THEME AND RHEME OF THE MALAY PANTUN USED IN WEDDING CEREMONY IN LANGKAT.

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THEME AND RHEME OF THE MALAY PANTUN USED IN

THE WEDDING CEREMONY IN LANGKAT

A THESIS

Submitted to the English Applied Linguistics Study Program in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Magister

Humaniora

By:

NAZLI FAHADA

Registration Number: 8146111042

ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTIC STUDY PROGRAM

POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL

STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN

MEDAN

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ABSTRACT

Fahada, Nazli. Registration Number: 8146111042, Theme and Rheme of The Malay Pantun used in wedding ceremony in Langkat. A thesis. EnglishApplied Linguistics Study Program, Post Graduate School, State University of Medan, 2016.

This research deals with theme and rheme of the Malay pantun used in wedding ceremony in Langkat. The objectives of this study are (1) to investigate the kinds of textual developments are used in the Malay pantun in the wedding ceremony in Langkat, (2) tothe process oftextual developments used in the Malay pantun in the wedding ceremony in Langkat, (3) to explain for the use of textual developments of the Malay pantun in the wedding ceremony in Langkat,. This study is qualitative research, the data areutterances that consist of theme and rheme in the event of hailing the groom which is uttered by the mediators and the source of data are pantun in wedding ceremony in langkat especially in the event ofhailing the groom, mobile phone is used for recording and visualizing in the wedding ceremony as the instrument to collect the data needed. Some findings are drawn, firstly there are seven kinds of textual development used in Malay pantun of wedding ceremony namely: constant theme, constant rheme, linear theme, linear rheme,split theme, split rheme, and zig-zag secondly there are four elements of textual development, namely marked simple theme and unmarked simple theme, marked multiple themes and unmarked multiple themes. The lastpantun commonly has relation from the first stanza until the last stanza,pantun need to be expressed in good grammar and structure but it is often in ungrammatical or incorrect structure form.

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ABSTRAK

Fahada, Nazli. Theme dan rheme dari pantun melayu yang digunakan dalam upacara pernikahan di Langkat. Thesis. Linguistik Terapan Bahasa Inggris, Sekolah Pascasarjana, Universitas Negeri Medan Postgraduate School. State University of Medan . 2016

Penelitian ini berkaitan dengan Theme dan rheme pada pantun melayu yang digunakan dalam upacara pernikahan di Langkat. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah: (1) untuk menyelidiki jenis-jenis textual development yang digunakan dalam pantun Melayu di upacara pernikahan di Langkat, (2) untuk proses dari textual development yang digunakan dalam pantun Melayu di upacara pernikahan di Langkat, (3) untuk menjelaskan penggunaan textual development dari pantun Melayu dalam upacara pernikahan di Langkat, penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif, data adalah ucapan-ucapan terdiri dari theme dan rheme dalam acara memanggil pengantin pria yang diucapkan oleh mediator dan sumber data adalah pantun dalam upacara pernikahan di Langkat terutama dalam acara memanggil pengantin pria, ponsel digunakan untuk merekam dan memvisualisasikan dalam upacara pernikahan sebagai instrumen untuk mengumpulkan data yang diperlukan. Beberapa temuan yang diambil, pertama ada tujuh jenis textual development yang digunakan dalam pantun Melayu dari upacara pernikahan yaitu: constant theme, constant rheme, linear theme, linear rheme,split theme, split rheme, and zig-zag kedua ada empat unsur dari textual development yaitu marked simple theme dan unmarked simple theme, marked multiple themes dan unmarked multiple themes. Yang terakhir adalah pantun pada umumnya memiliki hubungan dari bait pertama sampai bait terakhir, pantun perlu diungkapkan dalam tatabahasa yang baik dan struktur tetapi pantun sering diungkapkan dalam bentuk bahasa yang tidak tertata atau tidak benar.

