Properties of Leaves Particleboard for Sheathing Application

  DOCUMENT SCORE of 100

  68 ISSUES FOUND IN THIS TEXT

  61 PLAGIARISM %

  1 Contextual Spelling

  25 Misspelled Words

  15 Confused Words

  10 Grammar

  19 Determiner Use (a/an/the/this, etc.)

  12 Incorrect Noun Number

  2 Wrong or Missing Prepositions

  2 Incorrect Verb Forms

  2 Incorrect Phrasing

  1 No errors

  Punctuation

  1 Sentence Structure

  Misplaced Words or Phrases

  1 Style

  16 Passive Voice Misuse

  7 Wordy Sentences

  6 Improper Formatting

  2 Politically Incorrect or Offensive Language

  1

  Properties of Leaves Particleboard for Sheathing Application Arif Nuryawan1, Rahmawaty2

  1Department of Forest Products Technology, Faculty of Forestry, University of Sumatera Utara, Jl. Tri Dharma Ujung No.1 Kampus USU, Medan, Indonesia

  2Department of Forest Management, Faculty of Forestry, University of Sumatera Utara, Jl. Tri Dharma Ujung No.1 Kampus USU, Medan, Indonesia

• Email: arif5@usu.ac.id or arifnury@yahoo.com Abstract. Manufacturing particleboard (PB) made of leaves
_{1 2} was carried out in order to make non-structural building components, such as insulation, partition, wall, and ₁ sheathing. Raw materials used dry leaves originated from

  [ → ] ₂ in order to to

  plantation (palm oil leaves) and forest plantation ₃ Possibly confused word (magahony leaves). The adhesive used was interior type thermosetting commercial resins, namely 10% urea- formaldehyde (UF) based on oven dry leaves. Hardener ₃ used for UF resin was 1% and 3% ammonium chloride _→

  [ magahony Mahony ]

  (NH4Cl) 20% (w/w), respectively. Technically, the target density of PB was 0.8 g/cm3 with the dimension’s size of (250 x 250 x 10) mm3. The pressure, temperature, and ₄ time of pressing of the hot press were 25 kgf /cm2,

  120°C, and 10 minutes, respectively. After conditioning ₅ for 1 week, the PB then was evaluated their physical and mechanical properties according to Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS) A 5908 (2003). Results of this work _{7 8 4} showed: 1) Both type of PB (palm oil and mahagony _{→ 5} [ kgf kg ] leaves) were feasible to be produced for non-structural _→

  [ 1 one ]

  applications; 2) Addition of hardener enhanced the physical and mechanical properties of PB; 3) It was recommended to enhance the performance of the PB by _{9 6 6} manipulation on the raw materials and the design.

  Wordiness

  8

  mechanical properties, non-structural component [ [ → → ] ]

  mahagony type types mahogany

  Introduction ₁₁ In tropical country particularly Indonesia, plantation _{12 9} forest’s model such as industrial plantation forest, man- _{→ 13}

  [ manipulation on manipulation of ]

  made forest, and community forest yields large ₁₀ quantities of waste which predominantly thinning and

  Possibly confused word

  pruning volumes comprising small diameter wood of branch and twig, bark, and leaves. _{16 15 17 14} Some efforts have been done in order to utilize _{18 11} these residues as substitution of wood products, ₁₂ [ a tropical or the tropical ] particularly for producing particleboard. For instances, _{19 13} Possibly confused word

  Nuryawan et al. [1] used sawdust of acacia (Acacia ₂₀ Possible gender-biased language mangium ) wood from industrial plantation forest in Riau province as the raw material of particleboard. They applied ₂₁ urea-formaldehyde (UF) resin mixed with isocyanate as ₂₂ the adhesive for producing interior type of particleboard. ₂₃ Similar work has also been conducted by Muhdi et al. ₁₄

  [2]. They employed logging waste as the raw material of

  Unoriginal text: 8 words

  particleboard. Either part of thinning or pruning was also www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/… _{15 24} Passive voice an object of research on particleboard with three species _{16 do make 17} Possibly confused and of wood have been utilized, namely acacia, eucalyptus

  [ → ] _{25 26 18} in order to to

  (Eucalyptus deglupta ), and sengon (Paraserianthes _{wood 19} Repetitive word: ₂₇

  [ → ] Nuryawan Narayanan

  falcataria ) [3]. Recently, Ruhendi & Putra [4] exploited ₂₀

  [ → ] ₂₈ mangium magnesium

  part of trunk and branch of jabon wood (Anthocephalus _{29 21} cadamba Miq) as the main component of particleboard.

