Optimization SLLGCFR AMM
Table of Contents
Preface and Organizing Committee
Chapter 1: Energy Science and Saving Technology
Optimization Research of the Comprehensive Coke Rate of Blast Furnace Based on the
Operational Characteristic of Auxiliary Materials
H. Zhang, Z.H. Feng and Y.H. Wang
Variation Characteristics of Reactive Plumes in the Process of Extinguishing Diesel Flame
by Water Mist
L. Wang and S.C. Su
Grid-Connected Micro-Inverter Systems Based on Mode Selector
M. Ling, J. Sha, C. Huang and Q.Y. Lv
1-Octadecanol/SiO2 Hybrid Form-Stable Phase Change Materials for Thermal Energy
Storage
B.T. Tang, X.X. Zheng, M.G. Qiu, C. Jia and S.F. Zhang
Hydrogen: Technologies, Policies and Challenges
J. Zhang, L.C. Ji and B. Jin
Mesoporous Thin Films: Thermoelectric Application
M.H. Hong, C.S. Park, Y.J. Choi, H.S. Lee and H.H. Park
Design Optimization of SS-AlN Cermet Solar Selective Coatings
X.Y. Liu and R.S. Tang
Explore Impacts of Urban Compactness on Energy Consumption
H.S. Chang, T.L. Chen and C.F. Wang
Stabilization of Large-Scale Wind Power Generation by Combination of Pumped Storage
Generation with Archimedean Screw
S. Uehara, K. Nishijima, M. Mitobe, J.H. Ma, Y.Z. Zhai, S.Y. Gon and A. Sugawara
Determination of Airborne Quantity and Consequence Analysis of 1,3-Butadiene Release
from a Petrochemical Plant Pipeline
M. Jabbari, S.M.H. Sajjadi and R. Gholamnia
Fuzzy Controlled Energy Saving Solution for Large-Scale Belt Conveying Systems
Y. Pang, G. Lodewijks and D.L. Schott
The Role of Vernacular Architecture in Design of Green Sidewalk (Case Study: Iran,
Shushtar)
M. Mahdavinejad, A. Ghaedi, M. Ghasempourabadi and H. Ghaedi
Performance Optimization of Building Integrated-Mounted Wind Turbine
M. Milanese, A. de Risi and D. Laforgia
Biomass Exploitation in Efficient ORC Systems
P. Morrone and A. Algieri
Synthesis and Properties of the Composite DSD Acid-Triazine Structure Containing LongChain Quaternary Ammonium Fluorescent Brighteners
M.Y. Wang, M.S. Wan and C.B. Cao
Simulation on Maximum Wind Energy Capturing of DFIG
H.H. Song and D. Tian
Security Authentication for Smart Substation Communication Based on IEC 62351
L. Chen, Y.F. Wang and T. Zhang
Analysis and Experimentation of Multi-S Rotors for Vertical Wind Turbine Applications
E.M. ElBeheiry and W.A. El-Askary
Explore the Self-Governance on Nuclear Safety Emergency - A Case Study of the 3rd
Nuclear Power Plant
Y.C. Lin and Y.N. Yang
Physicochemical Modeling of Hypergene Mineralization Processes in the Solnechnaya
Reclamation Plant Tailing Dump (Khabarovsky Region) in the Temperature Range from -5
to +45 ºC
A. Kostina, V. Zvereva, K. Frolov, A. Pyatakov and A. Lysenko
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The Reliability Evaluation Methods of the Wind Farm
H. Wang and L. Pan
Stripping Photo-Resist with RF Dielectric Barrier Atmospheric Pressure Plasma
S.X. Jia, L.L. Zhao, J.H. Yang, C. Zhang and S.G. Wang
The Method for Torque Distribution of In-Wheel Motor Driving Vehicle Aiming to Save
Energy
H.H. Zhang and G.P. Yang
Wind Tunnel Experimental Study of Wind Turbine Airfoil Aerodynamic Characteristics
X.Z. Tang, X. Zhang, R.T. Peng and X.W. Liu
The Research of LED Lights Model Based on Road Lighting in Mesopic Vision
F.Z. Zhu, W.H. Yuan, H.M. Xu and Y.F. Yuan
Performance Enhancement of Phase Change Thermal Energy Storage Unit Using Fin and
Copper Foam
Y.Q. Xie, J. Song, P.T. Chi and J.Z. Yu
Design and Simulation Analysis of Doubly Fed Induction Generator Wind Turbines
P. Cheng, F.Y. Li and J.H. Li
Energy Storage: A Key Factor for Large-Scale Utilization of Renewable Energy
Y.J. Chen
Two-Dimensional Modelling and Simulation of Crystalline Silicon n+pp+ Solar Cell
S. Tobbeche and M.N. Kateb
On the Control of the Collector Field Outlet Temperature of Shiraz 250 KW Solar Power
Plant
M.Z. Mohi Abadi, S.M.H. Mohammadi, S.A.A. Safavi and S.V. Naghavi
Improve the Condition of the Energy Consumption of the Refinery Based on the Exergy
Theory
M. Jia and X.Z. Song
The Architectural Applications and Design Methods of Gluebam
X.H. Liu, D. Xiong, W. Mu and H. Liu
Rapid In Vitro Propagation of Bioenergy Crop Miscanthus Sacchariflorus
H.P. Guo, R.X. Shao, C.T. Hong, H.K. Hu, B.S. Zheng and Q.X. Zhang
Thermogravimetric Analysis of Different Biomass Materials and the Primary Biomass
Components
Y.B. Li, X.M. Zhang, L.Q. Zhao, Q. Lu and C.Q. Dong
A Review of Foreign Researches on Energy and Environment Field: Based on the Research
Perspective of CGE Model
W. Liang and H.Y. Zhang
Modeling and Simulation of Wear in PTFE Lip Seals
J.W. Sun, L.Q. Wang and L. Gu
Impact Analysis to Building Energy Consumption of Daylighting Combined Lighting
Control
X.L. Li, H. Li and J.P. Gao
Study on Determination of Best Window-Wall Ratio of Office Building in Cold Area
Z.H. Zhou, S. Hu and T. Du
Ashing Temperature’s Impact on the Characteristics of Biomass Ash
W.N. Li, Q.H. Li, Y.G. Zhang and A.H. Meng
Design and Simulation of Stand-Alone Wind-Solar Hybrid Generating System
G. Wang
A New Real Time Forecasting Model for Wind Power
S. Xu and S.L. Chen
Implementation of Secure GOOSE Protocol Using HSM
J.C. Kim, Y.E. Kim and T.H. Kim
Intra-Day and Day-Ahead Wind Farm Output Forecasting Using Neural Network
Ensembles
A. Fuser and J. Copper
Role of Green Coverings in Mitigating Heat Island Effects: An Analysis of Physical Models
G. Peri, G. Rizzo, G. Scaccianoce and G. Sorrentino
Research on Adaptive Current Protection of Wind Farm
F.T. Li and C.S. Su
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b
Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development
The Security Strategy for Chinese Petroleum Industry
S.B. Dong, X.M. Li and M. Su
Energy Efficiency of Major Energy Consuming Countries
X.Q. Wei and B.S. Zhang
Dynamic Response of a Semi-Submersible Floating Offshore Wind Turbine in Storm
Condition
H.T. Wu, J. Jiang, J. Zhao and X.R. Ye
Study on Fire Safety Planning in Chinese Petrochemical Industry Parks
H.B. Wan and Y.X. Yun
Research the Structural Feature of Jibei Mining Area to Control the Gas Bearing