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ACKNOWLEDGMENT

First of all, the writer would like to thank to God Allah SWT, Allah the Almighty who has given him the blessing health, strength and patience in the process of completing this thesis which entitle “Theme and rheme of the malay pantun used in wedding ceremony in langkat ” as a partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Degree of Magister Humaniora at the Postgraduate of English Applied Linguistics Study Program, State University of Medan. Then, praises are also addressed to our prophet Muhammad SAW who guided us to the best life.

In the completion of this thesis, the writer wishes to acknowledge her deepest gratitude for all generous guidance and assistance which has been given to him by a lot of people. The writer would like to express his highest appreciation to Prof. Amrin Saragih, M.A.Ph.D. as first advisor and Dr. Zainuddin, M.Hum as second advisor, for their generous assistance, guidance, advice, and precious time they spent on supervising and guiding this thesis.

The writer would also like to express her gratitude to Dr. Rahmad Husein, M.Ed as the Head of English Applied Linguistics Study Program and Dr. Anni Holila Pulungan, M.Hum as the Secretary of English Applied Linguistics Study Program who have assisted him in processing the administration requirements during the process of his studies in the Postgraduate School of the State University of Medan, and not forget special thanks to the all lecturers of the English Applied Linguistics Study Program who have given their valuable knowledge to him in their lectures.

Thanks are due to his proposal reviewers and thesis examiners, Prof. Dr. Busmin Gurning. M.Pd, Dr. Rahmad Husein, M.Ed, and Dr. Siti Aisyah Ginting, M.Pd, for their valuable inputs, suggestions, criticism, and improvements of this thesis.

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An un-expressible gratitude to his beloved parents, Khaidir, S.Pd and Latifah, S.Pd, who has given their love, prays, patience, motivations and supports in keeping encouraging the writer to finish his study. And also special thanks for his brothers, Aldi Al Hafiz, S.kom for the sincere and support, there is no suitable words that can fully describe their everlasting love and express how much he loves them.

At last, it is honor for her to convey thanks to Surya Kelana Putra, M.Hum, Ahmad Fadli, M.Hum and Ahmad Fuadi, M.Hum who have motivated and supported him. Then, last but not least thanks to her beloved classmates of LTBI A1 XXIV for sharing the joy and pain together, beautiful moments, sweet memory and keep our friendship going, and all of those who supported him in any respect during the completion of this thesis.

Medan, 24 August 2016 The Writer,

Nazli Fahada

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT ... i

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... iii

LIST OF APPENDICES ... vi

LIST OF FIGURE ... vii

LIST OF TABLE ... viii

CHAPTER IINTRDUCTION ... 1

1.1The Background of study ... 1

1.2The Problem of Study... 8

1.3The Object of Study ... 8

1.4The Scope of Study ... 9

1.5The Significances of the Study ... 9

CHAPTER IIREVIEW OF LITERATURE ... 10

2.1 Metafunction ... 10

2.2 Textual Function ... 13

2.2.1 Theme and Rheme... 14

2.2.2 Characterization of Theme ... 15

2.2.3 Unmarked and Marked Theme... 16

2.2.4 Simple and Multiple Theme ... 18

2.3 Textual Development ... 23

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2.5 Malay Language ... 28

2.6 Pantun ... 29

2.7 The Structure of Theme ... 31

2.8 Wedding ceremony of Malay ... 35

2.9 The Use of Pantun in Malay Wedding Ceremony ... 38

2.10 Previous Relevant Studies ... 39

2.11 Conceptual Framework ... 40

CHAPTER IIIREASEARCH METHOD ... 44

3.1 Research Design ... 44

3.2 The Data and Source of Data ... 44

3.3 Instrument of Data Collection ... 45

3.4 Technique of Data Collection ... 45

3.5 Technique of Data Analysis ... 46

3.6 Trustworthness ... 47

CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS, FINDING AND DISCUSSION ... 50

