Bangsa Spanyol Pelopor bangsa bangsa
Bangsa Spanyol
Pelopor bangsa Spanyol yang mencari jalan langsung ke Indonesia adalah Christopher Columbus, ia
berjalan kearah barat. Setelah dua bulan, ia sampai di sebuah pulau yang kemudian dinamakan San
Salvador. Columbus gagal mencapai India.
Setelah Columbus gagal menemukan India, ekspedisi Spanyol selanjutnya ke daerah rempah –
rempah dipelopori oleh Ferinand Magellan. Berbeda dengan armada Portugis, pada tahun 1519
Magellan berangkat melalui Samudera Atlantik. Setelah melewati ujung Amerika Selatan, ia masuk ke
Samudera Pasifik. Ia tiba di Filipina pada tahun 1521. sewaktu mencoba mengatasi perang antarsuku
di Cebu, Magellan terbunuh. Ia digantikan oleh Del Cano. Dalam perjalanan kembali ke Spanyol,
mereka singgah di Tidore. Sejak saat itu, terjalin kerja sama antara Spanyol dan Tidore. Kerja sama itu
tidak hanya dalam hal perdagangan, tetapi juga diperkuat dengan dibangunnya benteng Spanyol di
Tidore. Kondisi tersebut tentu saja menyebabkan antara Portugis dan Spanyol saat itu, Portugis
membuka kantor dagangnya di Ternate. Portugis merasa terancam dengan hadirnya Spanyol di
Tidore. Hal ini diperkuat lagi dengan kenyataan bahwa Tidore dan Ternate telah lama bermusuhan.
Dengan alasan tersebut, Portugis yang didukung pasukan Tidore. Benteng Spanyol di Tidore dapat
direbut Portugis. Namun, berkat perantara Paus di Roma, Portugis dan Spanyol akhirnya mengadakan
perjanjian yang disebut Perjanjian Zaragosa. Berdasarkan perjanjian itu, Maluku dikuasai Portugis
sedangkan Filipina dikuasai Sepanyol.
Tahun 1521 Spanyol mulai masuk perairan Indonesia, mereka berdiam di pedalaman Minahasa, ke
Amurang terus ke Pontak. Setelah beberapa tahun mereka dapat melakukan kontak kembali dengan
armada Spanyol yang telah kembali ke Pilipina. Tahun 1522 Spanyol memulai kolonisasi di Sulawesi
Utara dan tahun 1560 Spanyol mendirikan pos di manado.
Pada tahun 1550 Spanyol telah mendirikan benteng di Wenang dengan cara menipu Kepala Walak
Lolong Lasuk menggunakan kulit sapi dari Benggala India yang dibawa Portugis ke Minahasa. Tanah
seluas kulit sapi yang dimaksud Spanyol adalah tanah seluas tali yang dibuat dari kulit sapi itu.
Spanyol kemudian menggunakan orang Mongondow untul menduduki benteng Portugis di Amurang
pada tahun 1550-an sehingga akhirnya Spanyol dapat menduduki Minahasa. Portugis dan Spanyol
merupakan tumpuan kekuatan gereja katholik Roma memperluas wilayah yang dilakukan kesultanan
Ottoman di Mediterania pada abad ke-XV.
Selain itu Portugis dan Spanyol juga tempat pengungsian pengusaha dan tenaga-tenaga terampil asal
Konstantinopel ketika dikuasai kesultanan Ottoman dari Turki pada 1543. Pemukiman tersebut
menyertakan ahli pengetahuan ekonomi dan maritim di Eropa selatan. Sejak itupun Portugis dan
Spanyol menjadi adikuasa di Eropa.
Ahli pengetahuan diperoleh dari pendatang asal Konstantinopel yang memungkinkan bagi kedua
negeri Hispanik itu melakukan perluasan wilayah-wilayah baru diluar daratan Eropa dan Mediterania.
Mulanya perluasa wilayah antara kedua negeri terbagi dalam perjanjian Tordisalles itu, tahun 1492.
Potugis kearah Timur dan Spanyol kearah Barat. Dari kesepakatan Tordisalles itu , Portugis
menelusuri dari pesisir pantai Afrika dan samudera Hindia. Sedangkan Spanyol menelusuri Samudra
Atlantik, benua Amerika Selatan dan melayari samudera pacific.
Untuk mencegah persaingan di perairan Laut Sulawesi dan Maluku Utara, kedua belah pihak
memperbarui jalur lintas melalui perjanjian Saragosa pada tahun 1529. Perjanjian tersebut membagi
wilayah dengan melakukan batas garis tujuh belas derajat lintang timur di perairan Maluku utara.
Namun dalam perjanjian tersebut Spanyol merasa dirugikan karena tidak meraih lintas niaga dengan
gugusan kepulauan penghasil rempah-rempah
Pada bulan Februari tahun itu lima kapal Spanyol dengan 370 awak kapal pimpinan Ruy Lopez de
Villalobos menuju gugusan Pasific barat dari Mexico. Tujuannya untuk melakukan perluasan wilayah
dan sekaligus memperoleh konsesi perdagangan rempah-rempah di Maluku utara. Dari pelayaran ini
Villalobos mendarat di gugusan kepulauan Utara disebut Filipina. Sekalipun Filipina tidak
menghasilkan rempah-rempah, tetapi kedatangan Spanyol kepulauan tersebut menimbulkan protes
keras dari Portugis, karena kepulauan itu berada di bagian Barat, dilingkungan wilayahnya.
Spanyol tetap menghendaki konsesi niaga rempah-rempah Maluku-Utara yang juga ingin didominasi
Portugis. Tetapi Spanyol terdesak oleh Portugis hingga harus mundur ke Filipina. Akibatnya Spanyol
kehilangan pengaruh di Sulawesi Utara yang sebelumnya menjadi kantong ekonomi dan menjalin
hubungan dengan masyarakat Minahasa. Minahasa juga pernah berperang dengan Spanyol yang
dimulai tahun 1617 dan orang-orang Minahasa, terutama dalam hal perdagangan beras, sebagai
komoditi utama pada waktu itu.
Perang terbuka terjadi pada tahun 1644-1646. Akhir dari peperangan itu adalah kekalahan total
Spanyol, sehingga berhasil diusir oleh para waranei (kesatria-kesatria Minahasa).
Pelayaran Portugis dan Spanyol dalam upaya menemukan daerah penghasil rempah-rempah
menimbulkan persaingan. Untuk mengatasi persaingan itu, maka diadakanlah Perjanjian
Tordesillas pada tahun 1494. Dalam perjanjian tersebut ditegaskan oleh Paus bahwa dunia dibagi dua
bagian. Daerah sebelah Timur dikuasai oleh Portugis dan belahan bumi sebelah Barat untuk Spanyol.
Dengan demikian dimulailah pelayaran orang-orang Spanyol.
Berikut ini para penjelajah Spanyol yang melakukan pelayaran ke dunia Timur:
1. Christopher Columbus
Pelayaran Spanyol ke Barat dimulai pada tanggal 3 Agustus 1492 dengan tiga buah kapal yaitu Santa
Maria, Nina, dan Pinta. Columbus mulai berlayar mencari sumber rempah-rempah di dunia Timur.
Setelah berlayar lebih dari 2 bulan mengarungi Samudra Atlantik, sampailah Columbus di Pulau
Guanahani yang terletak di Kepulauan Bahama, Karibia. Ia menduga telah sampai di Kepulauan
Hindia Timur yang merupakan sumber rempah-rempah, sehingga menamai penduduk asli di kawasan
itu sebagai Indian. Columbus bersama seorang penyelidik bernama Amerigo Vespucci antara tahun
1492 – 1504, berlayar terhitung 4 kali. Mereka menemukan benua baru yang diberi nama Amerika.
Jadi penemu Benua Amerika adalah Christopher Columbus. Sejak Columbus menemukan benua
Amerika, menyusul pelaut-pelaut Spanyol seperti Cortez dan Pizzaro. Cortez menduduki Mexico pada
tahun 1519 dengan menaklukkan suku Indian yaitu Kerajaan Aztec dan suku Maya di Yucatan.
Pizzaro, pada tahun 1530 menaklukkan kerajaan Indian di Peru yaitu suku Inca.
2. Ferdinand Magelhaens (Magellan)
Pada tanggal 10 Agustus 1519, Magelhaens berlayar ke Barat didampingi oleh Kapten Juan
Sebastian del Cano dan seorang penulis dari Italia yang bernama Pigafetta. Penulis inilah yang
mengisahkan perjalanan Magelhaens-del Cano mengelilingi dunia yang membuktikan bahwa bumi itu
bulat seperti bola. Pada tahun 1520, setelah menyeberangi Samudra Pasifik, sampailah rombongan
Magelhaens di Kepulauan Massava. Kepulauan ini kemudian diberi nama Filipina, mengambil nama
Raja Spanyol, Philips II. Dalam suatu pertempuran melawan orang Mactan, Magelhaens gugur (27
April 1521). Sepeninggal Magelhaens, rombongan segera meninggalkan Filipina dipimpin oleh
Sebastian del Cano, menuju Kepulauan Maluku. Magelhaens dianggap sebagai orang besar dalam
dunia pelayaran karena menjadi orang yang pertama kali berhasil mengelilingi dunia. Raja Spanyol
memberi hadiah sebuah tiruan bola bumi. Pada tiruan bola bumi itu dililitkan pita
bertuliskan "Engkaulah yang pertama kali mengitari diriku".
b. Penjelajahan Spanyol
Bangsa Spanyol mampu membiayai penjelajahan samudranya setelah Ratu
Isabella dan Raja Ferdinand berhasil menyatukan kerajaan-kerajaan kecil. Para
penguasa Khatolik mengurangi kekuatan para bangsawan, merampingkan birokrasi
pemerintahan, dan menyisihkan orang-orang yang merongrong kekuasaan, yaitu kaum
muslim dan yahudi. Kerajaan Spanyol menjadi sangat kuat.
