Surface Water Quality P ll ti
M odu le 7 – ( L2 7 – L3 0 ) : “ “ M a n a ge m e n t of W a t e r Qu a lit y”: f
li ”
W a t e r qu a lit y a n d pollu t ion , t ype s a n d Sou r ce s of pollu t ion ,
w a t e r qu a lit y m ode lin g, e n vir on m e n t a l gu ide lin e s for w a t e r w a t e r qu a lit y m ode lin g e n vir on m e n t a l gu ide lin e s for w a t e r
qu a lit y Su r fa ce W a t e r Qu a lit y & 2 7 2 7 Pollu t ion I ssu e s P ll t iI L27– L27 Su r fa ce W a t e r Qu a lit y & Pollu t ion I ssu e s P ll i
I
Topics Cove r e d Topics Cove r e d
Wat er qualit y, pollut ion sources, t ypes Wat er qualit y, pollut ion sources, t ypes of pollut ion, wat er qualit y param et ers, of pollut ion, wat er qualit y param et ers, wat er qualit y st andards. wat er qualit y st andards wat er qualit y st andards. wat er qualit y st andards
Wat er qualit y, pollut ion sources, Wat er qualit y, pollut ion sources,
Keywords: Keywords:t ypes of pollut ion, param et ers, st andards t ypes of pollut ion, param et ers, st andards ..
Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
W a t e r sh e d M a n a ge m e n t & W a t e r Qu a lit y
Wat ershed m anagem ent – Wat er quant it y & qualit y – I m port ance
Assessm ent & m onit oring of w at er qualit y – A t & it i f t lit livelihoods of wat ershed dwellers
WQ – exam inat ion t o det erm ine organism s, m inerals Q g ,
& organic com pounds in wat er
Depending on use of wat er
Physico- chem ical, chem ical & m icrobiological analyses Ph si o hem i al hem i al & m i obiologi al anal ses of w at er
Com m on issu e s of Su r fa ce a n d Gr ou n dw a t e r
Pat hogenic ( Bact eriological) Pollut ion; Salinit y
Toxicit y ( m icro- pollut ant s and ot her indust rial pollut ant s) pollut ant s)
Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay Wat er Qualit y St andards Wat er Qualit y St andards
Wat er qualit y indicat es t he physical, chem ical and biological charact erist ics of w at er. and biological charact erist ics of w at er
I t is a m easure of t he condit ion of w at er relat ive t o t he requirem ent s of one or m ore biot ic species q p and or t o any hum an need or purpose.
I t is m ost frequent ly used by reference t o a set
of st andards against which com pliance can be assessed. The m ost com m on st andards used t o assess Th t t d d d t w at er qualit y relat e t o healt h of ecosyst em s, safet y of hum an cont act and drinking wat er. safet y of hum an cont act and drinking wat er.
Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay Wat er Qualit y Cat egories Wat er Qualit y Cat egories Hum an consum pt ion- –
Drinking wat er, including bot t led wat er, m ay reasonably be expect ed t o cont ain at least sm all y p am ount s of som e cont am inant s.
Presence of t hese cont am inant s does not necessarily indicat e t hat wat er poses a healt h risk. necessarily indicat e t hat wat er poses a healt h risk.
I ndust rial use –
Dissolved m inerals m ay affect suit abilit y of wat er for a range of indust rial and dom est ic purposes for a range of indust rial and dom est ic purposes.
presence of ions of calcium and m agnesium which int erfere wit h t he cleaning act ion of soap, and can form hard sulfat e and soft carbonat e deposit s in form hard sulfat e and soft carbonat e deposit s in wat er heat ers or boilers. Hard wat er m ay be soft ened t o rem ove t hese ions.
Soft ening m ay sacrifice nut rit ion for cleaning S ft i ifi t it i f l i effect iveness. Wat er Qualit y Cat egories Wat er Qualit y Cat egories I n t he environm ent . –
Toxic subst ances and high populat ions of cert ain m icroorganism s can present a healt h hazard for m icroorganism s can present a healt h hazard for non- drinking purposes such as irrigat ion, swim m ing, fishing, raft ing, boat ing, and indust rial uses.