  [ ] ₂₂ an isocyanate or the isocyanate [ the interior or an interior ]

  Success story on utilization of waste from forest and plantation for making panel products have been published ²³

  [ → ] ₃₀ Muhdi Mehdi

  by our group research , for example: volume of thinning and pruning of acacia and eucalyptus wood [5]; small diameter and inferior logs [6]; residue of forest harvesting ²⁴ _{32 31} Possibly confused word [7]; and waste of oil palm (Elaeis guinensis ) trunk [8]. _{33 34} It was concluded that the particleboard could be ₃₅

  26

  wood residue and lignocelluloses materials such as [ [ → → ] ] ₂₇ sengon deglupta second delta

  [ → ] falcataria falcata ria vascular bundles of oil palm trunk. ₂₈

  [ → ] ₂₉ jabon jambon [ → ] cadamba caramba

  On the other hand, waste of plantation and forest comprise of not only lignocelluloses but also leaves. In this work, ₃₀ we attempted to make panel products particularly _{36 37 31} Passive voice particleboard made of leaves of mahagony and oil Wordiness palm. Because of the abundance of waste leaves originated ₃₈ from plantation and forest as well as the eagerness to utilize these residues, this research is dedicated to ₃₉ develop panel products made of non-wood. Furthermore, ₃₂ application of these products is for sheathing applications _{→ 33} [ guinensis Sinensis ] such as wall and ceiling panels, office dividers, bulletin ₃₄ Passive voice boards, cabinets, furniture, insulator, coater, counter tops _{40 35} Possibly confused word and desk tops [9] . _{→ 41} [ manufactured in manufactured on ]

  The objective of this study was to evaluate the quality of ₄₂ the panel products made of leaves of mahagony ₄₃ (Swietenia macrophylla ) and oil palm (E.guinensis). In ₄₄ addition , the discussions for improving the physical and ₄₅ mechanical properties have been presented . _{36 37} Possibly confused word [ → ]

  mahagony mahogany

  Materials and Methods ₃₈

  1.1. Primary Materials _→

  [ and forest and forest ] In this contribution, dry-leaves of mahagony (S. ₃₉ macrophylla) (Fig.1) was collected from mahagony forest [ → ] develop developing plantation at the university campus (Hutan Tri Dharma).

  So, the dry-leaves residue of oil palm plantation was compiled along the street of Jalan Tri Dharma which oil palm tree grows (Fig.2). In fact, both of these materials were dried naturally by sunlight. In order to make uniform, ⁴⁰

  [ the addition or an addition ]

  these materials were then oven-dried under temperature of 103฀C for 24 hours. Further, these materials have also ₄₁ Unoriginal text: 9 words been sieved under size of 4 mesh. _{www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2037…}

  43 [ [ → → ] ] ₄₄ mahagony macrophylla mahogany macrophilia _→

  [ In addition Also ]

  Figure 1. Dry-leaves residue of mahagony forest as the ₄₅ materials in this study. Figure 2. Dry-leaves residue of

  Passive voice oil palm plantation as the materials in this study.

  1.2. Methods In this research, the procedure of particleboard production was as follows:

  1. Raw materials preparation The raw materials were consisted of leaves particle as explained in the primary materials with containing 5% moisture content, UF resins as adhesive, and ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) as the hardener.

  2. Blending process The amount of leaves particle needed for one board will be weighed after screening and drying. The particle will be put into a rotary blender and mixed with resin by means called a spray gun. The target of board thickness will be 1 cm and the density 0.80 g/cm3. UF resin’s solid content was 60%, and the level of resin was 10% based on oven dry particle weight. Both 1% and 3% hardener of NH4Cl were added in the form of aqueous with concentration 20%wt.

