Perkembangan Teknologi Informasi dan Pen (1)
Special Presentation on
Perkembangan Teknologi Informasi dan
Penerapannya pada Direktorat Jenderal Pajak
presented by
Dr. Ir.
Richardus Eko Indrajit MSc. MBA
Chairman of Perbanas Computer College
School of Computing and Information System Management
In House Training
Kanwil V Direktorat Jenderal Pajak
Monday, November 5th 2001
Jakarta, Indonesia
© Richardus Eko Indrajit, 2001
Presentation Objectives
Bagaimana peradaban teknologi informasi dewasa
ini
Bagaimana peradaban teknologi informasi pada
masa mendatang
Cost and Benefit teknologi informasi bagi DJP dan
masyarakat
Bagaimana DJP mempersiapkan diri dalam
menghadapi peradaban teknologi informasi
Apa yang dibutuhkan masyarakat dari DJP dengan
memasuki teknologi informasi
© Richardus Eko Indrajit, 2001
Three Critical Success Factors
1.
2.
3.
Understanding the philosophy
and fundamental ideas
underpinning the
development of new digital
economy and virtual
community
Knowing the impacts on
those new paradigms in your
existing environment
Taking some necessary steps
for surviving and winning in
the battle
© Richardus Eko Indrajit, 2001
The Growth of Internet Users
The total number of Internet users
exceeded 400 million worldwide
10 billion e-mail messages sent
every day
No. of Internet Users (million)
Worldwide
407.1
Africa
1.33
Asia/Pacific
104.88
US and
Canada
167.12
Latin America
16.45
Europe
113.14
Middle East
2.40
Nua Survey November 2000
© Richardus Eko Indrajit, 2001
The Growth of E-Business
Global B2B online transactions
estimated to reach US$7.25
trillion by 2004, up from US$145
billion in 1999
E-business will account for up to
10% of the world’’s GDP by 2005
In industrialised economies, 25%
of consumer spending, 70% of
B2B spending influenced by the
internet
Source: IDC 2000
© Richardus Eko Indrajit, 2001
Global Readiness
© Richardus Eko Indrajit, 2001
The Goal of e-Government
"Public confidence in the security of the government's
electronic information and information technology is
essential to creating government services that are more
accessible, efficient, and easy to use."
-- Access America: Reengineering Through
Information Technology
Vice President, Al Gore
© Richardus Eko Indrajit, 2001
IT for Direktorat Jenderal Pajak
Potentially increasing
government’’s income from tax
due to:
2 more efficiency and effectiveness
2 better control
2 intelligent system
Potentially decreasing
government’’s income from tax
due to:
2 digital products and services
2 e-business and e-commerce
2 globalization
© Richardus Eko Indrajit, 2001
The Creation of Information
Organization
Growth
Increasing
Performance
Knowledge
Information
Raw Data
Better
Decision
Making
Quality
Cheaper
and
Faster
Public
Services
Transaction
© Richardus Eko Indrajit, 2001
Information System Domain
INFORMATION SYSTEM
Research and
Development
Processes
People and Culture
Electronic
Commerce
Management
Human Resources
ISDN, VSAT
Products and Services
Infrastructure
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Rules and Policy
Organization
Standards and Procedures
Internet
Intranet
Digital Nervous
System
Extranet
Cost and
Investment
COMPUTER
Market and
Customers
Strategic
Business
Plan
Electronic
Data
Interchange
Decision Support
System
HARDWARE
Operating System
PC Desktop
Notebook and Palmtop
Data Mining
Macro
Environment
Printer
Modem
Workgroup
Computing
SOFTWARE
Multimedia
Database
Applications
Programming Languages
Outsourcing
© Richardus Eko Indrajit, 2001
Information Management
Corporations
Community
Business Entities
Institutions
Non Profit Organization
Public Sectors
INFORMATION SYSTEM
- DEMAND SITE -
INFORMATION MANAGEMENT
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
- SUPPLY SITE Software Houses
Universities
Computer Manufacturers
Silicon Valley
R&D Centers
© Richardus Eko Indrajit, 2001
Management Information System
G Chief Executive Officer
G CIO, COO, CFO, CTO
G Senior Executives
EXECUTIVE
INFORMATION
SYSTEM
Querying
System
DECISION
SUPPORT SYSTEM
Reporting
System
G Line Managers
G Junior Managers
MANAGEMENT
INFORMATION SYSTEM
TRANSACTIONAL
INFORMATION SYSTEM
Consolidation
System
G Supervisors
G Assistants
DATAWAREHOUSE
DATABASE
DATABASE
DATABASE
DATABASE
