DEFINITION AND SCOPE OF PHILOSOPHY

INTRODUCTION TO PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE POSTGRADUATE PROGRAM DIPONEGORO UNIVERSITY

  By :

  Philosophia (LATIN), and Philosophie

  

DEFINITION AND SCOPE OF PHILOSOPHY

DEFINITION AND SCOPE OF PHILOSOPHY

• Definition of Philosophy
• Definition of Philosophy
• – Terminology :
• – Terminology : Terms of Filsafat (INDONESIAN) = Falsafah(ARAB), Philosophy (ENGLISH),

  Terms of Filsafat (INDONESIAN) = Falsafah(ARAB), Philosophy (ENGLISH),

  Philosophia (LATIN), and Philosophie

   Philosophia :

  Philein + Sophos = to love

• – virtue/wisdom

  Philos + Sophia = friend of wisdom

• – Philosophos = wisdom lover
• –

   Loving nature - paradoxical

  

  To possess X To argue

  

(an unended quest – an unfinished

journey)

  Conclusion Philosophy as an unfinished effort to

• – search for truth by critical manners always asks for basic problems.

LABELS OF PHILOSOPHY

  Philosophy is a life attitude

Philosophy is way of/method of thinking in reflective and rational manners. Philosophy is a set of the following Continued.......

  What differs good from bad?

• – What is beauty?
• – Is religion necessary to enter human life? ---
• – Axiology

DEFINITIONS OF PHILOSOPHY

  

Philosophy is the attempt to give a

reasoned conception of the universe and of man’s place it

(Fils adalah usaha untuk memberikan

pemahaman konsep alam semesta dan Continued....

  Philosophy as the endeavor to achieve a comprehensive view of life and its meaning, upon the basis of the results of the various sciences.

  

(Filsafat sebagai usaha sungguh2 untuk

  WHY DO WE NEED PHILOSOPHY? Each person must make decisions and act.

  Life has required us to determine answers for

• – questions of truth and faults, beauty and ugliness, goodness and evil. We must

Continued.....

  Our conduct is our own, and we are really

free only when we rely upon inner controls

or self-chosen ends.

  Tingkah laku kita adalah milik kita, dan kita

• – benar-benar bebas hanya jika kita percaya

Continued....

  Philosophy is one of the best means by which to foster the habit of reflection

  Fils adalah salah satu cara terbaik utk

• – memelihara kebiasaan berfikir kritis Fils membantu orang memperluas wawasan
• –

Continued.....

  

We life in an age of uncertainty and

change, when many of the older beleifs

and ways of doing things are inadequate.

  Kita senantiasa hidup dalam ketidak pastian

• – dan penuh perubahan, manakala banyak kepercayaan2

  1. METAPHYSICS

  PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE AS A BRANCH OF PHILOSOPHY

• – GENERAL METAPHYSICS (ONTOLOGY)
• –

  SPECIAL METAPHYSICS (PSYCHOLOGY,

  COSMOLOGY, THEOLOGY)

  2. EPISTEMOLOGY:

SCOPE OF PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

  

Material Object (what to deal with): Science

Formal Object (point-of-view) : Science is viewed

  Philosophy of science

• – Branch of philosophy, which deals with science in philosophical perspectives

  

WHY DO MAGISTER AND

PROFESSIONALS NEED TO LEARN

PHILSOPHY OF SCIENCE?

  A . Academic Requirements: Postgraduate students are directed to become scientists, professionals, and

expected to apply and to develop science Continued.........

  

In practising, developing, and inventing a theory/

  science, one cannot rely only upon knowledge skills, conceptual and theoretical mastery in his/ her particular discipline, but also needs to understand the essence of science (ontology), the method of scientific development (epistemology), and moral-ethical-religious Continued...........

  

Seorang ilmuwan dan profesional dituntut

pertanggungjawaban kemampuan

pemahaman: ontologis, epistemologis dan

aksiologis keilmuan.

