S MAT 1204549 Table of content
DAFTAR ISI
PERNYATAAN BEBAS PLAGIARISME ......................................................................... i
KATA PENGANTAR ........................................................................................................ ii
UCAPAN TERIMA KASIH.............................................................................................. iii
ABSTRAK ......................................................................................................................... iv
DAFTAR ISI ...................................................................................................................... vi
DAFTAR TABEL ............................................................................................................. viii
DAFTAR GAMBAR .......................................................................................................... x
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN .......................................................................................................xi
BAB I
PENDAHULUAN .............................................................................................................. 1
A.
Latar Belakang Masalah.......................................................................................... 1
B.
Rumusan Masalah ................................................................................................... 7
C.
Tujuan Penelitian .................................................................................................... 7
D.
Manfaat Penelitian .................................................................................................. 8
E.
Definisi Operasional ............................................................................................... 8
F.
Struktur Organisasi Skripsi ..................................................................................... 9
BAB II
KAJIAN PUSTAKA ......................................................................................................... 11
A.
PENDEKATAN OPEN-ENDED ......................................................................... 11
1.
Pengertian Pembelajaran dengan Pendekatan Open-Ended .............................. 11
2.
Pembelajaran dengan Pendekatan Open-Ended ................................................ 13
3.
Mengkonstruksi Masalah Open-Ended ............................................................. 14
4.
Langkah-Langkah Pembelajaran dengan Pendekatan Open-Ended.................. 15
5.
Keunggulan dan Kelemahan Pendekatan Open-Ended ..................................... 16
B.
BERPIKIR KRITIS .............................................................................................. 17
1.
Pengertian Berpikir Kritis ................................................................................. 17
2.
Berpikir Kritis dalam Matematika .................................................................... 20
3.
Indikator Berpikir Kritis Matematis .................................................................. 21
4.
Proses Berpikir Kritis ........................................................................................ 22
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Lestari N Sihombing, 2016
MENINGKATKAN KEMAMPUAN BERPIKIR KRITIS MATEMATIS SISWA MELALUI PENDEKATAN
OPEN-ENDED
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
C. Keterkaitan antara Pendekatan Open-Ended dan Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis
Matematis ...................................................................................................................... 23
D.
Sikap Belajar ......................................................................................................... 24
E.
Penelitian Terdahulu ............................................................................................. 25
F.
Kerangka Pemikiran.............................................................................................. 26
G.
Hipotesis Penelitian .............................................................................................. 27
BAB III
METODE PENELITIAN.................................................................................................. 28
A.
Metode dan Desain Penelitian............................................................................... 28
B.
Populasi dan Sampel ............................................................................................. 28
C.
Pengembangan Instrumen ..................................................................................... 29
1.
Instrumen Pembelajaran .................................................................................... 29
2.
Instrumen Penelitian ......................................................................................... 29
BAB IV
HASIL PENELITIAN DAN PEMBAHASAN ................................................................ 43
A.
B.
Hasil Penelitian ..................................................................................................... 43
1.
Analisis Data Kuantitatif ................................................................................... 43
2.
