Experiential Function in EFL Students’ Recount Texts in Medan
EXPERIENTIAL FUNCTION IN EFL STUDENTS’ RECOUNT
TEXTS IN MEDAN
A THESIS
By
MUHAMMAD YUSUF
147052004/MBE
FACULTY OF CULTURAL SCIENCES
UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA
MEDAN
2016
Universitas Sumatera Utara
EXPERIENTIAL FUNCTION IN EFL STUDENTS’ RECOUNT
TEXTS IN MEDAN
A THESIS
Submitted as the Partial Fulfillment of Requirement for the Degree of
Master of Arts (M.A.) in English Postgraduate Study Program, Faculty of
Cultural Sciences, University of Sumatera Utara
By
MUHAMMAD YUSUF
147052004/MBE
FACULTY OF CULTURAL SCIENCES
UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA
MEDAN
2016
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Title of Thesis
: Experiential Function in EFL Students’ Recount Texts
in Medan
Name
: Muhammad Yusuf
Reg. Number
: 147052004
Study Program
: English Postgraduate
Approved by
Adviser Commission
(Prof. T. Silvana Sinar, M.A., Ph.D.)
Adviser I
(Dr. Nurlela, M.Hum.)
Adviser II
Head of
English Postgraduate Program
Dean of
Faculty of Cultural Sciences
(Dr. Ridwan Hanafiah, S.H., M.A.)
(Dr. Budi Agustono, M.S.)
Passing Date
: 18th August 2016
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Has been examined on
Date : 18th August 2016
Board of Examiners :
Chief
: Prof. T. Silvana Sinar, M.A., Ph.D.
(…………………….)
Members
: Dr. Nurlela, M.Hum.
(…………………….)
Prof. Dr. Syahron Lubis, M.A.
(…………………….)
Dr. Ridwan Hanafiah, S.H., M.A.
(…………………….)
Dr. Umar Mono, Dipl. Trans., M.Hum. (…………………….)
Universitas Sumatera Utara
DECLARATION
EXPERIENTIAL FUNCTION IN EFL STUDENTS’ RECOUNT TEXTS IN
MEDAN
I certify that the thesis I wrote as one of the requirements to obtain the
degree of Master of Arts from English Postgraduate Study Program, Faculty of
Cultural Sciences, University of Sumatera Utara, is exactly my own work.
I certify that I clearly mentioned the reference of the citations I used in
some specific parts of this thesis based on norm, rule, and etiquette of the
technique of a scientific writing.
I certify, in the future, that I am willing to accept the sanction of the
renovation of my academic degree which I receive and other sanction in
accordance with the prevailing laws and regulations, provided some parts or all
parts of this thesis are invented not to be my own work or to commit plagiarism.
Medan,
August 2016
The writer
Muhammad Yusuf
Universitas Sumatera Utara
EXPERIENTIAL FUNCTION IN EFL STUDENTS’ RECOUNT
TEXTS IN MEDAN
ABSTRACT
This study attempts to investigate the experiential function as proposed by
Halliday and Matthiessen (2014) in EFL students’ recount text in Medan. This
study is aimed to discover and to explain the process types, the participant types
and functions, and circumstantial element which characterize EFL Students’
recount text in Medan. Qualitative content analysis proposed by Cohen, Manion
and Morrison (2007) is employed in this study. The data are clauses taken from 60
recount texts. The trustworthiness of the data is gained by using credibility and
dependability. Based on the data analysis, it is found that there are 2833
occurrences of process types, 3876 occurrences of participant functions, 3876
occurrences of participant type, and 1989 occurrences of circumstantial type in
EFL Students’ Recount Text in Medan. In terms of process type, on the whole,
there are seven process types that occur in the data and material process
characterizes the recount text with 51.80% from the total of occurrences. Then,
there are 18 types of participant function occurred in the data in which the most
dominant participant function is actor with the total percentage 26.71%, and the
dominant participant type is non-human participant (NH) with 52.86%.
Furthermore, there are 17 circumstantial elements found in the data and the
dominant circumstantial element which characterizes the texts is circumstantial
locative with the total occurrences 711 occurrences or 35.75%. In conclusion, the
realization of dominant material process, actor, non-human participant, and
circumstantial locative place characterize EFL students’ recount text in Medan. It
means that the students tend to write what practically happens and what they do
and how they do it out there because the topic given is about going to somewhere
to describe what happens or what is done. Then, in terms of participant type, nonhuman participant realizes as the dominant one because the students use it to
describe the place or the location that they have visited. Then, the actor as the
participant function characterizes EFL students’ recount text in Medan because
the actor is the participant involved in material process or the doer of the deed.
The realization of circumstantial locative place as the dominant circumstantial
element in the text happens because the topic discussed is about going to
somewhere and it must be stated the place they have visited or the location where
the action happened.
Keywords: Experiential Function, Recount Text, Content Analysis
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FUNGSI PENGALAMAN DALAM TEKS RECOUNT SISWA EFL
DI MEDAN
ABSTRAK
Penelitian ini mencoba untuk menginvestigasi fungsi pengalaman sebagaimana
yang di usulkan oleh Halliday dan Matthiessen (2014) pada teks recount siswa
EFL di Medan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan menjelaskan jenis
proses, jenis dan fungsi partisipan, dan elemen sirkumstans yang mencirikan teks
recount siswa EFL di Medan. Metode Analisis isi kualitatif yang dikemukakan
oleh Cohen, Manion dan Morrison (2007) digunakan dalam penelitian ini. Data
dalam penelitian ini adalah klausa yang diambil dari 60 teks recount.
Keterpercayaan data didapat dengan menggunakan kredibilitas dan
dependabilitas. Berdasarkan analisis data, ditemukan bahwa ada 2834
kemunculan jenis proses, 3876 kemunculan fungsi dan jenis partisipan, dan 1989
kemunculan tipe sirkumstan dalam teks recount siswa EFL di Medan. Berkenaan
dengan tipe proses, secara keseluruhan, ada tujuh tipe proses yang muncul dalam
data dan proses material menjadi ciri dari teks recount dengan 51.80% dari total
kemunculan. Selanjutnya, ada 18 fungsi partisipan yang muncul dalam data
dimana fungsi partisipan yang paling dominan adalah aktor dengan total
persentase 26.71% dan tipe partisipan yang paling dominan adalah partisipan
bukan manusia dengan 52.86%. Lebih jauh lagi, ada 17 tipe sirkumstan
ditemukan dalam data dan tipe sirkumstan yang dominan yang member ciri teks
adalah sirkumstan lokasi tempat dengan total kemunculan 711 atau 35.75%.