H.Y. Liu, Z.X. Li, D.W. Lv, D.D. Wang and W.F. Ning
Green Construction Partner Selection
H.B. Tang
Design Study of Small Pb-Bi Cooled Non-Refueling Nuclear Power Reactors (SPINNORs)
Z. Su’ud
Application and Efficiency Verification of Classical and Unconvetional Sorbents which
Serve for Capture of Heavy Metals during Coal Combustion in Experimental Fluid Device
O. Němček, S. Honus and D. Juchelková
Optimization of Small Long Life Gas Cooled Fast Reactors with Natural Uranium as Fuel
Cycle Input
M. Ariani, Z. Su'ud, F. Monado, A. Waris, K. Khairurrijal, I. Arif, A. Ferhat and H. Sekimoto
Characterization of Biodiesel from Vegetable Oil Using Comprehensive Two-Dimensional
Gas Chromatography
F. Corriere, G. Peri and V. La Rocca
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Chapter 2: Motivation, Thermal, Electronics and Power Engineering
Research on Evaluation System of New Energy Vehicles Based on AHP
S.H. Li
A Comprehensive Study on Ground Source Heat Pump Applicability
J.F. Chen, L. Gao, J.W. Chen, Y.B. Chen, B.J. Xu and J. Xiong
Optimization of Economy Shift Schedule for Automated Mechanical Transmission in a
Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicle
Z.T. Liu, H.W. He and W.Q. Li
Performance Analysis of Induction Machines with Unconventional Winding Configurations
M. Muteba, A.A. Jimoh and D.V. Nicolae
Research on Camera-Oriented Smart Car and Intelligent Control
Z. Ma and G.B. Wang
The Research of Induction Motor Vector Control System Based on Fuzzy Self-Adaptive Pi
Complex Control Algorithm
W. Wang, X. Sun and B.Y. Li
The Pure Electric Vehicle Dynamic Performance Simulation
Z. Zhang, M.R. Guo and P. Zheng
Performance Analysis and Simulation of Automotive Air Conditioning Systems
Z. Zhang, P. Du and P. Zheng
Design and Implementation of System Integration Method for Power Distribution and
Consumption
J.B. Ye
Finite Element Modal Analysis for Steam Turbine Blade Based on ANSYS
L. Wang, S.Q. Ye and R. Meng
The KSF of LED Business Development in Taiwan with E Company as Case Study
M.L. Wang and H.K. Chen
Corona Detection System on Insulators via Acoustic Emissions
M.A.M. Rennó, E.L. Bonaldi, L.E.L. Oliveira, J.G.B. Silva and G. Lambert-Torres
Charging and Discharging Equalization with Improved Switching Matrix for SeriesConnected Battery Pack in EV
Y.J. Rong, C.Y. Hua and W.B. Tang
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385
Chang Tianharry
Indoor Air Quality Audit and Grey Incidence Analysis of an Air-Conditioned Institutional
Library in the Subtropics
L.R. Liu, J. Wu, X.X. Wang, Z.S. Li and T. Cheng
Risk Analysis of Smart Terminals in Mobile Application of Power System and the
Protection Solution Design
Z.P. Shao, S.D. Lu and M. Chen
Analysis of Shock Effect Generated by Vehicles on Human Body under HVAC
Transmission Lines
A.Q. Ma and L. Chen
Research on the Equivalent Circuit Modeling of Oil-Paper Insulation of Transformer by
Analyzing the Dielectric Spectra
Y.Q. Liu, J.D. Cai and Y.X. Guo
Research of Setting Main Circuit Parameters of Independent Photovoltaic Power System
F. Zhang, J. Fu, H. Jia and J. Li
The Propagation Characteristics of Partial Discharge Signals in Enclose Busbar
F. Zhang, J. Fu and J. Li
A Multiplex Data Acquisition System Applied in High Voltage Transmission Line Based on
Electronic Transformers
T. Song
A Reactive Power Generator Based on Voltage Source Inverter
T. Song
Thermal and Mechanical Characteristics of Thermal Barrier Coatings in Cyclic Thermal
Fatigue Systems
K.H. Lee, S.W. Myoung, M.S. Kim, S.S. Lee, E.H. Kim, Y.G. Jung and U.Y. Paik
Stability Evaluation for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Eletrolyzer
H.G. Kim, H.J. Shin, Y.J. Cha, S.H. Ko, H.W. Kim and L.K. Kwac
A Complete Optimal Control Solution for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors
M. Gaiceanu and E. Rosu
Research on the Control Strategy of DFIG Grid Side Converter under Unbalanced Grid
Voltage Conditions
F. Song, D. Zhu, K. Tang and X.J. Liu
Effect of Top Coat Thickness on Thermal Stability in Thermal Barrier Coatings
T.S. Jang, S.W. Myoung, H.S. Kim, Z. Lu, G.H. Cho, J.H. Lee and Y.G. Jung
Calculation Model of Peak Power Load Shifting of Electric Thermal Storage AirConditioning System
H. Wang, D.Z. Li, R.W. Xu and H. Ji
The Research and Design of Intelligent Community Energy Management System
Y.F. Yang and Y.Y. Xi
The Design of Arc Fault Circuit Interrupter Based on Wavelet Transformation
X.J. Xiang and Z. Lin
The Study of Hierarchical Control Method for Micro-Grid Control
Y.Y. Wu and S.H. Wang
Design of Three-Phase Voltage Source PWM Rectifier Using Feed-Forward Compensation
Q. Zhu and J.B. Shi
Optimization of Drive Unit through Load Measurement
J. Nečas, T. Mlčák, J. Zegzulka and R. Hrbáč
Degradation of 2-Chlorophenol Using a Pd/MWNTs Gas Diffusion Electrode in the Divided
Cell
Z.P. Zeng, H. Wang, Z.Y. Bian and L. Pang
Study Platform for AC Transmission System of High-Speed Train
X.C. Fang, Z.P. Yang, F. Lin and J.F. Qin
Design on Pulse Acquisition Circuits of Intelligent Distribution Network Digital Terminal
Y. Zhang and G.B. Zhang
Coordinated Control Strategies between Photovoltaic Power Plant in MW Level and the
Power Grid
K.N. Wang, C.Y. Yang, J.H. Wang and L. Liu
Fault Current Limitation (FCL) and Voltage Dip Improvement Thanks to Distributed
Static Series Compensator (DSSC)
S. Badkubi
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d
Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development
Three-Phase AC Variable Frequency Speed Adjustment Controller Based on FPGA
C.Z. Lv, T. Gao, G.Z. Xin and Y.Y. Zhou
Modeling of Wellbore Overall Heat Transfer in Circulation
H.F. Song, R.H. Wang and H.J. Ni
The Study on the Battery Modeling through the Mathematical Modeling Techniques of
High-Power Lithium-Polymer Battery for HEV
D.W. Seo, J.K. Koo and I.S. Kim
A New Approach to Analyzing Gas Mixtures Based on Improved BP Neural Network
Algorithm
T. Li, X.M. Yuan, S.L. Yang and X.H. Zhang
Study of Magnetics Performance of Inset Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine (Inset PMSM) Using Finite Element Method