Analisis Data Kualitatif ..................................................................................... 51
Pembahasan........................................................................................................... 58
BAB V
KESIMPULAN DAN REKOMENDASI ......................................................................... 64
A. KESIMPULAN ...................................................................................................... 64
B. REKOMENDASI .................................................................................................... 65
DAFTAR PUSTAKA ....................................................................................................... 66
LAMPIRAN ...................................................................................................................... 70
RIWAYAT PENULIS .................................................................................................... 145
vii
Lestari N Sihombing, 2016
MENINGKATKAN KEMAMPUAN BERPIKIR KRITIS MATEMATIS SISWA MELALUI PENDEKATAN
OPEN-ENDED
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
viii
Lestari N Sihombing, 2016
MENINGKATKAN KEMAMPUAN BERPIKIR KRITIS MATEMATIS SISWA MELALUI PENDEKATAN
OPEN-ENDED
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel 2. 1 Perbandingan antara Proses-Proses Berpikir Kritis Ennis, Henri dan
Garrison… ............................................................................................................. 22
Tabel 3. 1 Penskoran Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis ............................................... 30
Tabel 3. 2 Kisi-Kisi Instrumen Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis ................................ 31
Tabel 3. 3 Klasifikasi Koefisien Validitas ............................................................ 32
Tabel 3. 4 Hasil Analisis Validitas Uji Instrumen Tes.......................................... 32
Tabel 3. 5 Klasifikasi Koefisien Reabilitas ........................................................... 33
Tabel 3. 6 Klasifikasi Koefisien Daya Pembeda ................................................... 33
Tabel 3. 7 Hasil Analisis Daya Pembeda Uji Instrumen Tes ................................ 34
Tabel 3. 8 Klasifikasi Koefisien Indeks Kesukaran .............................................. 34
Tabel 3. 9 Hasil Analisis Indeks Kesukaran Uji Instrumen Tes ........................... 35
Tabel 3. 10 Hasil Analisis Uji Instrumen Tes ....................................................... 25
Tabel 3. 11 Kriteria Gain Indeks ........................................................................... 28
Tabel 3. 12 Klasifikasi Skala Sikap ...................................................................... 42
Tabel 4. 1 Statistik Deskriptif Pretest ................................................................... 43
Tabel 4. 2 Statistik Deskriptif Posttest.................................................................. 44
Tabel 4. 3 Hasil Uji Normalitas Data Posttest ...................................................... 45
Tabel 4. 4 Hasil Uji Homogenitas Data Posttest................................................... 46
Tabel 4. 5 Hasil Uji-t Data Posttest ...................................................................... 47
Tabel 4. 6 Statistik Deskriptif Gain Indeks ........................................................... 47
Tabel 4. 7 Hasil Uji Normalitas Data Gain Indeks ............................................... 48
Tabel 4. 8 Hasil Uji Mann-Whitney Data Gain Indeks ......................................... 50
Tabel 4. 9 Data Nomor Soal dan Indikator Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis Matematis
............................................................................................................................... 50
Tabel 4. 10 Hasil Analisis Rata-Rata Nilai Gain Indeks per Butir Soal ............... 51
Tabel 4. 11 Kriteria Hasil Angket Respon Siswa terhadap Matematika dan
Pembelajarannya ................................................................................................... 52
Tabel 4. 12 Kriteria Hasil Angket Respon Siswa terhadap Pendekatan OpenEnded .................................................................................................................... 53
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Lestari N Sihombing, 2016
MENINGKATKAN KEMAMPUAN BERPIKIR KRITIS MATEMATIS SISWA MELALUI PENDEKATAN
OPEN-ENDED
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
Tabel 4. 13 Kriteria Hasil Angket Respon Siswa terhadap Peningkatan
Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis Matematis Siswa ..................................................... 55
Tabel 4. 14 Hasil Observasi terhadap Aktivitas Guru........................................... 57
Tabel 4. 15 Hasil Observasi terhadap Aktivitas Siswa ......................................... 58
x
Lestari N Sihombing, 2016
MENINGKATKAN KEMAMPUAN BERPIKIR KRITIS MATEMATIS SISWA MELALUI PENDEKATAN
OPEN-ENDED
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar 2. 1 Open-Ended Problem ....................................................................... 13
Gambar 2. 2 Kerangka Pemikiran ......................................................................... 27
Gambar 3. 1 Skema Langkah Uji Statistik ............................................................ 41
Gambar 4. 1 Kegiatan Pembelajaran Kelas Open-Ended ..................................... 59
Gambar 4. 2 Kegiatan Pembelajaran dalam Kelas Konvensional......................... 60
xi
Lestari N Sihombing, 2016
MENINGKATKAN KEMAMPUAN BERPIKIR KRITIS MATEMATIS SISWA MELALUI PENDEKATAN
OPEN-ENDED
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN
Lampiran A
Lampiran A.1 RPP Kelas Konvensional ......................................................... 72