  

A scientist or a professional is required to B.Demand of more specialized empirical science development and its impacts: Positive impacts:

• – Impact on scientists: to have more focused and intense understanding

  Impact on society: specializiation of science by Continued ...........

  NEGATIVE IMPACTS ^– SEMAKIN MERUNCINGNYA SPESIALISASI ILMU-ILMU EMPIRIS, YG MEMBAWA KONSEKUENSI SEMAKIN RAGAM BIDANG-BIDANG KEILMUAN, SEKAT2 KEILMUAN, SIKAP

  ILMIAH ILMUWAN SEMAKIN FOKUS DAN INTENS DALAM BIDANGNYA. IMPLIKASI YANG DITIMBULKAN, ILMU BERKEMBANG MENUJU OTONOMINYA, SIKAP APATISME, EGOISME, DAN ANARKHISME KEILMUAN. Continued...........

  Modern technology that is derived from an extensive

• – specialization has affected varied aspects of human life and has intensively changed human cultural patterns: Lacking values: Technology causes practical, rational, and
• – empirical way-of-thinking, which may produce

The development of science and technology must be referred to the essential meaning (ontology), development procedure and method for mutual interest (epistemology), and imperative norms to guide scientific development

Continued......

C. SCIENCE IS DYNAMIC

SCIENCE IS NOT AN ETERNAL ENTITY. INSTEAD,

• – IT IS AN UNFINISHED JOURNEY, ALTHOUGH IT IS BASED ON OBJECTIVE, RATIONAL, SYSTEMATIC, LOGICAL, AND EMPIRICAL FRAMEWORKS. DALAM PERKEMBANGANNYA

ILMU TIDAK

• – MUNGKIN LEPAS DARI MEKANISME

Continued.........

  A SCIENTIST IS REQUIRED TO SEARCH FOR ALTERNATIVES OF DEVELOPMENT BY PERFORMING ANALYSIS, RESEARCH, AND EXPERIMENT BASED ON ONTOLOGICAL, EPISTEMOLOGICAL, OR AXIOLOGICAL

  Continued.................

  ANY DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY MUST FULFILL VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY TO COMPLY WITH CONTEXT OF JUSTIFICATION AND CONTEXT OF DISCOVERY

  PHILOSOPHY – SCIENCE – KNOWLEDGE Philosophy _–

  Essential/fundamental _– Comprehensive

• _– Normative

  Science _– Experimental _– Specific

• _– Empirical
THE ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF

SCIENCE

ANCIENT GREEK ERA (6 BC – 3 BC 6 BC) MITOS LOGOS (6 BC – 3 BC)
• ^– PHILOSOPHICAL (6 AD) ^–

  SOCRATES, PLATO, ARISTOTELES, STOA, EPICURUS, PLOTINUS MEDIEVAL ERA (15 AD )

• ^– (THEOLOGICAL) ^–

THOMAS AQUINO

  

Continued...........

  MODERN ERA (---18 AD – 19 AD) RENAISSANCE (---18 AD)

AUFKLARUNG ( 19 AD)  SCIENCE

• – RATIONALISM

MODERN: SCHOOLS OF PHILOSOPHY:

  

Lanjutan .........

  CONTEMPORARY ERA (---20 AD-- →) ^TH

NEW PERSPECTIVE OF THE 20 CENTURY

• – SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY:
• – SCIENCE IS NOT ONLY A MEANS SCIENCE BECOMES A SUBSTANTIVE MATTER

  ADVANTAGE OF PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE DEVELOPING CRITICAL ATTITUDES: PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE IS FACED BY

• –

  THEORIES OF SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE:

  (rationalism, empiricism, criticism, critical rationalism, idealism/

  Continued..........

DEVELOPING ABILITY IN SCIENTIC ANALYSIS: PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE IS FACED BY

• – VARY METHODS OF SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE

  Continued ..........

GIVING PRACTICAL USE TO PERFORMING WORKS: PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE ALWAYS

• – RELATES TO SCIENTIFIC PRACTICES.