4.1 The Data Description ... 50

4.2 Data Analysis ... 50

4.2.1 Textual Development Realization ... 51

4.2.2 The Markedness and Simplicity ... 52

4.3 Findings ... 54

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CHAPTER V ... 50

5.1 Conclusion ... 57

5.2 Suggestion ... 58

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LIST OF TABLE

Table 2.1 The context-meaning-wording relationship ... 12

Table 2.2 Characterization of theme and rheme ... 16

Table 2.3 The Example of Unmarked Theme Marked theme ... 17

Table 2.4 Marked and Unmarked theme in Pantun ... 17

Table 2.5 The Example of Multiple Themes ... 21

Table 2.6 Components of Multiple Themes ... 22

Table 4.1 The Textual Development Types ... 50

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vii

LIST OF FIGURE

Page Figure 2.1 Markedness and Simplicity in Pantun ... 42 Figure 2.2 Concept of Textual Development Data Analysis ... 43

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viii

LIST OF APPENDICES

Page

APPENDIX A ... 61

APPENDIX B ... 66

APPENDIX C ... 73

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1 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 The Background of study

Malay as one of the local languages is often used in daily life. Usually in conveying message, the Malay people do not directly say, but they will use pantun as a medium to express their feelings. At present it is difficult to find someone who uses pantun as a medium to communicate but this tradition is still used in the cultural event such as Malay wedding ceremony. Every stage in this

event uses pantun as a means of communication. The traditional ceremony

constitutes in stages of (1) pre-wedding, which consists ofmerisik(to spy),jamu

sukut (announcement for bride's family),meminang(to ask for marriage), (2)

wedding which is divided into khatan qur’an (completion of Qur'an reciting),

berinai (body painting),akad nikah(marriage contract),tepung tawar (a ritual where someone strew flower to the bridegroom),mengarak Pengantin(bringing the

groom to the bride's house by a group of the groom's family), menyambut

pengantin (hailing the groom), bersanding (to sit side by side).

For Malay people communicating and sharing ideas can be expressed in

many ways. One of them is pantun. The pantun of the Malay, in its names and

forms, has captured the imagination and scholarship of many people from in and out of the area. It’s found to be indigenous and unique and is often considered as a kind of capsule of Malay life, thought and aesthetic. The use of pantun in Malay

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people is identical as their tradition. It is used in daily to the specific moment of Malay ceremony.

In Malay wedding ceremony, the use of pantun is characteristic of such as ceremony. Almost every single phase of malay wedding ceremony, the pantun will be used. Malay wedding ceremony is closely related to religious, moral social and cultural value. According to advice in Malay wedding ceremony is expressed in form of pantun loaded rich resources of advice, “many meaning save in pantun,

many meaning collected in pantun“.Here are the examples of some pantun in

wedding ceremony as the following. Buah dundung bila dimakan

Dondong if being eaten Rasanya asam sudahlah tentu It’s sour of course

Assalamu’alaukum kami ucapkan Assalamu’alaikum we say

Mengape puan menutup pintu? Why do you shut the door ? Wa’alaikum salam kami nantikan Wa’alaikum salam we wait for Selamat sejahtera pada rombongan Prosperous for the guest

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The key condition please prepare Baru hempang batang kami singkirkan Then hempang batang can be taken out

Most experts state that the pantun is the traditional of the malay language.

Therefore, the development of the pantun is relatively more advanced in areas

with Malay majority language speakers. Based on the categorization of literature types, it includes the type of long poem. Pantun is bound by some rules that must be met. Formulation rules of pantun, its consist of four lines in each stanza, lines 1 and 2 are quatrain and lines 3 and 4 are the content. In addition,the prosody of the

poem must have a catchy sound and orderly. Prosody in pantun that deal with

rhyme, rhythm, and verse in the poem. In a further development, the pantun has

penetrated into every aspect of human life if judging by the contents or cargo.

From the aspect of words choice or diction, pantun today has grown by using

words familiar to the public.

The pantun is an oral literary form of expression traditionally used among the Malays.Pantun is well known in Indonesia as a literature and culture of Malay, moreover Indonesia language is the official language of Indonesia. It is a standardized register of Malay, an Austronesia language which has been used as a lingua franca in the Indonesia language archipelago for centuries. Indonesia language is a standardized register of "Riau Malay", which despite its common name is not the Malay dialect native to Riau, but rather the Classical Malay of the

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Malaccan royal 1 courts. Originally spoken in Northeast Sumatra, Malay has been used as a lingua franca in Indonesian archipelago for half a millennium.