Sebagai kesimpulan, realisasi dari dominan material proses, atktor, partisipan
bukan manusia, dan sirkumstan lokasi tempat memberikan ciri kepada teks
recount siswa EFL di Medan. Hal itu berarti bahwa siswa cenderung untuk
menulis apa yang secara prakteknya terjadi dan apa yang mereka kerjakan dan
bagaimana mereka melakukannya karena topik yang diberikan adalah tentang
pergi ke suatu tempat untuk mendeskripsikan apa yang terjadi dan apa yang
dilakukan. Selanjutnya, dalam hal tipe partisipan, partisipan bukan manusia
muncul sebagai yang dominan karena siswa menggunakannya untuk
mendeskripsikan tempat atau lokasi yang telah mereka kunjungi. Lalu, aktor
sebagai fungsi partisipan memberikan ciri pada teks recount siswa EFL di Medan
karena aktor adalah partisipan yang terlibat dalam material proses atau pelaku
dari kegiatan. Realisasi dari sirkumstan lokasi tempat sebagai elemen sirkumstan
yang dominan dalam teks terjadi karena topik yang di diskusikan tentang pergi ke
suatu tempat dan harus di sebutkan tempat yang mereka kunjungi atau lokasi
dimana kejadian itu terjadi.
Kata Kunci: Fungsi pengalaman, Teks recount, Analisis isi
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost, the writer would like to express his deepest gratitude to
Allah SWT, the Almighty God and the Most Beneficial for His Blessing, Grace,
Guidance, and Mercy that have made this thesis come to its completion. This
thesis has been written in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
Master of Arts (M.A.) in English Postgraduate Study Program, Faculty of Cultural
Sciences, University of Sumatera Utara.
Many people have involved in the process of completion of this thesis.
Therefore, the writer would like to express his gratitude and special thanks to:
1. Prof. Dr. Runtung, Rector of University of Sumatera Utara
2. Dr. Budi Agustono, M.S. The Dean of Faculty of Cultural Sciences
3. Dr. Ridwan Hanafiah, S.H., M.A. and Dr. Umar Mono, Dipl. Trans.,
M.Hum. as the thesis examiners and the chief and the secretary of English
Postgraduate Study program with all lecturers.
4. Prof. T. Silvana Sinar, M.A., Ph.D. and Dr. Nurlela, M.Hum. as advisers.
I owe an incredible debt of gratitude to them who have given brilliant
supervision, generous guidance, advice, encouragement and patience to
shape the ideas into the thesis and to skim my transitivity analysis. The
writer couldn’t accomplish this thesis without them. They are also my
inspiration to take a deep insight on discourse analysis and Systemic
Functional Linguistics.
5. Prof. Dr. Syahron Lubis, M.A. as the academic advisor and also the
examiner of this thesis who also gave the time and valuable enlightenment
on the theory of Systemic Functional Linguistics and its application.
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6. Ayahanda Khairuddin, Ibunda Heriani and my brother Zulkifli who always
devote their endless love, patience, encouragement, advice and support to
the writer to pursue a higher level degree of education and to contribute for
human beings. My special feeling of gratefulness is forwarded to them.
Their existence gave me strength, spirit and dignity to overcome the
obstacles and not to surrender in any condition.
7. Prof. Amrin Saragih, M.A., Ph.D. my lecturer and my former supervisor. I
am so thankful to him for giving me a vivid way to explore the
phenomenon in language through the theory of systemic functional
linguistics.
8. Dr. Anni Holila Pulungan, Dr. I Wayan Dirgeyasa, Firman Ginting,
M.Hum., Al Fitriani, M.Ed. and also Rusdi Noor Roosa, M.Hum for all
their help to the writer in collecting the data from their writing classes. I
am sincerely also grateful to them.
9. Regular A 2014 and Extension A 2014 classes from English and Literature
department Unimed, Regular C Class 2014 of English Literature
University of Sumatera Utara, and also Afternoon B and Evening class A
2014 of English Department, UMSU for their cooperation, and sincere in
helping the during the data collection. Their participation is one of the
keys to accomplish this thesis.
10. Bu Adry Wiyani Ridwan, the administration staff of English Postgraduate
Study program, for all her help during my study.
11. My love, Aprilza Aswani, for her care, patient, support, help,
understanding to me in pursuing my master degree.
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12. Dedi Saputra Kesogihin, S.Pd., Anni Marhamah, S.Pd. and Atika Sri
Rahma for all their assistance in the process of data analysis and data
tabulation. My thankfulness is forwarded to them. May Allah ease them in
their life.
13. Pak Manalu, Liza, Kak Elita, Soraya, Maridha, Bu Elliyati, Wina, Bang
Sahat, and Bu Yani, my classmates and compatriots, for their
encouragement, togetherness, shared moments and ideas during study in
University of Sumatera Utara
14. Abangda Budi Yanto, S.Pd., Hambali, S.Pd., Rizky Ramadhansyah, Supra
Cipto, S.Pd., Bang Faisal Hakim, S.Pd., Bang Amar Dalimunthe, S.Pd.I.,
Bu Yus, Habibah, Bang Andi, and Latifah, my family and friends during
the stay in Medan. I do appreciate them for every spirit, motivation, and
bitter-sweet memories.
15. Abangda Dedi Sanjaya, M.A., Abangda Azhar Aziz Lubis, M.Pd., Irwan
Saputra, S.S., Ali Muis Dongoran, S.S., Rahmad Husein Nasution, S.Pd.,
my best friends, for their support and motivation.
Medan, August 2016
Muhammad Yusuf
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CURRICULUM VITAE
Personal Data
Name
: Muhammad Yusuf
Place, Date of Birth
: Tandem Hilir, 4th May 1992
Sex
: Male
Religion
: Islam
Nationality
: Indonesia
Address
: Jl. Tandem Hilir I Pasar III Kec. H. Perak, D.
Serdang
Phone Number
: 085664077978 / 081260680508
Email
: yusufelmahbub@gmail.com
Academic Background
1. 1998-2004
: SD Negeri 106152 Tandem Hilir I
2. 2004 -2007
: MTsS Al Abraar
3. 2007 -2010
: MAN Binjai
4. 2010-2014
: Bachelor of Education (S.Pd.) of English
Education in State University of Medan
5. 2014-2016
: Master of Arts in English (M.A) Faculty of
Cultural Sciences University of Sumatera Utara
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT...............................................................................................
ABSTRAK ……………………………………………………………..
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT……………………………………………..
CURRICULUM VITAE ……………………………………………..
TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................
LIST OF TABLES ..................................................................................
LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................
LIST OF APPENDICES ........................................................................
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ............................................................
A. The Background of the Study ...............................................................
B. The Problem of the Study .....................................................................
C. The Objective of the Study ...................................................................
D. The Scope of the Study .........................................................................
E. The Significance of the Study ...............................................................
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE .......................................
A. Theoretical Framework .........................................................................
2.1. Previous Studies .......................................................
2.2. Theories on Systemic Functional Linguistics ........
2.3. Rank ..........................................................................
2.4. Metafunction ...........................................................
2.5. Experiential Function...............................................
2.6. Theories on Processes types, participants
and circumstances ....................................................
2.6.1. Types of Process ...........................................
2.6.1.1. Material Process………………………….
2.6.1.2. Mental Process…………………………...
2.6.1.3. Relational Process ……………………….
2.6.1.4. Behavioral Process ………………………
2.6.1.5. Verbal Process …………………………..
2.6.1.6. Existential Process ………………………
2.6.1.7. Meteorological Process …………………
2.6.1.8. Summary of Process
and Participant ……………………… ....