Ratu Isabella mempercayakan 3 kapalnya dibawah pimpinan Christoper
Columbus. Kapal Santa Maria, Pinta, dan Nina berlabuh pada bulan Oktober 1492 di
sebuah pulau di Karibia. Columbus menamainya San Salvador. Dia mengira pulau itu
adalah bagian dari India. Selama 10 tahun Columbus melakukan 4 kali pelayaran.
Selama itu ia menemukan Haiti yang disebutnya Dominika, lalu San Salvador, Puerto
Rico, Jamaika, Kuba, Trinidad, dan Honduras di Amerika Tengah.
Pelayaran Columbus sangat berguna bagi pelayaran selanjutnya. Columbus dan
teman-temannya juga berhasil meng-Kristenkan orang-orang Indian. Walaupun sedikit
harta yang dibawa pulang Columbus, armadanya telah membuka jalan untuk
penjelajahan lebih jauh. Tahun 1519, Raja Charles V mengutus Ferdinand
Magellanuntuk menemukan jalan langsung ke kepulauan Maluku. Magellan
menyebrangi Atlantik menuju Brazil. Pelayaran berlanjut ke selatan untuk mengitari
ujung benua Amerika. Kemudian, armadanya mengarungi Pasifik sampai Fillipina. Nama
Filipina dipakai untuk menandai keberhasilan Raja Phillip II, setelah kepulauan itu
dikuasai tahun1560.
Magellan terbunuh, namun pelayaran dilanjutkan oleh Juan Sebastian del
Cano.Armada itu berlayar dari Maluku, lalu ke Timor, menyebrangi samudra Hindia
hingga ke Tanjung Harapan. Akhirnya mereka kembali ke Spanyol setelah melayari
Pantai barat Afrika. Pelayaran ini membuktikan teori Copernicus dan Galileo bahwa
bumi itu bulat, bahkan setelah itu mereka tahu bahwa bumi lebih luas daripada yang
mereka bayangkan.
Beberapa penjelajahan terkenal telah berhasil menemukan pengganti jalur darat yang
dikuasai Sultan Turki. Mereka adalah Bartholomeus Diaz, Vasco da Gama,
dan Alfonso
de
Albuquerque dari
Portugis.
Sedangkan
Spanyol
Mengutus Christopher Columbus, pelau Genoa (Italia), dan Ferdinand Magellan.
Bangsa Spanyol
→ Pelopor bangsa Spanyol yang mencari jalan langsung ke Indonesia adalah
a. Christopher Colombus
Ia berjalan kearah barat. Setelah dua bulan, ia sampai di sebuah pulau yang kemudian
dinamakan San Salvador. Columbus gagal mencapai India. Bahkan Christopher Columbus pernah
mencatat misteri yang terjadi di kawasan segitiga bermuda dalam pelayaran penjelajahan
samuderanya. Tahun 1942, saat Colombus bergerak menuju Amerika, ia melintasi Samudera Atlantik
yang termasuk kawasan Segitiga Bermuda.
b. Ferinand Magellan
Ia berangkat melalui samudera Atlantik. etelah melewati ujung Amerika Selatan, ia masuk ke
Samudera Pasifik. Ia tiba di Filipina pada tahun 1521. sewaktu mencoba mengatasi perang antarsuku
di Cebu, Magellan terbunuh. Ia digantikan oleh Del Cano. Dalam perjalanan kembali ke Spanyol,
mereka singgah di Tidore. Sejak saat itu, terjalin kerja sama antara Spanyol dan Tidore. Kerja sama itu
tidak hanya dalam hal perdagangan, tetapi juga diperkuat dengan dibangunnya benteng Spanyol di
Tidore.
2.
Bangsa Spanyol Menjajah Indonesia
Pelaut Spanyol berhasil mencapai Kepulauan Maluku pada tahun 1521 setelah
terlebih dahulu singgah di Filipina disambut baik oleh rakyat Tidore. Bangsa
Spanyol dimanfaatkan oleh rakyat Tidore untuk bersekutu dalam melawan rakyat
Ternate. Maka pada tahun 1534, diterbitkan perjanjian Saragosa (tahun 1534) yang
isinya antara lain pernyataan bahwa bangsa Spanyol memperoleh wilayah
perdagangan di Filipina sedangkan bangsa Portugis tetap berada di Kepulauan
Maluku.
Spanyol :
1.
Colombus ( penemu jalan ke Amerika, mendarat di kepulauan Bahama dan
Haiti 1492)
Pelayarannya dimulai kea rah barat menyeberangi Samudera Atlantik dan berhasil
mendarat di kepulauan Bahama dan menemukan Benua Amerika. Nama Amerika
diambil dari nama pendamping Columbus saat melakukan pelayaran, dia adalah
Amerigo Vespucci.
1.
Ferdinand de Magelhaenz (pengeliling dunia pertama 1519 – 1522)
Ia berlayar ke arah barat mengikuti jejak Columbus. Adapun rute yang ditempuh
adalah dari Tanjung Verde (di Lautan Atlantik) menyeberang kea rah selatan hingga
mencapai ujung Benua amerika (Selat Magelhaens). Dari sini dia menyeberangi
lautan Pasifik kea rah barat dan berhasil mendarat ke Pulau Guam. Dari Pulau
Guam pelayaran diteruskan ke Filipina, di Filipina dia mendapat masalah dengan
penduduk local hingga dia tewa (1512). Kemudian pelayaran dilanjutkan oleh Juan
Sebastian del Cano. Mereka singgah di Maluku untuk membeli rempah-rempah dan
dibawa kembali ke Sepanyol.
Negara-negara eropa yang lain seperti Inggris, Perancis, Belanda dll akhirnya
mengikuti jejak Portugis dan Spanyol mengadakan penjelajahan samudera.
Elcano served as a naval commander of Charles I of Spain and took part in the expedition to
thePhilippines. They set sail with five ships, the Concepción, San
Antonio, Santiago, Trinidad and Victoriawith a fleet of 241 men from Spain in 1519. Elcano
participated in a fierce mutiny against Magellan before the armada discovered the passage
through South America, the Strait of Magellan. He was spared by Magellan and after five months
of hard labour in chains was made captain of thegalleon.[5]The Santiago was later destroyed by a
storm. The fleet sailed across the Atlantic Ocean to the eastern coast of Brazil and into Puerto
San Julián in Argentina. Several days later they discovered a passage now known as the Strait
of Magellan located in the southern tip of South America and sailed through the strait. The crew
of the San Antonio mutinied and returned to Spain. On 28 November 1520, three ships set sail
for the Pacific Ocean and about 19 men died before they reached Guam on 6 March 1521.
Conflicts with the nearby island of Rota prevented Magellan and Elcano from resupplying their
ships with food and water. They eventually gathered enough supplies and continued on with their
journey to the Philippines and remained there for several weeks. Close relationship developed
between the Spaniards and the islanders. They took part on converting the Cebuano tribes into
Christianity and became involved in tribal warfare between rival Filipino groups in Mactan Island.
On 27 April 1521, Magellan was killed and the Spaniards defeated in the Battle of Mactan. The
surviving members of the expedition could not decide who should succeed Magellan. The men
finally voted on a joint command with the leadership divided between Duarte Barbosa and João
Serrão. Within four days these two were also dead having died by being betrayed by a massacre
at a feast at the hands of Rajah Humabon. The mission teetering on disaster, João Lopes de
Carvalho took command of the fleet and led it on a meandering journey through the Philippine
archipelago.
During this six-month listless journey after Magellan died, and before reaching the Moluccas,
Elcano's stature grew as the men became disillusioned with the weak leadership of Carvalho.
The two ships, Victoria and Trinidad finally reached the destination of their mission, theMoluccas,
on 6 November. They rested and re-supplied in this haven, and filled their holds with the precious
cargo of cloves and spice. On 18 December, the ships were ready to leave. Trinidad sprung a
leak, and was unable to be repaired. Carvalho stayed with the ship along with 52 others hoping
to return later.[6]
The Victoria, commanded by Elcano along with 17 other European survivors of the 240 man
expedition and 4 (survivors out of 13) Timorese Asians continued its westward voyage to Spain
crossing the Indian and Atlantic Ocean. They eventually reached Sanlúcar de Barrameda on 6
September 1522.[7]
Antonio Pigafetta, an Italian scholar, was a crew member of the Magellan and Elcano expedition.