These condit ions m ay also affect wildlife, which use t he wat er for drinking or as a habit at use t he wat er for drinking or as a habit at .
I rrigat ion purpose : Crop product ion – irrigat ion wat er
qualit y requirem ent s
Agricult ure- single largest user of freshwat er - a m aj or
cause of degradat ion of surface and groundwat er resources t hrough erosion and chem ical runoff resources t hrough erosion and chem ical runoff
Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
W a t e r Pollu t ion Sou r ce s
Wat er pollut ion is t he cont am inat ion of wat er bodies e.g. lakes, rivers, oceans and groundwat er. e.g. lakes, rivers, oceans and groundwat er.
Wat er pollut ion occurs when pollut ant s are discharged Wat er pollut ion occurs when pollut ant s are discharged d direct ly or indirect ly int o wat er bodies wit hout d direct ly or indirect ly int o wat er bodies wit hout l l d d l l b d b d h h adequat e t reat m ent t o rem ove harm ful com pounds. adequat e t reat m ent t o rem ove harm ful com pounds.
Wat er pollut ion affect s plant s and organism s living in t hese bodies of wat er.
The effect is dam aging t o individual species and The effect is dam aging t o individual species and popu a o s a d popu a o s a d populat ions and nat ural biological com m unit ies. populat ions and nat ural biological com m unit ies a u a b o og ca co a u a b o og ca co u u es es
Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
W a t e r Pollu t ion – Sou r ce Type s
Wat er Pollut ion – Point or non- point sources Wat er Pollut ion – Point or non- point sources
Wat er pollut ion-- point sources: Wat er pollut ion point sources: cont am inant s t hat ent er a
wat erway from a single, ident ifiable source, such as a pipe or dit ch.
Traced t o a specific source
Leaking chem ical t ank, effluent s com ing from Leaking chem ical t ank effluent s com ing from a w ast e a w ast e t reat m ent or indust rial plant , or a m anure spill from a hog confinem ent lagoon
Exam ples Exam ples ll
- – discharges from a sewage t reat m ent plant ; a fact ory; a cit y st orm drain; m unicipal st orm sewer fact ory; a cit y st orm drain; m unicipal st orm sewer syst em s; indust rial st orm wat er, such as from const ruct ion sit es
W a t e r Pollu t ion - Sou r ce Type s
W a t e r pollu t ion W a t e r pollu t ion -- n on n on poin t poin t sou r ce s sou r ce s
Non–point source pollut ion ( NPS) - cont am inat ion t hat does not originat e from a single discret e source. originat e from a single discret e source
NPS pollut ion is t he cum ulat ive effect of sm all am ount s of NPS pollut ion is t he cum ulat ive effect of sm all am ount s of cont am inant s gat hered from a large area. cont am inant s gat hered from a large area
Pollut ant s will com e from wide spread area
They can’t be t racked t o a single point or source
Exam ples: Soil erosion, chem ical runoff, anim al wast e Exam ples: Soil erosion chem ical runoff anim al wast e pollut ion
- – leaching out of fert ilizers/ nut rient s agricult ural lands. leaching out of fert ilizers/ nut rient s agricult ural lands. –
- – Nut rient runoff in st orm wat er Nut rient runoff in st orm wat er-- agricult ural field/ forest . – agricult ural field/ forest .
