Phonological Process Of Two Year Old Child In Acquiring Indonesian Phoneme
PHONOLOGICAL PROCESS OF TWO YEAR OLD CHILD IN ACQUIRING
INDONESIAN PHONEME
A THESIS
BY
NADIA GUTARI
REG. NO. 110705090
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH
FACULTY OF CULTURE STUDIES
UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA
MEDAN 2015
Universitas Sumatera Utara
PHONOLOGICAL PROCESS OF TWO YEAR OLD CHILD IN ACQUIRING
INDONESIAN PHONEME
A THESIS
BY
NADIA GUTARI
REG. NO. 110705090
SUPERVISOR
CO-SUPERVISOR
Dr. Ridwan Hanafiah, SH. M.A
Drs. Bahagia Tarigan, M.A
NIP. 19560705 198903 1 002
NIP. 19581017 198601 1 001
Submitted to Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatra Utara Medan in
partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from
Department of English
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH
FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES
UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA
MEDAN 2015
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Approved by the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University
of Sumatra Utara (USU) Medan as thesis for The Sarjana Sastra Examination.
Head,
Secretary,
Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, MS.
Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A., Ph.D.
NIP. 19541117 198003 1 002
NIP. 19750209 200812 1 002
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Accepted by the Board of Examiners in partial fulfillment of requirements for
the degree of Sarjana Sastra from the Department of English, Faculty of
Cultural Studies University of Sumatra Utara, Medan.
The examination is held in Department of English Faculty of Cultural Studies
University of Sumatra Utara on October 19th, 2015.
Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies
University of Sumatra Utara
Dr.H.Syahron Lubis, MA
NIP.19511013 197603 1 001
Board of Examiners
Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, MS
………………………..
Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, MA. Ph.D.
………………………..
Dr. Matius C.A. Sembiring, M.A
………………………..
Dr. Ridwan Hanafiah, SH., M.A
………………………..
Universitas Sumatera Utara
AUTHOR’S DECLARATION
I, NADIA GUTARI DECLARE THAT I AM THE SOLE AUTHOR OF THIS
THESIS EXCEPT WHERE REFERENCE IS MADE IN THE TEXT OF THIS
THESIS.
THIS
THESIS
CONTAINS
NO
MATERIAL
PUBLISHED
ELSEWHERE OR EXTRACTED IN WHOLE OR IN PART FROM A
THESIS BY WHICH I HAVE QUALIFIED FOR OR AWARDED ANOTHER
DEGREE. NO OTHER PERSON’S WORK HAS BEEN USED WITHOUT
DUE. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS IN THE MAIN TEXT THE AWARD OF
ANOTHER DEGREE IN ANY TERTIARY EDUCATION.
Signed
:
Date
: October 19th, 2015
Universitas Sumatera Utara
COPYRIGHT DECLARATION
NAME
: NADIA GUTARI
TITLE OF THESIS
: PHONOLOGICAL PROCESS OF TWO YEAR
OLD’S CHILD IN ACQUIRING INDONESIAN
PHONEME
QUALIFICATION
: S-1/SARJANA SASTRA
DEPARTMENT
: ENGLISH
I AM WILLING THAT MY THESIS SHOULD BE AVAILABLE FOR
REPRODUCTION AT THE DISRECTION OF THE LIBRARIAN OF
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH, FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES,
UNIVERSITY OF SUMATRA UTARA ON THE UNDERSTANDING THAT
USERS ARE MADE AWARE OF THEIR OBLIGATION UNDER THE LAW
OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA.
Signed
:
Date
: October 19th, 2015
Universitas Sumatera Utara
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, I would like to thank ALLAH SWT for the blessing, guarding,
and guidance in my life, especially in accomplishing this thesis as one of the
requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from English Department at Faculty of
Culture Studies, University of Sumatera Utara.
A special thanks to my beloved family. Words cannot express how grateful I
am to my father (Drg. Agus Sumantri), my mother (Drg. Sri Mulyani) and my only
brother (Prajiwazhary, ST) who always give supports, advices, motivations and
prayers from the time I was born until now.
