e s i a , k h u s u s n y a b i d a n g p r a g m a it k , p e n e il it a n m e t a f o r a d i d a l a m p e r c a k a p a n d a p a t d li a n j u t k a n a g a r d i p e r o l e h w a c a n a y a n g l e n g k a p d i it n j a u d a r i s e g i s o p a n s a n t u n , y a ti u d e n g a n m e n g k a j i it n g k a t k e s o p a n a n s u a t u t u t u r a n b e r d a s a r k a n p a d a k e it d a k l a n g s u n g a n .

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  m e t a f o r a y a n g d i g u n a k a n N . H . D i n i d a l a m n o v e l N a m a k u H i r o k o , L a b a r k a d a n

  

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