The birth of the pantun is closely connected with the habits of the old

society, which is not expressed forthright intentions, but by thinking or puzzles. Even in those days a lot of people who know and understand the metaphor language clever regarded as knowledgeable or clever person (Hendy, 1990: 48). Relatively long pantun rhyme, some special rhyme compared to other forms of poetry that rhymes meaning relatively more easily captured. Thus the poem is one of the most effective tools for expressing feelings.

Relation with the language of identity and character of a nation is a realization relationship. Language of a community or a nation that has been charged ideological, cultural, and social circumstances establish the identity of a nation. When face with actual problems, identity utilized in the form of characters. Indonesian national character can be built or known by the very nature of language or the use of language. One hand the use of Indonesian in the literature that suggests the existence of national character is rhyme. Apart from the issue of the development of the poem which continued until this day, there are some interesting things from an existing poem. It may be said that the old rhyme has said that power can be attributed to the character of the nation.

It is seen today that the pantun practice has been disappearing from most of the Indonesian textbook content. And pantun is begin to forget by the teenager in langkat that are malay’s people itself. " Though the pantun has great potential

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to promote linguistic politeness as well Indonesian users, Pantun is one ways to convey the intent or content of the liver to others courteously, politely and not

with harsh words. The pantun is considered polite because intentions are not

addressed directly, but routed through the inclusion quatrain often unrelated to the content of the pantun contained in subsequent rows. "That is the pantun, people are taught to point across in a polite way, smooth and polite despite what would it actually convey a form of protest or criticism, when a rhyme creator sat brooding or figures out how to link the words contained in these lines sampiran

with words that are in the next lines.

Then it implies that the maker of the rhymes has selected or chosen words that are used where appropriate, which is not feasible. Moreover makers also have to think rhyme or sound harmonization of the last words of two rows and two rows sampiran letters that make up rhymes. Often the rhymes maker were forced to change one of the words found in the rows and rows sampiran content so that when pronounced sounds and harmony is achieved when assessed indirectly train maker will be polite rhymes using words. "If someone just as lovers of pantun recorded in his mind for not carelessly use words to convey meaning. If the pantun is taught in schools, it will make students be courteous in language.

The researcher is interested instudying about pantun in the wedding

ceremony because pantun is not only known as the literature and culture of Malay but it is also as a great potential to build politeness among people in Indonesia. On the other hand the pantunis begin to forget by the teenager in langkat that are

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malay’s people itself. And the government is not involve pantun in the textbook to use in the school especially in bahasa Indonesia subject. Pantun does not work just on one in system of norms, but is composed of several strata (layers) norm. Each norm is composed of several layers underneath norm (Wellek. 1968: 151) Das Literarische Kunstwerk (1931) analysis of these norms are divided as follows; (1) norm layered sound, (2) the meaning of the norm layers (units of meaning) and the layers are divided as follows: (a) layers of the world, which is considered part of a particular point that needs to be stated but contained inside or implied. (b) that is sublime metaphysical layer (tragic, horrible, scary or even sacred).

The analysis of theme and rheme which involve the textual development

in Malay pantun is rare because the other researcher focus on the printed media

or textbook student however the use pantun in wedding ceremony society

actually can create the harmonious and togetherness, the point of making pantun

is not the grammatical forms of the clause but the main word in the clause should be replaced at the beginning of the clause. The types of Textual development are

discussed to see the pattern of making pantun, the analysis of this is rarely

happen because some other researchers may focus on the novel, newspaper, articles which easy to be found in everywhere, but the arguing of pantun is only take place in Malay tradition means this is very limited action be happened therefore the findings could be very different, these are the other reasons why researcher study about this topic. Here are one of the textual development of split rheme can be seen below.