J.M. Ling and T. Nur
Investigation the Performance of Axial Channel Rotor in Inset Permanent Magnet
Synchronous Machine
J.M. Ling and T. Nur
Investigation of the Thermal Flow Field and Recirculation of a Direct Air-Cooled
Condenser for a Large Power Plant
W.L. Zhao, Q.Y. Li and L.H. Wang
Prediction Model Establishment of the Opening Angle of a Ball Valve
Z.R. Feng, L.X. Wang and Z.Q. Li
Analysis of Energy Demand and Smart Grid Policy-Making Issues of China
S.X. Cai
Optimum Design of Interior Permanent Magnet Motor for Automotive Cooling Device
J.S. Yu and H.W. Cho
Analysis and Study on Microgrid Planning Based IEEE 1547
X.Q. Huang, D.W. Yang, J.H. Yang, Y.F. Tang, R.G. Yang, J. Zhang and B. Feng
The Use of FT-IR for the Determination of Liquid Products Properties after the Tyres
Thermal Degradation
V. Sassmanová, Z. Poláčková, J. Frantík, S. Honus and D. Juchelková
Experimental Determination of Energy Demand and Spatio-Temporal Course of Pyrolysis
for Various Materials
S. Honus, O. Němček, J. Frantík, V. Sassmanová and D. Juchelková
Comparison of Numeric Methods that Simulate Energy Transfer by Radiation
S. Honus and D. Juchelková
Advanced Refrigerating Plants Based on Transcritical Cycles Working with Carbon
Dioxide for Commercial Refrigeration
V. La Rocca, A. Messineo, M. Morale, A. Dispenza and D. Panno
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Chapter 3: Environmental Science, Analysis and Engineering
Study on the Kitchen Residues and Cattle Manure Anaerobic Co-Digestion in Bench-Scale
Laboratory Test
X. Ke, X. Zhao, Y. Sun and Y. Zhang
Utilization of Steelmaking and Hot-Rolling Mill Waste
L. Chen
Health Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Pearl River
Delta
H. Zhang, J.J. Zhao, A.M. Song and M.W. Song
Research on Application Mechanism of Vanadium Extraction Tailings by Cleaner
Production
J. Wang, L. Chen, L.K. Jiang, L.G. Yi, S.Q. Huang and Y.J. Zhang
The Economic Comparisons and Introduction to China of the Kyoto Mechanisms
S.F. Wang and Y. Bai
Environmental Pollution and Protection of Oil & Gas Production and Utilization in China
X.L. Yang and M.M. Sun
Heavy Metal Element Sedimentary Record Adjacent to the Pingtan Island
Y. Hu, J. Chen and J. Xu
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Chang Tianharry
The Water Pollution Control Planning Research in Lingyuan Stream Segment of Daling
River
J. Pan, H.X. Li and C.H. Li
Development and Sensitivity Analysis of Model for Aeration Chamber in Water-Circulating
Aerator
X. Sun, F.F. Duan, T.L. Huang and M.D. Zhang
Analysis of Water Quality Change before and after the Wenchuan Earthquake
F. Qian, B. Hu, J.J. Liu, M.B. Xiong and H. Hu
Debris Flow Warning System Design by Diao Zhongba on the Basis of GIS
X.P. Li and Y.N. Li
Metabolic Characteristic Analysis of an Oil Field Wastewater Degrading Strain
Chelatococcus G5
X.Y. Liu, C. Wang and M. Ji
Study on Recycling and Disposal of Waste Fluorescent Lamps
T.H. Li and D.Q. Xiang
Estimation of Biogas Production from Shrimp Pond Sediment Using the Artificial
Intelligence
J. Srisertpol, P. Srinakorn, A. Kheawnak and K. Chamniprasart
Resonance Rayleigh Scattering Spectral Method for Trace Fe3+ Using 1, 4-DithiothreitolModified Nanogold as Probe
G.Q. Wen, L.Q. Wu and Z.L. Jiang
Photopatterning Based on a Chemically Amplified Mechanism Nano-Sheet Films
T.S. Li, X.H. He, K.K. Zou, W.J. Xu, Y.J. Wu and T. Miyashita
Industrial Wastewater Reclamation for Sustainable Development – Integration of
Membrane Bio-Reactor Process
C.H. Ni and J.C.T. Lin
Research on the Residential Environment Construction of Healthy City
D.Z. Wang
Effects of Soil Amendment Fertilizer on Cotton Growth and Yield
J. Du, X. Du, Y.M. Li, J.S. Jian and C. Du
The Influences of Industry Development on the Urban Environment in Beijing, China
K.Y. Wang and Y. Deng
Evaluation of Formaldehyde Emission from Particleboard Using the Large Chamber and
Desiccator Method
Z.L. Que, L.F. Ma, F.B. Wang and T. Furuno
Research on Recycling Technology of Vanadium Extracting Waste
L.K. Jiang and X.F. Zou
Characterization and Identification of Inorganic Water-Soluble Ions in PM2.5
W. Dai, J.Q. Gao, B. Wang and F. Ouyang
Feasibility Study on the Concentration of Miscible Liquid in Aeration Tank Used by CAF
Process
X.T. Guan, F.P. Hu and L.Y. Wang
Supply Chain Contract Arrangements of Carbon Abatement with Consumer Preferences
N. Ma and G.X. Lou
Azo Dyes Biodegradation Based on Silicone Membrane-Aerated Bioreactor
J. Wang, H. Lu and G.F. Liu
Effect of Mechanical Aeration on Nitrogen and Microbial Activity in Sediment-Water
Interface from Urban Lake
J.J. Chen, S.Y. Lu, Z.Y. Liao, S.C. Ai and M.S. Huang
Effects of Simulated Acid Rain on Soil Chemical Properties of Potting Yellow Cinnamon
Soil under Quercus Variabilis
X.Q. Liang, R.Q. Wang, W.J. Ding, Y.J. Luo and J. Liu
The Relationship between Ecosystem Health and Ecological Safety
Y. Song, R.Y. Chang, Z.D. Yu, R.Q. Wang and J. Liu
Analysis and Evaluation of Heavy Metal Pollution of Surface Soil in Baicheng City
G. Wang
Experiment Study on Microwave Strengthened Fenton Process Oxidation of
Organophosphorus Pesticide Wastewater
Y.F. Li, J.X. Wang and Y. Zhang
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Applied Mechanics and Materials Vols. 260-261 (2013) pp 307-311
© (2013) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland
doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.260-261.307
Optimization of Small Long Life Gas Cooled Fast Reactors With Natural
Uranium as Fuel Cycle Input
Menik Ariani1,a, Z. Su'ud1,b , Fiber Monado1, A. Waris1, Khairurrijal1, I. Arif.1,
Ferhat A.2 , and H. Sekimoto3,c
1
Dept. of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences,
Bandung Institute of Technology
2
National Nuclear Energy Agency of Indonesia(BATAN)
3
CRINES, Tokyo Inst. of Technology, Japan
a
Email: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
Keywords: Modified CANDLE, burn-up history, fuel cycle input, long life operation, fuel shuffling.
