THEME AND RHEME IN “PEPONGOTEN” IN GAYO WEDDING CEREMONY.
THEME AND RHEME IN “PEPONGOTEN” IN GAYO
WEDDING CEREMONY
A THESIS
Submitted to Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of
Sarjana Sastra
By:
KHAIRIAH ARIADY
Registration Number 072222810009
ENGLISH AND LITERATURE DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2014
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Alhamdulillah, the writer express her best gratitude to Allah SWT, for
giving the writer blessing, endless love and mercy, especially in the process of
accomplishing this thesis. This thesis is aimed to fulfill one of the requirements
for the degree of Sarjana Sastra (S-1) at the English Department, Faculty of
Languages and Arts, State University of Medan.
In accomplishing this thesis, the writer was helped by so many beloved
people and the writer would like to express her gratitude to:
Prof. Dr. Ibnu Hajar Damanik, M. Si. as the Rector of State University of
Medan.
Dr. Isda Pramuniati, M. Hum. as the Dean of Faculty of Languages and
Arts.
Prof. Dr. Hj. Sumarsih, M. Pd. as the Head of English Department and as
her thesis advisor, for the advice, guidance, comment, and precious time in
supervising the draft of writing during the completion of this thesis. And
Dra. Meisuri, M. A. as the Head of Applied Linguistics Program.
Drs. Bachtiar, M. Pd as her academic adviser.
Drs. Johan Sinulingga, M. Pd and Drs. Lidiman, S. M. Sinaga, M. Hum
as the reviewer of Thesis.
Her beloved family, her father, Alm. Eddy Azwardy; her mother, Salmiah;
her Uncle’s family, Fawzan Banta Daud; and Hamdan, SH, thank you for
the understanding and the big support in prayer, love, motivation and
financial while accomplished this thesis.
The writer would like to express her gratitude to the one who makes her life
more colorful, star in her heart, Afrizal Agata, for his love, supports, pray,
and faithful.
Special thanks also expressed to her best friends, Cha Cha, Lya, Umami,
Debo and Dinda, for their embraces and truly love that always brighten up
her days. Novy, Sarah, Dwi, Ina, Ida, Poee, Kidu, Nissa, Tika, Indah,
ii
Dewie, Kak Fitry Ab, and all of the Applied Linguistics students ‘A and ‘B
2007. Finally, she also addressed her appreciation to those who cannot be
mentioned one by one. May Allah SWT bless us. Amin.
Finally, the writer admits that this thesis still far from being perfect.
Therefore, the writer would like to invite the readers to give suggestion for the
improvement of this thesis later on.
Medan, April 2014
The writer,
Khairiah Ariady
iii
ABSTRACT
Ariady, Khairiah. 072222810009. Theme and Rheme in “pepongoten” at
Gayo Wedding Ceremony. A Thesis. English And Literature Departement
Faculty of Language and Arts State University of Medan. 2014.
This study deals with theme in “pepongoten” at Gayo wedding ceremony.
The data was taken from informants and tape recorded of the Gayo wedding
ceremony which was taken directly from Sebuku Inen Mayak and Sebuku ine in
Pepongoten. Besides, some books of Gayo wedding ceremony were used to
complete the data. The method of the research is qualitative descriptive. It gives
description about the theme used in Pepongoten at Gayo wedding ceremony. The
analysis of this research was data collection, data reduction, data display and at
last data verification. The findings show that there were three types of theme used
in Pepongoten, they are Textual, Topical, and Interpersonal. Those types of
Theme and functions of theme reflected Gayonese cultural values namely
politeness, respect to the elder, friendly and resoluteness value. These findings
imply the importance of honoring parents in every aspect of life.
i
LIST OF TABLE
Table 2.1 Conjunctive Adjuncts.......................................................................
14
Table 2.2 Modal Adjuncts ................................................................................
15
Table 4.1 Dominant Themes ............................................................................
38
vi
APPENDICES
Appendix 1 In Sebuku Ipak (Daugther) ...........................................................
Appendix 2 In Sebuku Ine (Mother) ................................................................
vi
44
46
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. The Background of The Study
1. The Definition of Theme and Rheme
Theme is a part of thematic structure. Halliday (1994: 37) defines that
thematic structure is one of the various structures, which when it is mapped on to
each other make up a clause and will be considered first the one which gives the
clause its character as a message.
Theme is the element which serves at the point of departure of the
message. It is that with which the clause is concerned. Theme can be identified as
an element which comes in first position in the clause. It is the starting point for
the message. It is the ground from which the clause is taking off.