- – Cont am inat ed st orm wat er washed off of parking lot s, Cont am inat ed st orm wat er washed off of parking lot s, – roads and highways, called urban runoff, roads and highways, called urban runoff, roads and highways called urban runoff roads and highways called urban runoff
W a t e r Pollu t ion – Spe cific Sou r ce s
Se pt ic syst e m s - Use a large t ank buried in t he
ground t o cont ain and break down household sewage; ground t o cont ain and break down household sewage; Fat s, oils, and grease as well as large wast e part icles, are st ored and lat er pum ped out of t he holding t ank; source of concern for groundwat er pollut ion & surface source of concern for groundwat er pollut ion & surface wat er pollut ion
La goon s: shallow holding pit s int o which wast es are
pum ped and t reat ed; Wat er Qualit y Problem s: Poorly d d d Q l bl l const ruct ed lagoons ( leakage) ; lagoons built on high wat er t able; Nit rat es: m ost oft en found cont am inant
Underground or above ground disposal
W a st e D isposa l: pract ices of dom est ic, m unicipal, or indust rial liquid wast e
W a t e r Pollu t ion – Spe cific Sou r ce s
I ndust rial liquid wast e – t reat ed/ unt reat ed
Land disposal of m unicipal and
Solid wast e - S lid t
indust rial solid wast e – leaching
St or a ge a n d Tr a n spor t of Com m e r cia l M a t e r ia ls St or a ge a n d Tr a n spor t of Com m e r cia l M a t e r ia ls
- – st orage t anks & spills
Acid m ine Acid m ine
Mining operat ions: Mining operat ions: Mines, Oil & gas Mines, Oil & gas-
drainage, Leaching of t oxic m et als, Wast ewat er generat ed
Fert ilizers; Pest icides
Agricult ural operat ions: i l l i
Saline wat er int rusion
W a t e r Pollu t ion - Ca u se s
Wide spect rum of chem icals , pat hogens , and physical or sensory changes such as elevat ed physical or sensory changes such as elevat ed t em perat ure and discolorat ion.
Nat ural occurring Nat ural occurring – eg Salt s fluoride eg. Salt s, fluoride, arsenic, Ca, Mg, Na et c.
Art ificial Art ificial – disposed by hum ans from various disposed by hum ans from various sources
Wat er's physical chem ist ry includes acidit y p y y y ( change in pH ) , elect rical conduct ivit y , t em perat ure, and eut rophicat ion
W a t e r Pollu t ion Type s
Wat er pollut ion-- organic pollut ant s Wat er pollut ion organic pollut ant s
Det ergent s; Disinfect ion by- product s
Food processing wast e, fat s and grease Food processing wast e, fat s and grease Food processing wast e fat s and grease Food processing wast e fat s and grease
I nsect icides & herbicides, organohalides and ot her chem ical I nsect icides & herbicides, organohalides and ot her chem ical com pounds com pounds
Pet roleum hydrocarbons, including fuels ( gasoline, diesel fuel, j et l h d b l d f l ( l d l f l fuels, and fuel oil) & lubricant s ( m ot or oil) , & fuel com bust ion byproduct s
Tree and bush debris from logging operat ions
Volat ile organic com pounds ( VOCs) , such as indust rial solvent s. Volat ile organic com pounds ( VOCs) , such as indust rial solvent s.
Chlorinat ed solvent s dense non-- aqueous phase liquids ( DNAPLs) Chlorinat ed solvent s dense non Chlorinat ed solvent s, dense non aqueous phase liquids ( DNAPLs) , Chlorinat ed solvent s, dense non aqueous phase liquids ( DNAPLs) , aqueous phase liquids ( DNAPLs)
Polychlorinat ed biphenyl ( PCBs) –Trichloroet hylene, Perchlorat e . Perchlorat e .