Abstract. In this study gas cooled reactor system are combined with modified CANDLE burn-up
scheme to create small long life fast reactors with natural circulation as fuel cycle input. Such
system can utilize natural Uranium resources efficiently without the necessity of enrichment plant
or reprocessing plant. Therefore using this type of nuclear power plants optimum nuclear energy
utilization including in developing countries can be easily conducted without the problem of nuclear
proliferation. In this paper, optimization of Small and Medium Long-life Gas Cooled Fast Reactors
with Natural Uranium as Fuel Cycle Input has been performed. The optimization processes include
adjustment of fuel region movement scheme, volume fraction adjustment, core dimension, etc. Due
to the limitation of thermal hydraulic aspects, the average power density of the proposed design is
selected about 75 W/cc. With such condition we investigated small and medium sized cores from
300 MWt to 600 MWt with all being operated for 10 years without refueling and fuel shuffling and
just need natural Uranium as fuel cycle input. The average discharge burn-up is about in the range
of 23-30% HM.
Introduction
Small and medium long-life modular reactors are very prospective for remote area with smallmedium power consumption level. They also very good to be combined so that large turbine can be
used and produces very competitive nuclear energy. Many areas in Indonesia need just few
hundreds MWe electricity so that conventional large reactors are not suitable. In such areas small
long-life modular reactors are best fit. However, for Java-Bali area combined few modules are best
fit to produce large scale nuclear energy[1-5].
Gas cooled fast reactors are among fourth generation Nuclear Power Plants (NPPs) with hard
neutron spectrum characteristics which have excellent capability to utilize Uranium-238 during
their operation. Such reactors are very good to be combined with modified CANDLE burn-up
scheme [6-9] to create long life fast reactors with natural circulation as fuel cycle input. In such
system, natural Uranium resources are used efficiently without the necessity of enrichment plant or
reprocessing plant. Therefore using this type of nuclear power plants optimum nuclear energy
utilization including in developing countries can be easily conducted without the problem of nuclear
proliferation. The optimization processes include adjustment of fuel region movement scheme,
volume fraction adjustment, core dimension, etc.
In this study small and medium sized (300-600MWt) gas cooled fast reactor designs which can
utilize natural Uranium as fuel cycle input has been investigated. Considering helium gas limitation
in transporting heat from the reactor cores, we limit average power density to be less than 75 W/cc.
Therefore relatively large core designs were taken and pancake type cores are chosen to reduce
severe heat transport burden in axial direction. Such system need high breeding/convertion ratio
fuel to produce enough plutonium during its operation.
All rights reserved. No part of contents of this paper may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without the written permission of TTP,
www.ttp.net. (ID: 114.79.13.99-08/11/12,13:20:56)
308
Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development
Following previous studies, modified CANDLE burn-up scheme [10-13] with 10 equal parts in
axial direction were adopted. Then we adopt shuffling scheme as shown in Fig. 1. The optimization
processes include adjustment of fuel region movement scheme, volume fraction adjustment, core
dimension, etc.
Calculation Method
In this study, neutronic design calculation were performed using SRAC code system (SRACCITATION system) [14] and FI-ITBCH1 code[15], and detail explanation can be found in
references [10-13]. At the beginning we assume the power density level in each region and then we
perform the burn-up calculation using the assumed data. The burn-up calculation is performed using
cell burn-up in SRAC code which then give eight energy group macroscopic cross section data to be
used in two dimensional R-Z geometry multi groups diffusion calculation. The average power
density in each region resulted from the diffusion calculation is then brought back to SRAC code
for cell burn-up calculation. This iteration is repeated until the convergence is reached.
As described in previous studies, the reactor cores are subdivided into several parts (regions)
with the same volume in the axial directions (See Figure 1) The natural Uranium is initially put in
region 1, after one cycle of 10 years of burn-up it is shifted to region 2 and the region 1 is filled by
fresh natural Uranium fuel. This concept is basically applied to all regions.
Results and Discussion
Table 1 shows sample designs' parameters. The reactor powers are 300-600 MWt, with high fuel
volume fraction of about 64-65.5%. Such high fuel volume fraction is necessary to obtain modified
candle burn-up with relatively lower maximum discharge burn-up level. More specifically 3 reactor
designs with 3 power levels were calculated: 300MWth, 450 MWth, and 600 MWth.
Fig. 2 shows effective multiplication factor change during burn-up. The value of effective
multiplication constant is monotonously increases. Therefore the important condition for criticality
is in the beginning of life (BOL). All power levels show similar trend that is monotonous increase
of effective multiplication factor change during burn-up. Such situation occur due to the fact that
the discharge burn-up is in the range of 20-25%HM which is far less than the maximum possible
discharge burn-up for CANDLE or modified CANDLE burn-up scheme.
Fig. 3 shows infinite multiplication change during burn-up for various power levels. It is shown
that the infinite multiplication change during burnup is increased sharply at the first ten years of
burnup due to the location of the first region near the most active regions (see figure 1). After that
the infinite multiplication factor is gradually increase and reach its maximum value near the end of
burnup history and then gradually decrease due to the significant decrease of U-238 atomic density
compared to the that in the BOL.
Fig.4 shows conversion ratios change during burn-up for various power levels. It is shown that
during first 10 years the conversion ratio decrease sharply due to accumulation of plutonium in the
first region and the decrease of U-238. At the later time the conversion ratios are still decrease but
rather slowly.
From Fig. 5 it is shown that the accumulation of Pu-239 increases sharply during first 10 years
and then increase rather slowly up to reach peaks near the end of their burn-up history. The Pu-239
atomic densities are then decrease slowly due to significant reduction of U-238 atomic densities.
The discharge burn-up for the 300MWt core is 29.5%HM, for 450MWt core is 23.5% HM, and
for the 600MWt core is 24.3%HM. Therefore the discharge burn-up levels are in the range of 2330%HM.
Conclusion
Conceptual design study of small and medium sized long-life gas cooled fast reactors with natural
Uranium as fuel cycle input has been performed. Several small and medium sized cores from 300
MWt to 600 MWt has been investigated and showed that all can be operated for 10 years without
Applied Mechanics and Materials Vols. 260-261
309
refueling and fuel shuffling and just need natural Uranium as fuel cycle input. The average
discharge burn-up is about in the range of 23-30% HM.
Acknowledgement
This research partially supported by ITB Institutional Research Grant 2012, Indonesian Ministry for
Education Research Grant (Riset Strategis DIPA ITB)2010, IMHERE ITB Research grant.