He wrote several documents about the events of the expedition. According to Pigafetta the
voyage covered 14,460 leagues about 81,449 kilometers.
Juan Sebastián Elcano (1486-1526) was a Spanish (Basque) sailor, navigator and explorer best
remembered for leading the second half of the first round-the-world navigation, having taken over
after the death of Ferdinand Magellan. Upon his return to Spain, the King presented him with a coat
of arms that contained a globe and the phrase: “You Went Around Me First.”
Soldier and Merchant:
In his early years, Elcano was an adventurer, fighting with the Spanish army in Algiers and Italy
before settling down as captain/owner of a merchant ship. When he was forced to surrender his
ship to Italian companies to which he owned money, he found he had broken Spanish law and had
to ask the King for a pardon. Young King Charles V agreed, but on the condition that the skilled
sailor and navigator serve with an expedition the King was funding: the search for a new route to
the Spice Islands, led by Portuguese navigator Ferdinand Magellan.
The Magellan Expedition:
Elcano was given the position of ship’s master on board the Concepción, one of five ships making
up the fleet. Magellan believed that the globe was smaller than it actually is, and that a shortcut to
the Spice Islands (now known as the Maluku Islands in present-day Indonesia) was possible by
going through the New World. Spices such as cinnamon and cloves were immensely valuable in
Europe at the time and a shorter route would be worth a fortune to whoever found it. The fleet set
sail in September of 1519 and made its way to Brazil, avoiding Portuguese settlements due to
hostilities between the Spanish and Portuguese.
Mutiny:
As the fleet made its way south along the coast of South America looking for a passage west,
Magellan decided to call a halt in the sheltered bay of San Julián, as he feared continuing in bad
weather. Left idle, the men began talk of mutinying and heading back to Spain. Elcano was a willing
participant, and had by then assumed command of the ship San Antonio. At one point, Magellan
ordered his flagship to fire on the San Antonio. In the end, Magellan put down the mutiny and had
many of the leaders killed or marooned. Elcano and others were pardoned, but not until after a
time of forced labor on the mainland.
To the Pacific:
Around this time, Magellan lost two ships: the San Antonio returned to Spain (without permission)
and the Santiago sank, although all of the sailors were rescued. By this time, Elcano was captain of
the Concepción, a decision of Magellan’s that probably had much to do with the fact that the other
experienced ships captains were executed or marooned after the mutiny or had gone back to Spain
with the San Antonio. In October-November of 1520 the fleet explored the islands and waterways at
the southern tip of South America, eventually finding a passage through that to this day is known
as the Strait of Magellan.
Across the Pacific:
According to Magellan’s calculations, the Spice Islands should only be a few days’ sail away. He was
badly mistaken: his ships took four months to cross the South Pacific. Conditions were miserable on
board and several men died before the fleet reached Guam and the Marianas Islands and were able
to resupply. Continuing westward, they reached the present-day Philippines in early 1521. Magellan
found he could communicate with the natives through one of his men, who spoke Malay: they had
reached the eastern edge of the world known to Europe.
Death of Magellan:
In the Philippines, Magellan befriended the King of Zzubu, who was eventually baptized with the
name of “Don Carlos.” Unfortunately, Don Carlos convinced Magellan to attack a rival chieftain for
him, and Magellan was one of several Europeans killed in the ensuing battle. Magellan was
succeeded by Duarte Barbosa and Juan Serrao, but both were treacherously killed by “Don Carlos”
within a few days. Elcano was now second in command of the Victoria, under Juan Carvalho. Low on
men, they decided to destroy the Concepción and head back to Spain in the two remaining ships:
the Trinidad and the Victoria.
Return to Spain:
Heading across the Indian Ocean, the two ships made a stop in Borneo before finding themselves
at the Spice Islands, their original goal. Packed with valuable spices, the ships set out again. About
this time, Elcano replaced Carvalho as captain of the Victoria. The Trinidad soon had to return to
the Spice Islands, however, as it was leaking badly and eventually sank. Many of the Trinidad’s
sailors were captured by the Portuguese, although a handful managed to find their way to India
and from there back to Spain. The Victoria sailed on cautiously, as they had gotten word that a
Portuguese fleet was looking for them.
Reception in Spain:
Miraculously evading the Portuguese, Elcano sailed the Victoria back into Spain on September 6,
1522. The ship was crewed by only 22 men: 18 European survivors of the voyage and four Asians
they had picked up en route. The rest had died, deserted or, in some cases, had been left behind as
unworthy of sharing in the spoils of the rich cargo of spices. The King of Spain received Elcano and
granted him a coat of arms bearing a globe and the Latin phrase Primus circumdedisti me, or “You
Went Around Me First.”
Death of Elcano and Legacy:
In 1525, Elcano was picked to be chief navigator for a new expedition led
by Spanish nobleman García Jofre de Loaísa, who intended to retrace
Magellan’s route and establish a permanent colony on the Spice Islands.
The expedition was a fiasco: of seven ships, only one made it to the Spice
Islands, and most of the leaders, including Elcano, perished of
malnutrition during the arduous Pacific crossing.
Because of his elevation to noble status upon his return from the Magellan
expedition, Elcano’s descendants continued to hold the title of Marquis for
some time after his death. As for Elcano himself, he has unfortunately
been mostly forgotten by history, as Magellan still gets all the credit for
the first circumnavigation of the globe. Elcano, although well-known to
historians of the Age of Discovery, is little more than a trivia question to
most, although there is a statue to him in his hometown of Getaria, Spain
and the Spanish navy once named a ship after him.
One of the greatest explorers of the Age of Discovery, Ferdinand Magellan is best known
for leading the first expedition to circumnavigate the globe, although he personally did
not complete the route, perishing in the South Pacific. A determined man, he overcame
personal obstacles, mutinies, uncharted seas and biting hunger and malnutrition during
the course of his voyage. Today, his name is synonymous with discovery and exploration.
Early Years and Education:
Fernão Magalhães (Ferdinand Magellan is an anglicized version of his name) was born in
approximately 1480 in the small Portuguese town of Villa de Sabroza. As the son of the
mayor, he led a privileged childhood, and at an early age he went to the royal court in
Lisbon to serve as page to the Queen. He was very well educated, studying with some of
the finest tutors in Portugal, and from an early age showed an interest in navigation and
exploration.
The De Almeida Expedition:
As a well-educated and well-connected young man, it was easy for Magellan to sign on
with many of the different expeditions departing from Spain and Portugal at the time. In
1505 he accompanied Francisco De Almeida, who had been named Viceroy of India. De
Almeida had a fleet of twenty heavily-armed ships, and they sacked Islamic settlements
and established towns and forts in north-eastern Africa along the way. Magellan fell out of
favor with De Almeida around 1510, however, when he was accused of illegally trading
with Islamic locals. He returned to Portugal in disgrace, and offers to join new expeditions
dried up.
From Portugal to Spain:
Magellan was convinced that a new route to the lucrative Spice Islands could be found by
going through the New World. He presented his plan to the King of Portugal, Manuel I, but
was rejected, possibly because of his past problems with De Almeida. Determined to get
funding for his trip, he went to Spain, where he was granted an audience with Charles V,
who agreed to finance his journey. By August of 1519, Magellan had five ships: the
Trinidad (flagship), Victoria, San Antonio, Concepción and the Santiago. His crew of 270
men were mostly Spanish, as the Spanish crown did not fully trust the Portuguese
Magellan.
Departure from Spain, Mutiny and the Wreck of the Santiago:
Magellan’s fleet left Seville on August 10, 1519. After stopovers in the Canary and Cape
Verde Islands, they headed for Portuguese Brazil, where they anchored near present-day
Rio de Janeiro in January of 1520 to take on supplies, trading with locals for food and
water. It was at this time that serious troubles began: the Santiago was wrecked and the
survivors had to be picked up, and the captains of the other ships attempted to mutiny.
At one point, Magellan was forced to open fire on the San Antonio. He reasserted
command and executed or marooned most of those responsible, pardoning the others.
The Strait of Magellan:
The four remaining ships headed south, searching for passage around South America.
Between October and November, 1520, they navigated through the islands and
waterways on the continent’s southern tip: the passage they found is today known as the
Strait of Magellan. They discovered Tierra del Fuego and, on November 28, 1520, a
tranquil-looking body of water: Magellan named it the Mar Pacífico, or Pacific Ocean.
During the exploration of the islands, the San Antonio deserted, returning to Spain and
taking much of the remaining provisions with it, forcing the men to hunt and fish for food.
Across the Pacific:
Convinced the Spice Islands were only a short sail away, Magellan led his ships across
the Pacific, discovering the Marianas Islands and Guam. Although Magellan named them
the Islas de las Velas Latinas (Islands of the Triangular Sails) the name Islas de los
Ladrones (Islands of Thieves) stuck, because locals made off with one of the landing
boats after giving Magellan’s men some supplies. Pressing on, they landed on Homonhon
Island in the present-day Philippines. Magellan found he could communicate with the
people, as one of his men spoke Malay. He had reached the Eastern edge of the world
known to Europeans.
Death of Magellan:
Homonhon was uninhabited, but Magellan’s ships were seen and contacted by some
locals who led them to Cebu, home of Chief Humabon, who befriended Magellan.