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Theme 1 Rheme 1

Theme 2 Rheme 2

Theme 3 Rheme 3

Theme 4 Rheme 4

Pantun that employs this type

Wa’alaikumsalam kami nantikan

Selamat sejahtera pada rombongan

Syarat kuncinya tolong sediakan

Baru hempang batang kami singkirkan

Thus, the present study focuses on the analysis of theme and rhemewhich

involve textual development and markedness and simplicity in Malay pantun

especially in hailing the groom to be further analysis. Relating to the event above namely: hailing the groom, this event is chosen to be analyzed in this research since it is the most unique and interesting event within the wedding ceremony in Melayu culture. Moreover, this event is usually crowded by many people who are invited to the ceremony and only this moment (mediator) from the groom and bride are arguing with pantun. In hailing the groom there are three steps that must

be throughout, namely: hempang batang (the situation where two of society

holding a trunk as obstructer to obstruct the grooms' group goes to the door), hempang pintu (the situation where two of brides' family holding a scarf as

obstructer to obstruct the grooms' group goes to the doorand hempang kipas (a

situation where two of brides' family holding a scarf as obstructer to obstruct the grooms' group goes to bridal dais). The writer assumes that during the event of

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menyambut pengantin (hailing the groom), there are many quatrain existences to be observed.

In line with the description above this study will deal with theme and

rheme of Malay Pantun used in wedding ceremony in Langkat, particularly

focused on pantun in Melayu wedding ceremony especially in hailing the groom. 1.2 The Problems of Study

The problem of study deal with textual development as realized in Malay pantun in Langkat wedding ceremony. Base on the background of problems are formulated operationally as the following.

1. What kinds of textual developments are used in the Malay pantun in the

wedding ceremony in Langkat?

2. How are textual developmentsused in the Malay pantun in the wedding

ceremony in Langkat?

3. Why are the textual developments used in the the Malay pantun in the

wedding ceremony in Langkat ? 1.3 The Object of the Study

In relation of the problems, the objectives of the study are

1. to investigate the kinds of textual developments are used in the Malay

pantun in the wedding ceremony in Langkat,

2. to describe the process of textual developmentsused in the Malay pantun

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3. to explain the use of textual developments of the Malay pantun in the

wedding ceremony in Langkat, 1.4 The Scope of the Study

This research investigations and discussions in Malay pantunin the

wedding ceremony in langkat , especially in the event of menyambut pengantin

(hailing the groom): the pantun which is connected to types textual development, markedness and simplicity.

1.5 The Significances of the Study

The findings of this study are expected to be useful in giving contributions theoretically and practically to the needs of those who are interested in the findings. Theoretically, the findings of the study are supposed to be useful to the government and local education office to involve pantun in textbook. And for who are interested in observing the heritage of Melayu Langkat language art and culture.

Practically, the findings are expected to be the guidance for learners to observe the types of textual development, markedness and simplicity in pantun of the Langkat Malay wedding ceremony. Moreover, this study could be helped for

those who want to be the performer of menyambut pengantin (hailing the groom)

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1 CONCLUSION

After analyzing, the data conclusions are drawn as the following

1. There are seven types of textual development which used in Malay pantun of wedding ceremony in Langkat namely: Constant rheme, linear theme, linear rheme,split theme, split rheme, and zig-zag.

2. Textual development consist of four element of markedness and simplicity in pantun which involve unmarked simple theme, marked simple theme, unmarked multiple theme, marked multiple theme.

3. The realization of textual development were used in this data, because sometime pantun need to be expressed in good grammar and structure but it is often in ungrammatical or incorrect structure form,pantun commonly has relation from the first stanza until last stanza, in the beginning of the next/ second stanza in order to catch the sound not the meaning of it this aim the variation of purpose can be achieved and the similar sound at the end of the clause can be maintained and nice to be heard by the whole people involved in that event.

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5.2 SUGGESTION

In relation to the conclusions, suggestion staged as the following

1. It is suggested for other researcher who want to elaborate the study about Textual development to do the research in other fields.

2. It is suggested for the other researchers to study about language structure insocial, business news etc to analyze the clauses used by the speaker or writer.