2.7. Circumstantial element ............................................
2.8. Text and Context ......................................................
2.9. Writing ......................................................................
2.10. Genre .....................................................................
2.11. Kinds of Genre .......................................................
2.12. Recount ..................................................................
B. Conceptual Framework ...................................................
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD ...............................................
3.1. The Research Design ..........................................................................
3.2. The Data and Source of Data .............................................................
3.3. The Instrument of the Research .........................................................
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3.4. The Procedure of Research .................................................................
3.4.1. Data Collection ................................................................................
3.4.2. Data Analysis ..................................................................................
3.5. The Trustworthiness of the Data ........................................................
CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS, FINDINGS, AND DISCUSSION
4.1. Data Analysis ......................................................................................
4.1.1. Types of Process ..............................................................................
4.1.1.1. Material Process ............................................................................
4.1.1.2. Relational Process .........................................................................
4.1.1.3. Mental Process ..............................................................................
4.1.1.4. Verbal Process...............................................................................
4.1.1.5. Behavioral Process........................................................................
4.1.1.6. Existential Process ........................................................................
4.1.1.7. Meteorological Process ................................................................
4.1.2. Participant Functions and Types .....................................................
4.1.2.1. Participant Functions ....................................................................
4.1.2.1.1. Participant Function of Material Process .................................
4.1.2.1.2. Participant Function of Relational Process ..............................
4.1.2.1.3. Participant Function of Mental Process....................................
4.1.2.1.4. Participant Function of Verbal Process ....................................
4.1.2.1.5. Participant Function of Existential Process..............................
4.1.2.1.6. Participant Function of Behavioral Process .............................
4.1.2.2. Participant Type ............................................................................
4.1.2.2.1. Non-Human Participant.............................................................
4.1.2.2.2. Human Participant .....................................................................
4.1.3. Circumstantial Elements ..................................................................
4.1.3.1. Extent .............................................................................................
4.1.3.1.1. Distance ......................................................................................
4.1.3.1.2. Duration ......................................................................................
4.1.3.2. Location .........................................................................................
4.1.3.2.1. Place............................................................................................
4.1.3.2.2. Time ............................................................................................
4.1.3.3. Manner...........................................................................................
4.1.3.3.1. Means .........................................................................................
4.1.3.3.2. Quality ........................................................................................
4.1.3.3.3. Comparison ................................................................................
4.1.3.3.4. Degree.........................................................................................
4.1.3.4. Cause..............................................................................................
4.1.3.4.1. Reason ........................................................................................
4.1.3.4.2. Purpose .......................................................................................
4.1.3.4.3. Behalf .........................................................................................
4.1.3.5. Accompaniment ............................................................................
4.1.3.5.1. Comitative ..................................................................................
4.1.3.5.2. Additive ......................................................................................
4.1.3.6. Role ................................................................................................
4.1.3.6.1. Guise ...........................................................................................
4.1.3.6.2. Product........................................................................................
4.1.3.7. Matter.............................................................................................
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4.1.3.8. Angle..............................................................................................
4.1.3.8.1. Viewpoint ...................................................................................
4.2. Findings ...............................................................................................
4.3. Discussion............................................................................................
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION .........................
5.1. Conclusion ...........................................................................................
5.2. Suggestion ...........................................................................................
REFERENCES .........................................................................................
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LIST OF TABLES
Page
Table 2.1. The Example of Material Process ………………………………. 17
Table 2.2. Verbs Serving as Material Process in Different Material Clauses 17
Table 2.3. The Example of Material Clause with Recipient ……………….. 20
Table 2.4. The Example of Material Clause with Client …………………... 20
Table 2.5. The Example of Material Clause with Scope …………………... 21
Table 2.6. The Example of Mental Process ………………………………... 21
Table 2.7. Verb Serving as Process in Mental Clauses (Halliday and
22
Matthiessen, 2014:257) …………………………………………
Table 2.8. Basic Categories of Relational Clause ………………………….. 23
Table 2.9. The Example of Intensive Attributive Relational Process ……… 23
Table 2.10. The Example of Intensive Identifying Relational Process ……. 24
Table 2.11. The Example of Possessive Attributive Clauses ……………… 24
Table 2.12. The Example of Behavioral Process …………………………... 25
Table 2.13. Verbs Serving as Process in the Behavioural Clauses ………… 25
Table 2.14. Verbs Serving as Process in the Verbal Clauses ……………… 26
Table 2.15. The Example of Verbal Process ………………………………. 26
Table 2.16. The Example of Existential Process …………………………... 27
Table 2.17. The Examples of Verbs Serving as Process in
27
Existential Clause ……………………………………………..
Table 2.18. The Examples of Meteorological Process ……………………. 27
Table 2.19. Process Types, Their Meanings and Characteristics
Participants ……………………………………………………… 28
Table 2.20. Types of Circumstantial Elements …………………………….. 30
Table 2.21. The Example of Recount Text (National Exam for Nautical
Deck Department, 1997 im Dirgeyasa, 2014:232) …………….
37
Table 3.1. Data Sheets of Types of Process ………………………………... 44
Table 3.2. Data Sheets of Types of Participant and its Function …………... 44
Table 3.3. Data Sheet of Types of Circumstantial Elements……………….. 44
Table 4.1. The Frequency Distribution of Process Types in EFL Students’
Recount Text in Medan ………………………………………
49
Table 4.2. The Example of Material Process (taken from text 1:9) ………... 50
Table 4.3. The Example of Relational Attributive Intensive Process (taken
from text 5:3) …………………………………………………..
51
Table 4.4. The Example of Relational Identifying Intensive Process (taken
from text 2:19) …………………………………………………
51
Table 4.5. The Example of Relational Attributive Circumstantial Process
(taken from text 21:38) ………………………………………...
51
Table 4.6. The Example of Relational Identifying Circumstantial Process
(taken from text 45:10) ………………………………………...
51
Table 4.7. The Example of Relational Attributive Possessive Process
(taken from text 6:1) …………………………………………...
52
Table 4.8. The Example of Perceptive Mental Process (taken from text
60:12) …………………………………………………………..
52
Table 4.9. The Example of Cognitive Mental Process (taken from text
50:7) ……………………………………………………………
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Table 4.10. The Example of Desiderative Mental Process (taken from text
46:23) …………………………………………………………..
Table 4.11. The Example of Emotive Mental Process (taken from text
46:23) …………………………………………………………..
Table 4.12. The Example of Verbal Process (taken from text 9:10) ……….
Table 4.13. The Example of Behavioral Process (taken from text 32:24)…..
Table 4.14. The Example of Existential Process (taken from text 2:15) …..
Table 4.15. The Example of Meteorological Process (taken from text 2:15)
Table 4.16. The Frequency Distribution of Participant Types in EFL
Students’ Recount Text in Medan ……………………………..
Table 4.17. The Frequency Distribution of Participant Function in Material
Process …………………………………………………………
Table 4.18. The Example of Actor and Goal as Participant Function (taken
from text 1:9) ………………………………………………….