Various chem ical com pounds found in personal hygiene & cosm et ic Various chem ical com pounds found in personal hygiene & cosm et ic product s product s product s product s
W a t e r Pollu t ion Type s
Wat er pollut ion-- inorganic pollut ant s Wat er pollut ion inorganic pollut ant s
Acidity caused by industrial discharges (sulfur dioxide from Acidity caused by industrial discharges (sulfur dioxide from power plants)
Ammonia from food processing waste Ammonia from food processing waste
Chemical waste as industrial by-products
Fertilizers containing nutrients-- nitrates and phosphates Fertilizers containing nutrients nitrates and phosphates-- which which are found in storm water runoff from agriculture, as well as are found in storm water runoff from agriculture, as well as are found in storm water runoff from agriculture as well as are found in storm water runoff from agriculture as well as commercial and residential use commercial and residential use
Heavy metals from motor vehicles (via urban storm water runoff) and acid mine drainage ff) d id i d i
Silt (sediment) in runoff from construction sites, logging, slash Silt (sediment) in runoff from construction sites, logging, slash a d bu a d bu and burn practices or land clearing sites and burn practices or land clearing sites p act ces o a d c ea p act ces o a d c ea g s tes g s tes
Pollut ion-- m acroscopic/ Micro pollut ant s Pollut ion m acroscopic/ Micro pollut ant s
Macroscopic - Large visible it em s pollut ing t he wat er—m ay be t erm ed " float ables" in an urban st orm wat er cont ext , or m arine debris when found on t he open cont ext or m arine debris when found on t he open seas like
Trash or garbage ( e.g. paper, plast ic, or food wast e) Trash or garbage ( e.g. paper, plast ic, or food wast e) discarded by people on t he ground discarded by people on t he ground
- – dum ping of rubbish, t hat are washed by rainfall int o dum ping of rubbish, t hat are washed by rainfall int o – st orm drains and event ually discharged int o surface st orm drains and event ually discharged int o surface st orm drains and event ually discharged int o surface st orm drains and event ually discharged int o surface w at ers w at ers
- – Nurdles, sm all ubiquit ous wat erborne plast ic pellet s Nurdles, sm all ubiquit ous wat erborne plast ic pellet s –
- – Shipwrecks, large derelict ships Shipwrecks, large derelict ships –
Microscopic pollut ant s Microscopic pollut ant s – m icro organism s, dissolved/ m icro organism s, dissolved/ –
dispersed pollut ant s dispersed pollut ant s dispersed pollut ant s dispersed pollut ant s
W a t e r pollu t ion -- t h e r m a l pollu t ion W a t e r pollu t ion t h e r m a l pollu t ion
The rise or fall in t he t em perat ure of a nat ural body of w at er caused by hum an influence.
Therm al pollut ion result s in a change in t he physical Therm al pollut ion result s in a change in t he physical Therm al pollut ion result s in a change in t he physical Therm al pollut ion result s in a change in t he physical propert ies of wat er. propert ies of wat er.
A com m on cause of t herm al pollut ion is t he use of wat er as a coolant by power plant s and indust rial l b l d d l m anufact urers.
Elevat ed wat er t em perat ures decreases oxygen levels Elevat ed wat er t em perat ures decreases oxygen levels Elevat ed wat er t em perat ures decreases oxygen levels Elevat ed wat er t em perat ures decreases oxygen levels ( which can kill fish) and affect s ecosyst em ( which can kill fish) and affect s ecosyst em
Urban runoff m ay elevat e t em perat ure in surface wat ers.
Th Therm al pollut ion can also be caused by t he release of Therm al pollut ion can also be caused by t he release of Th l l ll ll i i l l b b d b h d b h l l f f very cold wat er from t he base of reservoirs int o warm er very cold wat er from t he base of reservoirs int o warm er rivers. rivers.
Wat er Qualit y - Param et ers Following is a list of indicat ors oft en m easured:
Alkalinit y; Color of wat er; pH; Tast e and odor
Dissolved m et als and salt s ( sodium , chloride, pot assium , Dissolved m et als and salt s ( sodium chloride pot assium calcium , m anganese, m agnesium )
Microorganism s such as fecal coliform bact eria , Crypt osporidium , and Giardia lam blia
Dissolved m et als & m et alloids ( lead, m ercury, arsenic, et c.)
Dissolved organics: colored dissolved organic m at t er Dissolved organics: colored dissolved organic m at t er ( CDOM) , dissolved organic carbon ( DOC) , Heavy m et als
Pharm aceut icals byproduct s
Param et ers depend on t ype of use – eg. Drinking, I ndust rial use, I rrigat ion et c. Wat er qualit y-- environm ent al indicat ors Wat er qualit y environm ent al indicat ors
Chem ical assessm ent : Dissolved oxygen ( DO) ;
Nit rat e- N; Ort hophosphat es; Chem ical oxygen dem and ( COD) ; Biochem ical oxygen dem and dem and ( COD) ; Biochem ical oxygen dem and ( BOD) ; Pest icides; Met als
Physical assessm ent : pH; Tem perat ure; Tot al
suspended solids ( TSS) ; Turbidit y; Tot al dissolved solids ( TDS)
Biological assessm ent Bi l i l t : Biological m onit oring m et rics Bi l i l it i t i have been developed in m any places, and one w idely used m easure is t he presence and abundance of m em bers of t he insect orders Mayfly, St onefly and Caddisfly.
Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay I m port ant Wat er Qualit y Param et ers I m port ant Wat er Qualit y Param et ers I m port ant physicochem ical param et ers t o be t est ed for ascert aining wat er qualit y are: p ; pH; Colour , Tast e and odour, t urbidit y, TDS, t ot al , , y, ,
- hardness, chlorides, sulphat es, fluorides, nit rat es, calcium , heavy m et als, dissolved oxygen, pest icides, det ergent s & radio- nuclides pest icides det ergent s & radio nuclides
- –
neut ral ( pH - 7) ; acidic ( pH< 7) ; basic ( pH> 7) ;
pH
drinking wat er ( 6.5 8) drinking wat er ( 6.5- 8)
- – w at er abilit y t o conduct elect rical current – depends on concent rat ion of dissolved, associat ed subst ances – t o find TDS – unit m icro siem ens cm
Elect rical conduct ivit y
Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
I m por t a n t W a t e r Qu a lit y Pa r a m e t e r s.. I m por t a n t W a t e r Qu a lit y Pa r a m e t e r s..
Odour, Colour & Tast e – Odour Colour & Tast e Odour – classified as: very w eak, Odour classified as: very w eak w eak, clear, st rong or very st rong
Colour – t est ed using colorim t er t ubes – expressed in – H Hazen st andard unit t d d it Tast e – purest form t ast eless –
Turbidit y y – caused by presence of suspended m at t er – y p p
ranges in size from colloidal t o coarse dispersions – m easured by Nephelo/ t urbidit y m et er & expressed in NTU NTU ( Nephelom et ric t urbidit y t urbidit y unit ) – ( Nephelom et ric unit ) indicat or indicat or necessit y of t reat m ent
Dissolved oxygen – indicat es am ount of oxygen gas
dissol ed in dissolved in w at er – solubilit y of at m ospheric oxygen at e sol bilit of at m osphe ic o gen
o
in fresh w at er ranges from 14.6 m g/ l at 0 C t o about
o
7 m g/ l at 35 C under 1 at m ospheric pressure – m easured using DO m et er.
I m por t a n t W a t e r Qu a lit y Pa r a m e t e r s.. I m por t a n t W a t e r Qu a lit y Pa r a m e t e r s..
BOD BOD ( Biochem ical ( Biochem ical Oxygen Oxygen Dem and) Dem and) am ount am ount of of
- –
dissolved O dem anded by bact eria during st abilizat ion
2
of t he decom posable organic m at t er under aerobic condit ions – BOD expressed in m gm of O condit ions – BOD expressed in m gm of O consum ed/ consum ed/
2
lit of sam ple during 5 days of incubat ion at 20 ° C & is oft en used as a robust surrogat e of degree of organic
pollut ion of w at er ll t i f t – prest ine river BOD< 1m g/ l. t i i BOD< 1 / l
Nit rat e- w at er soluble m olecule m ade up of nit rogen &
oxygen – nat ural const it uent of plant s yg p
- – I n nat ural form w at er cont ains less t han 1m g of nit rat e-
- – nit rogen per lit re higher – levels cont am inat ion; com m on sources: fert ilizers, anim al w ast es et c. – m ax. , perm issible 10ppm
Chlorides – from dissolved salt deposit s, discharge of effluent s et c. effluent s et c – m ax lim it : 250 ppm m ax. lim it : 250 ppm .
Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
I m por t a n t W a t e r Qu a lit y Pa r a m e t e r s.. I m por t a n t W a t e r Qu a lit y Pa r a m e t e r s..