TABLE 1. Sample Design Parameter
Parameter
Power (MWth)
Number of equal volume
region in core
Sub cycle length (years)
Fuel type
Fuel volume fraction
Cladding volume fraction
Coolant volume fraction
Fuel diameter
Coolant type
Axial width of each region
Active core radial width
Reflector radial width
Reflector axial width
Value/description
300-600
10
10
Natural Uranium,
nitride
64-65.5%
11-12%
23-25%
1.3 cm
He
17.5 - 22 cm
90-155 cm
50-90 cm
50-90 cm
Figure 1. Sub-region division and shuffling scheme
310
Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development
Effective Mult. Constant
1,05
1,04
1,03
1,02
300
450
600
1,01
1,00
0
1
2
3
burnup time (x2 years)
4
5
Figure 2. Effective multiplication factor change during burn-up
Infinite Mult. Constant
1,25
1,15
1,05
0,95
0,85
0,75
0,65
0,55
0,45
0,35
300
450
600
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
burnup time (years)
Figure 3. Infinite multiplication factor change during burnup
16
300
450
600
14
Integral Conv.Ratio
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0
20
40
60
burnup time (years)
80
100
Figure 4. Conversion ratio change during burn-up
Atomic Dens. Pu239 (10^21)
Applied Mechanics and Materials Vols. 260-261
2,6
2,4
2,2
2
1,8
1,6
1,4
1,2
1
0,8
0,6
0,4
0,2
0
311
30
0
0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
burnup time (years)
Figure 5. The change of Pu-239 atomic density during burn-up
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Preface and Organizing Committee
Chapter 1: Energy Science and Saving Technology
Optimization Research of the Comprehensive Coke Rate of Blast Furnace Based on the
Operational Characteristic of Auxiliary Materials
H. Zhang, Z.H. Feng and Y.H. Wang
Variation Characteristics of Reactive Plumes in the Process of Extinguishing Diesel Flame
by Water Mist
L. Wang and S.C. Su
Grid-Connected Micro-Inverter Systems Based on Mode Selector
M. Ling, J. Sha, C. Huang and Q.Y. Lv
1-Octadecanol/SiO2 Hybrid Form-Stable Phase Change Materials for Thermal Energy
Storage
B.T. Tang, X.X. Zheng, M.G. Qiu, C. Jia and S.F. Zhang
Hydrogen: Technologies, Policies and Challenges
J. Zhang, L.C. Ji and B. Jin
Mesoporous Thin Films: Thermoelectric Application
M.H. Hong, C.S. Park, Y.J. Choi, H.S. Lee and H.H. Park
Design Optimization of SS-AlN Cermet Solar Selective Coatings
X.Y. Liu and R.S. Tang
Explore Impacts of Urban Compactness on Energy Consumption
H.S. Chang, T.L. Chen and C.F. Wang
Stabilization of Large-Scale Wind Power Generation by Combination of Pumped Storage
Generation with Archimedean Screw
S. Uehara, K. Nishijima, M. Mitobe, J.H. Ma, Y.Z. Zhai, S.Y. Gon and A. Sugawara
Determination of Airborne Quantity and Consequence Analysis of 1,3-Butadiene Release
from a Petrochemical Plant Pipeline
M. Jabbari, S.M.H. Sajjadi and R. Gholamnia
Fuzzy Controlled Energy Saving Solution for Large-Scale Belt Conveying Systems
Y. Pang, G. Lodewijks and D.L. Schott
The Role of Vernacular Architecture in Design of Green Sidewalk (Case Study: Iran,
Shushtar)
M. Mahdavinejad, A. Ghaedi, M. Ghasempourabadi and H. Ghaedi
Performance Optimization of Building Integrated-Mounted Wind Turbine
M. Milanese, A. de Risi and D. Laforgia
Biomass Exploitation in Efficient ORC Systems
P. Morrone and A. Algieri
Synthesis and Properties of the Composite DSD Acid-Triazine Structure Containing LongChain Quaternary Ammonium Fluorescent Brighteners
M.Y. Wang, M.S. Wan and C.B. Cao
Simulation on Maximum Wind Energy Capturing of DFIG
H.H. Song and D. Tian
Security Authentication for Smart Substation Communication Based on IEC 62351
L. Chen, Y.F. Wang and T. Zhang
Analysis and Experimentation of Multi-S Rotors for Vertical Wind Turbine Applications
E.M. ElBeheiry and W.A. El-Askary
Explore the Self-Governance on Nuclear Safety Emergency - A Case Study of the 3rd
Nuclear Power Plant
Y.C. Lin and Y.N. Yang
Physicochemical Modeling of Hypergene Mineralization Processes in the Solnechnaya
Reclamation Plant Tailing Dump (Khabarovsky Region) in the Temperature Range from -5
to +45 ºC
A. Kostina, V. Zvereva, K. Frolov, A. Pyatakov and A. Lysenko
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10
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The Reliability Evaluation Methods of the Wind Farm
H. Wang and L. Pan
Stripping Photo-Resist with RF Dielectric Barrier Atmospheric Pressure Plasma
S.X. Jia, L.L. Zhao, J.H. Yang, C. Zhang and S.G. Wang
The Method for Torque Distribution of In-Wheel Motor Driving Vehicle Aiming to Save
Energy
H.H. Zhang and G.P. Yang
Wind Tunnel Experimental Study of Wind Turbine Airfoil Aerodynamic Characteristics
X.Z. Tang, X. Zhang, R.T. Peng and X.W. Liu
The Research of LED Lights Model Based on Road Lighting in Mesopic Vision
F.Z. Zhu, W.H. Yuan, H.M. Xu and Y.F. Yuan
Performance Enhancement of Phase Change Thermal Energy Storage Unit Using Fin and
Copper Foam
Y.Q. Xie, J. Song, P.T. Chi and J.Z. Yu
Design and Simulation Analysis of Doubly Fed Induction Generator Wind Turbines
P. Cheng, F.Y. Li and J.H. Li
Energy Storage: A Key Factor for Large-Scale Utilization of Renewable Energy
Y.J. Chen
Two-Dimensional Modelling and Simulation of Crystalline Silicon n+pp+ Solar Cell
S. Tobbeche and M.N. Kateb
On the Control of the Collector Field Outlet Temperature of Shiraz 250 KW Solar Power
Plant
M.Z. Mohi Abadi, S.M.H. Mohammadi, S.A.A. Safavi and S.V. Naghavi
Improve the Condition of the Energy Consumption of the Refinery Based on the Exergy
Theory
M. Jia and X.Z. Song
The Architectural Applications and Design Methods of Gluebam
X.H. Liu, D. Xiong, W. Mu and H. Liu
Rapid In Vitro Propagation of Bioenergy Crop Miscanthus Sacchariflorus
H.P. Guo, R.X. Shao, C.T. Hong, H.K. Hu, B.S. Zheng and Q.X. Zhang
Thermogravimetric Analysis of Different Biomass Materials and the Primary Biomass
Components
Y.B. Li, X.M. Zhang, L.Q. Zhao, Q. Lu and C.Q. Dong
A Review of Foreign Researches on Energy and Environment Field: Based on the Research
Perspective of CGE Model
W. Liang and H.Y. Zhang
Modeling and Simulation of Wear in PTFE Lip Seals
J.W. Sun, L.Q. Wang and L. Gu
Impact Analysis to Building Energy Consumption of Daylighting Combined Lighting
Control
X.L. Li, H. Li and J.P. Gao
Study on Determination of Best Window-Wall Ratio of Office Building in Cold Area
Z.H. Zhou, S. Hu and T. Du
Ashing Temperature’s Impact on the Characteristics of Biomass Ash
W.N. Li, Q.H. Li, Y.G. Zhang and A.H. Meng
Design and Simulation of Stand-Alone Wind-Solar Hybrid Generating System
G. Wang
A New Real Time Forecasting Model for Wind Power
S. Xu and S.L. Chen
Implementation of Secure GOOSE Protocol Using HSM
J.C. Kim, Y.E. Kim and T.H. Kim
Intra-Day and Day-Ahead Wind Farm Output Forecasting Using Neural Network
Ensembles
A. Fuser and J. Copper
Role of Green Coverings in Mitigating Heat Island Effects: An Analysis of Physical Models
G. Peri, G. Rizzo, G. Scaccianoce and G. Sorrentino