I also would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, Dr.
Ridwan Hanafiah, SH. M.A, and Drs. Bahagia Tarigan, M.A, as my co-supervisor
for the comments, encouragements, patience, motivation, and immense knowledge.
Their guidance helped me in all the time of research and writing of this thesis.
My next sincere gratitude goes to all my lecturers in English Literature
Department who have taught and given me precious knowledge during my study. I
also thank Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S, the Chief of English Department,
Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A. Ph.D, the Secretary, for their attention to all my
academic affairs and Dr. Syahron Lubis, M.A, the Dean of Faculty of Cultural
Studies of the University of Sumatera Utara as well as the members of administration
for their valuable help throughout the academic years.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
I also thank Mbak Sri and Kak Liza for allowing me to take their children
(Zhafira and Dzaki) as the subjects to complete this thesis. Thank you for the time
and supports.
I would also like to thank all of my friends, my special friend Mhd. Ridho
Akbar, my best friends Reny, Eny, Ecak, Ges, Rena, Petra, Harni, Opi, Dyan, Novi,
Bella, Ade, Gadis, Nisa, Dila, Fibie, Fika, and Ria for all support and motivation you
have given and thank you for being there in every struggle, sadness and happiness I
have been through. Thank for your prayer, love and care. Last but not least, thanks to
all my friends in English Department 2011 whose names can’t be mentioned one by
one, thank for spending our great times together in four years.
Despite my effort to produce a faultless paper, I am well aware that the
readers will find numerous imperfections, for which I apologize.
Writer,
NADIA GUTARI
Reg. No: 110705090
Universitas Sumatera Utara
ABSTRACT
This research has a title Phonological Process of Two Year Old Child in
Acquiring Indonesian Phoneme. It is one of psycholinguistic branch that studies
phonological acquisition, specifically on phonological process in the word
production made by two year old Indonesian child. This research applied descriptive
qualitative method. The writer took the data from the recording of speech delivered
by two children aged two years old, named Zhafira and Dzaki. In analyzing the data,
the writer used the theory of phonological process by David Ingram (1989). Based on
the data analysis and description, the writer found that not all of Ingram’s
phonological processes occur in the subject’s word production. There are eight from
twelve processes that occur in the subject’s word production, they are: stopping,
fronting, gliding, vocalization, labial assimilation, cluster reduction, deletion of final
consonant and deletion of unstressed syllable. In addition, the writer also found two
other phonological processes which do not reflect Ingram’s theory, they are:
lateralization and substitution of vowel. At the end of the research, the subjects also
do some changes in pronouncing some words and there are still several sounds which
can be and cannot be produced by the subjects.
Keywords: phonology, phonological process, phonological acquisition, two year old
child.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
ABSTRAK
Penelitian ini berjudul Proses Fonologi dari Anak Usia Dua Tahun dalam
Memperoleh Fonem Bahasa Indonesia. Ini merupakan salah satu cabang
psikolinguistik yang mempelajari tentang pemerolehan fonologi, khususnya pada
proses fonologis dalam produksi kata yang dibuat oleh anak Indonesia berusia dua
tahun. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif. Penulis mengambil
data dari rekaman ujaran yang disampaikan oleh dua anak berusia dua tahun,
bernama Zhafira dan Dzaki. Dalam menganalisis data, penulis menggunakan teori
proses fonologi oleh David Ingram (1989). Berdasarkan analisis data dan penjelasan,
penulis menemukan bahwa tidak semua proses fonologi Ingram terjadi dalam
produksi kata subjek. Ada delapan dari dua belas proses yang terjadi dalam produksi
kata subjek, yaitu: stopping, fronting, gliding, vocalization, labial assimilation,
cluster reduction, deletion of final consonant dan deletion of unstressed syllable.