  3. Mat forming and hot pressing After the blending process, the furnish (the mixture of leaves particle, adhesive, and hardener) will be hand formed into a mat. Both top and bottom surfaces of the furnish mat will be covered with aluminium foil sheets.

  Pressure value was 25 kg/cm2, pressing time was 10 minutes, and pressing temperature was 120฀C. During boards pressing, the day light will be inserted steel bar stop to meet the particleboard target thickness.

  4. Conditioning After hot pressing, the particleboard samples will be conditioned in an ambient room for 2 weeks.

  After conditioning for 2 weeks, the particleboard will be cut into specimen and tested for physical and mechanical properties according to Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS) A 5908 (2003) [10] with three replications for each condition. The data were analyzed with simple statistics with standard deviation.

  1.3. Physical properties Investigation of physical properties was carried out in ambient temperature at Forest Products Laboratory, Faculty of Forestry, University of Sumatera Utara (Medan, Indonesia) with at least three replications, consisted of determination of density, moisture content (MC), water absorption, and thickness swelling. Both density and MC specimen’s size were 10 cm x 10 cm. The dimension of test piece of water absoption and thickness swelling was 5 cm x 5 cm. Weight and dimension were measured using electronic balance and callipers. Moisture content was ₄₆ determined by grav imetric analysis. All of the testing was according to Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS) A 5908 (2003) [10].

  1.4. Mechanical properties Mechanical test was conducted using the Tensilon UTM (Universal Testing Machine) in ambient temperature for at least three replications. The mechanical test consisted of bending strength and internal bond strength. Bending strength was determined through measurement of MOE/ modulus of elasticity and MOR/ modulus of rupture, respectively.All of the mechanical properties tests were also conducted at Forest Products Laboratory, Faculty of Forestry, University of Sumatera Utara (Medan, Indonesia).

  1.5. Data analysis Mean value from at least three data measurements both on physical and mechanical properties testing were presented

  Results and Discussions

  1.1. Physical properties Results of physical test were presented in Table 1. Air-dry density values of the specimens ranged between 0.53-0.62 g/cm3. They fulfilled the Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS A 5908-2003). Unfortunately, the values were below on the target density. This phenomenon may be related to the spring back effect and the voluminous (bulky) leaves ₄₆ particles, therefore compression ratio was difficult to

  [ the test or a test ] calculate.

  Moisture content showed that all of the values met the standard. Leaves belong to lignocelluloses material, they have hygroscopic characteristic. They can bond or release water from the environment, and inherently they have hydrogen bonding. Both thickness swelling and water absorption showed very high percentage after immersing in the water. This situation was reasonable since the used adhesive was interior type (UF resins) Table 1. Physical properties of leaves particleboard with 1% and 3% hardener Property Mahagony leaves particleboard with NH4Cl Oil palm leaves particleboard with NH4Cl 1% 3% 1% 3% Density (g/cm3) 0.62 + 0.04 0.60 + 0.03 0.53 + 0.04 0.56 + 0.03

• 0.75 8.75 + 2.03 Thickness swelling-2h (%) 9.82 + 0.59 7.11 + 2.44 53.71 + 8.82 43.61+22.08 Thickness swelling-24h (%) 29.34 + 2.01 20.86 + 1.81 69.23 + 18.12 77.31 + 7.20 Water absoption-2h (%) 21.43 + 2.69 22.52 + 3.82

  53.71 + 8.82 49.44 + 10.80 Water absoption-24h (%) 93.01 + 8.32 84.01+ 31.71 149.23 +16.88 134.75+11.25

  1.2. Mechanical properties Table 2 shows values of mechanical properties of leaves particleboard with different hardener content.