Lampiran A.2 LKS Kelas Konvensional ........................................................ 83
Lampiran A.3 RPP Kelas Open-Ended ........................................................... 86
Lampiran A.4 LKS Kelas Open-Ended .......................................................... 97
Lampiran B
Lampiran B.1 Kisi-Kisi Instrumen Tes ......................................................... 101
Lampiran B.2 Soal Instrumen Tes ................................................................ 104
Lampiran C
Lampiran C.1 Data Skor Uji Instrumen Tes ................................................. 107
Lampiran C.2 Data Skor Kelas Konvensional .............................................. 108
Lampiran C.3 Data Skor Kelas Open-Ended ................................................ 109
Lampiran D
Lampiran D.1 Output Analisis Data Uji Instrumen ...................................... 111
Lampiran D.1 Output Analisis Data Uji Instrumen ...................................... 114
Lampiran D.2 Output Analisis Data Posttest ................................................ 115
Lampiran D.4 Output Analisis Data Gain Indeks ......................................... 118
Lampiran D.4 Output Analisis Data per Indikator ..................................…. 121
Lampiran E
Lampiran E.1 Contoh Jawaban Pretest ......................................................... 126
Lampiran E.2 Contoh Jawaban Posttest........................................................ 129
Lampiran E.3 Contoh Jawaban Kelas Konvensional .................................... 132
Lampiran E.4 Contoh Jawaban Kelas Open-Ended ...................................... 135
Lampiran E.5 Contoh Angket Siswa............................................................. 138
Lampiran F
Lampiran F.1 Surat Ijin Penelitian ................................................................ 142
Lampiran F.2 Surat Keterangan telah Melakukan Penelitian ....................... 143
xii
Lestari N Sihombing, 2016
MENINGKATKAN KEMAMPUAN BERPIKIR KRITIS MATEMATIS SISWA MELALUI PENDEKATAN
OPEN-ENDED
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
Lampiran F.3 Kartu Bimbingan Skripsi ........................................................ 144
xiii
Lestari N Sihombing, 2016
MENINGKATKAN KEMAMPUAN BERPIKIR KRITIS MATEMATIS SISWA MELALUI PENDEKATAN
OPEN-ENDED
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
PERNYATAAN BEBAS PLAGIARISME ......................................................................... i
KATA PENGANTAR ........................................................................................................ ii
UCAPAN TERIMA KASIH.............................................................................................. iii
ABSTRAK ......................................................................................................................... iv
DAFTAR ISI ...................................................................................................................... vi
DAFTAR TABEL ............................................................................................................. viii
DAFTAR GAMBAR .......................................................................................................... x
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN .......................................................................................................xi
BAB I
PENDAHULUAN .............................................................................................................. 1
A.
Latar Belakang Masalah.......................................................................................... 1
B.
Rumusan Masalah ................................................................................................... 7
C.
Tujuan Penelitian .................................................................................................... 7
D.
Manfaat Penelitian .................................................................................................. 8
E.
Definisi Operasional ............................................................................................... 8
F.
Struktur Organisasi Skripsi ..................................................................................... 9
BAB II
KAJIAN PUSTAKA ......................................................................................................... 11
A.
PENDEKATAN OPEN-ENDED ......................................................................... 11
1.
Pengertian Pembelajaran dengan Pendekatan Open-Ended .............................. 11
2.
Pembelajaran dengan Pendekatan Open-Ended ................................................ 13
3.
Mengkonstruksi Masalah Open-Ended ............................................................. 14
4.
Langkah-Langkah Pembelajaran dengan Pendekatan Open-Ended.................. 15
5.
Keunggulan dan Kelemahan Pendekatan Open-Ended ..................................... 16
B.
BERPIKIR KRITIS .............................................................................................. 17
1.
Pengertian Berpikir Kritis ................................................................................. 17
2.
Berpikir Kritis dalam Matematika .................................................................... 20
3.
Indikator Berpikir Kritis Matematis .................................................................. 21
4.
Proses Berpikir Kritis ........................................................................................ 22
vi
Lestari N Sihombing, 2016
MENINGKATKAN KEMAMPUAN BERPIKIR KRITIS MATEMATIS SISWA MELALUI PENDEKATAN
OPEN-ENDED
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
C. Keterkaitan antara Pendekatan Open-Ended dan Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis
Matematis ...................................................................................................................... 23
D.