Table 4.19. The Example of Recipient as Participant Function (taken from
text 2:25) ……………………………………………………….
Table 4.20. The Example of Client as Participant Function (taken from text
1:49) ……………………………………………………………
Table 4.21. The Example of Range as Participant Function (taken from text
36:6) ……………………………………………………………
Table 4.22. The Frequency Distribution of Participant Function in
Relational Process ……………………………………………..
Table 4.23. The Example of Carrier and Attribute in as Participant
Function Relational Attributive Intensive Process (taken from text 5:3)
……………………………………………………….
Table 4.24. The Example of Identifier and Identified as Participant
Function in Relational Identifying Intensive Process (taken from text 2:19)
………………………………………………..
Table 4.25. The Example of Carrier and Attribute as Participant Function
in Relational Attributive Circumstantial Process (taken from text 21:38)
……………………………………………………...
Table 4.26. The Example of Identifier and Identified as Participant
Function in Relational Identifying Circumstantial Process (taken from text
45:10) ………………………………………..
Table 4.27. The Example of Possessor and Possessed as Participant
Function in Relational Attributive Possessive Process (taken from text 6:1)
…………………………………………………..
Table 4.28. The Frequency Distribution of Participant Function in Mental
Process …………………………………………………………
Table 4.29. The Example of Senser and Phenomenon in Mental Process
(taken from text 60:12) ………………………………………..
Table 4.30. The Frequency Distribution of Participant Function in Verbal
Process …………………………………………………………
Table 4.31. The Example of Sayer and Receiver as Participant Function in
Verbal Process (taken from text 9:10) …………………………
Table 4.32. The Example of Verbiage as Participant Function in Verbal
Process (taken from text 10:23) ………………………………..
Table 4.33. The Example of Target as Participant Function in Verbal
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Process (taken from text 40:29)………………………………..
Table 4.34. The Example of Existential Process (taken from text 2:15)……
Table 4.35. The Example of Behavioral Process (taken from text 32:24) …
Table 4.36. The Example of Non-Human Participant (NHP) (taken from
text 5:3) ………………………………………………………
Table 4.37. The Example of Human Participant (HP) (taken from text
9:10) ……………………………………………………………
Table 4.38. The Frequency Distribution of Circumstantial Element ……….
Table 4.39. The Example of Distance (taken from text 29:21) …………….
Table 4.40. The Example of Duration (taken from text 7:14) ……………...
Table 4.41. The Example of Circumstantial Locative Place (taken from text
1:9) ……………………………………………………………..
Table 4.42. The Example of Circumstantial Locative Time (taken from text
13:1) ……………………………………………………………
Table 4.43. The Example of Circumstantial Manner Means (taken from
text 52:13) ……………………………………………………...
Table 4.44. The Example of Circumstantial Manner Quality (taken from
text 47:13) …………………………………………………….
Table 4.45. The Example of Circumstantial Manner Comparison (taken
from text 23:46) ………………………………………………..
Table 4.46. The Example of Circumstantial Manner Degree (taken from
text 8:34) ……………………………………………………….
Table 4.47. The Example of Circumstantial Cause Reason (taken from text
59:47) …………………………………………………………..
Table 4.48. The Example of Circumstantial Cause Purpose (taken from text
6:46) …………………………………………………………..
Table 4.49. The Example of Circumstantial Cause Behalf (taken from text
26:25) …………………………………………………………..
Table 4.50. The Example of Circumstantial Accompaniment Comitative
(taken from text 2:39) ………………………………………….
Table 4.51. The Example of Circumstantial Accompaniment Additive
(taken from text 32:8) ………………………………………….
Table 4.52. The Example of Circumstantial Role Guise (taken from text
60:42) …………………………………………………………..
Table 4.53. The Example of Circumstantial Role Product (taken from text
35:32) …………………………………………………………..
Table 4.54. The Example of Circumstantial Matter (taken from text 26:25)
Table 4.55. The Example of Circumstantial Angle Viewpoint (taken from
text 20:49)………………………………………………………
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2.1. A System of Rank ………………………………………………
Figure 2.2. Rank Reflected in Syntagmatic Organization …………………
Figure 2.3. Transitivity: Process Type Represented as System Network
Figure 2.4. The grammar of experience: types of process in English
(Halliday and Matthiessen, 2014:216) …………………………
Figure 2.5. The Analytical Construction of “Experiential Function in EFL
Students’ Writing in Medan” ……………………………………
Figure 3.1. The Procedure in Content Analysis …………………………….
Figure 4.1. The Frequency Distribution of Process Types in EFL Students’
Recount Text in Medan ………………………………………….
Figure 4.2. The Frequency Distribution of Participant Functions in EFL
Students’ Recount Text in Medan ……………………………….
Page
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LIST OF APPENDICES
Page
Appendix 1.The Analysis of Process Types in EFL Students’ Recount
Texts in Medan ………………………………………………
Appendix 2. The Analysis of Participant Types and Functions in EFL
Students’ Recount Texts in Medan …………………………
Appendix 3. The Analysis of Circumstantial Elements in EFL Students’
Recount Texts in Medan ……………………………………
Appendix 4. The Total Process Type of in EFL Students’ Recount Texts in
Medan ……………………………………………………….
Appendix 5.The Total Participant Types and Functions in EFL Students’
Recount Texts in Medan ……………………………….…
Appendix 6. The Total Circumstantial Elements in EFL Students’ Recount
Texts in Medan ……………………………………………….
Appendix 7. The Example of Syllabus of Teaching Writing……………….
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161
165
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
Codes
Process Types
Codes
Mat
Perc
Cog
Desid
RAI
RII
RAC
Material Process
Perceptive Mental Process
Cognitive Mental Process
Desiderative Mental Process
Relational Attributive Intensive
Relational Identifying Intensive
Relational Attributive
Circumstance
Relational Identifying
Circumstance
Relational Attributive
Possessive
Relational Identifying
Possessive
Verbal Process
Behavioral Process
Existential Process
Meteorological Process
Circumstantial Types
Distance
Duration
Frequency
Place
Time
Means
Quality
Comparison
Degree
Reason
Purpose
Behalf
Condition
Default
Concession
Comitative
Additive
Guise
Product
Matter
Source
Viewpoint
H
NH
Act
Goal
Rec
Cli
Rg
Participant Types and
Functions
Human Participant
Non-Human Participant
Actor
Goal
Recipient
Client
Range
Ben
Beneficiary
Sns
Senser
Phe
Phenomenon
Car
Attr
Id
Ir
Posr
Posd
Say
Rcv
Vb
Tar
Bhv
Ex
Ind
Ini
Att
Ass
Carrier
Attributive
Identified
Identifier
Possessor
Possessed
Sayer
Receiver
Verbiage
Target
Behaver
Existent
Inducer
Initiator
Attributor
Assigner
RIC
RAP
RIP
Ver
Behl
Exi
Met
Codes
Dis
Dur
Fre
Pla
Time
Mean
Qua
Comp
Deg
Reas
Purp
Behf
Cond
Def
Conc
Com
Adtv
Gui
Prod
Matter
Sour
Viewp
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TEXTS IN MEDAN
A THESIS
By
MUHAMMAD YUSUF
147052004/MBE
FACULTY OF CULTURAL SCIENCES
UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA
MEDAN
2016
Universitas Sumatera Utara
EXPERIENTIAL FUNCTION IN EFL STUDENTS’ RECOUNT
TEXTS IN MEDAN
A THESIS
Submitted as the Partial Fulfillment of Requirement for the Degree of
Master of Arts (M.A.) in English Postgraduate Study Program, Faculty of
Cultural Sciences, University of Sumatera Utara
By
MUHAMMAD YUSUF
147052004/MBE
FACULTY OF CULTURAL SCIENCES
UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA
MEDAN
2016
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Title of Thesis
: Experiential Function in EFL Students’ Recount Texts
in Medan
Name
: Muhammad Yusuf
Reg. Number
: 147052004
Study Program
: English Postgraduate
Approved by
Adviser Commission
(Prof. T. Silvana Sinar, M.A., Ph.D.)