Humabon and his wife even converted to Christianity along with many of the locals, but
then convinced Magellan to attack Lapu-Lapu, a rival chieftain on nearby Mactan Island.
On April 17, 1521, Magellan and some of his men attacked a much larger force of
islanders, trusting their armor and advanced weapons to win the day. The attack was
fought off, however, and Magellan was among those who were killed. Efforts to ransom
his body failed: it was never recovered.
Return to Spain:
Leaderless and short on men, the remaining sailors decided to burn the Concepción and
return to Spain. The two ships managed to find the Spice Islands and loaded up the holds
with valuable cinnamon and cloves. As they crossed the Indian Ocean, however, the
Trinidad began to leak: it eventually sank, although some of the men made it to India and
from there back to Spain. The Victoria kept going, losing several men to starvation: it
arrived in Spain on September 6, 1522, more than three years after it had left. There
were only 18 sickly men crewing the ship, a fraction of the 270 who had set out.
Legacy of Ferdinand Magellan:
Magellan is credited with being the first to circumnavigate the world in spite of two
somewhat glaring details: first of all, he died halfway through the journey and second of
all, he never intended to travel in a circle: he simply wanted to find a new route to the
Spice Islands. Some historians have said that Juan Sebastián Elcano, who captained the
Victoria back from the Philippines, is a worthier candidate for the title of first to
circumnavigate the globe. Elcano had begun the voyage as master on board the
Concepción.
There are two written records of the journey: the first was a journal kept by Italian
passenger (he paid to go on the trip!) Antonio Pigafetta and the second was a series of
interviews with the survivors made by Maximilianus of Transylvania upon their return.
Both documents reveal a fascinating voyage of discovery.
The Magellan expedition was responsible for several major discoveries. In addition to the
Pacific Ocean and numerous islands, waterways and other geographic information, the
expedition also sighted a great many new animals, including penguins and guanacos.
The discrepancies between their log book and the date when they returned to Spain led
directly to the concept of the International Date Line. Their measurements of distances
traveled helped contemporary scientists determine the size of the earth. They were the
first to sight certain galaxies visible in the night sky, now aptly known as the Magellanic
Clouds. Although the Pacific had been first discovered in 1513 by Vasco Nuñez de Balboa,
it is Magellan's name for it that stuck (Balboa called it the "South Sea").
Immediately upon the return of the Victoria, European sailing ships began trying to
duplicate the voyage, including an expedition led by surviving captain Elcano. It wasn’t
until Sir Francis Drake’s 1577 voyage, however, that anyone really managed to do it
again. Still, the knowledge gained immensely advanced the science of navigation at the
time.
Today, Magellan’s name is synonymous with discovery and exploration. Telescopes and
spacecraft bear his name, as does a region in Chile. Perhaps because of his untimely
demise, his name does not have the negative baggage associated with Christopher
Columbus, blamed by many for subsequent atrocities in the lands he discovered.
Christopher Columbus (1451- 1506) was a Genoese navigator and explorer. In the late
fifteenth century, Columbus believed that it would be possible to reach the lucrative markets
of eastern Asia by heading west, instead of the traditional route which went east around
Africa. He convinced Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand of Spain to support him, and he set
off in August of 1492. The rest is history: Columbus discovered the Americas, which had
been unknown until then. All in all, Columbus made four different journeys to the New
World.
Columbus’ Early Life:
Columbus was born to a middle-class family of weavers in Genoa (now part of Italy) which
was a city well-known for explorers. He rarely spoke of his parents: it is believed that he was
ashamed to have come from such a mundane background. He left a sister and a brother
behind in Italy: his other brothers Bartholomew and Diego would accompany him on most of
his travels. As a young man he travelled extensively, visiting Africa and the Mediterranean
and learning how to sail and navigate.
Appearance and Personal Habits:
Columbus was tall and lean, and had red hair which turned prematurely white. He had a fair
complexion and a somewhat reddish face, with blue eyes and a hawkish nose. He spoke
Spanish fluently but with an accent which was difficult for people to place. In his personal
habits he was extremely religious and somewhat prudish: he rarely swore, attended mass
regularly and often devoted his Sundays entirely to prayer. Later in life, his religiosity would
increase: he took to wearing the simple robe of a barefoot friar around court. He was a fervent
millenarist: he believed that the end of the world was near.
Personal Life:
Columbus married a Portuguese woman, Felipa Moniz Perestrelo, in 1477. She came from a
semi-noble family with useful maritime connections. She died giving birth to a son, Diego, in
1479 or 1480. In 1485, while in Córdoba, he met young Beatriz Enríquez de Trasierra, and
they lived together for a time. She bore him an illegitimate son, Fernando. Columbus made
many friends during his travels and he corresponded with them frequently. His friends
included Dukes and other noblemen as well as powerful Italian merchants. These friendships
would prove useful during his frequent hardships and bouts of bad luck.
A Journey West:
Columbus may have conceived of the idea of sailing west to reach Asia as early as 1481 due
to his correspondence with an Italian scholar, Paolo del Pozzo Toscaneli, who convinced him
it was possible. In 1484, Columbus made a pitch to King João of Portugal, who turned him
down. Columbus proceeded to Spain, where he first proposed such a trip in January of 1486.
Ferdinand and Isabella were intrigued, but they were occupied with the reconquest
of Granada. They told Columbus to wait. In 1492, Columbus had just about given up (in fact,
he was on his way to see the King of France) when they decided to sponsor his trip.
Columbus’ First Voyage:
Columbus’ first voyage began on August 3, 1492. He had been given three ships: the Niña,
the Pinta and the flagship Santa Maria. They headed west and on October 12, sailor Rodrigo
de Triana spotted land. They first landed on an island Columbus named San Salvador: there is
some debate today as to which Caribbean island it was. Columbus and his ships visited
several other islands including Cuba and Hispaniola. On December 25, the Santa Maria ran
aground and they were forced to abandon her. Thirty-nine men were left behind at the
settlement of La Navidad. Columbus returned to Spain in March of 1493.
Columbus’ Second Voyage:
Although in many ways the first voyage was a failure – Columbus lost his biggest ship and
did not find the promised route west – the Spanish monarchs were intrigued with his
discoveries. They financed a second voyage, whose purpose was to establish a permanent
colony. 17 ships and over 1,000 men set sail in October, 1493. When they returned to La
Navidad, they discovered that everyone had been killed by irate natives. They founded the
city of Santo Domingo with Columbus in charge, but he was forced to return to Spain in
March of 1496 to obtain supplies to keep the starving colony alive.
Columbus’ Third Voyage:
Columbus returned to the New World in May of 1498. He sent half of his fleet to resupply
Santo Domingo and set off to explore, eventually reaching the north-eastern part of South
America. He returned to Hispaniola and resumed his duties as governor, but the people
despised him. He and his brothers were bad administrators and kept much of the little wealth
generated by the colony for themselves. When the crisis reached a peak, Columbus sent to
Span for help. The crown sent Francisco de Bobadilla as governor: he soon identified
Columbus as the problem and sent him and his brothers back to Spain in chains in 1500.
Columbus’ Fourth Voyage:
Already in his fifties, Columbus felt he had one more trip in him. He convinced the Spanish
crown to finance one more journey of discovery. Although Columbus had proven a poor
governor, there was no doubting his sailing and discovery skills. He left in May of 1502 and
arrived to Hispaniola just ahead of a major hurricane. He sent a warning to the 28-ship fleet
about to depart for Spain to delay but they ignored him, and 24 of the ships were lost.
Columbus explored more of the Caribbean and part of Central America before his ships
rotted: he spent a year on Jamaica before being rescued. He returned to Spain in 1504.
Legacy:
Columbus’ legacy can be difficult to sort out. For many years, he was thought to have been
the man who “discovered” America. Modern historians believe that the first Europeans to the
New World were Nordic and arrived several hundred years before Columbus to the northern
shores of North America. Also, many Native Americans from Alaska to Chile dispute the
notion that the Americas needed to be “discovered” in the first place, as the two continents
were home to millions of people and countless cultures in 1492.
Columbus’ accomplishments should be considered in conjunction with his failures. The
“discovery” of America would certainly have taken place within 50 years of 1492 had
Columbus not ventured west when he did: advances in navigation and ship construction made
contact between the hemispheres inevitable. Columbus’ motives were mostly monetary, with
religion a close second. When he failed to find gold or a lucrative trade route, he began
collecting slaves: he believed that a trans-Atlantic slave trade would be quite lucrative.
Fortunately, the Spanish monarchs outlawed this, but still, many Native American groups
correctly remember Columbus as the New World’s first slaver.
Columbus’ ventures were often failures. He lost the Santa María on his first voyage, his first
colony was massacred, he was a terrible governor, he was arrested by his own colonists and
on his fourth and last voyage he managed to strand some 200 men on Jamaica for a year.
Perhaps his greatest failure was his inability to see what was right before him: the New
World. Columbus never accepted that he had not found Asia, even when the rest of Europe
was convinced that the Americas were something previously unknown.
Columbus’ legacy was once very bright – he was considered for sainthood at one time – but
now he is remembered as much for the bad as the good. Many places still bear his name and
Columbus Day is still celebrated, but he is once again a man and not a legend.