3. The findings of this research can be fulfill a better understanding for the speaker or writer of the Pantun.

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REFERENCES

Ahmad, 1993 . Pantun, puisi Lama Melayu dan Pribahasa Indonesia. Yogyakarta: Araska

Barginsky, V.2004. The Haritage of Traditional Malay Literature. United Kingdom: University of London

Bloor,T,& and Bloor, M. 1995. The functional Analysis of English. London: Edward Arnold

Bogdan, R. C., & Biklen, S. K. (1992). Qualitative Research for Education: An Introduction to Theory and Methods. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.

Eggins,S.2004. An Introduction to Systematic Functional Linguistics, London: Printer Publish.

Ghadessy, M. 2008. Thematic Development and texts. Hongkong : Baptist University. Halliday, M.A.K. 1976. System and function in language, Londong: Oxford

University

Halliday, M.A.K. 1978. Language as Social Semiotic :The Social Interpretation of Language and Meaning. London: Edward Arnold.

Halliday, M.A.K. 1985. Language, context and text: Aspects of language as social semiotic.Geelong: Deakin University.

Halliday, M.A.K.1994. Introduction to Functional Grammar. London: Edward Arnold.

Holliday, M.A.K. & Hasan,R. 1999. Language, Context and Text: aspect of language in a Social Semiotic Perspective. Geelong: Deakin university

Halliday, M.A.K. 2004. An Introduction to Functional Grammar.(2nd ed) New York UniversityPress.

Keller & Calhoun. 1997. Sociology. New York: The Me. Graw-Hill.

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Miles, M.B., and Huberman, A.M.,1994. Qualitative Data Analysis. Newbury Park: Sage

Moleong, L . 2002. Metodology Penelitian Kualitatif. Bandung: Remaja Rosdakarya .

McCarthy, M.1991. Discourse Analysis for language teacher. Cambrige: Cambridge University Press.

Martin, J.R, Mathiessen,C.M.I.M, Painter,C,1992. Working with Functional Grammar, London: Arnold & Oxford Press.

Marjohan, A. 1983. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. Jakarta: Depdikbud.

Paltridge, B. (2000). Making Sense of Discourse analysis. Gold Coast, Queensland: Antipodean Educational Enterprises.

Peebles, M.W. and Lewis, R.D. 1991. Surface textures of benthic foraminifera from San Salvador, Bahamas.Journal of Foraminiferal Research, 21:285-292. Saragih, A. 2007. Fungsi Tekstual dalam Wacana. Panduan Menulis Tema dan

Rema.Medan: Balai Bahasa.

Sinar, L. 1994 . Jati DiriMelayu. Medan: Lembaga Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Budaya Melayu- MABMI.

Soenaryo, Andi. 2000. Buku Pintar pantun dan puisi. Yogyakarta: Kartika.

Saragih, A. 2007. Introducting Systematic Functional Grammar. EnglishDepartment, Faculty of languages and Arts: State University of Medan.

Sudaryanto. 1993. Metode dan Aneka Tehnik Analisis Bahasa ( Pengantar Penelitian Wahana Kebudayaan secara Linguistik). Yogyakarta : DutaWacana University Press.

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menyambut pengantin (hailing the groom), there are many quatrain existences to be observed.

In line with the description above this study will deal with theme and rheme of Malay Pantun used in wedding ceremony in Langkat, particularly focused on pantun in Melayu wedding ceremony especially in hailing the groom. 1.2 The Problems of Study

The problem of study deal with textual development as realized in Malay pantun in Langkat wedding ceremony. Base on the background of problems are formulated operationally as the following.

1. What kinds of textual developments are used in the Malay pantun in the wedding ceremony in Langkat?

2. How are textual developmentsused in the Malay pantun in the wedding ceremony in Langkat?

3. Why are the textual developments used in the the Malay pantun in the wedding ceremony in Langkat ?

1.3 The Object of the Study

In relation of the problems, the objectives of the study are

1. to investigate the kinds of textual developments are used in the Malay pantun in the wedding ceremony in Langkat,

2. to describe the process of textual developmentsused in the Malay pantun in the wedding ceremony in Langkat,

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3. to explain the use of textual developments of the Malay pantun in the wedding ceremony in Langkat,

1.4 The Scope of the Study

This research investigations and discussions in Malay pantunin the wedding ceremony in langkat , especially in the event of menyambut pengantin (hailing the groom): the pantun which is connected to types textual development, markedness and simplicity.