Research on Adaptive Current Protection of Wind Farm
F.T. Li and C.S. Su
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Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development
The Security Strategy for Chinese Petroleum Industry
S.B. Dong, X.M. Li and M. Su
Energy Efficiency of Major Energy Consuming Countries
X.Q. Wei and B.S. Zhang
Dynamic Response of a Semi-Submersible Floating Offshore Wind Turbine in Storm
Condition
H.T. Wu, J. Jiang, J. Zhao and X.R. Ye
Study on Fire Safety Planning in Chinese Petrochemical Industry Parks
H.B. Wan and Y.X. Yun
Research the Structural Feature of Jibei Mining Area to Control the Gas Bearing
H.Y. Liu, Z.X. Li, D.W. Lv, D.D. Wang and W.F. Ning
Green Construction Partner Selection
H.B. Tang
Design Study of Small Pb-Bi Cooled Non-Refueling Nuclear Power Reactors (SPINNORs)
Z. Su’ud
Application and Efficiency Verification of Classical and Unconvetional Sorbents which
Serve for Capture of Heavy Metals during Coal Combustion in Experimental Fluid Device
O. Němček, S. Honus and D. Juchelková
Optimization of Small Long Life Gas Cooled Fast Reactors with Natural Uranium as Fuel
Cycle Input
M. Ariani, Z. Su'ud, F. Monado, A. Waris, K. Khairurrijal, I. Arif, A. Ferhat and H. Sekimoto
Characterization of Biodiesel from Vegetable Oil Using Comprehensive Two-Dimensional
Gas Chromatography
F. Corriere, G. Peri and V. La Rocca
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Chapter 2: Motivation, Thermal, Electronics and Power Engineering
Research on Evaluation System of New Energy Vehicles Based on AHP
S.H. Li
A Comprehensive Study on Ground Source Heat Pump Applicability
J.F. Chen, L. Gao, J.W. Chen, Y.B. Chen, B.J. Xu and J. Xiong
Optimization of Economy Shift Schedule for Automated Mechanical Transmission in a
Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicle
Z.T. Liu, H.W. He and W.Q. Li
Performance Analysis of Induction Machines with Unconventional Winding Configurations
M. Muteba, A.A. Jimoh and D.V. Nicolae
Research on Camera-Oriented Smart Car and Intelligent Control
Z. Ma and G.B. Wang
The Research of Induction Motor Vector Control System Based on Fuzzy Self-Adaptive Pi
Complex Control Algorithm
W. Wang, X. Sun and B.Y. Li
The Pure Electric Vehicle Dynamic Performance Simulation
Z. Zhang, M.R. Guo and P. Zheng
Performance Analysis and Simulation of Automotive Air Conditioning Systems
Z. Zhang, P. Du and P. Zheng
Design and Implementation of System Integration Method for Power Distribution and
Consumption
J.B. Ye
Finite Element Modal Analysis for Steam Turbine Blade Based on ANSYS
L. Wang, S.Q. Ye and R. Meng
The KSF of LED Business Development in Taiwan with E Company as Case Study
M.L. Wang and H.K. Chen
Corona Detection System on Insulators via Acoustic Emissions
M.A.M. Rennó, E.L. Bonaldi, L.E.L. Oliveira, J.G.B. Silva and G. Lambert-Torres
Charging and Discharging Equalization with Improved Switching Matrix for SeriesConnected Battery Pack in EV
Y.J. Rong, C.Y. Hua and W.B. Tang
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Chang Tianharry
Indoor Air Quality Audit and Grey Incidence Analysis of an Air-Conditioned Institutional
Library in the Subtropics
L.R. Liu, J. Wu, X.X. Wang, Z.S. Li and T. Cheng
Risk Analysis of Smart Terminals in Mobile Application of Power System and the
Protection Solution Design
Z.P. Shao, S.D. Lu and M. Chen
Analysis of Shock Effect Generated by Vehicles on Human Body under HVAC
Transmission Lines
A.Q. Ma and L. Chen
Research on the Equivalent Circuit Modeling of Oil-Paper Insulation of Transformer by
Analyzing the Dielectric Spectra
Y.Q. Liu, J.D. Cai and Y.X. Guo
Research of Setting Main Circuit Parameters of Independent Photovoltaic Power System
F. Zhang, J. Fu, H. Jia and J. Li
The Propagation Characteristics of Partial Discharge Signals in Enclose Busbar
F. Zhang, J. Fu and J. Li
A Multiplex Data Acquisition System Applied in High Voltage Transmission Line Based on
Electronic Transformers
T. Song
A Reactive Power Generator Based on Voltage Source Inverter
T. Song
Thermal and Mechanical Characteristics of Thermal Barrier Coatings in Cyclic Thermal
Fatigue Systems
K.H. Lee, S.W. Myoung, M.S. Kim, S.S. Lee, E.H. Kim, Y.G. Jung and U.Y. Paik
Stability Evaluation for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Eletrolyzer
H.G. Kim, H.J. Shin, Y.J. Cha, S.H. Ko, H.W. Kim and L.K. Kwac
A Complete Optimal Control Solution for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors
M. Gaiceanu and E. Rosu
Research on the Control Strategy of DFIG Grid Side Converter under Unbalanced Grid
Voltage Conditions
F. Song, D. Zhu, K. Tang and X.J. Liu
Effect of Top Coat Thickness on Thermal Stability in Thermal Barrier Coatings
T.S. Jang, S.W. Myoung, H.S. Kim, Z. Lu, G.H. Cho, J.H. Lee and Y.G. Jung
Calculation Model of Peak Power Load Shifting of Electric Thermal Storage AirConditioning System
H. Wang, D.Z. Li, R.W. Xu and H. Ji
The Research and Design of Intelligent Community Energy Management System
Y.F. Yang and Y.Y. Xi
The Design of Arc Fault Circuit Interrupter Based on Wavelet Transformation
X.J. Xiang and Z. Lin
The Study of Hierarchical Control Method for Micro-Grid Control
Y.Y. Wu and S.H. Wang
Design of Three-Phase Voltage Source PWM Rectifier Using Feed-Forward Compensation
Q. Zhu and J.B. Shi
Optimization of Drive Unit through Load Measurement
J. Nečas, T. Mlčák, J. Zegzulka and R. Hrbáč
Degradation of 2-Chlorophenol Using a Pd/MWNTs Gas Diffusion Electrode in the Divided
Cell
Z.P. Zeng, H. Wang, Z.Y. Bian and L. Pang
Study Platform for AC Transmission System of High-Speed Train
X.C. Fang, Z.P. Yang, F. Lin and J.F. Qin
Design on Pulse Acquisition Circuits of Intelligent Distribution Network Digital Terminal
Y. Zhang and G.B. Zhang
Coordinated Control Strategies between Photovoltaic Power Plant in MW Level and the
Power Grid
K.N. Wang, C.Y. Yang, J.H. Wang and L. Liu
Fault Current Limitation (FCL) and Voltage Dip Improvement Thanks to Distributed
Static Series Compensator (DSSC)
S. Badkubi
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Three-Phase AC Variable Frequency Speed Adjustment Controller Based on FPGA
C.Z. Lv, T. Gao, G.Z. Xin and Y.Y. Zhou
Modeling of Wellbore Overall Heat Transfer in Circulation
H.F. Song, R.H. Wang and H.J. Ni
The Study on the Battery Modeling through the Mathematical Modeling Techniques of
High-Power Lithium-Polymer Battery for HEV
D.W. Seo, J.K. Koo and I.S. Kim
A New Approach to Analyzing Gas Mixtures Based on Improved BP Neural Network
Algorithm
T. Li, X.M. Yuan, S.L. Yang and X.H. Zhang
Study of Magnetics Performance of Inset Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine (Inset PMSM) Using Finite Element Method
J.M. Ling and T. Nur
Investigation the Performance of Axial Channel Rotor in Inset Permanent Magnet
Synchronous Machine
J.M. Ling and T. Nur
Investigation of the Thermal Flow Field and Recirculation of a Direct Air-Cooled