Adviser I
(Dr. Nurlela, M.Hum.)
Adviser II
Head of
English Postgraduate Program
Dean of
Faculty of Cultural Sciences
(Dr. Ridwan Hanafiah, S.H., M.A.)
(Dr. Budi Agustono, M.S.)
Passing Date
: 18th August 2016
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Has been examined on
Date : 18th August 2016
Board of Examiners :
Chief
: Prof. T. Silvana Sinar, M.A., Ph.D.
(…………………….)
Members
: Dr. Nurlela, M.Hum.
(…………………….)
Prof. Dr. Syahron Lubis, M.A.
(…………………….)
Dr. Ridwan Hanafiah, S.H., M.A.
(…………………….)
Dr. Umar Mono, Dipl. Trans., M.Hum. (…………………….)
Universitas Sumatera Utara
DECLARATION
EXPERIENTIAL FUNCTION IN EFL STUDENTS’ RECOUNT TEXTS IN
MEDAN
I certify that the thesis I wrote as one of the requirements to obtain the
degree of Master of Arts from English Postgraduate Study Program, Faculty of
Cultural Sciences, University of Sumatera Utara, is exactly my own work.
I certify that I clearly mentioned the reference of the citations I used in
some specific parts of this thesis based on norm, rule, and etiquette of the
technique of a scientific writing.
I certify, in the future, that I am willing to accept the sanction of the
renovation of my academic degree which I receive and other sanction in
accordance with the prevailing laws and regulations, provided some parts or all
parts of this thesis are invented not to be my own work or to commit plagiarism.
Medan,
August 2016
The writer
Muhammad Yusuf
Universitas Sumatera Utara
EXPERIENTIAL FUNCTION IN EFL STUDENTS’ RECOUNT
TEXTS IN MEDAN
ABSTRACT
This study attempts to investigate the experiential function as proposed by
Halliday and Matthiessen (2014) in EFL students’ recount text in Medan. This
study is aimed to discover and to explain the process types, the participant types
and functions, and circumstantial element which characterize EFL Students’
recount text in Medan. Qualitative content analysis proposed by Cohen, Manion
and Morrison (2007) is employed in this study. The data are clauses taken from 60
recount texts. The trustworthiness of the data is gained by using credibility and
dependability. Based on the data analysis, it is found that there are 2833
occurrences of process types, 3876 occurrences of participant functions, 3876
occurrences of participant type, and 1989 occurrences of circumstantial type in
EFL Students’ Recount Text in Medan. In terms of process type, on the whole,
there are seven process types that occur in the data and material process
characterizes the recount text with 51.80% from the total of occurrences. Then,
there are 18 types of participant function occurred in the data in which the most
dominant participant function is actor with the total percentage 26.71%, and the
dominant participant type is non-human participant (NH) with 52.86%.
Furthermore, there are 17 circumstantial elements found in the data and the
dominant circumstantial element which characterizes the texts is circumstantial
locative with the total occurrences 711 occurrences or 35.75%. In conclusion, the
realization of dominant material process, actor, non-human participant, and
circumstantial locative place characterize EFL students’ recount text in Medan. It
means that the students tend to write what practically happens and what they do
and how they do it out there because the topic given is about going to somewhere
to describe what happens or what is done. Then, in terms of participant type, nonhuman participant realizes as the dominant one because the students use it to
describe the place or the location that they have visited. Then, the actor as the
participant function characterizes EFL students’ recount text in Medan because
the actor is the participant involved in material process or the doer of the deed.
The realization of circumstantial locative place as the dominant circumstantial
element in the text happens because the topic discussed is about going to
somewhere and it must be stated the place they have visited or the location where
the action happened.
Keywords: Experiential Function, Recount Text, Content Analysis
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FUNGSI PENGALAMAN DALAM TEKS RECOUNT SISWA EFL
DI MEDAN
ABSTRAK
Penelitian ini mencoba untuk menginvestigasi fungsi pengalaman sebagaimana
yang di usulkan oleh Halliday dan Matthiessen (2014) pada teks recount siswa
EFL di Medan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan menjelaskan jenis
proses, jenis dan fungsi partisipan, dan elemen sirkumstans yang mencirikan teks
recount siswa EFL di Medan. Metode Analisis isi kualitatif yang dikemukakan
oleh Cohen, Manion dan Morrison (2007) digunakan dalam penelitian ini. Data
dalam penelitian ini adalah klausa yang diambil dari 60 teks recount.
Keterpercayaan data didapat dengan menggunakan kredibilitas dan
dependabilitas. Berdasarkan analisis data, ditemukan bahwa ada 2834
kemunculan jenis proses, 3876 kemunculan fungsi dan jenis partisipan, dan 1989
kemunculan tipe sirkumstan dalam teks recount siswa EFL di Medan. Berkenaan
dengan tipe proses, secara keseluruhan, ada tujuh tipe proses yang muncul dalam
data dan proses material menjadi ciri dari teks recount dengan 51.80% dari total
kemunculan. Selanjutnya, ada 18 fungsi partisipan yang muncul dalam data
dimana fungsi partisipan yang paling dominan adalah aktor dengan total
persentase 26.71% dan tipe partisipan yang paling dominan adalah partisipan
bukan manusia dengan 52.86%. Lebih jauh lagi, ada 17 tipe sirkumstan
ditemukan dalam data dan tipe sirkumstan yang dominan yang member ciri teks
adalah sirkumstan lokasi tempat dengan total kemunculan 711 atau 35.75%.