Pelopor bangsa Spanyol yang mencari jalan langsung ke Indonesia adalah Christopher Columbus, ia
berjalan kearah barat. Setelah dua bulan, ia sampai di sebuah pulau yang kemudian dinamakan San
Salvador. Columbus gagal mencapai India.
Setelah Columbus gagal menemukan India, ekspedisi Spanyol selanjutnya ke daerah rempah –
rempah dipelopori oleh Ferinand Magellan. Berbeda dengan armada Portugis, pada tahun 1519
Magellan berangkat melalui Samudera Atlantik. Setelah melewati ujung Amerika Selatan, ia masuk ke
Samudera Pasifik. Ia tiba di Filipina pada tahun 1521. sewaktu mencoba mengatasi perang antarsuku
di Cebu, Magellan terbunuh. Ia digantikan oleh Del Cano. Dalam perjalanan kembali ke Spanyol,
mereka singgah di Tidore. Sejak saat itu, terjalin kerja sama antara Spanyol dan Tidore. Kerja sama itu
tidak hanya dalam hal perdagangan, tetapi juga diperkuat dengan dibangunnya benteng Spanyol di
Tidore. Kondisi tersebut tentu saja menyebabkan antara Portugis dan Spanyol saat itu, Portugis
membuka kantor dagangnya di Ternate. Portugis merasa terancam dengan hadirnya Spanyol di
Tidore. Hal ini diperkuat lagi dengan kenyataan bahwa Tidore dan Ternate telah lama bermusuhan.
Dengan alasan tersebut, Portugis yang didukung pasukan Tidore. Benteng Spanyol di Tidore dapat
direbut Portugis. Namun, berkat perantara Paus di Roma, Portugis dan Spanyol akhirnya mengadakan
perjanjian yang disebut Perjanjian Zaragosa. Berdasarkan perjanjian itu, Maluku dikuasai Portugis
sedangkan Filipina dikuasai Sepanyol.
Tahun 1521 Spanyol mulai masuk perairan Indonesia, mereka berdiam di pedalaman Minahasa, ke
Amurang terus ke Pontak. Setelah beberapa tahun mereka dapat melakukan kontak kembali dengan
armada Spanyol yang telah kembali ke Pilipina. Tahun 1522 Spanyol memulai kolonisasi di Sulawesi
Utara dan tahun 1560 Spanyol mendirikan pos di manado.
Pada tahun 1550 Spanyol telah mendirikan benteng di Wenang dengan cara menipu Kepala Walak
Lolong Lasuk menggunakan kulit sapi dari Benggala India yang dibawa Portugis ke Minahasa. Tanah
seluas kulit sapi yang dimaksud Spanyol adalah tanah seluas tali yang dibuat dari kulit sapi itu.
Spanyol kemudian menggunakan orang Mongondow untul menduduki benteng Portugis di Amurang
pada tahun 1550-an sehingga akhirnya Spanyol dapat menduduki Minahasa. Portugis dan Spanyol
merupakan tumpuan kekuatan gereja katholik Roma memperluas wilayah yang dilakukan kesultanan
Ottoman di Mediterania pada abad ke-XV.
Selain itu Portugis dan Spanyol juga tempat pengungsian pengusaha dan tenaga-tenaga terampil asal
Konstantinopel ketika dikuasai kesultanan Ottoman dari Turki pada 1543. Pemukiman tersebut
menyertakan ahli pengetahuan ekonomi dan maritim di Eropa selatan. Sejak itupun Portugis dan
Spanyol menjadi adikuasa di Eropa.
Ahli pengetahuan diperoleh dari pendatang asal Konstantinopel yang memungkinkan bagi kedua
negeri Hispanik itu melakukan perluasan wilayah-wilayah baru diluar daratan Eropa dan Mediterania.
Mulanya perluasa wilayah antara kedua negeri terbagi dalam perjanjian Tordisalles itu, tahun 1492.
Potugis kearah Timur dan Spanyol kearah Barat. Dari kesepakatan Tordisalles itu , Portugis
menelusuri dari pesisir pantai Afrika dan samudera Hindia. Sedangkan Spanyol menelusuri Samudra
Atlantik, benua Amerika Selatan dan melayari samudera pacific.
Untuk mencegah persaingan di perairan Laut Sulawesi dan Maluku Utara, kedua belah pihak
memperbarui jalur lintas melalui perjanjian Saragosa pada tahun 1529. Perjanjian tersebut membagi
wilayah dengan melakukan batas garis tujuh belas derajat lintang timur di perairan Maluku utara.
Namun dalam perjanjian tersebut Spanyol merasa dirugikan karena tidak meraih lintas niaga dengan
gugusan kepulauan penghasil rempah-rempah
Pada bulan Februari tahun itu lima kapal Spanyol dengan 370 awak kapal pimpinan Ruy Lopez de
Villalobos menuju gugusan Pasific barat dari Mexico. Tujuannya untuk melakukan perluasan wilayah
dan sekaligus memperoleh konsesi perdagangan rempah-rempah di Maluku utara. Dari pelayaran ini
Villalobos mendarat di gugusan kepulauan Utara disebut Filipina. Sekalipun Filipina tidak
menghasilkan rempah-rempah, tetapi kedatangan Spanyol kepulauan tersebut menimbulkan protes
keras dari Portugis, karena kepulauan itu berada di bagian Barat, dilingkungan wilayahnya.
Spanyol tetap menghendaki konsesi niaga rempah-rempah Maluku-Utara yang juga ingin didominasi
Portugis. Tetapi Spanyol terdesak oleh Portugis hingga harus mundur ke Filipina. Akibatnya Spanyol
kehilangan pengaruh di Sulawesi Utara yang sebelumnya menjadi kantong ekonomi dan menjalin
hubungan dengan masyarakat Minahasa. Minahasa juga pernah berperang dengan Spanyol yang
dimulai tahun 1617 dan orang-orang Minahasa, terutama dalam hal perdagangan beras, sebagai
komoditi utama pada waktu itu.
Perang terbuka terjadi pada tahun 1644-1646. Akhir dari peperangan itu adalah kekalahan total
Spanyol, sehingga berhasil diusir oleh para waranei (kesatria-kesatria Minahasa).
Pelayaran Portugis dan Spanyol dalam upaya menemukan daerah penghasil rempah-rempah
menimbulkan persaingan. Untuk mengatasi persaingan itu, maka diadakanlah Perjanjian
Tordesillas pada tahun 1494. Dalam perjanjian tersebut ditegaskan oleh Paus bahwa dunia dibagi dua
bagian. Daerah sebelah Timur dikuasai oleh Portugis dan belahan bumi sebelah Barat untuk Spanyol.
Dengan demikian dimulailah pelayaran orang-orang Spanyol.
Berikut ini para penjelajah Spanyol yang melakukan pelayaran ke dunia Timur:
1. Christopher Columbus
Pelayaran Spanyol ke Barat dimulai pada tanggal 3 Agustus 1492 dengan tiga buah kapal yaitu Santa
Maria, Nina, dan Pinta. Columbus mulai berlayar mencari sumber rempah-rempah di dunia Timur.
Setelah berlayar lebih dari 2 bulan mengarungi Samudra Atlantik, sampailah Columbus di Pulau
Guanahani yang terletak di Kepulauan Bahama, Karibia. Ia menduga telah sampai di Kepulauan
Hindia Timur yang merupakan sumber rempah-rempah, sehingga menamai penduduk asli di kawasan
itu sebagai Indian. Columbus bersama seorang penyelidik bernama Amerigo Vespucci antara tahun
1492 – 1504, berlayar terhitung 4 kali. Mereka menemukan benua baru yang diberi nama Amerika.
Jadi penemu Benua Amerika adalah Christopher Columbus. Sejak Columbus menemukan benua
Amerika, menyusul pelaut-pelaut Spanyol seperti Cortez dan Pizzaro. Cortez menduduki Mexico pada
tahun 1519 dengan menaklukkan suku Indian yaitu Kerajaan Aztec dan suku Maya di Yucatan.
Pizzaro, pada tahun 1530 menaklukkan kerajaan Indian di Peru yaitu suku Inca.
2. Ferdinand Magelhaens (Magellan)
Pada tanggal 10 Agustus 1519, Magelhaens berlayar ke Barat didampingi oleh Kapten Juan
Sebastian del Cano dan seorang penulis dari Italia yang bernama Pigafetta. Penulis inilah yang
mengisahkan perjalanan Magelhaens-del Cano mengelilingi dunia yang membuktikan bahwa bumi itu
bulat seperti bola. Pada tahun 1520, setelah menyeberangi Samudra Pasifik, sampailah rombongan
Magelhaens di Kepulauan Massava. Kepulauan ini kemudian diberi nama Filipina, mengambil nama
Raja Spanyol, Philips II. Dalam suatu pertempuran melawan orang Mactan, Magelhaens gugur (27
April 1521). Sepeninggal Magelhaens, rombongan segera meninggalkan Filipina dipimpin oleh
Sebastian del Cano, menuju Kepulauan Maluku. Magelhaens dianggap sebagai orang besar dalam
dunia pelayaran karena menjadi orang yang pertama kali berhasil mengelilingi dunia. Raja Spanyol
memberi hadiah sebuah tiruan bola bumi. Pada tiruan bola bumi itu dililitkan pita
bertuliskan "Engkaulah yang pertama kali mengitari diriku".
b. Penjelajahan Spanyol
Bangsa Spanyol mampu membiayai penjelajahan samudranya setelah Ratu
Isabella dan Raja Ferdinand berhasil menyatukan kerajaan-kerajaan kecil. Para
penguasa Khatolik mengurangi kekuatan para bangsawan, merampingkan birokrasi
pemerintahan, dan menyisihkan orang-orang yang merongrong kekuasaan, yaitu kaum
muslim dan yahudi. Kerajaan Spanyol menjadi sangat kuat.