Rheme is the rest of the clause. It comes after the point of departure. In rhyme,
new information is typically contained.
a. The example of theme and rheme structure
1) The duke
Theme
2) My aunt
Theme
has given my aunt that teapot.
Rheme
has been given that teapot by the duke.
Rheme
3) That teapot the duke has given to my aunt.
Theme
Rheme
Theme can also consist of more that one structural element. Theme of a
clause may be represented by a complex of two or more groups or phrases.
1
2
For example:
1) On the ground or in the air
Theme
2) Billy and Jane
Theme
3) Tom and Martin
Theme
small creature live and breathe
Rheme
were walking to my house
Rheme
made a car from wood.
Rheme
Gayo defines the life-cycle in terms of four debts that parents owe their
children. The four debts begin, not with birth (which goes without public
recognition), but on the seventh day after birth, when the baby is brought down to
riverside to be introduced into the natural and cultural words and is named. The
second debt is education, which once meant instruction in Qur’anic recitation but
has come to be interpreted more broadly to include schooling in the Indonesian
system. The third debt is circumcision of a boy at about age five or subincious of
a girl at one or two. These rituals mark te child’s entry into the status of being a
full Muslim and are often reffered to locally as Islamization. The fourth and final
Gayonese life-cycle is to prepare their son or daughter to get married.
In this life-cycle, particularly at wedding ceremony, the Gayonese using
ritual speaking as they called basa edet. The ritual speaking at Gayonese wedding
ceremony classified into three kinds; Pepongoten (ritual wailing), Melengkan
(ritual speaking), and didong pengerjen (sung poetry).
3
In wedding ceremony, Gayonese speaks of the norm that governing social
life as their culture “edet”, “Gayo edet” or Adat in Malay, a word that means
variously apropriate, norms, or traditions. Theme is functionally occupied by the
first element of the transitivity system of clause.
In the unfolding of the text o the Theme, in its turn becomes, the local
context or background o the clause.
Pepongoten (ritual wailing) is a Gayonese edet in wedding ceremony.
Pepongoten is the name of the way how to express this utterance but Sebuku is the
name for contain of utterance. Pepongoten means meratap in Malay. In
Pepongoten all of utterances are used in poetic words and has deep meaning.
Mother and her daughter speak while they crying.
In real communication, there are levels of Theme that is usually done by
people. The levels of Theme used depends on how and in what situation where the
interaction happen. Indeed, level of Theme used by Gayonese at wedding
ceremony as formal situation will be different from the level of Theme used by
Gayonese in informal situation.
Theme is realized (expressed, signaled) by position that is the initial
element of clause is called Theme whereas the Rheme is element(s) that follow(s).
In the unfolding of the text the Theme, in its turn becomes, the local context or
background of the clause. Thus, Theme is the starting point of the message, point
of departure or local context of the clause as a piece of text. The Theme is
functionally occupied by the first element of the transitivity system of clause.
4
Rheme is the rest of the message of the clause after the Theme. Thus, the Rheme
is where the clause moves after the point of departure.
B. The Problem Of The Study
How the utterance of Theme and Rheme used by Gayonese in Pepongoten
at wedding ceremony.
In this case, will be shown how the Theme and Rheme performed by
Gayonese in pepongoten at wedding ceremony.
1. What type of Theme and Rheme social function are used in Pepongoten by
Gayonese at wedding ceremony?
2. What type of Theme and Rheme social function are dominantly used in
Pepongoten by Gayonese at wedding Ceremony?
3. How do the Gayonese used Theme and Rheme in Pepongoten at wedding
ceremony?
4. Why is this type of Theme and Rheme dominantly used at wedding
ceremony?
C. The Objective of the Study
In relation to the problems, the objectives of the study are to discover:
1. To describe the Gayonese use Theme and Rheme in Pepongoten at
wedding ceremony.
2. To determine type of Theme and Rheme social function are used in
Pepongoten at wedding ceremony.
5
3. To determine type of Theme and Rheme social function are dominantly
used in Pepongoten at wedding ceremony.
D. The scope Of the study
The study focus on Theme and Rheme that is uttered in Pepongoten by
Gayonese at wedding ceremony.
To avoid the broad discussion and to make this research manageable, this
research concerneson Theme and rheme used by Gayonese at wedding ceremony
in Takengon Gayohomeland.
E. The significance of the study
Findings of the study are expected to be significantly relevant theoritically
and practically. Theoretically, the researcher assumes that the research finding
will be useful for:
1. Lectures in teaching sociolinguistics, they can use this research to enlarge
their knowledge about the kinds of Theme anf rheme that is used in
Gayonese wedding ceremony especially in Pepongoten.