  Table 2. Mechanical properties of leaves particleboard with 1% and 3% hardener Property Mahagony leaves particleboard with NH4Cl Oil palm leaves particleboard with NH4Cl 1% 3% 1% 3% MOE (kgf/cm2) 146+47 117+ 35 2283+ 385 2310+ 146 MOR (kgf/cm2) 9.79 + 6.46 6.55 + 1.61 22.15 + 3.00 24.45+ 10.28

  IB (kgf/cm2) 0.02 + 0.01 0.07 + 0.01 0.27 + 0.03 0.27 + 0.03 All the mechanical properties were failed to satisfy the standard (JIS A 5908-2003). The failure of both MOE and MOR have to enhance by strengthen the raw material of leaves. The failure of internal bond have to be repaired using manipulation of the adhesive used

  In order to get better properties of the leaves particleboard, we attempted to mix the leaves with wood (sawdust) in various ratio [11], for instance ratio of mahagony leaves and sawdust 100:0; 75:25; 50:50; and 25:75. But the results showed statistically were not significant. Therefore this work has been stopped. In addition, we also tried to add the level of adhesives used [11]. The level adhesive used was increased up to 12%. The results showed statistically were significant. Therefore, this treatment then becomes a future work.

  1.4. On going and future work to improve the quality of the leaves particleboard properties

  1.4.1.Addition more hardener (NH4Cl) In this study, we applied 1% and 3% hardener for the particleboard however the properties were still not satisfied. Addition of hardener up to 5%; 7%; and 9% hopefully could improve the properties of the leaves particleboard as shown in temporary results of this experiment (Figure 3). NH4Cl created acidic condition hence UF resin (with increased level of adhesive up to 12%) will be more cured as shown in Figure 4.

  Furthermore, addition of hardener will make the UF resin more aqueous thus the distribution of the UF resin into particleboard is more extend.

  Figure 3. Leaves particleboard of oil palm and mahagony with various hardener level (5%;7%;9%)

  Resulted in pH 7 Resulted in pH 5 Resulted in pH 3 ₄₇ Figure 4. Result of measurement of pH of the furnish.

  Higher hardener level showed lower pH which indicated more acidic.

  1.4.2.Addition layers on both surfaces using veneer ₄₈ For sheathing application, both surface of leaves _{49 50} particleboard should be layered as shown in Figure 5.

  Addition veneer layers on both surfaces of leaves ₅₁ particleboard will improve the MOE and MOR values including its dimension stability. The thickness of the ₅₂ veneer also must be considered

  53 Figure 5. Construction of leaves particleboard with

  layers on both surface (face and back)

  1.4.3.Replacement UF resin with exterior type adhesive ₅₄ UF resin is one of types interior adhesives thus it is ₅₅ prone to water or high moisture.In addition , because of formaldehyde based, UF resin will release formaldehyde ₅₆ emission during service used. Therefore, good choice if we replace UF resin with exterior type adhesive such as _{57 58} isocyanate. Isocyanate can be used without addition _{59 60} of hardener , can be applied using sprayer , and non- formalin based.

  Conclusions ₆₁ The leaves particleboard has been successfully produced ₆₂ unfortunately their physical and mechanical properties ₆₃ were not satisfy . Therefore, some future works should be carried out, for instances: 1) addition more hardener into of the leaves particleboard; 3) application of exterior adhesive such as isocyanate Acknowledgment This study was supported by Penelitian Talenta from University of Sumatera Utara in the year of 2017. Thanks also for Jan Heri Setiawan Damanik, Dame Lasmaria Siahaan, Iwan Risnasari, Irawati Azhar, Aidul Adha Sagala, and Hendra Joseph Saota for their laboratory working helps. ^{64 65 47}

  [ ]

  48 [ surface surfaces

  ] → ₄₉ Possibly confused word ₅₀ Passive voice ₅₁ Possibly confused word ₅₂ Repetitive word: ^veneer

  53 Possibly confused word

  54 [ the types ] ₅₅ [ ]

  Result The result ^→ In addition Also ^→

  56 [ a good or the good ] ₅₇ [

  Isocyanate The isocyanate ] → ₅₈ Passive voice ₅₉ [ the hardener

  ] ₆₀ [ a sprayer or the sprayer

  ] ₆₁ Possibly confused word ₆₂ Squinting modifier ₆₃ [ were not satisfy were not satisfied ] ^→

  64 Passive voice ₆₅ [ the University ] FRIENDLY CITY 4 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA Jl. Almamater Kampus USU, University of Sumatra Utara Medan, North Sumatera - Indonesia, 20155

  Tel: +6281263219598 Website: www.friendlycity.usu.ac.id Email: friendlycity@usu.ac.id FRIENDLYCITYpublishingmanager@yahoo.com

ASSESSMENT FORM OF FULL PAPER BY INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE

  Note to ISC: The context of “Friendly City, From Research to Implementation for Better Sustainability” for the conference should be interpreted in its widest sense.