Fluorides - fluorine cont aining com pounds - fluorides -
found nat urally in low concent rat ion in drinking wat er found nat urally in low concent rat ion in drinking wat er and foods - Fresh wat er - bet ween 0.01–0.3 ppm , ocean cont ains bet ween 1.2- 1.5 ppm ; m ax. perm issible 1ppm . perm issible 1ppm – m ore fluorine – diseases like m ore fluorine diseases like skelet al fluorosis
Hardness – represent s t ot al concent rat ion of Ca & Mg
ions – ppm ( weight / volum e) - Hard wat er is generally ( h / l ) d ll not harm ful t o one's healt h, but can pose serious problem s in indust rial set t ings.
I ron - nat urally occurring – not hazardous – recom m ended lim it – 0.3m g/ l.
Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
I m por t a n t W a t e r Qu a lit y Pa r a m e t e r s.. I m por t a n t W a t e r Qu a lit y Pa r a m e t e r s.
Heavy Met als: Heavy Met als: Arsenic, Cadm ium , Chrom ium , Copper, Arsenic Cadm ium Chrom ium Copper
I ron, Manganese, Mercury, Nickel, Silver, Zinc et c. – Present in as m inerals in soils; also art ificially from m an m ade t hings – som e of t hese – m aj or cont am inat ions – d t hi f t h j t i t i det erm ined by AAS ( at om ic absorpt ion sepct rophot om et er) , polarography or colorim et ry.
- – Arsenic – WHO guideline < 0.05 m g/ l
Pest icides: - harm ful healt h effect s such as cancer; eg.
DDT, BHC, parat hon, endosulphan et c. DDT BHC parat hon endosulphan et c
Det ergent s, phenol, radio- nuclides et c . - WHO guideline <
0.5 m g/ l
Halogenat ed chloro- organic com pounds – due t o higher
chlorinat ion for disinfect ion
Microbes Microbes – indicator potential water-borne diseases – bacteria indicator potential water borne diseases bacteria,
viruses & pathogenic protozoa; eg. Coliform bacteria.Com m on Wat er Relat ed problem s
Obse r ve d Pr oble m s Ca u se s W a t e r t u r n s bla ck , sm e ll W a st e w a t e r , Acidic t a st e
Low pH p Alk a lin e t a st e H igh pH Boile d Rice h a r d a n d ye llow H igh Alk a lin it y W h it e de posit s on boilin g H a r dn e ss Com m on Wat er Relat ed problem s
Obse r ve d Pr oble m s Obse r ve d Pr oble m s Ca u se s Ca u se s I r on t a st e , ch a n ge in colou r a ft e r e x posu r e t o a t m osph e r e , ch a n ge in p p , g Pr e se n ce of Pr e se n ce of colou r of clot h s, u t e n sils Oily a ppe a - I r on r a n ce on t op of w a t e r body com pou n ds Soa p n ot la t h e r in g
h a r dn e ss Br ow n ish bla ck st r e a k s on t e e t h Br ow n ish bla ck st r e a k s on t e e t h Flu or ide Flu or ide Gr ow t h of Alga e N it r a t e , ph osph a t e ph osph a t e Fish k ills Low pH le ss D O le ss D O WQ – Tolerance & Classificat ion
As per I SI - I S: 2296- 1982, t he t olerance lim it s of As per I SI - I S: 2296- 1982 t he t olerance lim it s of param et ers are specified as per classified use of wat er ( Table below) depending on various uses of w at er. w at er ht t p: / / cpcb.nic.in ht t p: / / cpcb nic in ; ht t p: / / w rm in.nic.in ; ht t p: / / w rm in nic in Tolerance Lim it s for I nland Surface Wat er – Class A ht t p: / / cpcb.nic.in ; ht t p: / / wrm in.nic.in
Tolerance Lim it s for I nland Surface Wat er –
Class B ht t p: / / cpcb.nic.in ; ht t p: / / wrm in.nic.inTolerance Lim it s for I nland Surface Wat er – Tolerance Lim it s for I nland Surface Wat er Class C ht t p: / / cpcb.nic.in ; ht t p: / / wrm in.nic.in ht t p: / / cpcb.nic.in ; ht t p: / / wrm in.nic.in
Tolerance Lim it s for I nland Surface Wat er