Condenser for a Large Power Plant
W.L. Zhao, Q.Y. Li and L.H. Wang
Prediction Model Establishment of the Opening Angle of a Ball Valve
Z.R. Feng, L.X. Wang and Z.Q. Li
Analysis of Energy Demand and Smart Grid Policy-Making Issues of China
S.X. Cai
Optimum Design of Interior Permanent Magnet Motor for Automotive Cooling Device
J.S. Yu and H.W. Cho
Analysis and Study on Microgrid Planning Based IEEE 1547
X.Q. Huang, D.W. Yang, J.H. Yang, Y.F. Tang, R.G. Yang, J. Zhang and B. Feng
The Use of FT-IR for the Determination of Liquid Products Properties after the Tyres
Thermal Degradation
V. Sassmanová, Z. Poláčková, J. Frantík, S. Honus and D. Juchelková
Experimental Determination of Energy Demand and Spatio-Temporal Course of Pyrolysis
for Various Materials
S. Honus, O. Němček, J. Frantík, V. Sassmanová and D. Juchelková
Comparison of Numeric Methods that Simulate Energy Transfer by Radiation
S. Honus and D. Juchelková
Advanced Refrigerating Plants Based on Transcritical Cycles Working with Carbon
Dioxide for Commercial Refrigeration
V. La Rocca, A. Messineo, M. Morale, A. Dispenza and D. Panno
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Study on the Kitchen Residues and Cattle Manure Anaerobic Co-Digestion in Bench-Scale
Laboratory Test
X. Ke, X. Zhao, Y. Sun and Y. Zhang
Utilization of Steelmaking and Hot-Rolling Mill Waste
L. Chen
Health Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Pearl River
Delta
H. Zhang, J.J. Zhao, A.M. Song and M.W. Song
Research on Application Mechanism of Vanadium Extraction Tailings by Cleaner
Production
J. Wang, L. Chen, L.K. Jiang, L.G. Yi, S.Q. Huang and Y.J. Zhang
The Economic Comparisons and Introduction to China of the Kyoto Mechanisms
S.F. Wang and Y. Bai
Environmental Pollution and Protection of Oil & Gas Production and Utilization in China
X.L. Yang and M.M. Sun
Heavy Metal Element Sedimentary Record Adjacent to the Pingtan Island
Y. Hu, J. Chen and J. Xu
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The Water Pollution Control Planning Research in Lingyuan Stream Segment of Daling
River
J. Pan, H.X. Li and C.H. Li
Development and Sensitivity Analysis of Model for Aeration Chamber in Water-Circulating
Aerator
X. Sun, F.F. Duan, T.L. Huang and M.D. Zhang
Analysis of Water Quality Change before and after the Wenchuan Earthquake
F. Qian, B. Hu, J.J. Liu, M.B. Xiong and H. Hu
Debris Flow Warning System Design by Diao Zhongba on the Basis of GIS
X.P. Li and Y.N. Li
Metabolic Characteristic Analysis of an Oil Field Wastewater Degrading Strain
Chelatococcus G5
X.Y. Liu, C. Wang and M. Ji
Study on Recycling and Disposal of Waste Fluorescent Lamps
T.H. Li and D.Q. Xiang
Estimation of Biogas Production from Shrimp Pond Sediment Using the Artificial
Intelligence
J. Srisertpol, P. Srinakorn, A. Kheawnak and K. Chamniprasart
Resonance Rayleigh Scattering Spectral Method for Trace Fe3+ Using 1, 4-DithiothreitolModified Nanogold as Probe
G.Q. Wen, L.Q. Wu and Z.L. Jiang
Photopatterning Based on a Chemically Amplified Mechanism Nano-Sheet Films
T.S. Li, X.H. He, K.K. Zou, W.J. Xu, Y.J. Wu and T. Miyashita
Industrial Wastewater Reclamation for Sustainable Development – Integration of
Membrane Bio-Reactor Process
C.H. Ni and J.C.T. Lin
Research on the Residential Environment Construction of Healthy City
D.Z. Wang
Effects of Soil Amendment Fertilizer on Cotton Growth and Yield
J. Du, X. Du, Y.M. Li, J.S. Jian and C. Du
The Influences of Industry Development on the Urban Environment in Beijing, China
K.Y. Wang and Y. Deng
Evaluation of Formaldehyde Emission from Particleboard Using the Large Chamber and
Desiccator Method
Z.L. Que, L.F. Ma, F.B. Wang and T. Furuno
Research on Recycling Technology of Vanadium Extracting Waste
L.K. Jiang and X.F. Zou
Characterization and Identification of Inorganic Water-Soluble Ions in PM2.5
W. Dai, J.Q. Gao, B. Wang and F. Ouyang
Feasibility Study on the Concentration of Miscible Liquid in Aeration Tank Used by CAF
Process
X.T. Guan, F.P. Hu and L.Y. Wang
Supply Chain Contract Arrangements of Carbon Abatement with Consumer Preferences
N. Ma and G.X. Lou
Azo Dyes Biodegradation Based on Silicone Membrane-Aerated Bioreactor
J. Wang, H. Lu and G.F. Liu
Effect of Mechanical Aeration on Nitrogen and Microbial Activity in Sediment-Water
Interface from Urban Lake
J.J. Chen, S.Y. Lu, Z.Y. Liao, S.C. Ai and M.S. Huang
Effects of Simulated Acid Rain on Soil Chemical Properties of Potting Yellow Cinnamon
Soil under Quercus Variabilis
X.Q. Liang, R.Q. Wang, W.J. Ding, Y.J. Luo and J. Liu
The Relationship between Ecosystem Health and Ecological Safety
Y. Song, R.Y. Chang, Z.D. Yu, R.Q. Wang and J. Liu
Analysis and Evaluation of Heavy Metal Pollution of Surface Soil in Baicheng City
G. Wang
Experiment Study on Microwave Strengthened Fenton Process Oxidation of
Organophosphorus Pesticide Wastewater
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Applied Mechanics and Materials Vols. 260-261 (2013) pp 307-311
© (2013) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland
doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.260-261.307
Optimization of Small Long Life Gas Cooled Fast Reactors With Natural
Uranium as Fuel Cycle Input
Menik Ariani1,a, Z. Su'ud1,b , Fiber Monado1, A. Waris1, Khairurrijal1, I. Arif.1,
Ferhat A.2 , and H. Sekimoto3,c
1
Dept. of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences,
Bandung Institute of Technology
2
National Nuclear Energy Agency of Indonesia(BATAN)
3
CRINES, Tokyo Inst. of Technology, Japan
a
Email: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
Keywords: Modified CANDLE, burn-up history, fuel cycle input, long life operation, fuel shuffling.
Abstract. In this study gas cooled reactor system are combined with modified CANDLE burn-up
scheme to create small long life fast reactors with natural circulation as fuel cycle input. Such
system can utilize natural Uranium resources efficiently without the necessity of enrichment plant
or reprocessing plant. Therefore using this type of nuclear power plants optimum nuclear energy
utilization including in developing countries can be easily conducted without the problem of nuclear
proliferation. In this paper, optimization of Small and Medium Long-life Gas Cooled Fast Reactors
with Natural Uranium as Fuel Cycle Input has been performed. The optimization processes include
adjustment of fuel region movement scheme, volume fraction adjustment, core dimension, etc. Due
to the limitation of thermal hydraulic aspects, the average power density of the proposed design is
selected about 75 W/cc. With such condition we investigated small and medium sized cores from
300 MWt to 600 MWt with all being operated for 10 years without refueling and fuel shuffling and
just need natural Uranium as fuel cycle input. The average discharge burn-up is about in the range
of 23-30% HM.