Ratu Isabella mempercayakan 3 kapalnya dibawah pimpinan Christoper
Columbus. Kapal Santa Maria, Pinta, dan Nina berlabuh pada bulan Oktober 1492 di
sebuah pulau di Karibia. Columbus menamainya San Salvador. Dia mengira pulau itu
adalah bagian dari India. Selama 10 tahun Columbus melakukan 4 kali pelayaran.
Selama itu ia menemukan Haiti yang disebutnya Dominika, lalu San Salvador, Puerto
Rico, Jamaika, Kuba, Trinidad, dan Honduras di Amerika Tengah.
Pelayaran Columbus sangat berguna bagi pelayaran selanjutnya. Columbus dan
teman-temannya juga berhasil meng-Kristenkan orang-orang Indian. Walaupun sedikit
harta yang dibawa pulang Columbus, armadanya telah membuka jalan untuk
penjelajahan lebih jauh. Tahun 1519, Raja Charles V mengutus Ferdinand
Magellanuntuk menemukan jalan langsung ke kepulauan Maluku. Magellan
menyebrangi Atlantik menuju Brazil. Pelayaran berlanjut ke selatan untuk mengitari
ujung benua Amerika. Kemudian, armadanya mengarungi Pasifik sampai Fillipina. Nama
Filipina dipakai untuk menandai keberhasilan Raja Phillip II, setelah kepulauan itu
dikuasai tahun1560.
Magellan terbunuh, namun pelayaran dilanjutkan oleh Juan Sebastian del
Cano.Armada itu berlayar dari Maluku, lalu ke Timor, menyebrangi samudra Hindia
hingga ke Tanjung Harapan. Akhirnya mereka kembali ke Spanyol setelah melayari
Pantai barat Afrika. Pelayaran ini membuktikan teori Copernicus dan Galileo bahwa
bumi itu bulat, bahkan setelah itu mereka tahu bahwa bumi lebih luas daripada yang
mereka bayangkan.
Beberapa penjelajahan terkenal telah berhasil menemukan pengganti jalur darat yang
dikuasai Sultan Turki. Mereka adalah Bartholomeus Diaz, Vasco da Gama,
dan Alfonso
de
Albuquerque dari
Portugis.
Sedangkan
Spanyol
Mengutus Christopher Columbus, pelau Genoa (Italia), dan Ferdinand Magellan.
Bangsa Spanyol
→ Pelopor bangsa Spanyol yang mencari jalan langsung ke Indonesia adalah
a. Christopher Colombus
Ia berjalan kearah barat. Setelah dua bulan, ia sampai di sebuah pulau yang kemudian
dinamakan San Salvador. Columbus gagal mencapai India. Bahkan Christopher Columbus pernah
mencatat misteri yang terjadi di kawasan segitiga bermuda dalam pelayaran penjelajahan
samuderanya. Tahun 1942, saat Colombus bergerak menuju Amerika, ia melintasi Samudera Atlantik
yang termasuk kawasan Segitiga Bermuda.
b. Ferinand Magellan
Ia berangkat melalui samudera Atlantik. etelah melewati ujung Amerika Selatan, ia masuk ke
Samudera Pasifik. Ia tiba di Filipina pada tahun 1521. sewaktu mencoba mengatasi perang antarsuku
di Cebu, Magellan terbunuh. Ia digantikan oleh Del Cano. Dalam perjalanan kembali ke Spanyol,
mereka singgah di Tidore. Sejak saat itu, terjalin kerja sama antara Spanyol dan Tidore. Kerja sama itu
tidak hanya dalam hal perdagangan, tetapi juga diperkuat dengan dibangunnya benteng Spanyol di
Tidore.
2.
Bangsa Spanyol Menjajah Indonesia
Pelaut Spanyol berhasil mencapai Kepulauan Maluku pada tahun 1521 setelah
terlebih dahulu singgah di Filipina disambut baik oleh rakyat Tidore. Bangsa
Spanyol dimanfaatkan oleh rakyat Tidore untuk bersekutu dalam melawan rakyat
Ternate. Maka pada tahun 1534, diterbitkan perjanjian Saragosa (tahun 1534) yang
isinya antara lain pernyataan bahwa bangsa Spanyol memperoleh wilayah
perdagangan di Filipina sedangkan bangsa Portugis tetap berada di Kepulauan
Maluku.
Spanyol :
1.
Colombus ( penemu jalan ke Amerika, mendarat di kepulauan Bahama dan
Haiti 1492)
Pelayarannya dimulai kea rah barat menyeberangi Samudera Atlantik dan berhasil
mendarat di kepulauan Bahama dan menemukan Benua Amerika. Nama Amerika
diambil dari nama pendamping Columbus saat melakukan pelayaran, dia adalah
Amerigo Vespucci.
1.
Ferdinand de Magelhaenz (pengeliling dunia pertama 1519 – 1522)
Ia berlayar ke arah barat mengikuti jejak Columbus. Adapun rute yang ditempuh
adalah dari Tanjung Verde (di Lautan Atlantik) menyeberang kea rah selatan hingga
mencapai ujung Benua amerika (Selat Magelhaens). Dari sini dia menyeberangi
lautan Pasifik kea rah barat dan berhasil mendarat ke Pulau Guam. Dari Pulau
Guam pelayaran diteruskan ke Filipina, di Filipina dia mendapat masalah dengan
penduduk local hingga dia tewa (1512). Kemudian pelayaran dilanjutkan oleh Juan
Sebastian del Cano. Mereka singgah di Maluku untuk membeli rempah-rempah dan
dibawa kembali ke Sepanyol.
Negara-negara eropa yang lain seperti Inggris, Perancis, Belanda dll akhirnya
mengikuti jejak Portugis dan Spanyol mengadakan penjelajahan samudera.
Elcano served as a naval commander of Charles I of Spain and took part in the expedition to
thePhilippines. They set sail with five ships, the Concepción, San
Antonio, Santiago, Trinidad and Victoriawith a fleet of 241 men from Spain in 1519. Elcano
participated in a fierce mutiny against Magellan before the armada discovered the passage
through South America, the Strait of Magellan. He was spared by Magellan and after five months
of hard labour in chains was made captain of thegalleon.[5]The Santiago was later destroyed by a
storm. The fleet sailed across the Atlantic Ocean to the eastern coast of Brazil and into Puerto
San Julián in Argentina. Several days later they discovered a passage now known as the Strait
of Magellan located in the southern tip of South America and sailed through the strait. The crew
of the San Antonio mutinied and returned to Spain. On 28 November 1520, three ships set sail
for the Pacific Ocean and about 19 men died before they reached Guam on 6 March 1521.
Conflicts with the nearby island of Rota prevented Magellan and Elcano from resupplying their
ships with food and water. They eventually gathered enough supplies and continued on with their
journey to the Philippines and remained there for several weeks. Close relationship developed
between the Spaniards and the islanders. They took part on converting the Cebuano tribes into
Christianity and became involved in tribal warfare between rival Filipino groups in Mactan Island.
On 27 April 1521, Magellan was killed and the Spaniards defeated in the Battle of Mactan. The
surviving members of the expedition could not decide who should succeed Magellan. The men
finally voted on a joint command with the leadership divided between Duarte Barbosa and João
Serrão. Within four days these two were also dead having died by being betrayed by a massacre
at a feast at the hands of Rajah Humabon. The mission teetering on disaster, João Lopes de
Carvalho took command of the fleet and led it on a meandering journey through the Philippine
archipelago.
During this six-month listless journey after Magellan died, and before reaching the Moluccas,
Elcano's stature grew as the men became disillusioned with the weak leadership of Carvalho.
The two ships, Victoria and Trinidad finally reached the destination of their mission, theMoluccas,
on 6 November. They rested and re-supplied in this haven, and filled their holds with the precious
cargo of cloves and spice. On 18 December, the ships were ready to leave. Trinidad sprung a
leak, and was unable to be repaired. Carvalho stayed with the ship along with 52 others hoping
to return later.[6]
The Victoria, commanded by Elcano along with 17 other European survivors of the 240 man
expedition and 4 (survivors out of 13) Timorese Asians continued its westward voyage to Spain
crossing the Indian and Atlantic Ocean. They eventually reached Sanlúcar de Barrameda on 6
September 1522.[7]
Antonio Pigafetta, an Italian scholar, was a crew member of the Magellan and Elcano expedition.
He wrote several documents about the events of the expedition. According to Pigafetta the
voyage covered 14,460 leagues about 81,449 kilometers.