Transaction
System
TRANSACTION
TRANSACTION
TRANSACTION
G Users
G Customer Services
TRANSACTION
© Richardus Eko Indrajit, 2001
Information System Revolution
ERA 4
ERA 3
ERA 2
1990
ERA 1
1980
1970
Focus of Philosophy
Administrative Framework
Primary Target
Justification/Purposes
© Richardus Eko Indrajit, 2001
Computer Technology Era
DATA
PROCESSING
Focus of
Philosophy
REGULATED
MONOPOLY
Administrative
Framework
ORGANIZATIONAL
Primary
Target
PRODUCTIVITY
EFFICIENCY
Justification
Purposes
© Richardus Eko Indrajit, 2001
Information Technology Era
END-USER
COMPUTING
Focus of
Philosophy
FREE
MARKET
Administrative
Framework
INDIVIDUAL
Primary
Target
EFFECTIVENESS
Justification
Purposes
© Richardus Eko Indrajit, 2001
Information System Era
STRATEGIC
SYSTEM
Focus of
Philosophy
REGULATED
FREE MARKET
Administrative
Framework
BUSINESS
PROCESS
Primary
Target
COMPETITIVE
ADVANTAGE
Justification
Purposes
© Richardus Eko Indrajit, 2001
Global Information System Era
BUSINESS
TRANSFORMATION
ENABLER
Focus of
Philosophy
GLOBALIZATION
Administrative
Framework
DYNAMIC
SYSTEM
Primary
Target
ADAPTIVITY
Justification
Purposes
© Richardus Eko Indrajit, 2001
Macro and Micro Environment
Market
Technology
Competitors
Government
Science
Silicon Valley
EXTERNAL
Customers
R &D
INTERNAL
Structure
Infrastructure
People
Process
Resources
Hardware
Applications
Software
BUSINESS
INFORMATION SYSTEM
© Richardus Eko Indrajit, 2001
Zachman Framework
Ballpark View
DATA
PROCESS
TECHNOLOGY
Owner’’s View
DATA
PROCESS
TECHNOLOGY
Designer’’s View
DATA
PROCESS
TECHNOLOGY
Builder’’s View
DATA
PROCESS
TECHNOLOGY
DATA
PROCESS
TECHNOLOGY
DATA
PROCESS
TECHNOLOGY
Detailed Representation
Functioning System
© Richardus Eko Indrajit, 2001
The Main Philosophy
Add Value
customers and markets
Wisdom
Knowledge
Information
Minimize Risks
market, financial, legal,
operational risks
Reduce Costs
transactions and processes
eGoverment
Data
Create New Realities
intelligence (social, political, technological, etc.)
Facts
Gather
Organize
Select
Synthesize
Distribute
© Richardus Eko Indrajit, 2001
The Stakeholders
DPR/MPR
Provinces
Society/
Public
Foreigners
Government
DJP
STAKEHOLDERS
Company
Individual
University
Others
© Richardus Eko Indrajit, 2001
Top-Down Approach
Vision
Mission
Value
Objectives
Critical Success Factors
Key Performance Indicators
Institution Strategy
I/T Strategy
Business Process and Tactical Procedures
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IMPLEMENTATION
© Richardus Eko Indrajit, 2001
Value Offered to the Public
SIMPLIFY
INTEGRATE
ELIMINATE
AUTOMATE
© Richardus Eko Indrajit, 2001
What to Expect ?
Cost
Center
Profit
Center
I/T
Investment
Center
Service
Center
© Richardus Eko Indrajit, 2001
Website Management
What ?
IS Strategy
Division/function based
Demand oriented
Business focused
Applications
Wherefore ?
IM Strategy
Organisation based
Relationship oriented
Management focused
How ?
IT Strategy
Activity based
Supply oriented
Technology focused
Management
Delivery
© Richardus Eko Indrajit, 2001
General Impacts
FUNCTIONAL USE
MANAGEMENT FOCUS
5
REMAIN IN BUSINESS
Reaching the
Consumer
5 People Systems, Home
Computers
4
Enhancing Executive
Decision Making
MAKE MONEY
4 Mega Decisions
3 Marketing, Distribution,
Customer Service
3
ORGANIZATIONAL
EFFECTIVENESS
5 Restructuring of the
Industry
4 Restructuring of the
Organization
3 Growth and Increase in
Market Share
Enhancing Products
and Services
Above the Line
Below the Line
2
Leveraging Investment
SAVE MONEY
OPERATIONAL CONTROL
1
2 Financial, Manufacturing,
Services
1 Administrative
Reducing Costs
2 Asset Management
1 Process Management
© Richardus Eko Indrajit, 2001
Evolution vs. Revolution Paradigm
Business Scope Redefinition
Degree of Business
Transformation
HIGH
Business Network Redesign
Business Process Redesign
Integration
Revolutionary
Evolutionary
Localized Exploitation
LOW
LOW
Range of Potential Benefits
HIGH
© Richardus Eko Indrajit, 2001
The Transformation
New Phonemena
OLD
ECONOMY
INTERNET
ECONOMY
© Richardus Eko Indrajit, 2001
IMPACTS of INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Culture ?
National Defense ?
Ideology ?
Politics ?
Social ?
Religion ?
Education ?
Behavior ?
INTERNET
ECONOMY
Government ?
Business ?