Sebagai tambahan, penulis juga menemukan dua proses fonologi lainnya yang tidak
mewakili teori Ingram, yaitu: lateralization dan substitution of vowel. Pada akhir
penelitian, subjek juga melakukan beberapa perubahan dalam mengucapkan
beberapa kata dan masih ada beberapa suara yang dapat dan tidak dapat dihasilkan
oleh subjek.
Kata kunci: fonologi, proses fonologi, pemerolehan fonologi, anak usia dua tahun.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
TABLE OF CONTENTS
AUTHOR’S DECLARATION ............................................................................. v
COPYRIGHT DECLARATION ......................................................................... vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................. vii
ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................... ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS ...................................................................................... xi
CHAPTER I
CHAPTER II
INTRODUCTION ................................................. 1
1.1
Background of the Study ............................. 1
1.2
Problem of the Study ................................... 6
1.3
Objective of the Study ................................. 6
1.4
Scope of the Study ...................................... 6
1.5
Significance of the Study ............................ 7
REVIEW OF LITERATURE .............................. 8
2.1
Psycholinguistics ......................................... 8
2.2
Language Acquisition .................................. 10
2.3
Phonological Acquisition.............................. 11
2.3.1
Theory of Natural Phonology ..................…. 12
2.3.2
Theory of Word Simplification ………........ 13
2.3.3
Theory of Phonological Process ………...… 15
2.4
Phonemes in Languages ............................... 19
2.4.1
Consonants ………………………………... 19
2.4.2
Vowels …………………………………….. 21
Universitas Sumatera Utara
CHAPTER III
CHAPTER IV
CHAPTER V
METHOD OF RESEARCH ................................. 23
3.1
Research Design .......................................... 23
3.2
Sources of Data ........................................... 23
3.3
Data Collection Procedures ......................... 24
3.4
Step of the Research ……………………… 25
3.5
Data Analysis …………………………...… 25
DESCRIPTION AND FINDING ........................... 27
4.1
Data Description ……………….................. 27
4.2
Finding ......................................................... 42
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ................. 46
5.1
Conclusion .................................................... 46
5.2
Suggestion .................................................... 47
REFERENCES ...................................................................................................... 48
Universitas Sumatera Utara
INDONESIAN PHONEME
A THESIS
BY
NADIA GUTARI
REG. NO. 110705090
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH
FACULTY OF CULTURE STUDIES
UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA
MEDAN 2015
Universitas Sumatera Utara
PHONOLOGICAL PROCESS OF TWO YEAR OLD CHILD IN ACQUIRING
INDONESIAN PHONEME
A THESIS
BY
NADIA GUTARI
REG. NO. 110705090
SUPERVISOR
CO-SUPERVISOR
Dr. Ridwan Hanafiah, SH. M.A
Drs. Bahagia Tarigan, M.A
NIP. 19560705 198903 1 002
NIP. 19581017 198601 1 001
Submitted to Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatra Utara Medan in
partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from
Department of English
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH
FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES
UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA
MEDAN 2015
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Approved by the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University
of Sumatra Utara (USU) Medan as thesis for The Sarjana Sastra Examination.
Head,
Secretary,
Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, MS.
Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A., Ph.D.
NIP. 19541117 198003 1 002
NIP. 19750209 200812 1 002
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Accepted by the Board of Examiners in partial fulfillment of requirements for
the degree of Sarjana Sastra from the Department of English, Faculty of
Cultural Studies University of Sumatra Utara, Medan.
The examination is held in Department of English Faculty of Cultural Studies
University of Sumatra Utara on October 19th, 2015.
Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies
University of Sumatra Utara
Dr.H.Syahron Lubis, MA
NIP.19511013 197603 1 001
Board of Examiners
Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, MS
………………………..
Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, MA. Ph.D.
………………………..
Dr. Matius C.A. Sembiring, M.A
………………………..
Dr. Ridwan Hanafiah, SH., M.A
………………………..
Universitas Sumatera Utara
AUTHOR’S DECLARATION
I, NADIA GUTARI DECLARE THAT I AM THE SOLE AUTHOR OF THIS
THESIS EXCEPT WHERE REFERENCE IS MADE IN THE TEXT OF THIS
THESIS.