1.5 The Significances of the Study

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59 5.1 CONCLUSION

After analyzing, the data conclusions are drawn as the following

1. There are seven types of textual development which used in Malay pantun of wedding ceremony in Langkat namely: Constant rheme, linear theme, linear rheme,split theme, split rheme, and zig-zag.

2. Textual development consist of four element of markedness and simplicity in pantun which involve unmarked simple theme, marked simple theme, unmarked multiple theme, marked multiple theme.

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5.2 SUGGESTION

In relation to the conclusions, suggestion staged as the following

1. It is suggested for other researcher who want to elaborate the study about Textual development to do the research in other fields.

2. It is suggested for the other researchers to study about language structure insocial, business news etc to analyze the clauses used by the speaker or writer.

3. The findings of this research can be fulfill a better understanding for the speaker or writer of the Pantun.

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REFERENCES

Ahmad, 1993 . Pantun, puisi Lama Melayu dan Pribahasa Indonesia. Yogyakarta: Araska

Barginsky, V.2004. The Haritage of Traditional Malay Literature. United Kingdom: University of London

Bloor,T,& and Bloor, M. 1995. The functional Analysis of English. London: Edward Arnold

Bogdan, R. C., & Biklen, S. K. (1992). Qualitative Research for Education: An Introduction to Theory and Methods. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.

Eggins,S.2004. An Introduction to Systematic Functional Linguistics, London: Printer Publish.

Ghadessy, M. 2008. Thematic Development and texts. Hongkong : Baptist University. Halliday, M.A.K. 1976. System and function in language, Londong: Oxford

University

Halliday, M.A.K. 1978. Language as Social Semiotic :The Social Interpretation of Language and Meaning. London: Edward Arnold.

Halliday, M.A.K. 1985. Language, context and text: Aspects of language as social semiotic.Geelong: Deakin University.

Halliday, M.A.K.1994. Introduction to Functional Grammar. London: Edward Arnold.

Holliday, M.A.K. & Hasan,R. 1999. Language, Context and Text: aspect of language in a Social Semiotic Perspective. Geelong: Deakin university

Halliday, M.A.K. 2004. An Introduction to Functional Grammar.(2nd ed) New York UniversityPress.

Keller & Calhoun. 1997. Sociology. New York: The Me. Graw-Hill.

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Miles, M.B., and Huberman, A.M.,1994. Qualitative Data Analysis. Newbury Park: Sage

Moleong, L . 2002. Metodology Penelitian Kualitatif. Bandung: Remaja Rosdakarya .

McCarthy, M.1991. Discourse Analysis for language teacher. Cambrige: Cambridge University Press.

Martin, J.R, Mathiessen,C.M.I.M, Painter,C,1992. Working with Functional Grammar, London: Arnold & Oxford Press.

Marjohan, A. 1983. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. Jakarta: Depdikbud.

Paltridge, B. (2000). Making Sense of Discourse analysis. Gold Coast, Queensland: Antipodean Educational Enterprises.

Rema.Medan: Balai Bahasa.

Sinar, L. 1994 . Jati DiriMelayu. Medan: Lembaga Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Budaya Melayu- MABMI.

Soenaryo, Andi. 2000. Buku Pintar pantun dan puisi. Yogyakarta: Kartika.

Saragih, A. 2007. Introducting Systematic Functional Grammar. EnglishDepartment, Faculty of languages and Arts: State University of Medan.

Sudaryanto. 1993. Metode dan Aneka Tehnik Analisis Bahasa ( Pengantar Penelitian Wahana Kebudayaan secara Linguistik). Yogyakarta : DutaWacana University Press.

THEME AND RHEME OF THE MALAY PANTUN USED IN WEDDING CEREMONY IN LANGKAT.