Sebagai kesimpulan, realisasi dari dominan material proses, atktor, partisipan
bukan manusia, dan sirkumstan lokasi tempat memberikan ciri kepada teks
recount siswa EFL di Medan. Hal itu berarti bahwa siswa cenderung untuk
menulis apa yang secara prakteknya terjadi dan apa yang mereka kerjakan dan
bagaimana mereka melakukannya karena topik yang diberikan adalah tentang
pergi ke suatu tempat untuk mendeskripsikan apa yang terjadi dan apa yang
dilakukan. Selanjutnya, dalam hal tipe partisipan, partisipan bukan manusia
muncul sebagai yang dominan karena siswa menggunakannya untuk
mendeskripsikan tempat atau lokasi yang telah mereka kunjungi. Lalu, aktor
sebagai fungsi partisipan memberikan ciri pada teks recount siswa EFL di Medan
karena aktor adalah partisipan yang terlibat dalam material proses atau pelaku
dari kegiatan. Realisasi dari sirkumstan lokasi tempat sebagai elemen sirkumstan
yang dominan dalam teks terjadi karena topik yang di diskusikan tentang pergi ke
suatu tempat dan harus di sebutkan tempat yang mereka kunjungi atau lokasi
dimana kejadian itu terjadi.
Kata Kunci: Fungsi pengalaman, Teks recount, Analisis isi
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Universitas Sumatera Utara
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost, the writer would like to express his deepest gratitude to
Allah SWT, the Almighty God and the Most Beneficial for His Blessing, Grace,
Guidance, and Mercy that have made this thesis come to its completion. This
thesis has been written in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
Master of Arts (M.A.) in English Postgraduate Study Program, Faculty of Cultural
Sciences, University of Sumatera Utara.
Many people have involved in the process of completion of this thesis.
Therefore, the writer would like to express his gratitude and special thanks to:
1. Prof. Dr. Runtung, Rector of University of Sumatera Utara
2. Dr. Budi Agustono, M.S. The Dean of Faculty of Cultural Sciences
3. Dr. Ridwan Hanafiah, S.H., M.A. and Dr. Umar Mono, Dipl. Trans.,
M.Hum. as the thesis examiners and the chief and the secretary of English
Postgraduate Study program with all lecturers.
4. Prof. T. Silvana Sinar, M.A., Ph.D. and Dr. Nurlela, M.Hum. as advisers.
I owe an incredible debt of gratitude to them who have given brilliant
supervision, generous guidance, advice, encouragement and patience to
shape the ideas into the thesis and to skim my transitivity analysis. The
writer couldn’t accomplish this thesis without them. They are also my
inspiration to take a deep insight on discourse analysis and Systemic
Functional Linguistics.
5. Prof. Dr. Syahron Lubis, M.A. as the academic advisor and also the
examiner of this thesis who also gave the time and valuable enlightenment
on the theory of Systemic Functional Linguistics and its application.
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6. Ayahanda Khairuddin, Ibunda Heriani and my brother Zulkifli who always
devote their endless love, patience, encouragement, advice and support to
the writer to pursue a higher level degree of education and to contribute for
human beings. My special feeling of gratefulness is forwarded to them.
Their existence gave me strength, spirit and dignity to overcome the
obstacles and not to surrender in any condition.
7. Prof. Amrin Saragih, M.A., Ph.D. my lecturer and my former supervisor. I
am so thankful to him for giving me a vivid way to explore the
phenomenon in language through the theory of systemic functional
linguistics.
8. Dr. Anni Holila Pulungan, Dr. I Wayan Dirgeyasa, Firman Ginting,
M.Hum., Al Fitriani, M.Ed. and also Rusdi Noor Roosa, M.Hum for all
their help to the writer in collecting the data from their writing classes. I
am sincerely also grateful to them.
9. Regular A 2014 and Extension A 2014 classes from English and Literature
department Unimed, Regular C Class 2014 of English Literature
University of Sumatera Utara, and also Afternoon B and Evening class A
2014 of English Department, UMSU for their cooperation, and sincere in
helping the during the data collection. Their participation is one of the
keys to accomplish this thesis.
10. Bu Adry Wiyani Ridwan, the administration staff of English Postgraduate
Study program, for all her help during my study.
11. My love, Aprilza Aswani, for her care, patient, support, help,
understanding to me in pursuing my master degree.
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12. Dedi Saputra Kesogihin, S.Pd., Anni Marhamah, S.Pd. and Atika Sri
Rahma for all their assistance in the process of data analysis and data
tabulation. My thankfulness is forwarded to them. May Allah ease them in
their life.
13. Pak Manalu, Liza, Kak Elita, Soraya, Maridha, Bu Elliyati, Wina, Bang
Sahat, and Bu Yani, my classmates and compatriots, for their
encouragement, togetherness, shared moments and ideas during study in
University of Sumatera Utara
14. Abangda Budi Yanto, S.Pd., Hambali, S.Pd., Rizky Ramadhansyah, Supra
Cipto, S.Pd., Bang Faisal Hakim, S.Pd., Bang Amar Dalimunthe, S.Pd.I.,
Bu Yus, Habibah, Bang Andi, and Latifah, my family and friends during
the stay in Medan. I do appreciate them for every spirit, motivation, and
bitter-sweet memories.
15. Abangda Dedi Sanjaya, M.A., Abangda Azhar Aziz Lubis, M.Pd., Irwan
Saputra, S.S., Ali Muis Dongoran, S.S., Rahmad Husein Nasution, S.Pd.,
my best friends, for their support and motivation.
Medan, August 2016
Muhammad Yusuf
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CURRICULUM VITAE
Personal Data
Name
: Muhammad Yusuf
Place, Date of Birth
: Tandem Hilir, 4th May 1992
Sex
: Male
Religion
: Islam
Nationality
: Indonesia
Address
: Jl. Tandem Hilir I Pasar III Kec. H. Perak, D.
Serdang
Phone Number
: 085664077978 / 081260680508
: yusufelmahbub@gmail.com
Academic Background
1. 1998-2004
: SD Negeri 106152 Tandem Hilir I
2. 2004 -2007
: MTsS Al Abraar
3. 2007 -2010
: MAN Binjai
4. 2010-2014
: Bachelor of Education (S.Pd.) of English
Education in State University of Medan
5. 2014-2016
: Master of Arts in English (M.A) Faculty of
Cultural Sciences University of Sumatera Utara
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT...............................................................................................
ABSTRAK ……………………………………………………………..
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT……………………………………………..
CURRICULUM VITAE ……………………………………………..
TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................
LIST OF TABLES ..................................................................................
LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................
LIST OF APPENDICES ........................................................................
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ............................................................
A. The Background of the Study ...............................................................
B. The Problem of the Study .....................................................................
C. The Objective of the Study ...................................................................
D. The Scope of the Study .........................................................................
E. The Significance of the Study ...............................................................
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE .......................................
A. Theoretical Framework .........................................................................
2.1. Previous Studies .......................................................
2.2. Theories on Systemic Functional Linguistics ........
2.3. Rank ..........................................................................
2.4. Metafunction ...........................................................
2.5. Experiential Function...............................................
2.6. Theories on Processes types, participants
and circumstances ....................................................
2.6.1. Types of Process ...........................................
2.6.1.1. Material Process………………………….
2.6.1.2. Mental Process…………………………...
2.6.1.3. Relational Process ……………………….
2.6.1.4. Behavioral Process ………………………
2.6.1.5. Verbal Process …………………………..
2.6.1.6. Existential Process ………………………
2.6.1.7. Meteorological Process …………………
2.6.1.8. Summary of Process
and Participant ……………………… ....