2. Better understand deeply the use of Theme and rheme in Pepongoten at
Gayonese wedding ceremony in related to Gayo as a minority ethnic in
Aceh.
6
Practically, this research will be useful for:
1. Other researchers who will conduct the relevance study, this will be very
useful aid.
2. Those who are interested in using Gayonese wedding ceremony to be
applied to their own marriage.
3. Gayonese to maintain Gayo’s culture from the extinction by practicing the
Pepongoten in their own life.
REFERENCES
A.R. Hakim Aman Pinan. 1988. Daur Hidup Gayo. ICMI Orsat Aceh Tengah.
Brown, P. and S. Levinson. 1999. Politeness: Universal in Language Usage.
Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.
Buniyamin. S. 1994. Budaya dan Adat istiadat Gayo Lues. Gayo lues
blangkejeren.
Coulthard. Michael (1989) An Introduction to Discourse Analysis. Longman
Group UK Limited.
David. J. Townsend and Thomas. G. Bever. 2001. Sentence comprehension.
Downing, Angela, and Locke, Philip. 1992. English Grammar. London and New
York: Routledge.
Halliday, M.A.K, 1994. An Introduction to Functional Grammar. Second Edition.
London: Edward Arnold.
Halliday, M.A.K, 1978. Language as a social semiotics. London: Edward Arnold.
Hasan. 1980. Kesenian Gayo dan perkembangannya. Jakarta; Balai pustaka.
Jeffries, Lesley. 2006. Discovering language the structure of modern English.
Martin, J.R, Matthiessen, Christian and Painter Clare. 1994. Working with
functional Grammar. London: Arnold.
Punch, Keith. 1998. Introduction to Social Research. London.
Renkema, Jan. 1993. Discourse Study; An Introductionary Textbook.
Saragih, Amrin. 2002. Introducing Systemic Functional Grammar of English.
State University of Medan.
Siahaan, Sanggam. 2007. Issues in linguistics.
Strauss, A, and Corbin, J. 2008. Basic of qualitative research. Grounded theory
procedures and techniques.
Hickerson, Nancy Parrot. 1980. Linguistic anthropology. New York: Holt,
Rinehart, and Winston
Jendra, Made Iwan Indrawan. 2010. Sociolinguistics The Study of Societies
Language.
WEDDING CEREMONY
A THESIS
Submitted to Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of
Sarjana Sastra
By:
KHAIRIAH ARIADY
Registration Number 072222810009
ENGLISH AND LITERATURE DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2014
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Alhamdulillah, the writer express her best gratitude to Allah SWT, for
giving the writer blessing, endless love and mercy, especially in the process of
accomplishing this thesis. This thesis is aimed to fulfill one of the requirements
for the degree of Sarjana Sastra (S-1) at the English Department, Faculty of
Languages and Arts, State University of Medan.
In accomplishing this thesis, the writer was helped by so many beloved
people and the writer would like to express her gratitude to:
Prof. Dr. Ibnu Hajar Damanik, M. Si. as the Rector of State University of
Medan.
Dr. Isda Pramuniati, M. Hum. as the Dean of Faculty of Languages and
Arts.
Prof. Dr. Hj. Sumarsih, M. Pd. as the Head of English Department and as
her thesis advisor, for the advice, guidance, comment, and precious time in
supervising the draft of writing during the completion of this thesis. And
Dra. Meisuri, M. A. as the Head of Applied Linguistics Program.
Drs. Bachtiar, M. Pd as her academic adviser.
Drs. Johan Sinulingga, M. Pd and Drs. Lidiman, S. M. Sinaga, M. Hum
as the reviewer of Thesis.
Her beloved family, her father, Alm. Eddy Azwardy; her mother, Salmiah;
her Uncle’s family, Fawzan Banta Daud; and Hamdan, SH, thank you for
the understanding and the big support in prayer, love, motivation and
financial while accomplished this thesis.
The writer would like to express her gratitude to the one who makes her life
more colorful, star in her heart, Afrizal Agata, for his love, supports, pray,
and faithful.
Special thanks also expressed to her best friends, Cha Cha, Lya, Umami,
Debo and Dinda, for their embraces and truly love that always brighten up
her days. Novy, Sarah, Dwi, Ina, Ida, Poee, Kidu, Nissa, Tika, Indah,
ii
Dewie, Kak Fitry Ab, and all of the Applied Linguistics students ‘A and ‘B
2007. Finally, she also addressed her appreciation to those who cannot be
mentioned one by one. May Allah SWT bless us. Amin.