- – Class D
Tolerance Lim it s for I nland Surface Wat er
- – Class E
Ca se St u dy: W Q I ssu e s in I n dia Ca se St u dy: W Q I ssu e s in I n dia
Wat er resources are over- exploit ed result ing in m aj or WQ
problem s problem s
Com m on issues of Surface & Ground wat er : Pat hogenic
( Bact eriological) Pollut ion; Salinit y; Toxicit y ( m icro- pollut ant s and ot her indust rial pollut ant s pollut ant s and ot her indust rial pollut ant s
Su r fa ce W a t e r : Eut rophicat ion; Oxygen deplet ion;
Ecological healt h – Most of t he Lakes & Rivers highly pollut ed
Ground Water: G o nd Wate
Fluoride
ht t p: / / cpcb.nic.in ;
Nitrate
ht t p: / / wrm in.nic.in p / /
Arsenic
I ron
Sea water intrusion Sea water intrusion WQ Degradat ion – Maj or fact ors WQ Degradat ion Maj or fact ors
Dom est ic: About 430 class I cit ies and 500 class I I t owns
harboring populat ion of 30 Crore generat e about 30000 m ld h b i l i f 30 C b 30000 ld of wast ewat er of which only about 25% is t reat ed.
I ndust rial: dus a About bou 60,000 60,000 po u pollut ing g indust ries dus es in I ndia d a
generat e about 15000 m ld of w ast ew at er out of w hich nearly 60% ( generat ed from large & m edium indust ries) is t reat ed. t reat ed
Non- point sources also cont ribut e significant pollut ion loads
m ainly in rainy season. Pest icides consum pt ion is about 1,00,000 t onnes/ year 1 00 000 t /
Dom est ic sewage is t he m aj or source of pollut ion in I ndia in
surface w at er
Sewage along w it h agricult ural run- off and indust rial
effluent s also cont ribut es large am ount of nut rient s A large part of t he A l t f t h dom est ic sewage d t i is not even collect ed. i t ll t d
W Q I ssu e s in I n dia Water supply and sewage disposal status in class I cities 35000 29782 30000 15191 25000 20000 15000 20607 16662 23826 7007 8638 1995 1978 1988 2756 15000 10000 5000 1023 12145 2485 1281 4037 1850 6955 Number Popn (lakh) Water supply Wastewater Treatment 423 1281 299 1023 212 603 2003 142 Water supply and wastewater generation and treatment in class II towns of India
3035 3500 Re f: Pr e se n t a t ion by D r . R.C. Tr ive di : Ce n t r a l Pollu t ion Con t r ol Boa r d ht t p: / / w w w cpcb nic in 3000 2500 2000 1500 1533 1226 1622 1280 1936 1650 3035 2428 2003 1995 1978 1988 ht t p: / / w w w .cpcb.nic.in 190 128 1226 207 67 241 236 27 345 370 62 498 1000 89 500 2003
W Q I ssu e s in I n dia Comparision of pollution load generation from
25000 25000 22900 domestic and industrial sources Industrial 15000 15000 13468 13468 20000 Domestic
9478 10000 River basin-wise riverine length under 5000 4580 1776 3510 12000 14000 different level of pollution BOD 3-6 mg/L BOD <3 mg/L Wastewater gen (mld) BOD Generation (t/d) BOD Discharge (t/d) ng e l in th, e K m 10000 6000 8000 BOD >6 mg/L
Re f: Pr e se n t a t ion by D r . R.C. Tr ive di R iver 4000 : Ce n t r a l Pollu t ion Con t r ol Boa r d ht t p: / / w w w .cpcb.nic.in 2000 In re du ut ad kh va hn ga in ng ap da edi ra hi pi ar ry or rm Ma at in i i i Ta nn hm an is M ad ve r um
Ga au
Re fe r e n ce s Re fe r e n ce s
GHOSH N.C and EDWARD .A , MCBEAN( 1996) , WATER QUALI TY
MODELI NG OF THE KALI RI VER, I NDI A, Wat er, Air, and Soil Pollut ion 102: 91 103, 1998 Pollut ion 102: 91–103, 1998 Guidelines for Wat er Qualit y Managem ent , Cent ral pollut ion cont rol board ( CPCB)
Websit e : ht t p: / / w w w .cpcb.nic.in Websit e : ht t p: / / w w w cpcb nic in
Hydrology of Sm all Wat ersheds – P.V. Seet hapat hi, D. Dut t a, R.