OLD
ECONOMY
© Richardus Eko Indrajit, 2001
Still Rely on Fundamental Economy Principle
“Penghasilan
Sebesar-besarnya
dengan
Pengorbanan
Sekecil-kecilnya””
The Principle of
WEALTH MAXIMIZATION
F It requires strategy because
of the scarce resources
F Resource = consist of atoms
which are limited by time and space
© Richardus Eko Indrajit, 2001
Digital Technology = Digitization
10010001
atom
bits
real things
abstract things
text image audio voice video
Bits characteristics:
- easy to duplicate
- cheap to produce
- fast to restructure
- good to represent
data information knowledge process
unlimited resources
digital economy
© Richardus Eko Indrajit, 2001
The Birth of eBusiness
Digital Economy + Internet Development
+ Information Technology =
INTERNET
ECONOMY
drives
enables
eGovernment
© Richardus Eko Indrajit, 2001
The Indrajit Model
Know the
Paradigm
Impact on
Existing
Business
Reactive
Action
Highly Possible
Output
Yes
Yes
Yes
Survive
Yes
Yes
No
Business Threat
Yes
No
Yes
Opportunities Taken
Yes
No
No
Adding Knowledge
No
Yes
Yes
Boomerang
No
Yes
No
Dangerous
No
No
Yes
Gambling Adventure
No
No
No
Nice Watcher
© Richardus Eko Indrajit, 2001
Virtual World Charaacteristics
1
Knowledge
Convergence
7
2
Digitization
Innovation
8
3
Virtualization
Prosumption
9
4
Molecularization
Immediacy
10
5
Integration/Internetworking
Globalization
11
6
Disintermediation
Discordance
12
© Richardus Eko Indrajit, 2001
Clicks ‘n Bricks
2 World on the 80s-90s
PHYSICAL WORLD of value chain
+
2 World after the year of 2000
VIRTUAL WORLD of value chain
© Richardus Eko Indrajit, 2001
Key Success Factors
1.
2.
3.
4.
Flow of Physical/Digital Products
Flow of Money/Financial Data
Flow of Documents/Information
Flow of Services and Other Resources
© Richardus Eko Indrajit, 2001
The Physical Value Chain
INBOUND
LOGISTICS
OUTBOUND
LOGISTICS
OPERATIONS
MARKETING
AND SALES
SERVICE
PROCUREMENT
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT
HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
FIRM INFRASTRUCTURE
INBOUND
OUTBOUND
MARKETING
OPERATIONS
SERVICE
LOGISTICS
LOGISTICS
AND SALES
INBOUND
OUTBOUND
MARKETING
OPERATIONS
SERVICE
LOGISTICS
LOGISTICS
AND SALES
INBOUND
OUTBOUND
MARKETING
OPERATIONS
SERVICE
PROCUREMENTLOGISTICS
LOGISTICS
AND SALES
PROCUREMENT
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT
PROCUREMENT
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT
HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT
HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
FIRM INFRASTRUCTURE
HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
FIRM INFRASTRUCTURE
FIRM INFRASTRUCTURE
F Industry Based Value Chain
F Best Practice Oriented
F Software/Application Minded
F Physical Flow of Goods
© Richardus Eko Indrajit, 2001
The Virtual Value Chain
Gather
Organize
Business Model:
F Info Based Process
F Flow of Bits
F Bit Restructuring
F Digital Asset
Select
Synthesize
Distribute
© Richardus Eko Indrajit, 2001
The Internetworking
Institution A
Institution B
Institution C
Institution D
Society
Society
© Richardus Eko Indrajit, 2001
Virtual and Physical Community
Population
Internet Users
Internet
Business
B2C
C2C
B2B
1
2
3
© Richardus Eko Indrajit, 2001
Accessing Layers
CUSTOMER LAYER
PERSONAL COMPUTER
AT WORK
IP LAYER
Online Support
Retailer Transaction
Chatting
Calling/Conferencing
DATA
Browser/User Interface
IN ORMATION
KNOWLEDGE
Search Engine
WISDOM
Electronic Publishing
Connectivity
Content Aggregation
Collaboration Document Management
KIOSK
FAX
TELEPHONE
TELEVISION
IN PUBLIC
CONSUMERS
Messaging & Mail
AT HOME
INTEGRATION MANAGEMENT LAYER
INSTITUTIONS
APPLIANCES LAYER
PERSONAL DIGITAL ASSISTANT
BUSINESS
LOCATION LAYER
INTELLIGENT MONITOR
IN VEHICLE
FAMILIES
COMMUNITIES
© Richardus Eko Indrajit, 2001
Legacy Integration
System Integration
Service Customization
Transaction Processing Commerce Fulfillment Webcasting
Collaboration Tools Java Plugins Inventory Management Document Archive MM Archive
Audio/Video Streams URL Controls Call Centre Services MM Players Workflow Tools
New Feeds Authentication Encryption IP Voice Realtime Audio/Video Page Generation
Enhanced Directory Publishing Fax InfoXchange Paging Chat BBS/Forums Agents
Browser
Directory
Connectivity
PHASE ONE
Firewall & Installation
Basic Web Hosting, Cache, Staging
Remote Firewall Management
Site Security & Maintenance
T1
Frame
ATM
Search Engnie
DNS Services
FTP
Email
Database Service Storage Management / Capacity Planning
Customer Service Account Administration
Sprint Link IP Backbone
Usenet
Billing
Sprint Private Intranet Backbone
DSLs
ISDN
Reporting
Dial Up Access
Clearline
APPLICATION INTEGRATION SERVICES
Training
MANAGED NETWORK SERVICES
Consulting