2.7. Circumstantial element ............................................
2.8. Text and Context ......................................................
2.9. Writing ......................................................................
2.10. Genre .....................................................................
2.11. Kinds of Genre .......................................................
2.12. Recount ..................................................................
B. Conceptual Framework ...................................................
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD ...............................................
3.1. The Research Design ..........................................................................
3.2. The Data and Source of Data .............................................................
3.3. The Instrument of the Research .........................................................
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3.4. The Procedure of Research .................................................................
3.4.1. Data Collection ................................................................................
3.4.2. Data Analysis ..................................................................................
3.5. The Trustworthiness of the Data ........................................................
CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS, FINDINGS, AND DISCUSSION
4.1. Data Analysis ......................................................................................
4.1.1. Types of Process ..............................................................................
4.1.1.1. Material Process ............................................................................
4.1.1.2. Relational Process .........................................................................
4.1.1.3. Mental Process ..............................................................................
4.1.1.4. Verbal Process...............................................................................
4.1.1.5. Behavioral Process........................................................................
4.1.1.6. Existential Process ........................................................................
4.1.1.7. Meteorological Process ................................................................
4.1.2. Participant Functions and Types .....................................................
4.1.2.1. Participant Functions ....................................................................
4.1.2.1.1. Participant Function of Material Process .................................
4.1.2.1.2. Participant Function of Relational Process ..............................
4.1.2.1.3. Participant Function of Mental Process....................................
4.1.2.1.4. Participant Function of Verbal Process ....................................
4.1.2.1.5. Participant Function of Existential Process..............................
4.1.2.1.6. Participant Function of Behavioral Process .............................
4.1.2.2. Participant Type ............................................................................
4.1.2.2.1. Non-Human Participant.............................................................
4.1.2.2.2. Human Participant .....................................................................
4.1.3. Circumstantial Elements ..................................................................
4.1.3.1. Extent .............................................................................................
4.1.3.1.1. Distance ......................................................................................
4.1.3.1.2. Duration ......................................................................................
4.1.3.2. Location .........................................................................................
4.1.3.2.1. Place............................................................................................
4.1.3.2.2. Time ............................................................................................
4.1.3.3. Manner...........................................................................................
4.1.3.3.1. Means .........................................................................................
4.1.3.3.2. Quality ........................................................................................
4.1.3.3.3. Comparison ................................................................................
4.1.3.3.4. Degree.........................................................................................
4.1.3.4. Cause..............................................................................................
4.1.3.4.1. Reason ........................................................................................
4.1.3.4.2. Purpose .......................................................................................
4.1.3.4.3. Behalf .........................................................................................
4.1.3.5. Accompaniment ............................................................................
4.1.3.5.1. Comitative ..................................................................................
4.1.3.5.2. Additive ......................................................................................
4.1.3.6. Role ................................................................................................
4.1.3.6.1. Guise ...........................................................................................
4.1.3.6.2. Product........................................................................................
4.1.3.7. Matter.............................................................................................
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4.1.3.8. Angle..............................................................................................
4.1.3.8.1. Viewpoint ...................................................................................
4.2. Findings ...............................................................................................
4.3. Discussion............................................................................................
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION .........................
5.1. Conclusion ...........................................................................................
5.2. Suggestion ...........................................................................................
REFERENCES .........................................................................................
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LIST OF TABLES
Page
Table 2.1. The Example of Material Process ………………………………. 17
Table 2.2. Verbs Serving as Material Process in Different Material Clauses 17
Table 2.3. The Example of Material Clause with Recipient ……………….. 20
Table 2.4. The Example of Material Clause with Client …………………... 20
Table 2.5. The Example of Material Clause with Scope …………………... 21
Table 2.6. The Example of Mental Process ………………………………... 21
Table 2.7. Verb Serving as Process in Mental Clauses (Halliday and
22
Matthiessen, 2014:257) …………………………………………
Table 2.8. Basic Categories of Relational Clause ………………………….. 23
Table 2.9. The Example of Intensive Attributive Relational Process ……… 23
Table 2.10. The Example of Intensive Identifying Relational Process ……. 24
Table 2.11. The Example of Possessive Attributive Clauses ……………… 24
Table 2.12. The Example of Behavioral Process …………………………... 25
Table 2.13. Verbs Serving as Process in the Behavioural Clauses ………… 25
Table 2.14. Verbs Serving as Process in the Verbal Clauses ……………… 26
Table 2.15. The Example of Verbal Process ………………………………. 26
Table 2.16. The Example of Existential Process …………………………... 27
Table 2.17. The Examples of Verbs Serving as Process in
27
Existential Clause ……………………………………………..
Table 2.18. The Examples of Meteorological Process ……………………. 27
Table 2.19. Process Types, Their Meanings and Characteristics
Participants ……………………………………………………… 28
Table 2.20. Types of Circumstantial Elements …………………………….. 30
Table 2.21. The Example of Recount Text (National Exam for Nautical
Deck Department, 1997 im Dirgeyasa, 2014:232) …………….
37
Table 3.1. Data Sheets of Types of Process ………………………………... 44
Table 3.2. Data Sheets of Types of Participant and its Function …………... 44
Table 3.3. Data Sheet of Types of Circumstantial Elements……………….. 44
Table 4.1. The Frequency Distribution of Process Types in EFL Students’
Recount Text in Medan ………………………………………
49
Table 4.2. The Example of Material Process (taken from text 1:9) ………... 50
Table 4.3. The Example of Relational Attributive Intensive Process (taken
from text 5:3) …………………………………………………..
51
Table 4.4. The Example of Relational Identifying Intensive Process (taken
from text 2:19) …………………………………………………
51
Table 4.5. The Example of Relational Attributive Circumstantial Process
(taken from text 21:38) ………………………………………...
51
Table 4.6. The Example of Relational Identifying Circumstantial Process
(taken from text 45:10) ………………………………………...
51
Table 4.7. The Example of Relational Attributive Possessive Process
(taken from text 6:1) …………………………………………...
52
Table 4.8. The Example of Perceptive Mental Process (taken from text
60:12) …………………………………………………………..
52
Table 4.9. The Example of Cognitive Mental Process (taken from text
50:7) ……………………………………………………………
53
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Table 4.10. The Example of Desiderative Mental Process (taken from text
46:23) …………………………………………………………..
Table 4.11. The Example of Emotive Mental Process (taken from text
46:23) …………………………………………………………..
Table 4.12. The Example of Verbal Process (taken from text 9:10) ……….
Table 4.13. The Example of Behavioral Process (taken from text 32:24)…..
Table 4.14. The Example of Existential Process (taken from text 2:15) …..
Table 4.15. The Example of Meteorological Process (taken from text 2:15)
Table 4.16. The Frequency Distribution of Participant Types in EFL
Students’ Recount Text in Medan ……………………………..
Table 4.17. The Frequency Distribution of Participant Function in Material
Process …………………………………………………………
Table 4.18. The Example of Actor and Goal as Participant Function (taken
from text 1:9) ………………………………………………….