Introduction
Small and medium long-life modular reactors are very prospective for remote area with smallmedium power consumption level. They also very good to be combined so that large turbine can be
used and produces very competitive nuclear energy. Many areas in Indonesia need just few
hundreds MWe electricity so that conventional large reactors are not suitable. In such areas small
long-life modular reactors are best fit. However, for Java-Bali area combined few modules are best
fit to produce large scale nuclear energy[1-5].
Gas cooled fast reactors are among fourth generation Nuclear Power Plants (NPPs) with hard
neutron spectrum characteristics which have excellent capability to utilize Uranium-238 during
their operation. Such reactors are very good to be combined with modified CANDLE burn-up
scheme [6-9] to create long life fast reactors with natural circulation as fuel cycle input. In such
system, natural Uranium resources are used efficiently without the necessity of enrichment plant or
reprocessing plant. Therefore using this type of nuclear power plants optimum nuclear energy
utilization including in developing countries can be easily conducted without the problem of nuclear
proliferation. The optimization processes include adjustment of fuel region movement scheme,
volume fraction adjustment, core dimension, etc.
In this study small and medium sized (300-600MWt) gas cooled fast reactor designs which can
utilize natural Uranium as fuel cycle input has been investigated. Considering helium gas limitation
in transporting heat from the reactor cores, we limit average power density to be less than 75 W/cc.
Therefore relatively large core designs were taken and pancake type cores are chosen to reduce
severe heat transport burden in axial direction. Such system need high breeding/convertion ratio
fuel to produce enough plutonium during its operation.
All rights reserved. No part of contents of this paper may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without the written permission of TTP,
www.ttp.net. (ID: 114.79.13.99-08/11/12,13:20:56)
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Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development
Following previous studies, modified CANDLE burn-up scheme [10-13] with 10 equal parts in
axial direction were adopted. Then we adopt shuffling scheme as shown in Fig. 1. The optimization
processes include adjustment of fuel region movement scheme, volume fraction adjustment, core
dimension, etc.
Calculation Method
In this study, neutronic design calculation were performed using SRAC code system (SRACCITATION system) [14] and FI-ITBCH1 code[15], and detail explanation can be found in
references [10-13]. At the beginning we assume the power density level in each region and then we
perform the burn-up calculation using the assumed data. The burn-up calculation is performed using
cell burn-up in SRAC code which then give eight energy group macroscopic cross section data to be
used in two dimensional R-Z geometry multi groups diffusion calculation. The average power
density in each region resulted from the diffusion calculation is then brought back to SRAC code
for cell burn-up calculation. This iteration is repeated until the convergence is reached.
As described in previous studies, the reactor cores are subdivided into several parts (regions)
with the same volume in the axial directions (See Figure 1) The natural Uranium is initially put in
region 1, after one cycle of 10 years of burn-up it is shifted to region 2 and the region 1 is filled by
fresh natural Uranium fuel. This concept is basically applied to all regions.
Results and Discussion
Table 1 shows sample designs' parameters. The reactor powers are 300-600 MWt, with high fuel
volume fraction of about 64-65.5%. Such high fuel volume fraction is necessary to obtain modified
candle burn-up with relatively lower maximum discharge burn-up level. More specifically 3 reactor
designs with 3 power levels were calculated: 300MWth, 450 MWth, and 600 MWth.
Fig. 2 shows effective multiplication factor change during burn-up. The value of effective
multiplication constant is monotonously increases. Therefore the important condition for criticality
is in the beginning of life (BOL). All power levels show similar trend that is monotonous increase
of effective multiplication factor change during burn-up. Such situation occur due to the fact that
the discharge burn-up is in the range of 20-25%HM which is far less than the maximum possible
discharge burn-up for CANDLE or modified CANDLE burn-up scheme.
Fig. 3 shows infinite multiplication change during burn-up for various power levels. It is shown
that the infinite multiplication change during burnup is increased sharply at the first ten years of
burnup due to the location of the first region near the most active regions (see figure 1). After that
the infinite multiplication factor is gradually increase and reach its maximum value near the end of
burnup history and then gradually decrease due to the significant decrease of U-238 atomic density
compared to the that in the BOL.
Fig.4 shows conversion ratios change during burn-up for various power levels. It is shown that
during first 10 years the conversion ratio decrease sharply due to accumulation of plutonium in the
first region and the decrease of U-238. At the later time the conversion ratios are still decrease but
rather slowly.
From Fig. 5 it is shown that the accumulation of Pu-239 increases sharply during first 10 years
and then increase rather slowly up to reach peaks near the end of their burn-up history. The Pu-239
atomic densities are then decrease slowly due to significant reduction of U-238 atomic densities.
The discharge burn-up for the 300MWt core is 29.5%HM, for 450MWt core is 23.5% HM, and
for the 600MWt core is 24.3%HM. Therefore the discharge burn-up levels are in the range of 2330%HM.
Conclusion
Conceptual design study of small and medium sized long-life gas cooled fast reactors with natural
Uranium as fuel cycle input has been performed. Several small and medium sized cores from 300
MWt to 600 MWt has been investigated and showed that all can be operated for 10 years without
Applied Mechanics and Materials Vols. 260-261
309
refueling and fuel shuffling and just need natural Uranium as fuel cycle input. The average
discharge burn-up is about in the range of 23-30% HM.
Acknowledgement
This research partially supported by ITB Institutional Research Grant 2012, Indonesian Ministry for
Education Research Grant (Riset Strategis DIPA ITB)2010, IMHERE ITB Research grant.
TABLE 1. Sample Design Parameter
Parameter
Power (MWth)
Number of equal volume
region in core
Sub cycle length (years)
Fuel type
Fuel volume fraction
Cladding volume fraction
Coolant volume fraction
Fuel diameter
Coolant type
Axial width of each region
Active core radial width
Reflector radial width
Reflector axial width
Value/description
300-600
10
10
Natural Uranium,
nitride
64-65.5%
11-12%
23-25%
1.3 cm
He
17.5 - 22 cm
90-155 cm
50-90 cm
50-90 cm
Figure 1. Sub-region division and shuffling scheme
310
Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development
Effective Mult. Constant
1,05
1,04
1,03
1,02
300
450
600
1,01
1,00
0
1
2
3
burnup time (x2 years)
4
5
Figure 2. Effective multiplication factor change during burn-up
Infinite Mult. Constant
1,25
1,15
1,05
0,95
0,85
0,75
0,65
0,55
0,45
0,35
300
450
600
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
burnup time (years)
Figure 3. Infinite multiplication factor change during burnup
16
300
450
600
14
Integral Conv.Ratio
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0
20
40
60
burnup time (years)
80
100
Figure 4. Conversion ratio change during burn-up
Atomic Dens. Pu239 (10^21)
Applied Mechanics and Materials Vols. 260-261
2,6
2,4
2,2
2
1,8
1,6
1,4
1,2
1
0,8
0,6
0,4
0,2
0
311
30
0
0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
burnup time (years)
Figure 5. The change of Pu-239 atomic density during burn-up
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