Finally, the writer admits that this thesis still far from being perfect.
Therefore, the writer would like to invite the readers to give suggestion for the
improvement of this thesis later on.
Medan, April 2014
The writer,
Khairiah Ariady
iii
ABSTRACT
Ariady, Khairiah. 072222810009. Theme and Rheme in “pepongoten” at
Gayo Wedding Ceremony. A Thesis. English And Literature Departement
Faculty of Language and Arts State University of Medan. 2014.
This study deals with theme in “pepongoten” at Gayo wedding ceremony.
The data was taken from informants and tape recorded of the Gayo wedding
ceremony which was taken directly from Sebuku Inen Mayak and Sebuku ine in
Pepongoten. Besides, some books of Gayo wedding ceremony were used to
complete the data. The method of the research is qualitative descriptive. It gives
description about the theme used in Pepongoten at Gayo wedding ceremony. The
analysis of this research was data collection, data reduction, data display and at
last data verification. The findings show that there were three types of theme used
in Pepongoten, they are Textual, Topical, and Interpersonal. Those types of
Theme and functions of theme reflected Gayonese cultural values namely
politeness, respect to the elder, friendly and resoluteness value. These findings
imply the importance of honoring parents in every aspect of life.
i
LIST OF TABLE
Table 2.1 Conjunctive Adjuncts.......................................................................
14
Table 2.2 Modal Adjuncts ................................................................................
15
Table 4.1 Dominant Themes ............................................................................
38
vi
APPENDICES
Appendix 1 In Sebuku Ipak (Daugther) ...........................................................
Appendix 2 In Sebuku Ine (Mother) ................................................................
vi
44
46
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. The Background of The Study
1. The Definition of Theme and Rheme
Theme is a part of thematic structure. Halliday (1994: 37) defines that
thematic structure is one of the various structures, which when it is mapped on to
each other make up a clause and will be considered first the one which gives the
clause its character as a message.
Theme is the element which serves at the point of departure of the
message. It is that with which the clause is concerned. Theme can be identified as
an element which comes in first position in the clause. It is the starting point for
the message. It is the ground from which the clause is taking off.
Rheme is the rest of the clause. It comes after the point of departure. In rhyme,
new information is typically contained.
a. The example of theme and rheme structure
1) The duke
Theme
2) My aunt
Theme
has given my aunt that teapot.
Rheme
has been given that teapot by the duke.
Rheme
3) That teapot the duke has given to my aunt.
Theme
Rheme
Theme can also consist of more that one structural element. Theme of a
clause may be represented by a complex of two or more groups or phrases.
1
2
For example:
1) On the ground or in the air
Theme
2) Billy and Jane
Theme
3) Tom and Martin
Theme
small creature live and breathe
Rheme
were walking to my house
Rheme
made a car from wood.
Rheme
Gayo defines the life-cycle in terms of four debts that parents owe their
children. The four debts begin, not with birth (which goes without public
recognition), but on the seventh day after birth, when the baby is brought down to
riverside to be introduced into the natural and cultural words and is named. The
second debt is education, which once meant instruction in Qur’anic recitation but
has come to be interpreted more broadly to include schooling in the Indonesian
system. The third debt is circumcision of a boy at about age five or subincious of
a girl at one or two. These rituals mark te child’s entry into the status of being a
full Muslim and are often reffered to locally as Islamization. The fourth and final
Gayonese life-cycle is to prepare their son or daughter to get married.
In this life-cycle, particularly at wedding ceremony, the Gayonese using
ritual speaking as they called basa edet. The ritual speaking at Gayonese wedding
ceremony classified into three kinds; Pepongoten (ritual wailing), Melengkan
(ritual speaking), and didong pengerjen (sung poetry).
3
In wedding ceremony, Gayonese speaks of the norm that governing social
life as their culture “edet”, “Gayo edet” or Adat in Malay, a word that means
variously apropriate, norms, or traditions. Theme is functionally occupied by the
first element of the transitivity system of clause.
In the unfolding of the text o the Theme, in its turn becomes, the local
context or background o the clause.
Pepongoten (ritual wailing) is a Gayonese edet in wedding ceremony.
Pepongoten is the name of the way how to express this utterance but Sebuku is the
name for contain of utterance. Pepongoten means meratap in Malay. In
Pepongoten all of utterances are used in poetic words and has deep meaning.
Mother and her daughter speak while they crying.