Table 4.19. The Example of Recipient as Participant Function (taken from
text 2:25) ……………………………………………………….
Table 4.20. The Example of Client as Participant Function (taken from text
1:49) ……………………………………………………………
Table 4.21. The Example of Range as Participant Function (taken from text
36:6) ……………………………………………………………
Table 4.22. The Frequency Distribution of Participant Function in
Relational Process ……………………………………………..
Table 4.23. The Example of Carrier and Attribute in as Participant
Function Relational Attributive Intensive Process (taken from text 5:3)
……………………………………………………….
Table 4.24. The Example of Identifier and Identified as Participant
Function in Relational Identifying Intensive Process (taken from text 2:19)
………………………………………………..
Table 4.25. The Example of Carrier and Attribute as Participant Function
in Relational Attributive Circumstantial Process (taken from text 21:38)
……………………………………………………...
Table 4.26. The Example of Identifier and Identified as Participant
Function in Relational Identifying Circumstantial Process (taken from text
45:10) ………………………………………..
Table 4.27. The Example of Possessor and Possessed as Participant
Function in Relational Attributive Possessive Process (taken from text 6:1)
…………………………………………………..
Table 4.28. The Frequency Distribution of Participant Function in Mental
Process …………………………………………………………
Table 4.29. The Example of Senser and Phenomenon in Mental Process
(taken from text 60:12) ………………………………………..
Table 4.30. The Frequency Distribution of Participant Function in Verbal
Process …………………………………………………………
Table 4.31. The Example of Sayer and Receiver as Participant Function in
Verbal Process (taken from text 9:10) …………………………
Table 4.32. The Example of Verbiage as Participant Function in Verbal
Process (taken from text 10:23) ………………………………..
Table 4.33. The Example of Target as Participant Function in Verbal
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Process (taken from text 40:29)………………………………..
Table 4.34. The Example of Existential Process (taken from text 2:15)……
Table 4.35. The Example of Behavioral Process (taken from text 32:24) …
Table 4.36. The Example of Non-Human Participant (NHP) (taken from
text 5:3) ………………………………………………………
Table 4.37. The Example of Human Participant (HP) (taken from text
9:10) ……………………………………………………………
Table 4.38. The Frequency Distribution of Circumstantial Element ……….
Table 4.39. The Example of Distance (taken from text 29:21) …………….
Table 4.40. The Example of Duration (taken from text 7:14) ……………...
Table 4.41. The Example of Circumstantial Locative Place (taken from text
1:9) ……………………………………………………………..
Table 4.42. The Example of Circumstantial Locative Time (taken from text
13:1) ……………………………………………………………
Table 4.43. The Example of Circumstantial Manner Means (taken from
text 52:13) ……………………………………………………...
Table 4.44. The Example of Circumstantial Manner Quality (taken from
text 47:13) …………………………………………………….
Table 4.45. The Example of Circumstantial Manner Comparison (taken
from text 23:46) ………………………………………………..
Table 4.46. The Example of Circumstantial Manner Degree (taken from
text 8:34) ……………………………………………………….
Table 4.47. The Example of Circumstantial Cause Reason (taken from text
59:47) …………………………………………………………..
Table 4.48. The Example of Circumstantial Cause Purpose (taken from text
6:46) …………………………………………………………..
Table 4.49. The Example of Circumstantial Cause Behalf (taken from text
26:25) …………………………………………………………..
Table 4.50. The Example of Circumstantial Accompaniment Comitative
(taken from text 2:39) ………………………………………….
Table 4.51. The Example of Circumstantial Accompaniment Additive
(taken from text 32:8) ………………………………………….
Table 4.52. The Example of Circumstantial Role Guise (taken from text
60:42) …………………………………………………………..
Table 4.53. The Example of Circumstantial Role Product (taken from text
35:32) …………………………………………………………..
Table 4.54. The Example of Circumstantial Matter (taken from text 26:25)
Table 4.55. The Example of Circumstantial Angle Viewpoint (taken from
text 20:49)………………………………………………………
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2.1. A System of Rank ………………………………………………
Figure 2.2. Rank Reflected in Syntagmatic Organization …………………
Figure 2.3. Transitivity: Process Type Represented as System Network
Figure 2.4. The grammar of experience: types of process in English
(Halliday and Matthiessen, 2014:216) …………………………
Figure 2.5. The Analytical Construction of “Experiential Function in EFL
Students’ Writing in Medan” ……………………………………
Figure 3.1. The Procedure in Content Analysis …………………………….
Figure 4.1. The Frequency Distribution of Process Types in EFL Students’
Recount Text in Medan ………………………………………….
Figure 4.2. The Frequency Distribution of Participant Functions in EFL
Students’ Recount Text in Medan ……………………………….
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LIST OF APPENDICES
Page
Appendix 1.The Analysis of Process Types in EFL Students’ Recount
Texts in Medan ………………………………………………
Appendix 2. The Analysis of Participant Types and Functions in EFL
Students’ Recount Texts in Medan …………………………
Appendix 3. The Analysis of Circumstantial Elements in EFL Students’
Recount Texts in Medan ……………………………………
Appendix 4. The Total Process Type of in EFL Students’ Recount Texts in
Medan ……………………………………………………….
Appendix 5.The Total Participant Types and Functions in EFL Students’
Recount Texts in Medan ……………………………….…
Appendix 6. The Total Circumstantial Elements in EFL Students’ Recount
Texts in Medan ……………………………………………….
Appendix 7. The Example of Syllabus of Teaching Writing……………….
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
Codes
Process Types
Codes
Mat
Perc
Cog
Desid
RAI
RII
RAC
Material Process
Perceptive Mental Process
Cognitive Mental Process
Desiderative Mental Process
Relational Attributive Intensive
Relational Identifying Intensive
Relational Attributive
Circumstance
Relational Identifying
Circumstance
Relational Attributive
Possessive
Relational Identifying
Possessive
Verbal Process
Behavioral Process
Existential Process
Meteorological Process
Circumstantial Types
Distance
Duration
Frequency
Place
Time
Means
Quality
Comparison
Degree
Reason
Purpose
Behalf
Condition
Default
Concession
Comitative
Additive
Guise
Product
Matter
Source
Viewpoint
H
NH
Act
Goal
Rec
Cli
Rg
Participant Types and
Functions
Human Participant
Non-Human Participant
Actor
Goal
Recipient
Client
Range
Ben
Beneficiary
Sns
Senser
Phe
Phenomenon
Car
Attr
Id
Ir
Posr
Posd
Say
Rcv
Vb
Tar
Bhv
Ex
Ind
Ini
Att
Ass
Carrier
Attributive
Identified
Identifier
Possessor
Possessed
Sayer
Receiver
Verbiage
Target
Behaver
Existent
Inducer
Initiator
Attributor
Assigner
RIC
RAP
RIP
Ver
Behl
Exi
Met
Codes
Dis
Dur
Fre
Pla
Time
Mean
Qua
Comp
Deg
Reas
Purp
Behf
Cond
Def
Conc
Com
Adtv
Gui
Prod
Matter
Sour
Viewp
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