  (objective, methodological, rational,

• –

  Continued..........

PROFESSIONAL NEEDS: KEMAMPUAN UNTUK MELIHAT MASALAH

• – DAN MENEMUKAN SOLUSI

  PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE IS CAPABLE

• – OF FINDING OUT PROBLEMS AND THEIR

  Lanjutan..............

  MENUMBUHKEMBANGKAN

KESADARAN DAN PEMAHAMAN TENTANG TANGGUNG JAWAB ILMUWAN PADA MASYARAKAT.

  Dikembangkan etos ilmiah, diperkaya

• –
PERSOALAN POKOK FILSAFAT ILMU PERSOALAN FILOSOFIS KEILMUAN
• – PERSOALAN ONTOLOGIS
• – PERSOALAN EPISTEMOLOGIS
• – PERSOALAN AKSIOLOGIS

  Catatan:

PERSOALAN ONTOLOGI

  Problematik tentang keberadaan (eksistensi)

• – Aspek kuantitas dari sesuatu

  Apakah yang ada itu tunggal, dual atau plural

• – monisme, dualisme, pluralisme.

  Aspek kualitas dari sesuatu (mutu, sifat)

  Bagaimana batasan, sifat, mutu dari sesuatu

• –
ONTOLOGICAL ADVANTAGE FOR SCIENTIFIC WORLD

  Ontology gives a basis on which scientific

• – assumptions are made and helps create interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary communications.

  Ontology helps create reality mapping, scopes of EPISTEMOLOGICAL PROBLEMS

  SOURCES, MEANS, PROCESS, METHODOLOGY, EVIDENCE

  EPISTEMOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS

  MEANS OF LEGITIMACY FOR THE SCIENCE TO

  VALIDATE PARTICULAR SCIENCE DISCIPLINE METHODOLOGICAL FRAMEWORKS OF

AXIOLOGICAL PROBLEMS

  VALUE CONSIDERATION (ETHICAL,

• – MORAL, AND RELIGIOUS) IN INVENTING, APPLYING AND DEVELOPING SCIENCE

AXIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS

  AXIOLOGY GIVES DIRECTION TO THE

• –

  

INTEGRATIVE AND SYSTEMIC FORMS OF

ONTOLOGY, EPISTEMOLOGY, AND AXIOLOGY:

Idealism brings about implication of irrational

approaches. The idealism methodology is speculative

and deals with utopia imperatives.

Rationalism brings about implication of rational

approaches. Its idealism methodology is logical.

  

Realism-based knowledge has an implication to

  Vary -isms:

  Idealism : The true knowledge is an

• – ideal world (Plato) Realism : The true knowledge is what is
• – seen and absorbed by senses (Aristotle) Criticism : Knowledge is based on ideal
• – and senses (Immanuel Kant)

PRINCIPLES OF OF SCIENTIFIC THINKING

  Objective :

  Focused/intense

• – To look at just the way it is
• – Rational :

  Healthy, or logical, thinking without particular

• –
Metodological

  The use of particular scientific method:

• – induction, deduction, synthesis, intuition.

  Systematical :

  Interconnected and holistic structure of

• – thinking
• –
THEORY OF SCIENTIFIC TRUTH COHERRENCE THEORY

  Truth is measured by logical interconnection

• – between its statements/propositions.

CORRESPONDENCE THEORY

  Truth is measured by its evidence based on

• –

PRAGMATIC THEORY

• – Truth is measured by the presence of utility.
• – Truth is truth when it is utilized.

MEANS OF SCIENTIFIC THINKING

  Mathematics/Statistics

  Language

• – Unambigous: no ambiguity, standard
• – Grammatical : according to conduct of language

ETHICAL PROBLEMS IN DEVELOPING SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

  Development of science and technology is inevitable or unstoppable Science and technolgy always have positive and negative impacts Science and technology will give advantage to human only if they are controlled by value

PROBLEM SOLUTION

  

Science and technology must refer to their

ontological, epistemological, and axiological bases.