  Ref. No: BT 026 Paper Title: Properties of Leaves Particleboard for Sheathing Application

A) Please rate the manuscript using the following criteria:-

  

1

  2

  

1

2 3 4

  5

  4 Research Methodology (Weightage: 15%) a Research Design (plans, structures and strategies)?

  

1

  2

  3

  4

  5 b Data Collecting

  

1

  2

  3

  4

  5 c Data Analysis

  

1

  3

  4

  4

  5

  5 Findings (Weightage: 15%) a Study results objectively reviewed?

  

1

  2 3 4

  5

  6 Discussion & Analysis (Weightage: 20%) a Interpretation or significance of study results reffered?

  

1

2 3 4

  5 b Identified issues processed?

  

1

  2 3 4

  5 c Relation of study results to theories

1

2 3 4

  5

  Please colour BLUE your score (1= Weak; 5 = Excellent) No. Description Score (Circle) Strengths or Reservations

  5 e Critical understanding of theories used demonstrated?

  3

  2

  3 Literature Review (Weightage: 20 %) a The use of previous theories and their evaluation demonstrated?

  3

  4

  5

  2 Introduction (Weightage: 2 %) a Research background explained?

  

1

  2

  3

  4

  5 b Research purpose explained?

  

1

  2

  3

  4

  5

  

1

  2

  5 c Proficiency in the presentation of information and bibliography demonstrated?

  

1

  1 Topic (Weightage: 3 %) a Relevance to theme of Conference?

  4

  3

  2

  

1

  4

  2

  3

  2

  

1

  5 b Knowledge as the basis of research demonstrated?

  4

  3

  5 d Critical thinking and compact explanations of literature reviews demonstrated? FRIENDLY CITY 4 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA Jl. Almamater Kampus USU, University of Sumatra Utara Medan, North Sumatera - Indonesia, 20155

  Tel: +6281263219598 Website: www.friendlycity.usu.ac.id Email: friendlycity@usu.ac.id FRIENDLYCITYpublishingmanager@yahoo.com b Relation of study findings to the purposes and study

  1

  2

  3

  4

  5 issues explained? c Relation of findings to literature reviews explained?

  1

  2

  4

  5

  3 (Weightage: 15%)

8 Overall

  a English Language

  1

  2

  3

  4

  5 b Illustrations

  1

  2

  3

  4

  5 B) Your recommendation for publication? Recommendation

Y/N

  Does this paper seem consistent with the expectation for a published Y “Friendly City” proceeding with the theme “From Research to Implementation for Better Sustainability

  ”? No. Recommendation Tick Why?

  1 Approved without editorail changes or with only minor editorial changes

  2 Revise and resubmit Paper format is still disorganized

  √

  Improve for writing scientific paper

  3 Not suitable for Conference

D) Additional Comments? Please add additional comments if any.

  Discussion subchapter? Comments for the Author(s): Please add additional comments if any.

   pay attention for making the title of the subchapter  Too many new paragraphs and subchapters  Consider increasing the number of references for international journal  pay attention for sentence flow  Avoid numbering and bullets. The writing setting is a paragraph  pay attention for IOP Standard

  FRIENDLY CITY 4 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE

  From Research to Implementation for Better Sustainability RECEIPT

  Serial No: 2017192 Date: 29th July 2017 Receipt No: BT 026 Event: FC42017/ Medan, Indonesia

  4th Friendly City International Conference, From Research to Implementation for Better Sustainability, University of Sumatera Utara, Medan, North Sumatera, Indonesia

  Payment for: LATE FULL PAPER PAYMENT Payment received from: Arif Nuryawan, Rahmawaty Amount received: Rp.2.500.000.-

  Friendly City 4 International Conference Management & Services This receipt is computer generated, please keep it for further admission

  Rahmawaty PhD <rahmawaty1974@gmail.com> Fw: Friendly City4 2017 Medan : Final Information 1 message

  Sat, Dec 1, 2018 at 10:45 AM Arif Nuryawan <arifnury@yahoo.com> To: Rahmawaty Hamsuddin <rahmawaty1974@gmail.com> Arif Nuryawan, S.Hut., M.Si., Ph.D.