GATEWAY SERVICES
Real-Time
Communication
Custom Programming
PHASE TWO
SOLUTIONS
CONSULTING
SERVICES
Context
DESIGN
SERVICES
Mass Market
Content
Aggregation
Consumer Verticals
Content
Provider
SOHO Verticals
Public Sector Verticals
Affinity Groups
Business Verticals
Community
PHASE THREE
Website Building Blocks
Dedicated Access
POTS
Wireless
© Richardus Eko Indrajit, 2001
Learning Organization
Culture & Attitudes
Listening
& Reading
Talking &
Writing
Knowledge Dynamics
Feeding
the Pool
Feeding off
the Pool
Knowledge Pool
© Richardus Eko Indrajit, 2001
Why e-Filing
GOOD RECORDS = VALUABLE KNOWLEDGE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Creating and capturing records
Managing and maintaining
records
Inventory, appraisal and disposal
Preservation of electronic records
Transfer of electronic records
© Richardus Eko Indrajit, 2001
e-Filing
from
Corporate Records
to
Corporate Brain
© Richardus Eko Indrajit, 2001
The Key
Enterprise
Document
Management
System
“Managing Company
Information Assets
through Maintaining
the Digital Records“
© Richardus Eko Indrajit, 2001
Electronic ID, Digital Signature and Public Key Technology
The Need for Security
Basics of Encryption
Public Key Cryptography
The Problem with Public Keys
Electronic IDs
Digitized vs. Digital Signatures
Digital Signature
© Richardus Eko Indrajit, 2001
PKI - The Need for Security
Authentication - Is message originator who they really say they are?
- Authentication is achieved through binding the senders identity credentials to
the data message (digital signature),
Data Integrity - Has message/transaction been accidentally or maliciously
been altered?
- Data Integrity is achieved electronically through cryptographic checksums
(hash) of the data
Confidentiality - Can message be read only by authorized entities?
- Confidentiality is achieved through the use of encryption to protect
information from unauthorized disclosure.
Nonrepudiation - Can sender or receiver dispute that message was
actually sent or received?
- Non-repudiation is enabled through digital signature process
© Richardus Eko Indrajit, 2001
Public Key
A trusted third-party, the Certificate Authority (CA), issues the digital
certificate, containing:
- Name, Issuers name, Certificateholder’s public key, other
attributes.
The Issuer (CA) must verify and bind identity to the Electronic ID.
The Issuer (CA) digitally signs the certificate so no one can change
its contents and certificate can be verified as authentic.
CA Digital Certificate
Name:
Joe College
Serial #: 123456
Issuer:
CA #78901
Expiration: 12/1/00
Public Key: 3S@*6Y76
CA’s Digital Signature
Unique identifier for certificate
Unique identifier for certificate issuer
Certificate expiration date (validity period)
Certificateholder’s public key
Ensures Certificate’s validity
© Richardus Eko Indrajit, 2001
Digitized vs Digital Signature
A Digitized Signature is a scanned image that can be
pasted on any document.
A Digital Signature is a numeric value that is created by
performing cryptographic transformation of the hash of the
data using the signer’s” private key.
1BE5645GYT8745300BGC6499MHAN9834650
923JDHDGQHD736JFHF NV937EDHDNS8737
Digitized Signature
Digital Signature
© Richardus Eko Indrajit, 2001
Public Key Infrastructure
Public Key Infrastructure (PKI): The system of CA’s, registration authorities (RAs,
registrars), repositories, and relying parties that manage certificate registration,
issuance, validation, renewal, revocation, and reliance.
Certificate Management
Key generation
Issue, revoke, renew
Cross Certify
Certificate Management
Validatation
Services
Policies
Certificate Registration
Certificate Registration
ID proofing
Registration records
Issuance authorization
Repositories
Maintain cert records
Verify certificate status
Repository Services
Relying Parties
Relying Parties
Authorized Applications
Server certificates
Verification requests
© Richardus Eko Indrajit, 2001
Key to Success in the Internet Era
Level 9: Living Online
Level 8: Large-Scale Collaboration
Level 7: Group Collaboration
Level 6: E-Culture
Level 5: E-Business
Level 4: E-Commerce
Level 3: Surfing
Level 2: Email
Level 1: Setup
EXPERTS
INTERMEDIATES
BEGINNERS
© Richardus Eko Indrajit, 2001
Australia Taxation Office
© Richardus Eko Indrajit, 2001
The Certifications
© Richardus Eko Indrajit, 2001
Finally…
Old Institution
+
Information Technology
=
Old and Expensive Institution
© Richardus Eko Indrajit, 2001
Thank You
Richardus Eko Indrajit
eko@indrajit.org
indrajit@post.harvard.edu
http://www.indrajit.org
Q&A
© Richardus Eko Indrajit, 2001
Perkembangan Teknologi Informasi dan
Penerapannya pada Direktorat Jenderal Pajak
presented by
Dr. Ir.