THIS
THESIS
CONTAINS
NO
MATERIAL
PUBLISHED
ELSEWHERE OR EXTRACTED IN WHOLE OR IN PART FROM A
THESIS BY WHICH I HAVE QUALIFIED FOR OR AWARDED ANOTHER
DEGREE. NO OTHER PERSON’S WORK HAS BEEN USED WITHOUT
DUE. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS IN THE MAIN TEXT THE AWARD OF
ANOTHER DEGREE IN ANY TERTIARY EDUCATION.
Signed
:
Date
: October 19th, 2015
Universitas Sumatera Utara
COPYRIGHT DECLARATION
NAME
: NADIA GUTARI
TITLE OF THESIS
: PHONOLOGICAL PROCESS OF TWO YEAR
OLD’S CHILD IN ACQUIRING INDONESIAN
PHONEME
QUALIFICATION
: S-1/SARJANA SASTRA
DEPARTMENT
: ENGLISH
I AM WILLING THAT MY THESIS SHOULD BE AVAILABLE FOR
REPRODUCTION AT THE DISRECTION OF THE LIBRARIAN OF
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH, FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES,
UNIVERSITY OF SUMATRA UTARA ON THE UNDERSTANDING THAT
USERS ARE MADE AWARE OF THEIR OBLIGATION UNDER THE LAW
OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA.
Signed
:
Date
: October 19th, 2015
Universitas Sumatera Utara
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, I would like to thank ALLAH SWT for the blessing, guarding,
and guidance in my life, especially in accomplishing this thesis as one of the
requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from English Department at Faculty of
Culture Studies, University of Sumatera Utara.
A special thanks to my beloved family. Words cannot express how grateful I
am to my father (Drg. Agus Sumantri), my mother (Drg. Sri Mulyani) and my only
brother (Prajiwazhary, ST) who always give supports, advices, motivations and
prayers from the time I was born until now.
I also would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, Dr.
Ridwan Hanafiah, SH. M.A, and Drs. Bahagia Tarigan, M.A, as my co-supervisor
for the comments, encouragements, patience, motivation, and immense knowledge.
Their guidance helped me in all the time of research and writing of this thesis.
My next sincere gratitude goes to all my lecturers in English Literature
Department who have taught and given me precious knowledge during my study. I
also thank Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S, the Chief of English Department,
Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A. Ph.D, the Secretary, for their attention to all my
academic affairs and Dr. Syahron Lubis, M.A, the Dean of Faculty of Cultural
Studies of the University of Sumatera Utara as well as the members of administration
for their valuable help throughout the academic years.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
I also thank Mbak Sri and Kak Liza for allowing me to take their children
(Zhafira and Dzaki) as the subjects to complete this thesis. Thank you for the time
and supports.
I would also like to thank all of my friends, my special friend Mhd. Ridho
Akbar, my best friends Reny, Eny, Ecak, Ges, Rena, Petra, Harni, Opi, Dyan, Novi,
Bella, Ade, Gadis, Nisa, Dila, Fibie, Fika, and Ria for all support and motivation you
have given and thank you for being there in every struggle, sadness and happiness I
have been through. Thank for your prayer, love and care. Last but not least, thanks to
all my friends in English Department 2011 whose names can’t be mentioned one by
one, thank for spending our great times together in four years.
Despite my effort to produce a faultless paper, I am well aware that the
readers will find numerous imperfections, for which I apologize.