Sikap Belajar ......................................................................................................... 24
E.
Penelitian Terdahulu ............................................................................................. 25
F.
Kerangka Pemikiran.............................................................................................. 26
G.
Hipotesis Penelitian .............................................................................................. 27
BAB III
METODE PENELITIAN.................................................................................................. 28
A.
Metode dan Desain Penelitian............................................................................... 28
B.
Populasi dan Sampel ............................................................................................. 28
C.
Pengembangan Instrumen ..................................................................................... 29
1.
Instrumen Pembelajaran .................................................................................... 29
2.
Instrumen Penelitian ......................................................................................... 29
BAB IV
HASIL PENELITIAN DAN PEMBAHASAN ................................................................ 43
A.
B.
Hasil Penelitian ..................................................................................................... 43
1.
Analisis Data Kuantitatif ................................................................................... 43
2.
Analisis Data Kualitatif ..................................................................................... 51
Pembahasan........................................................................................................... 58
BAB V
KESIMPULAN DAN REKOMENDASI ......................................................................... 64
A. KESIMPULAN ...................................................................................................... 64
B. REKOMENDASI .................................................................................................... 65
DAFTAR PUSTAKA ....................................................................................................... 66
LAMPIRAN ...................................................................................................................... 70
RIWAYAT PENULIS .................................................................................................... 145
vii
Lestari N Sihombing, 2016
MENINGKATKAN KEMAMPUAN BERPIKIR KRITIS MATEMATIS SISWA MELALUI PENDEKATAN
OPEN-ENDED
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
viii
Lestari N Sihombing, 2016
MENINGKATKAN KEMAMPUAN BERPIKIR KRITIS MATEMATIS SISWA MELALUI PENDEKATAN
OPEN-ENDED
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel 2. 1 Perbandingan antara Proses-Proses Berpikir Kritis Ennis, Henri dan
Garrison… ............................................................................................................. 22
Tabel 3. 1 Penskoran Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis ............................................... 30
Tabel 3. 2 Kisi-Kisi Instrumen Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis ................................ 31
Tabel 3. 3 Klasifikasi Koefisien Validitas ............................................................ 32
Tabel 3. 4 Hasil Analisis Validitas Uji Instrumen Tes.......................................... 32
Tabel 3. 5 Klasifikasi Koefisien Reabilitas ........................................................... 33
Tabel 3. 6 Klasifikasi Koefisien Daya Pembeda ................................................... 33
Tabel 3. 7 Hasil Analisis Daya Pembeda Uji Instrumen Tes ................................ 34
Tabel 3. 8 Klasifikasi Koefisien Indeks Kesukaran .............................................. 34
Tabel 3. 9 Hasil Analisis Indeks Kesukaran Uji Instrumen Tes ........................... 35
Tabel 3. 10 Hasil Analisis Uji Instrumen Tes ....................................................... 25
Tabel 3. 11 Kriteria Gain Indeks ........................................................................... 28
Tabel 3. 12 Klasifikasi Skala Sikap ...................................................................... 42
Tabel 4. 1 Statistik Deskriptif Pretest ................................................................... 43
Tabel 4. 2 Statistik Deskriptif Posttest.................................................................. 44
Tabel 4. 3 Hasil Uji Normalitas Data Posttest ...................................................... 45
Tabel 4. 4 Hasil Uji Homogenitas Data Posttest................................................... 46
Tabel 4. 5 Hasil Uji-t Data Posttest ...................................................................... 47