Juan Sebastián Elcano (1486-1526) was a Spanish (Basque) sailor, navigator and explorer best
remembered for leading the second half of the first round-the-world navigation, having taken over
after the death of Ferdinand Magellan. Upon his return to Spain, the King presented him with a coat
of arms that contained a globe and the phrase: “You Went Around Me First.”
Soldier and Merchant:
In his early years, Elcano was an adventurer, fighting with the Spanish army in Algiers and Italy
before settling down as captain/owner of a merchant ship. When he was forced to surrender his
ship to Italian companies to which he owned money, he found he had broken Spanish law and had
to ask the King for a pardon. Young King Charles V agreed, but on the condition that the skilled
sailor and navigator serve with an expedition the King was funding: the search for a new route to
the Spice Islands, led by Portuguese navigator Ferdinand Magellan.
The Magellan Expedition:
Elcano was given the position of ship’s master on board the Concepción, one of five ships making
up the fleet. Magellan believed that the globe was smaller than it actually is, and that a shortcut to
the Spice Islands (now known as the Maluku Islands in present-day Indonesia) was possible by
going through the New World. Spices such as cinnamon and cloves were immensely valuable in
Europe at the time and a shorter route would be worth a fortune to whoever found it. The fleet set
sail in September of 1519 and made its way to Brazil, avoiding Portuguese settlements due to
hostilities between the Spanish and Portuguese.
Mutiny:
As the fleet made its way south along the coast of South America looking for a passage west,
Magellan decided to call a halt in the sheltered bay of San Julián, as he feared continuing in bad
weather. Left idle, the men began talk of mutinying and heading back to Spain. Elcano was a willing
participant, and had by then assumed command of the ship San Antonio. At one point, Magellan
ordered his flagship to fire on the San Antonio. In the end, Magellan put down the mutiny and had
many of the leaders killed or marooned. Elcano and others were pardoned, but not until after a
time of forced labor on the mainland.
To the Pacific:
Around this time, Magellan lost two ships: the San Antonio returned to Spain (without permission)
and the Santiago sank, although all of the sailors were rescued. By this time, Elcano was captain of
the Concepción, a decision of Magellan’s that probably had much to do with the fact that the other
experienced ships captains were executed or marooned after the mutiny or had gone back to Spain
with the San Antonio. In October-November of 1520 the fleet explored the islands and waterways at
the southern tip of South America, eventually finding a passage through that to this day is known
as the Strait of Magellan.
Across the Pacific:
According to Magellan’s calculations, the Spice Islands should only be a few days’ sail away. He was
badly mistaken: his ships took four months to cross the South Pacific. Conditions were miserable on
board and several men died before the fleet reached Guam and the Marianas Islands and were able
to resupply. Continuing westward, they reached the present-day Philippines in early 1521. Magellan
found he could communicate with the natives through one of his men, who spoke Malay: they had
reached the eastern edge of the world known to Europe.
Death of Magellan:
In the Philippines, Magellan befriended the King of Zzubu, who was eventually baptized with the
name of “Don Carlos.” Unfortunately, Don Carlos convinced Magellan to attack a rival chieftain for
him, and Magellan was one of several Europeans killed in the ensuing battle. Magellan was
succeeded by Duarte Barbosa and Juan Serrao, but both were treacherously killed by “Don Carlos”
within a few days. Elcano was now second in command of the Victoria, under Juan Carvalho. Low on
men, they decided to destroy the Concepción and head back to Spain in the two remaining ships:
the Trinidad and the Victoria.
Return to Spain:
Heading across the Indian Ocean, the two ships made a stop in Borneo before finding themselves
at the Spice Islands, their original goal. Packed with valuable spices, the ships set out again. About
this time, Elcano replaced Carvalho as captain of the Victoria. The Trinidad soon had to return to
the Spice Islands, however, as it was leaking badly and eventually sank. Many of the Trinidad’s
sailors were captured by the Portuguese, although a handful managed to find their way to India
and from there back to Spain. The Victoria sailed on cautiously, as they had gotten word that a
Portuguese fleet was looking for them.
Reception in Spain:
Miraculously evading the Portuguese, Elcano sailed the Victoria back into Spain on September 6,
1522. The ship was crewed by only 22 men: 18 European survivors of the voyage and four Asians
they had picked up en route. The rest had died, deserted or, in some cases, had been left behind as
unworthy of sharing in the spoils of the rich cargo of spices. The King of Spain received Elcano and
granted him a coat of arms bearing a globe and the Latin phrase Primus circumdedisti me, or “You
Went Around Me First.”
Death of Elcano and Legacy:
In 1525, Elcano was picked to be chief navigator for a new expedition led
by Spanish nobleman García Jofre de Loaísa, who intended to retrace
Magellan’s route and establish a permanent colony on the Spice Islands.
The expedition was a fiasco: of seven ships, only one made it to the Spice
Islands, and most of the leaders, including Elcano, perished of
malnutrition during the arduous Pacific crossing.
Because of his elevation to noble status upon his return from the Magellan
expedition, Elcano’s descendants continued to hold the title of Marquis for
some time after his death. As for Elcano himself, he has unfortunately
been mostly forgotten by history, as Magellan still gets all the credit for
the first circumnavigation of the globe. Elcano, although well-known to
historians of the Age of Discovery, is little more than a trivia question to
most, although there is a statue to him in his hometown of Getaria, Spain
and the Spanish navy once named a ship after him.
One of the greatest explorers of the Age of Discovery, Ferdinand Magellan is best known
for leading the first expedition to circumnavigate the globe, although he personally did
not complete the route, perishing in the South Pacific. A determined man, he overcame
personal obstacles, mutinies, uncharted seas and biting hunger and malnutrition during
the course of his voyage. Today, his name is synonymous with discovery and exploration.
Early Years and Education:
Fernão Magalhães (Ferdinand Magellan is an anglicized version of his name) was born in
approximately 1480 in the small Portuguese town of Villa de Sabroza. As the son of the
mayor, he led a privileged childhood, and at an early age he went to the royal court in
Lisbon to serve as page to the Queen. He was very well educated, studying with some of
the finest tutors in Portugal, and from an early age showed an interest in navigation and
exploration.
The De Almeida Expedition:
As a well-educated and well-connected young man, it was easy for Magellan to sign on
with many of the different expeditions departing from Spain and Portugal at the time. In
1505 he accompanied Francisco De Almeida, who had been named Viceroy of India. De
Almeida had a fleet of twenty heavily-armed ships, and they sacked Islamic settlements
and established towns and forts in north-eastern Africa along the way. Magellan fell out of
favor with De Almeida around 1510, however, when he was accused of illegally trading
with Islamic locals. He returned to Portugal in disgrace, and offers to join new expeditions
dried up.
From Portugal to Spain:
Magellan was convinced that a new route to the lucrative Spice Islands could be found by
going through the New World. He presented his plan to the King of Portugal, Manuel I, but
was rejected, possibly because of his past problems with De Almeida. Determined to get
funding for his trip, he went to Spain, where he was granted an audience with Charles V,
who agreed to finance his journey. By August of 1519, Magellan had five ships: the
Trinidad (flagship), Victoria, San Antonio, Concepción and the Santiago. His crew of 270
men were mostly Spanish, as the Spanish crown did not fully trust the Portuguese
Magellan.
Departure from Spain, Mutiny and the Wreck of the Santiago:
Magellan’s fleet left Seville on August 10, 1519. After stopovers in the Canary and Cape
Verde Islands, they headed for Portuguese Brazil, where they anchored near present-day
Rio de Janeiro in January of 1520 to take on supplies, trading with locals for food and
water. It was at this time that serious troubles began: the Santiago was wrecked and the
survivors had to be picked up, and the captains of the other ships attempted to mutiny.
At one point, Magellan was forced to open fire on the San Antonio. He reasserted
command and executed or marooned most of those responsible, pardoning the others.
The Strait of Magellan:
The four remaining ships headed south, searching for passage around South America.
Between October and November, 1520, they navigated through the islands and
waterways on the continent’s southern tip: the passage they found is today known as the
Strait of Magellan. They discovered Tierra del Fuego and, on November 28, 1520, a
tranquil-looking body of water: Magellan named it the Mar Pacífico, or Pacific Ocean.
During the exploration of the islands, the San Antonio deserted, returning to Spain and
taking much of the remaining provisions with it, forcing the men to hunt and fish for food.
Across the Pacific:
Convinced the Spice Islands were only a short sail away, Magellan led his ships across
the Pacific, discovering the Marianas Islands and Guam. Although Magellan named them
the Islas de las Velas Latinas (Islands of the Triangular Sails) the name Islas de los
Ladrones (Islands of Thieves) stuck, because locals made off with one of the landing
boats after giving Magellan’s men some supplies. Pressing on, they landed on Homonhon
Island in the present-day Philippines. Magellan found he could communicate with the
people, as one of his men spoke Malay. He had reached the Eastern edge of the world
known to Europeans.
Death of Magellan:
Homonhon was uninhabited, but Magellan’s ships were seen and contacted by some
locals who led them to Cebu, home of Chief Humabon, who befriended Magellan.