Siva Kum ar ( Eds.) , NRDMS, DST, New Delhi ht t p: / / cpcb.nic.in/ dat a_st at ics.php ht t / / b i i / d t t t i h
ht t p: / / wrm in.nic.in
St andard Met hods for t he Exam inat ion of Wat er and Wast ewat er; APHA, AWWA, and WEF, 21st Edit ion, 2005.
Guidelines for drinking - w at er qualit y, 3rd Edit ion - vol 1: Recom m endat ions. WHO; 2004.
Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
Tu t or ia ls - Qu e st ion !.?
Crit ically st udy t he w at er qualit y problem s of m aj or Rivers/ River Basins in I ndia. St udy of m aj or Rivers/ River Basins in I ndia St udy
various sources and causes ( det ails can be
http:/ / cpcb.nic.in ; obt ained from I nt ernet : http:/ / wrmin.nic.in ) .
St udy t he various m easures t hat can be St udy t he various m easures t hat can be
adopt ed t o reduce t he River pollut ion/ river adopt ed t o reduce t he River pollut ion/ river
basins. basinsProf. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
Se lf Eva lu a t ion - Qu e st ion s!. Q
Discuss t he various wat er qualit y issues in w at ershed m anagem ent . h d
Describe various w at er qualit y cat egories.
What are t he different pollut ion source t ypes?. yp Describe various w at er pollut ion causes.
I llust rat e w at er pollut ion by t herm al sources I llust rat e w at er pollut ion by t herm al sources Describe various w at er qualit y param et ers.
Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
Assign m e n t - Qu e st ion s?. g Q
Describe t he wat er qualit y st andards.
Discuss various w at er pollut ion sources Discuss various w at er pollut ion sources
Describe various specific sources of wat er
pollut ion. pollut ion I llust rat e various w at er pollut ion t ypes
Describe various wat er qualit y indicat ors D ib i t lit i di t
What are t he various com m on w at er relat ed problem s?. bl ?
Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
Un solve d Pr oble m !. Un solve d Pr oble m !
Crit ically st udy t he possible surface w at er Crit ically st udy t he possible surface w at er pollut ion problem s in your w at ershed area. pollut ion problem s in your w at ershed area. pollut ion problem s in your w at ershed area pollut ion problem s in your w at ershed area
I dent ify t he wat er sources & possible causes I dent ify t he wat er sources & possible causes
of pollut ion. of pollut ion. of pollut ion of pollut ion What are t he roles of agricult ure, land use, What are t he roles of agricult ure, land use, and indust ries/ ot her uses in t he pollut ion and indust ries/ ot her uses in t he pollut ion and indust ries/ ot her uses in t he pollut ion and indust ries/ ot her uses in t he pollut ion problem s. problem s.
Prepare a plan t o reduce t he possible Prepare a plan t o reduce t he possible p p p p p p pollut ion problem s pollut ion problem s
Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
Dr. T. I. Eldho Dr. T. I. Eldho Professor, Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, p p g g g g Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India, 400 076. Mumbai, India, 400 076. Email: Email: Email: Email: eldho@iitb.ac.in eldho@iitb.ac.in eldho@iitb.ac.in eldho@iitb.ac.in Phone: (022) – Phone: (022) – 25767339; Fax: 25767302 25767339; Fax: 25767302 http://www. http://www. civil.iitb.ac.in civil.iitb.ac.in