Writer,
NADIA GUTARI
Reg. No: 110705090
Universitas Sumatera Utara
ABSTRACT
This research has a title Phonological Process of Two Year Old Child in
Acquiring Indonesian Phoneme. It is one of psycholinguistic branch that studies
phonological acquisition, specifically on phonological process in the word
production made by two year old Indonesian child. This research applied descriptive
qualitative method. The writer took the data from the recording of speech delivered
by two children aged two years old, named Zhafira and Dzaki. In analyzing the data,
the writer used the theory of phonological process by David Ingram (1989). Based on
the data analysis and description, the writer found that not all of Ingram’s
phonological processes occur in the subject’s word production. There are eight from
twelve processes that occur in the subject’s word production, they are: stopping,
fronting, gliding, vocalization, labial assimilation, cluster reduction, deletion of final
consonant and deletion of unstressed syllable. In addition, the writer also found two
other phonological processes which do not reflect Ingram’s theory, they are:
lateralization and substitution of vowel. At the end of the research, the subjects also
do some changes in pronouncing some words and there are still several sounds which
can be and cannot be produced by the subjects.
Keywords: phonology, phonological process, phonological acquisition, two year old
child.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
ABSTRAK
Penelitian ini berjudul Proses Fonologi dari Anak Usia Dua Tahun dalam
Memperoleh Fonem Bahasa Indonesia. Ini merupakan salah satu cabang
psikolinguistik yang mempelajari tentang pemerolehan fonologi, khususnya pada
proses fonologis dalam produksi kata yang dibuat oleh anak Indonesia berusia dua
tahun. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif. Penulis mengambil
data dari rekaman ujaran yang disampaikan oleh dua anak berusia dua tahun,
bernama Zhafira dan Dzaki. Dalam menganalisis data, penulis menggunakan teori
proses fonologi oleh David Ingram (1989). Berdasarkan analisis data dan penjelasan,
penulis menemukan bahwa tidak semua proses fonologi Ingram terjadi dalam
produksi kata subjek. Ada delapan dari dua belas proses yang terjadi dalam produksi
kata subjek, yaitu: stopping, fronting, gliding, vocalization, labial assimilation,
cluster reduction, deletion of final consonant dan deletion of unstressed syllable.
Sebagai tambahan, penulis juga menemukan dua proses fonologi lainnya yang tidak
mewakili teori Ingram, yaitu: lateralization dan substitution of vowel. Pada akhir
penelitian, subjek juga melakukan beberapa perubahan dalam mengucapkan
beberapa kata dan masih ada beberapa suara yang dapat dan tidak dapat dihasilkan
oleh subjek.
Kata kunci: fonologi, proses fonologi, pemerolehan fonologi, anak usia dua tahun.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
TABLE OF CONTENTS
AUTHOR’S DECLARATION ............................................................................. v
COPYRIGHT DECLARATION ......................................................................... vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................. vii
ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................... ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS ...................................................................................... xi
CHAPTER I
CHAPTER II
INTRODUCTION ................................................. 1
1.1
Background of the Study ............................. 1
1.2
Problem of the Study ................................... 6
1.3
Objective of the Study ................................. 6
1.4
Scope of the Study ...................................... 6
1.5
Significance of the Study ............................ 7
REVIEW OF LITERATURE .............................. 8
2.1
Psycholinguistics ......................................... 8
2.2
Language Acquisition .................................. 10
2.3
Phonological Acquisition.............................. 11
2.3.1
Theory of Natural Phonology ..................…. 12
2.3.2
Theory of Word Simplification ………........ 13
2.3.3
Theory of Phonological Process ………...… 15
2.4
Phonemes in Languages ............................... 19
2.4.1
Consonants ………………………………... 19
2.4.2
Vowels …………………………………….. 21
Universitas Sumatera Utara
CHAPTER III
CHAPTER IV
CHAPTER V
METHOD OF RESEARCH ................................. 23
3.1
Research Design .......................................... 23
3.2
Sources of Data ........................................... 23
3.3
Data Collection Procedures ......................... 24
3.4
Step of the Research ……………………… 25
3.5
Data Analysis …………………………...… 25
DESCRIPTION AND FINDING ........................... 27
4.1
Data Description ……………….................. 27
4.2
Finding ......................................................... 42
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ................. 46
5.1
Conclusion .................................................... 46
5.2
Suggestion .................................................... 47
REFERENCES ...................................................................................................... 48
Universitas Sumatera Utara