Richardus Eko Indrajit MSc. MBA
Chairman of Perbanas Computer College
School of Computing and Information System Management
In House Training
Kanwil V Direktorat Jenderal Pajak
Monday, November 5th 2001
Jakarta, Indonesia
© Richardus Eko Indrajit, 2001
Presentation Objectives
Bagaimana peradaban teknologi informasi dewasa
ini
Bagaimana peradaban teknologi informasi pada
masa mendatang
Cost and Benefit teknologi informasi bagi DJP dan
masyarakat
Bagaimana DJP mempersiapkan diri dalam
menghadapi peradaban teknologi informasi
Apa yang dibutuhkan masyarakat dari DJP dengan
memasuki teknologi informasi
© Richardus Eko Indrajit, 2001
Three Critical Success Factors
1.
2.
3.
Understanding the philosophy
and fundamental ideas
underpinning the
development of new digital
economy and virtual
community
Knowing the impacts on
those new paradigms in your
existing environment
Taking some necessary steps
for surviving and winning in
the battle
© Richardus Eko Indrajit, 2001
The Growth of Internet Users
The total number of Internet users
exceeded 400 million worldwide
10 billion e-mail messages sent
every day
No. of Internet Users (million)
Worldwide
407.1
Africa
1.33
Asia/Pacific
104.88
US and
Canada
167.12
Latin America
16.45
Europe
113.14
Middle East
2.40
Nua Survey November 2000
© Richardus Eko Indrajit, 2001
The Growth of E-Business
Global B2B online transactions
estimated to reach US$7.25
trillion by 2004, up from US$145
billion in 1999
E-business will account for up to
10% of the world’’s GDP by 2005
In industrialised economies, 25%
of consumer spending, 70% of
B2B spending influenced by the
internet
Source: IDC 2000
© Richardus Eko Indrajit, 2001
Global Readiness
© Richardus Eko Indrajit, 2001
The Goal of e-Government
"Public confidence in the security of the government's
electronic information and information technology is
essential to creating government services that are more
accessible, efficient, and easy to use."
-- Access America: Reengineering Through
Information Technology
Vice President, Al Gore
© Richardus Eko Indrajit, 2001
IT for Direktorat Jenderal Pajak
Potentially increasing
government’’s income from tax
due to:
2 more efficiency and effectiveness
2 better control
2 intelligent system
Potentially decreasing
government’’s income from tax
due to:
2 digital products and services
2 e-business and e-commerce
2 globalization
© Richardus Eko Indrajit, 2001
The Creation of Information
Organization
Growth
Increasing
Performance
Knowledge
Information
Raw Data
Better
Decision
Making
Quality
Cheaper
and
Faster
Public
Services
Transaction
© Richardus Eko Indrajit, 2001
Information System Domain
INFORMATION SYSTEM
Research and
Development
Processes
People and Culture
Electronic
Commerce
Management
Human Resources
ISDN, VSAT
Products and Services
Infrastructure
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Rules and Policy
Organization
Standards and Procedures
Internet
Intranet
Digital Nervous
System
Extranet
Cost and
Investment
COMPUTER
Market and
Customers
Strategic
Business
Plan
Electronic
Data
Interchange
Decision Support
System
HARDWARE
Operating System
PC Desktop
Notebook and Palmtop
Data Mining
Macro
Environment
Printer
Modem
Workgroup
Computing
SOFTWARE
Multimedia
Database
Applications
Programming Languages
Outsourcing
© Richardus Eko Indrajit, 2001
Information Management
Corporations
Community
Business Entities
Institutions
Non Profit Organization
Public Sectors
INFORMATION SYSTEM
- DEMAND SITE -
INFORMATION MANAGEMENT
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
- SUPPLY SITE Software Houses
Universities
Computer Manufacturers
Silicon Valley
R&D Centers
© Richardus Eko Indrajit, 2001
Management Information System
G Chief Executive Officer
G CIO, COO, CFO, CTO
G Senior Executives
EXECUTIVE
INFORMATION
SYSTEM
Querying
System
DECISION
SUPPORT SYSTEM
Reporting
System
G Line Managers
G Junior Managers
MANAGEMENT
INFORMATION SYSTEM
TRANSACTIONAL
INFORMATION SYSTEM
Consolidation
System
G Supervisors
G Assistants
DATAWAREHOUSE
DATABASE
DATABASE
DATABASE
DATABASE
Transaction
System
TRANSACTION
TRANSACTION
TRANSACTION
G Users
G Customer Services
TRANSACTION
© Richardus Eko Indrajit, 2001
Information System Revolution
ERA 4
ERA 3
ERA 2
1990
ERA 1
1980
1970
Focus of Philosophy
Administrative Framework
Primary Target
Justification/Purposes
© Richardus Eko Indrajit, 2001
Computer Technology Era
DATA
PROCESSING
Focus of
Philosophy
REGULATED
MONOPOLY
Administrative
Framework
ORGANIZATIONAL
Primary
Target
PRODUCTIVITY
EFFICIENCY
Justification
Purposes
© Richardus Eko Indrajit, 2001
Information Technology Era
END-USER
COMPUTING
Focus of
Philosophy
FREE
MARKET
Administrative
Framework
INDIVIDUAL
Primary
Target
EFFECTIVENESS
Justification
Purposes
© Richardus Eko Indrajit, 2001
Information System Era
STRATEGIC
SYSTEM
Focus of
Philosophy
REGULATED
FREE MARKET
Administrative
Framework
BUSINESS
PROCESS
Primary
Target
COMPETITIVE
ADVANTAGE
Justification
Purposes
© Richardus Eko Indrajit, 2001
Global Information System Era
BUSINESS
TRANSFORMATION
ENABLER
Focus of
Philosophy
GLOBALIZATION
Administrative
Framework
DYNAMIC
SYSTEM
Primary
Target
ADAPTIVITY
Justification
Purposes
© Richardus Eko Indrajit, 2001
Macro and Micro Environment
Market
Technology
Competitors
Government
Science
Silicon Valley
EXTERNAL
Customers
R &D
INTERNAL
Structure
Infrastructure
People
Process
Resources
Hardware
Applications
Software
BUSINESS
INFORMATION SYSTEM
© Richardus Eko Indrajit, 2001
Zachman Framework
Ballpark View
DATA
PROCESS
TECHNOLOGY
Owner’’s View
DATA
PROCESS
TECHNOLOGY
Designer’’s View
DATA
PROCESS
TECHNOLOGY
Builder’’s View
DATA
PROCESS
TECHNOLOGY
DATA
PROCESS
TECHNOLOGY
DATA
PROCESS
TECHNOLOGY
Detailed Representation
Functioning System
© Richardus Eko Indrajit, 2001
The Main Philosophy
Add Value
customers and markets
Wisdom
Knowledge
Information
Minimize Risks
market, financial, legal,
operational risks
Reduce Costs
transactions and processes
eGoverment
Data
Create New Realities
intelligence (social, political, technological, etc.)
Facts
Gather
Organize
Select
Synthesize
Distribute
© Richardus Eko Indrajit, 2001
The Stakeholders
DPR/MPR
Provinces
Society/
Public
Foreigners
Government
DJP
STAKEHOLDERS
Company
Individual
University
Others
© Richardus Eko Indrajit, 2001
Top-Down Approach
Vision
Mission
Value
Objectives
Critical Success Factors
Key Performance Indicators
Institution Strategy
I/T Strategy
Business Process and Tactical Procedures
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IMPLEMENTATION
© Richardus Eko Indrajit, 2001
Value Offered to the Public
SIMPLIFY
INTEGRATE
ELIMINATE
AUTOMATE
© Richardus Eko Indrajit, 2001
What to Expect ?
Cost
Center
Profit
Center
I/T
Investment
Center
Service
Center
© Richardus Eko Indrajit, 2001
Website Management
What ?
IS Strategy
Division/function based
Demand oriented
Business focused
Applications
Wherefore ?
IM Strategy
Organisation based
Relationship oriented
Management focused
How ?
IT Strategy
Activity based
Supply oriented
Technology focused
Management
Delivery
© Richardus Eko Indrajit, 2001
General Impacts
FUNCTIONAL USE
MANAGEMENT FOCUS
5
REMAIN IN BUSINESS
Reaching the
Consumer
5 People Systems, Home
Computers
4
Enhancing Executive
Decision Making
MAKE MONEY
4 Mega Decisions
3 Marketing, Distribution,
Customer Service
3
ORGANIZATIONAL
EFFECTIVENESS
5 Restructuring of the
Industry
4 Restructuring of the
Organization
3 Growth and Increase in
Market Share
Enhancing Products
and Services
Above the Line
Below the Line
2
Leveraging Investment
SAVE MONEY
OPERATIONAL CONTROL
1
2 Financial, Manufacturing,
Services
1 Administrative
Reducing Costs
2 Asset Management
1 Process Management
© Richardus Eko Indrajit, 2001
Evolution vs. Revolution Paradigm
Business Scope Redefinition
Degree of Business
Transformation
HIGH
Business Network Redesign
Business Process Redesign
Integration
Revolutionary
Evolutionary
Localized Exploitation
LOW
LOW
Range of Potential Benefits
HIGH
© Richardus Eko Indrajit, 2001
The Transformation
New Phonemena
OLD
ECONOMY
INTERNET
ECONOMY
© Richardus Eko Indrajit, 2001
IMPACTS of INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Culture ?
National Defense ?
Ideology ?
Politics ?
Social ?
Religion ?
Education ?
Behavior ?
INTERNET
ECONOMY
Government ?
Business ?