In real communication, there are levels of Theme that is usually done by
people. The levels of Theme used depends on how and in what situation where the
interaction happen. Indeed, level of Theme used by Gayonese at wedding
ceremony as formal situation will be different from the level of Theme used by
Gayonese in informal situation.
Theme is realized (expressed, signaled) by position that is the initial
element of clause is called Theme whereas the Rheme is element(s) that follow(s).
In the unfolding of the text the Theme, in its turn becomes, the local context or
background of the clause. Thus, Theme is the starting point of the message, point
of departure or local context of the clause as a piece of text. The Theme is
functionally occupied by the first element of the transitivity system of clause.
4
Rheme is the rest of the message of the clause after the Theme. Thus, the Rheme
is where the clause moves after the point of departure.
B. The Problem Of The Study
How the utterance of Theme and Rheme used by Gayonese in Pepongoten
at wedding ceremony.
In this case, will be shown how the Theme and Rheme performed by
Gayonese in pepongoten at wedding ceremony.
1. What type of Theme and Rheme social function are used in Pepongoten by
Gayonese at wedding ceremony?
2. What type of Theme and Rheme social function are dominantly used in
Pepongoten by Gayonese at wedding Ceremony?
3. How do the Gayonese used Theme and Rheme in Pepongoten at wedding
ceremony?
4. Why is this type of Theme and Rheme dominantly used at wedding
ceremony?
C. The Objective of the Study
In relation to the problems, the objectives of the study are to discover:
1. To describe the Gayonese use Theme and Rheme in Pepongoten at
wedding ceremony.
2. To determine type of Theme and Rheme social function are used in
Pepongoten at wedding ceremony.
5
3. To determine type of Theme and Rheme social function are dominantly
used in Pepongoten at wedding ceremony.
D. The scope Of the study
The study focus on Theme and Rheme that is uttered in Pepongoten by
Gayonese at wedding ceremony.
To avoid the broad discussion and to make this research manageable, this
research concerneson Theme and rheme used by Gayonese at wedding ceremony
in Takengon Gayohomeland.
E. The significance of the study
Findings of the study are expected to be significantly relevant theoritically
and practically. Theoretically, the researcher assumes that the research finding
will be useful for:
1. Lectures in teaching sociolinguistics, they can use this research to enlarge
their knowledge about the kinds of Theme anf rheme that is used in
Gayonese wedding ceremony especially in Pepongoten.
2. Better understand deeply the use of Theme and rheme in Pepongoten at
Gayonese wedding ceremony in related to Gayo as a minority ethnic in
Aceh.
6
Practically, this research will be useful for:
1. Other researchers who will conduct the relevance study, this will be very
useful aid.
2. Those who are interested in using Gayonese wedding ceremony to be
applied to their own marriage.
3. Gayonese to maintain Gayo’s culture from the extinction by practicing the
Pepongoten in their own life.
REFERENCES
A.R. Hakim Aman Pinan. 1988. Daur Hidup Gayo. ICMI Orsat Aceh Tengah.
Brown, P. and S. Levinson. 1999. Politeness: Universal in Language Usage.
Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.
Buniyamin. S. 1994. Budaya dan Adat istiadat Gayo Lues. Gayo lues
blangkejeren.
Coulthard. Michael (1989) An Introduction to Discourse Analysis. Longman
Group UK Limited.
David. J. Townsend and Thomas. G. Bever. 2001. Sentence comprehension.
Downing, Angela, and Locke, Philip. 1992. English Grammar. London and New
York: Routledge.
Halliday, M.A.K, 1994. An Introduction to Functional Grammar. Second Edition.
London: Edward Arnold.
Halliday, M.A.K, 1978. Language as a social semiotics. London: Edward Arnold.
Hasan. 1980. Kesenian Gayo dan perkembangannya. Jakarta; Balai pustaka.
Jeffries, Lesley. 2006. Discovering language the structure of modern English.
Martin, J.R, Matthiessen, Christian and Painter Clare. 1994. Working with
functional Grammar. London: Arnold.
Punch, Keith. 1998. Introduction to Social Research. London.
Renkema, Jan. 1993. Discourse Study; An Introductionary Textbook.
Saragih, Amrin. 2002. Introducing Systemic Functional Grammar of English.
State University of Medan.
Siahaan, Sanggam. 2007. Issues in linguistics.
Strauss, A, and Corbin, J. 2008. Basic of qualitative research. Grounded theory
procedures and techniques.
Hickerson, Nancy Parrot. 1980. Linguistic anthropology. New York: Holt,
Rinehart, and Winston
Jendra, Made Iwan Indrawan. 2010. Sociolinguistics The Study of Societies
Language.