Humabon and his wife even converted to Christianity along with many of the locals, but
then convinced Magellan to attack Lapu-Lapu, a rival chieftain on nearby Mactan Island.
On April 17, 1521, Magellan and some of his men attacked a much larger force of
islanders, trusting their armor and advanced weapons to win the day. The attack was
fought off, however, and Magellan was among those who were killed. Efforts to ransom
his body failed: it was never recovered.
Return to Spain:
Leaderless and short on men, the remaining sailors decided to burn the Concepción and
return to Spain. The two ships managed to find the Spice Islands and loaded up the holds
with valuable cinnamon and cloves. As they crossed the Indian Ocean, however, the
Trinidad began to leak: it eventually sank, although some of the men made it to India and
from there back to Spain. The Victoria kept going, losing several men to starvation: it
arrived in Spain on September 6, 1522, more than three years after it had left. There
were only 18 sickly men crewing the ship, a fraction of the 270 who had set out.
Legacy of Ferdinand Magellan:
Magellan is credited with being the first to circumnavigate the world in spite of two
somewhat glaring details: first of all, he died halfway through the journey and second of
all, he never intended to travel in a circle: he simply wanted to find a new route to the
Spice Islands. Some historians have said that Juan Sebastián Elcano, who captained the
Victoria back from the Philippines, is a worthier candidate for the title of first to
circumnavigate the globe. Elcano had begun the voyage as master on board the
Concepción.
There are two written records of the journey: the first was a journal kept by Italian
passenger (he paid to go on the trip!) Antonio Pigafetta and the second was a series of
interviews with the survivors made by Maximilianus of Transylvania upon their return.
Both documents reveal a fascinating voyage of discovery.
The Magellan expedition was responsible for several major discoveries. In addition to the
Pacific Ocean and numerous islands, waterways and other geographic information, the
expedition also sighted a great many new animals, including penguins and guanacos.
The discrepancies between their log book and the date when they returned to Spain led
directly to the concept of the International Date Line. Their measurements of distances
traveled helped contemporary scientists determine the size of the earth. They were the
first to sight certain galaxies visible in the night sky, now aptly known as the Magellanic
Clouds. Although the Pacific had been first discovered in 1513 by Vasco Nuñez de Balboa,
it is Magellan's name for it that stuck (Balboa called it the "South Sea").
Immediately upon the return of the Victoria, European sailing ships began trying to
duplicate the voyage, including an expedition led by surviving captain Elcano. It wasn’t
until Sir Francis Drake’s 1577 voyage, however, that anyone really managed to do it
again. Still, the knowledge gained immensely advanced the science of navigation at the
time.
Today, Magellan’s name is synonymous with discovery and exploration. Telescopes and
spacecraft bear his name, as does a region in Chile. Perhaps because of his untimely
demise, his name does not have the negative baggage associated with Christopher
Columbus, blamed by many for subsequent atrocities in the lands he discovered.
Christopher Columbus (1451- 1506) was a Genoese navigator and explorer. In the late
fifteenth century, Columbus believed that it would be possible to reach the lucrative markets
of eastern Asia by heading west, instead of the traditional route which went east around
Africa. He convinced Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand of Spain to support him, and he set
off in August of 1492. The rest is history: Columbus discovered the Americas, which had
been unknown until then. All in all, Columbus made four different journeys to the New
World.
Columbus’ Early Life:
Columbus was born to a middle-class family of weavers in Genoa (now part of Italy) which
was a city well-known for explorers. He rarely spoke of his parents: it is believed that he was
ashamed to have come from such a mundane background. He left a sister and a brother
behind in Italy: his other brothers Bartholomew and Diego would accompany him on most of
his travels. As a young man he travelled extensively, visiting Africa and the Mediterranean
and learning how to sail and navigate.
Appearance and Personal Habits:
Columbus was tall and lean, and had red hair which turned prematurely white. He had a fair
complexion and a somewhat reddish face, with blue eyes and a hawkish nose. He spoke
Spanish fluently but with an accent which was difficult for people to place. In his personal
habits he was extremely religious and somewhat prudish: he rarely swore, attended mass
regularly and often devoted his Sundays entirely to prayer. Later in life, his religiosity would
increase: he took to wearing the simple robe of a barefoot friar around court. He was a fervent
millenarist: he believed that the end of the world was near.
Personal Life:
Columbus married a Portuguese woman, Felipa Moniz Perestrelo, in 1477. She came from a
semi-noble family with useful maritime connections. She died giving birth to a son, Diego, in
1479 or 1480. In 1485, while in Córdoba, he met young Beatriz Enríquez de Trasierra, and
they lived together for a time. She bore him an illegitimate son, Fernando. Columbus made
many friends during his travels and he corresponded with them frequently. His friends
included Dukes and other noblemen as well as powerful Italian merchants. These friendships
would prove useful during his frequent hardships and bouts of bad luck.
A Journey West:
Columbus may have conceived of the idea of sailing west to reach Asia as early as 1481 due
to his correspondence with an Italian scholar, Paolo del Pozzo Toscaneli, who convinced him
it was possible. In 1484, Columbus made a pitch to King João of Portugal, who turned him
down. Columbus proceeded to Spain, where he first proposed such a trip in January of 1486.
Ferdinand and Isabella were intrigued, but they were occupied with the reconquest
of Granada. They told Columbus to wait. In 1492, Columbus had just about given up (in fact,
he was on his way to see the King of France) when they decided to sponsor his trip.
Columbus’ First Voyage:
Columbus’ first voyage began on August 3, 1492. He had been given three ships: the Niña,
the Pinta and the flagship Santa Maria. They headed west and on October 12, sailor Rodrigo
de Triana spotted land. They first landed on an island Columbus named San Salvador: there is
some debate today as to which Caribbean island it was. Columbus and his ships visited
several other islands including Cuba and Hispaniola. On December 25, the Santa Maria ran
aground and they were forced to abandon her. Thirty-nine men were left behind at the
settlement of La Navidad. Columbus returned to Spain in March of 1493.
Columbus’ Second Voyage:
Although in many ways the first voyage was a failure – Columbus lost his biggest ship and
did not find the promised route west – the Spanish monarchs were intrigued with his
discoveries. They financed a second voyage, whose purpose was to establish a permanent
colony. 17 ships and over 1,000 men set sail in October, 1493. When they returned to La
Navidad, they discovered that everyone had been killed by irate natives. They founded the
city of Santo Domingo with Columbus in charge, but he was forced to return to Spain in
March of 1496 to obtain supplies to keep the starving colony alive.
Columbus’ Third Voyage:
Columbus returned to the New World in May of 1498. He sent half of his fleet to resupply
Santo Domingo and set off to explore, eventually reaching the north-eastern part of South
America. He returned to Hispaniola and resumed his duties as governor, but the people
despised him. He and his brothers were bad administrators and kept much of the little wealth
generated by the colony for themselves. When the crisis reached a peak, Columbus sent to
Span for help. The crown sent Francisco de Bobadilla as governor: he soon identified
Columbus as the problem and sent him and his brothers back to Spain in chains in 1500.
Columbus’ Fourth Voyage:
Already in his fifties, Columbus felt he had one more trip in him. He convinced the Spanish
crown to finance one more journey of discovery. Although Columbus had proven a poor
governor, there was no doubting his sailing and discovery skills. He left in May of 1502 and
arrived to Hispaniola just ahead of a major hurricane. He sent a warning to the 28-ship fleet
about to depart for Spain to delay but they ignored him, and 24 of the ships were lost.
Columbus explored more of the Caribbean and part of Central America before his ships
rotted: he spent a year on Jamaica before being rescued. He returned to Spain in 1504.
Legacy:
Columbus’ legacy can be difficult to sort out. For many years, he was thought to have been
the man who “discovered” America. Modern historians believe that the first Europeans to the
New World were Nordic and arrived several hundred years before Columbus to the northern
shores of North America. Also, many Native Americans from Alaska to Chile dispute the
notion that the Americas needed to be “discovered” in the first place, as the two continents
were home to millions of people and countless cultures in 1492.
Columbus’ accomplishments should be considered in conjunction with his failures. The
“discovery” of America would certainly have taken place within 50 years of 1492 had
Columbus not ventured west when he did: advances in navigation and ship construction made
contact between the hemispheres inevitable. Columbus’ motives were mostly monetary, with
religion a close second. When he failed to find gold or a lucrative trade route, he began
collecting slaves: he believed that a trans-Atlantic slave trade would be quite lucrative.
Fortunately, the Spanish monarchs outlawed this, but still, many Native American groups
correctly remember Columbus as the New World’s first slaver.
Columbus’ ventures were often failures. He lost the Santa María on his first voyage, his first
colony was massacred, he was a terrible governor, he was arrested by his own colonists and
on his fourth and last voyage he managed to strand some 200 men on Jamaica for a year.
Perhaps his greatest failure was his inability to see what was right before him: the New
World. Columbus never accepted that he had not found Asia, even when the rest of Europe
was convinced that the Americas were something previously unknown.
Columbus’ legacy was once very bright – he was considered for sainthood at one time – but
now he is remembered as much for the bad as the good. Many places still bear his name and
Columbus Day is still celebrated, but he is once again a man and not a legend.