OLD
ECONOMY
© Richardus Eko Indrajit, 2001
Still Rely on Fundamental Economy Principle
“Penghasilan
Sebesar-besarnya
dengan
Pengorbanan
Sekecil-kecilnya””
The Principle of
WEALTH MAXIMIZATION
F It requires strategy because
of the scarce resources
F Resource = consist of atoms
which are limited by time and space
© Richardus Eko Indrajit, 2001
Digital Technology = Digitization
10010001
atom
bits
real things
abstract things
text image audio voice video
Bits characteristics:
- easy to duplicate
- cheap to produce
- fast to restructure
- good to represent
data information knowledge process
unlimited resources
digital economy
© Richardus Eko Indrajit, 2001
The Birth of eBusiness
Digital Economy + Internet Development
+ Information Technology =
INTERNET
ECONOMY
drives
enables
eGovernment
© Richardus Eko Indrajit, 2001
The Indrajit Model
Know the
Paradigm
Impact on
Existing
Business
Reactive
Action
Highly Possible
Output
Yes
Yes
Yes
Survive
Yes
Yes
No
Business Threat
Yes
No
Yes
Opportunities Taken
Yes
No
No
Adding Knowledge
No
Yes
Yes
Boomerang
No
Yes
No
Dangerous
No
No
Yes
Gambling Adventure
No
No
No
Nice Watcher
© Richardus Eko Indrajit, 2001
Virtual World Charaacteristics
1
Knowledge
Convergence
7
2
Digitization
Innovation
8
3
Virtualization
Prosumption
9
4
Molecularization
Immediacy
10
5
Integration/Internetworking
Globalization
11
6
Disintermediation
Discordance
12
© Richardus Eko Indrajit, 2001
Clicks ‘n Bricks
2 World on the 80s-90s
PHYSICAL WORLD of value chain
+
2 World after the year of 2000
VIRTUAL WORLD of value chain
© Richardus Eko Indrajit, 2001
Key Success Factors
1.
2.
3.
4.
Flow of Physical/Digital Products
Flow of Money/Financial Data
Flow of Documents/Information
Flow of Services and Other Resources
© Richardus Eko Indrajit, 2001
The Physical Value Chain
INBOUND
LOGISTICS
OUTBOUND
LOGISTICS
OPERATIONS
MARKETING
AND SALES
SERVICE
PROCUREMENT
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT
HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
FIRM INFRASTRUCTURE
INBOUND
OUTBOUND
MARKETING
OPERATIONS
SERVICE
LOGISTICS
LOGISTICS
AND SALES
INBOUND
OUTBOUND
MARKETING
OPERATIONS
SERVICE
LOGISTICS
LOGISTICS
AND SALES
INBOUND
OUTBOUND
MARKETING
OPERATIONS
SERVICE
PROCUREMENTLOGISTICS
LOGISTICS
AND SALES
PROCUREMENT
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT
PROCUREMENT
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT
HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT
HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
FIRM INFRASTRUCTURE
HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
FIRM INFRASTRUCTURE
FIRM INFRASTRUCTURE
F Industry Based Value Chain
F Best Practice Oriented
F Software/Application Minded
F Physical Flow of Goods
© Richardus Eko Indrajit, 2001
The Virtual Value Chain
Gather
Organize
Business Model:
F Info Based Process
F Flow of Bits
F Bit Restructuring
F Digital Asset
Select
Synthesize
Distribute
© Richardus Eko Indrajit, 2001
The Internetworking
Institution A
Institution B
Institution C
Institution D
Society
Society
© Richardus Eko Indrajit, 2001
Virtual and Physical Community
Population
Internet Users
Internet
Business
B2C
C2C
B2B
1
2
3
© Richardus Eko Indrajit, 2001
Accessing Layers
CUSTOMER LAYER
PERSONAL COMPUTER
AT WORK
IP LAYER
Online Support
Retailer Transaction
Chatting
Calling/Conferencing
DATA
Browser/User Interface
IN ORMATION
KNOWLEDGE
Search Engine
WISDOM
Electronic Publishing
Connectivity
Content Aggregation
Collaboration Document Management
KIOSK
FAX
TELEPHONE
TELEVISION
IN PUBLIC
CONSUMERS
Messaging & Mail
AT HOME
INTEGRATION MANAGEMENT LAYER
INSTITUTIONS
APPLIANCES LAYER
PERSONAL DIGITAL ASSISTANT
BUSINESS
LOCATION LAYER
INTELLIGENT MONITOR
IN VEHICLE
FAMILIES
COMMUNITIES
© Richardus Eko Indrajit, 2001
Legacy Integration
System Integration
Service Customization
Transaction Processing Commerce Fulfillment Webcasting
Collaboration Tools Java Plugins Inventory Management Document Archive MM Archive
Audio/Video Streams URL Controls Call Centre Services MM Players Workflow Tools
New Feeds Authentication Encryption IP Voice Realtime Audio/Video Page Generation
Enhanced Directory Publishing Fax InfoXchange Paging Chat BBS/Forums Agents
Browser
Directory
Connectivity
PHASE ONE
Firewall & Installation
Basic Web Hosting, Cache, Staging
Remote Firewall Management
Site Security & Maintenance
T1
Frame
ATM
Search Engnie
DNS Services
FTP
Database Service Storage Management / Capacity Planning
Customer Service Account Administration
Sprint Link IP Backbone
Usenet
Billing
Sprint Private Intranet Backbone
DSLs
ISDN
Reporting
Dial Up Access
Clearline
APPLICATION INTEGRATION SERVICES
Training
MANAGED NETWORK SERVICES
Consulting
GATEWAY SERVICES
Real-Time
Communication
Custom Programming
PHASE TWO
SOLUTIONS
CONSULTING
SERVICES
Context
DESIGN
SERVICES
Mass Market
Content
Aggregation
Consumer Verticals
Content
Provider
SOHO Verticals
Public Sector Verticals
Affinity Groups
Business Verticals
Community
PHASE THREE
Website Building Blocks
Dedicated Access
POTS
Wireless
© Richardus Eko Indrajit, 2001
Learning Organization
Culture & Attitudes
Listening
& Reading
Talking &
Writing
Knowledge Dynamics
Feeding
the Pool
Feeding off
the Pool
Knowledge Pool
© Richardus Eko Indrajit, 2001
Why e-Filing
GOOD RECORDS = VALUABLE KNOWLEDGE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Creating and capturing records
Managing and maintaining
records
Inventory, appraisal and disposal
Preservation of electronic records
Transfer of electronic records
© Richardus Eko Indrajit, 2001
e-Filing
from
Corporate Records
to
Corporate Brain
© Richardus Eko Indrajit, 2001
The Key
Enterprise
Document
Management
System
“Managing Company
Information Assets
through Maintaining
the Digital Records“
© Richardus Eko Indrajit, 2001
Electronic ID, Digital Signature and Public Key Technology
The Need for Security
Basics of Encryption
Public Key Cryptography
The Problem with Public Keys
Electronic IDs
Digitized vs. Digital Signatures
Digital Signature
© Richardus Eko Indrajit, 2001
PKI - The Need for Security
Authentication - Is message originator who they really say they are?
- Authentication is achieved through binding the senders identity credentials to
the data message (digital signature),
Data Integrity - Has message/transaction been accidentally or maliciously
been altered?
- Data Integrity is achieved electronically through cryptographic checksums
(hash) of the data
Confidentiality - Can message be read only by authorized entities?
- Confidentiality is achieved through the use of encryption to protect
information from unauthorized disclosure.
Nonrepudiation - Can sender or receiver dispute that message was
actually sent or received?
- Non-repudiation is enabled through digital signature process
© Richardus Eko Indrajit, 2001
Public Key
A trusted third-party, the Certificate Authority (CA), issues the digital
certificate, containing:
- Name, Issuers name, Certificateholder’s public key, other
attributes.
The Issuer (CA) must verify and bind identity to the Electronic ID.
The Issuer (CA) digitally signs the certificate so no one can change
its contents and certificate can be verified as authentic.
CA Digital Certificate
Name:
Joe College
Serial #: 123456
Issuer:
CA #78901
Expiration: 12/1/00
Public Key: 3S@*6Y76
CA’s Digital Signature
Unique identifier for certificate
Unique identifier for certificate issuer
Certificate expiration date (validity period)
Certificateholder’s public key
Ensures Certificate’s validity
© Richardus Eko Indrajit, 2001
Digitized vs Digital Signature
A Digitized Signature is a scanned image that can be
pasted on any document.
A Digital Signature is a numeric value that is created by
performing cryptographic transformation of the hash of the
data using the signer’s” private key.
1BE5645GYT8745300BGC6499MHAN9834650
923JDHDGQHD736JFHF NV937EDHDNS8737
Digitized Signature
Digital Signature
© Richardus Eko Indrajit, 2001
Public Key Infrastructure
Public Key Infrastructure (PKI): The system of CA’s, registration authorities (RAs,
registrars), repositories, and relying parties that manage certificate registration,
issuance, validation, renewal, revocation, and reliance.
Certificate Management
Key generation
Issue, revoke, renew
Cross Certify
Certificate Management
Validatation
Services
Policies
Certificate Registration
Certificate Registration
ID proofing
Registration records
Issuance authorization
Repositories
Maintain cert records
Verify certificate status
Repository Services
Relying Parties
Relying Parties
Authorized Applications
Server certificates
Verification requests
© Richardus Eko Indrajit, 2001
Key to Success in the Internet Era
Level 9: Living Online
Level 8: Large-Scale Collaboration
Level 7: Group Collaboration
Level 6: E-Culture
Level 5: E-Business
Level 4: E-Commerce
Level 3: Surfing
Level 2: Email
Level 1: Setup
EXPERTS
INTERMEDIATES
BEGINNERS
© Richardus Eko Indrajit, 2001
Australia Taxation Office
© Richardus Eko Indrajit, 2001
The Certifications
© Richardus Eko Indrajit, 2001
Finally…
Old Institution
+
Information Technology
=
Old and Expensive Institution
© Richardus Eko Indrajit, 2001
Thank You
Richardus Eko Indrajit
eko@indrajit.org
indrajit@post.harvard.edu
http://www.indrajit.org
Q&A
© Richardus Eko Indrajit, 2001