  Teaching staff at University of Sumatera Utara (USU) Department of Forestry, Faculty of Agriculture Jl.Tri Dharma Ujung No.1 Kampus USU Medan-Indonesia 20155 Phone +62-877-6918-7088 Email

• Pesan yang Diteruskan -----

   Dari: Friendly City <

  Kepada: Arif Nuryawan < Terkirim: Rabu, 21 Maret 2018 17.59.27 GMT+7 Judul: Re: Friendly City4 2017 Medan : Final Information Dear all Accepted-Full-Paper contributors,

We hereby announce that your accepted papers has published online. Click on the link below to check on your paper(s):

PS: IOP Publisher is still in process of uploading the papers. Some papers might not be uploaded yet, please wait for a couple of days.

  

List of editors and peer review statement is written and readable from computer (aren't shown from any phone devices).

Should you wish to cite or reference, guidance is written at the top of the paper (unnumbered page).

  

Last but not least, million thanks for all of your contribution and coorperation. Can't wait to see you again on Friendly City

  5 International Conference! Best wishes, Friendly City 4 International Conference Committees Pada Jumat, 27 Oktober 2017 20.57.28 WIB, Friendly City < Dear Full Paper Contributor Code BT 026,

Your paper had submitted to IOP Publisher on the 21st Ocotber 2017. Thank you for your contribution on submitting your

paper(s) to our 4th Friendly City International Conference, your acceptance paper will be informed by the IOP Publisher to

your email not later than 3 months from now. We wish all the best to you, may your paper be accepted and published to

our proceedings. See you next time and good luck!

  Rahmawaty PhD <rahmawaty1974@gmail.com> Fw: Friendly City4 2017 Medan: Full Paper Contributor - BT 026 2 messages Arif Nuryawan <arifnury@yahoo.com>

  Sat, Dec 1, 2018 at 10:46 AM To: Rahmawaty Hamsuddin <rahmawaty1974@gmail.com> Arif Nuryawan, S.Hut., M.Si., Ph.D. Teaching staff at University of Sumatera Utara (USU) Department of Forestry, Faculty of Agriculture Jl.Tri Dharma Ujung No.1 Kampus USU Medan-Indonesia 20155 Phone +62-877-6918-7088 Email

• Pesan yang Diteruskan -----

  Dari: Friendly City < > Terkirim: Senin, 14 Agustus 2017 09.34.30 GMT+7 Judul: Friendly City4 2017 Medan: Full Paper Contributor - BT 026 Dear Full Paper Contributor,

We herewith attach the Assessment Score Sheet of the Full Paper that has been reviewed by blind reviewer. You need to revise it

in accordance with the input from blind Scientific Committee. We remind you that your full paper will highly be accepted if you

follow the IOP guideline and template. Please check on your Author Name and Affiliation (full address including country) written

on your full paper carefully to ensure that your paper follows the IOP guideline and template. Please revise according to your

grammarly and plagiarism score attached at least = 90 for higher chance paper acceptance, and at least 75% of the references of

full paper should be within the last 5 years. Please amend accordingly, and resubmit by e-mail with subject 'Full Paper Revision'

latest by 21 August 2017 (strictly). We had checked your full paper, your template is not the same as IOP guideline template. Please revise it accordingly. Best wishes to you and good luck! See you in Medan! Kind regards Secretariat Friendly City 4 2017 Medan, 11 October 2017

  3 attachments ASSESSMENT BT 026.pdf 733K Grammar_BT 026.pdf 119K RECEIPT BT 026.pdf 321K Sent from my Samsung Galaxy smartphone.

  [Quoted text hidden]