Tabel 4. 6 Statistik Deskriptif Gain Indeks ........................................................... 47
Tabel 4. 7 Hasil Uji Normalitas Data Gain Indeks ............................................... 48
Tabel 4. 8 Hasil Uji Mann-Whitney Data Gain Indeks ......................................... 50
Tabel 4. 9 Data Nomor Soal dan Indikator Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis Matematis
............................................................................................................................... 50
Tabel 4. 10 Hasil Analisis Rata-Rata Nilai Gain Indeks per Butir Soal ............... 51
Tabel 4. 11 Kriteria Hasil Angket Respon Siswa terhadap Matematika dan
Pembelajarannya ................................................................................................... 52
Tabel 4. 12 Kriteria Hasil Angket Respon Siswa terhadap Pendekatan OpenEnded .................................................................................................................... 53
ix
Lestari N Sihombing, 2016
MENINGKATKAN KEMAMPUAN BERPIKIR KRITIS MATEMATIS SISWA MELALUI PENDEKATAN
OPEN-ENDED
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
Tabel 4. 13 Kriteria Hasil Angket Respon Siswa terhadap Peningkatan
Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis Matematis Siswa ..................................................... 55
Tabel 4. 14 Hasil Observasi terhadap Aktivitas Guru........................................... 57
Tabel 4. 15 Hasil Observasi terhadap Aktivitas Siswa ......................................... 58
x
Lestari N Sihombing, 2016
MENINGKATKAN KEMAMPUAN BERPIKIR KRITIS MATEMATIS SISWA MELALUI PENDEKATAN
OPEN-ENDED
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar 2. 1 Open-Ended Problem ....................................................................... 13
Gambar 2. 2 Kerangka Pemikiran ......................................................................... 27
Gambar 3. 1 Skema Langkah Uji Statistik ............................................................ 41
Gambar 4. 1 Kegiatan Pembelajaran Kelas Open-Ended ..................................... 59
Gambar 4. 2 Kegiatan Pembelajaran dalam Kelas Konvensional......................... 60
xi
Lestari N Sihombing, 2016
MENINGKATKAN KEMAMPUAN BERPIKIR KRITIS MATEMATIS SISWA MELALUI PENDEKATAN
OPEN-ENDED
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN
Lampiran A
Lampiran A.1 RPP Kelas Konvensional ......................................................... 72
Lampiran A.2 LKS Kelas Konvensional ........................................................ 83
Lampiran A.3 RPP Kelas Open-Ended ........................................................... 86
Lampiran A.4 LKS Kelas Open-Ended .......................................................... 97
Lampiran B
Lampiran B.1 Kisi-Kisi Instrumen Tes ......................................................... 101
Lampiran B.2 Soal Instrumen Tes ................................................................ 104
Lampiran C
Lampiran C.1 Data Skor Uji Instrumen Tes ................................................. 107
Lampiran C.2 Data Skor Kelas Konvensional .............................................. 108
Lampiran C.3 Data Skor Kelas Open-Ended ................................................ 109
Lampiran D
Lampiran D.1 Output Analisis Data Uji Instrumen ...................................... 111
Lampiran D.1 Output Analisis Data Uji Instrumen ...................................... 114
Lampiran D.2 Output Analisis Data Posttest ................................................ 115
Lampiran D.4 Output Analisis Data Gain Indeks ......................................... 118
Lampiran D.4 Output Analisis Data per Indikator ..................................…. 121
Lampiran E
Lampiran E.1 Contoh Jawaban Pretest ......................................................... 126
Lampiran E.2 Contoh Jawaban Posttest........................................................ 129
Lampiran E.3 Contoh Jawaban Kelas Konvensional .................................... 132
Lampiran E.4 Contoh Jawaban Kelas Open-Ended ...................................... 135
Lampiran E.5 Contoh Angket Siswa............................................................. 138
Lampiran F
Lampiran F.1 Surat Ijin Penelitian ................................................................ 142
Lampiran F.2 Surat Keterangan telah Melakukan Penelitian ....................... 143
xii
Lestari N Sihombing, 2016
MENINGKATKAN KEMAMPUAN BERPIKIR KRITIS MATEMATIS SISWA MELALUI PENDEKATAN
OPEN-ENDED
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
Lampiran F.3 Kartu Bimbingan Skripsi ........................................................ 144
xiii
Lestari N Sihombing, 2016
MENINGKATKAN KEMAMPUAN BERPIKIR KRITIS MATEMATIS SISWA MELALUI PENDEKATAN
OPEN-ENDED
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu