THEME AND RHEME IN MARIO TEGUHS SAYINGS ON TWITTER.
THEME AND RHEME IN MARIO TEGUH’S SAYINGS ON
TWITTER
A THESIS
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Sarjana Sastra
By
MUHAMMAD IDRIS WARUWU
Registration Number: 208222047
ENGLISH AND LITERATURE DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2012
ABSTRACT
Waruwu, Muhammad Idris. NIM. 208222047, Theme and Rheme in Mario
Teguh’s sayings on Twitter. A Thesis. The Faculty of Languages and Art
(FBS). State University of Medan (UNIMED). MEDAN. 2012.
The objectives of this research were to find out the types of theme (marked and
unmarked theme)and multiple theme (topical, interpersonal, textual and multiple
theme).This study deals with the analysis of theme and rheme in Mario Teguh’s
sayings on Twitter. The study done is based on the thematic structure in the data
which were shared in December 2011. This research was carried out by using
descriptive quantitative method. There were 103 sayings analyzed for one month
shared by Mario Teguh in December 2011. The findings of the data analysis
showed that there two types of theme namely marked theme (32.03%) and
unmarked theme (67.96%). The findings also found that there were four multiple
themes analyzed in the data namely Topical Theme (61.16%), Interpersonal
Theme (15.53%), Textual Theme (23.30%), and multiple theme (-). It was found
that the most dominant types of theme and multiple theme were unmarked theme
and topical theme.
i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, I would like to thank to Allah SWT, The Almighty One who
has given the greatest love, grace and blessing to the writer so that the writer
could finish the thesis. The Almighty gave His blessing and strength so that the
writer’s spirit keeps moving on. Accomplishing an important and such difficult
work like this thesis is a resemblance of miracle to the writer. In limited period
given and with many barriers faced by the writer during the process of
conducting, this thesis has finally come to its completion. All of these have added
valuable lessons to the writer since it is hardly possible to have this work done
without many supports and inspiring guidance from people around me.
This thesis would not have been possible without the guidance and the
help of several individuals who always contributed and extended their valuable
assistances in the preparation and completion of this thesis. The writer’s special
appreciation goes to:
Prof. Dr. Ibnu Hajar Damanik, M.Si. as the Head of State University of
Medan.
Dr. Isda Pramuniati, M.Hum. as the Dean of Faculty of Languages and
Arts State University of Medan and to all her staffs.
Prof. Dr. Hj. Sumarsih, M.Pd. as the Head of English Department. Dra.
Rahmah, M.Hum. as the Secretary of English Department, and Dra.
Meisuri, MA as the Head of Non-Educational English Program thanks for
their administrative help during the writer’s study in English Department
State University of Medan.
Drs. Elia Masa Gintings, M.Hum. as the writer’s Thesis Supervisor who
always gave the encouragement, constant support, constructive comments,
and suggestions to the writer in finishing this thesis. And Immanuel
Prasetya Ginting, M.Hum who has given suggestions and advices in
completing this thesis.
Dra. Juriati Ownie, M.hum. as the writer’s Academic Counselor who has
given her support to the writer’s thesis topic.
Mam Endah and Mam Indri who have helped the writer in providing the
academic administration.
The writer’s greatest family, her Dad, the lovable, Ramlin Waruwu and
her Mom, the greatest woman and the truly inspiring, Siti Thoibah Lase
and also to his brothers and sisters for their endless love, prayers, advises,
and encouragement. Without them, the writer may never have overcome
this long journey, because when he felt down, their love will always give
him strength in facing all complications happened in his life
The writer’s best community “Masa” Helli. B. Marpaung, Okta Aril, DhyKoer, who always support and motivates me in finishimg and completing
ii
this script and thank you so much for the friendship, hospitality, moral
support, and for all the fun and happy memories they shared. She treasures
them and will never forget. And loyal support and motivation from Henny
Fauziah Hrp.
The writer’s special colleagues: Agus, Riko, Anton, Wira and All of the
writer’s friends in Applied Linguistics A and B 2008, for studying together
in classroom, discussing around and studying together under the ladder
have motivated the writer to finish her study.
The people who direct or indirectly contributed in this research, your
kindness means a lot to her. Thank you very much. May Allah bless us.
Amin.
Medan, September 2012
The Writer,
Muhammad Idris Waruwu
Reg No. 208222047
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................ i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................. ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................. iv
LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................ vi
LIST OF APPENDICES .................................................................................. vii
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................... 1
A. The Background of the Study ........................................................... 1
B. The Problems of the Study ................................................................ 7
C. The Scope of the Study ..................................................................... 7
D. The Objectives of the Study .............................................................. 7
E. The Significances of the Study .......................................................... 8
CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE .................................................. 9
A. Theoretical Framework ....................................................................... 9
1. Metafunction ........................................................................... 9
2. Thematic Structure ................................................................. 12
a. Theme and Rheme ............................................................ 12
b. Given and New ................................................................. 13
c. Characterization of Theme ................................................. 15
d. Marked and Unmarked Theme ........................................... 15
e. Multiple Theme ................................................................. 16
1) Ideational (topical) Theme .......................................... 17
2) Interpersonal Theme ................................................... 17
3) Textual Theme ......................................................... 19
4) Multiple Theme .......................................................... 20
f. Thematic Development ...................................................... 20
1) The Constant Theme Pattern ....................................... 21
2) The Linear Theme Pattern ........................................... 21
3) The Split Theme Pattern ............................................. 22
4) The Derived Theme Pattern ........................................ 23
B. Twitter ........................................................................................... 24
C. Mario Teguh’s Biography ............................................................. 26
CHAPTER III. METHOD OF RESEARCH .................................................. 29
A. Research Design ............................................................................ 29
B. Data ............................................................................................... 30
C. The Technique of Collecting Data .................................................. 30
D. The Technique of Analyzing Data .................................................. 31
CHAPTER IV. DATA AND DATA ANALYSIS ............................................ 32
A. Data ................................................................................................ 32
B. Data Analysis ................................................................................. 32
iv
C.
D.
Findings ......................................................................................... 36
Discussion ..................................................................................... 37
CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ................................ 39
A. Conclusions .................................................................................... 39
B. Suggestions .................................................................................... 39
REFERENCES ............................................................................................... 41
APPENDICES .................................................................................................. 42
v
LIST OF TABLES
2.1. The examples of Multiple Theme .................................................... 20
4.1. Types of Theme ............................................................................... 34
4.2. Multiple Theme ............................................................................... 35
vi
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX A: TYPES OF THEME................................................................. 42
APPENDIX B: MULTIPLE THEME .............................................................. 52
APPENDIX C: SCRIPT OF THE SAYINGS ON TWITTER ........................... 65
vii
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. The Background of the Study
Someone‟s language can determine from stratum of society someone belongs
to. We can analyze and compare the upper class, middle class, and lower class
through their language used. Technically the upper class use formal language in
every situation and condition they face because they have proper and high
education, meanwhile the lower class don‟t care or concern about their language
since they have no idea how to use the formality and standard language. The
development human‟s civilization requires human‟s attention to the language
since basically human being is the smartest and the perfect one in learning
language; human being is the only living things who can interact and share with
others because of their knowledge in language.
Language is an aspect of human behavior that involves the use of vocal
sounds in meaningful patterns and corresponding written symbols to form, express
and communicate thoughts and feelings. When someone communicates with other
people, the speaker conveys the message or information to the listener. When
receiving the message, the listener pays attention to many other factors apart from
the language itself. It means the communication is the act of transmitting
information from one person to another person. Searle says that languages such as
French or German consist of three components: a phonological
component that determines how words and sentences are pronounced, a
syntactical component that determines the arrangement of words and morphemes
in sentences, and a semantic component that assigns a meaning or interpretation to
1
2
words and sentences. (Searle, 2006: 3). In brief, language is a system that consists
of three aspects they are phonology, syntax and semantic.
We know language and use language since we were very young and small;
the language is a way to interact each other. Language itself develops as a human
being grows; it means the more adult they are so the better they use language
based on the context they comprehend around. There are so many factors why
someone‟s language is different from others; firstly geographical aspect secondly
is social economic status and their surroundings. Language can‟t be separated
from the development of human‟s civilization where until now no way or tool to
change its function to understand and communicate each other. We know what
someone‟s feeling and thought because of the language, we can convey what we
want to say to others because of language, a good relation can be built because of
language as well as the bad one. The way we interact and communicate influence
the result what kind of relation can be built; because of the language someone else
can get angry, happy, sad, or in other words all emotional expressions can be
conveyed through language. This is one of the aspects what makes human being
different from any other living creatures since animals as well as plants don‟t use
language to share or interact.
Nowadays the use of language has been very important in all aspects of life: it
seems that language is inseparable. Language has two categories which can be
divided into spoken and written; these two categories actually have the same
goals, purposes, and functions but different use since in spoken or oral language
we use mouth as the tool, meanwhile in written language we use writing tool as
3
the media like ink, paper, and other. And usually written language is more formal
than spoken language because in written language we have to be on the track of
rules in writing which is called as the punctuations. Language also can be
separated into two sub categories; they are verbal and non-verbal language (body
language). In body language we have perceptiveness, intuition, and hunches in
getting the point or the meaning from body language. Pease says that From a
technical point of view, whenever we call someone „perceptive‟ or „intuitive‟, we
are referring to his or her ability to read another person‟s non-verbal cues and to
compare these cues with verbal signals. (Pease, 1981: 10)
The subject in this research is focused on the written language which is
conveyed by Mario Teguh who is a great motivator in his account Twitter. Every
day he gives his sayings on the social network account, just to motivate people
how to face problems and challenges in better way. Saying is a short, pithy
expression that generally contains advice or wisdom; since Mario Teguh is a
famous motivator many people follow his account on Twitter just to get the
motivations and sayings from him. Clauston says “may we not find the "whole
duty of man" condensed into a few brief sentences, which have been expressed by
thoughtful men in all ages and in countries far apart?” (Clauston, 2007: 3). In
other words all the human‟s experiences can be written or condensed in a few
brief sentences as the lessons or precious reminders for the next generation.
Talking about sayings is related with the morality and wisdom since a human
being basically is a peaceful and perfect man among other creatures exists in the
world. He emphasizes that the chief themes of all teachers of morality are:
4
benevolence and beneficence; tolerance of the opinions of others; self-control; the
acquisition of knowledge--that jewel beyond price; the true uses of wealth; the
advantages of resolute, manly exertion; the dignity of labor; the futility of worldly
pleasures; the fugacity of time; man's individual insignificance (Clauston, 2007:
3). In short saying is a well-known phrase or statement that expresses something
about life that most people believe is wise and true.
Information becomes the important things in human‟s life. Being one of the
most characteristics forms of human behavior, it is so familiar a feature of our
daily life that we rarely pause to think about it. The way how the information is
conveyed should be interesting because it will influence people in understanding
it. In delivering information or ideas, people use media which is called
communication media. There are many kinds of communication media such as
newspaper, magazine, books, billboard, etc. In this research, the analysis is
focused on the Mario Teguh‟s sayings which he writes everyday in social network
exactly on Twitter. The sayings he conveys on Twitter are in written form with
Indonesia version, so the data are changed into English to make us understand
more easily what Theme and Rheme in English are. However, it is necessary to
know that the research still involves the functional grammar as the basic source.
Social network is the linking connection among people around the world;
wherever they are and whatever they are as long as they have network or website
to be connected. In social network we can do a lot of things started from our
personal things like pictures, music, even thoughts or opinion to be shared. Kelsey
says that Social networks provide a wonderful way to gather pictures and thoughts
5
and then share them with people, either privately or publicly. (Kelsey, 2010: 2). In
the social network we can describe our own feeling on the situation and context
we are facing, as having been said by Kelsey that people go through seasons:
sometimes the seasons are good, sometimes the seasons are bad, sometimes
they‟re dark, and sometimes they‟re joyful. (Kelsey, 2010: 3)
Twitter is one of social network media or access to connect people. Riley says
that Twitter is a very simple and easy to use social networking site that lets
anyone quickly and easily share “What's happening?” in a 140-character posting –
or tweet. (Riley, 2010: 6). All people can use it not only for friends, but also for
finding more with different purposes. In this case Riley adds ”Twitter isn‟t just
used by young people as an alternative to SMS. The site has a large following
among older, professional audiences, too, and a full quarter of Twitter‟s users are
high-earners, a valuable piece of information that makes the site a must-use for
any serious marketer. So we can see that social media sites aren‟t just attracting
kids looking for places to chat with their friends and find free music downloads.
They‟re also attracting smart, educated people with money to burn.” (Riley,
2010:6)
Functional grammar is an application of functional to allow speakers and
writers to make exchange meanings. Bloor (1995:1) says “language is a system of
meaning”. It makes meaning as a clue to understand everything in this world. It is
called as interpersonal function when the language is used to enable us to
participate in communicating acts with other people, to take on rules and to
express and to understand feelings, attitudes and judgments. When the language is
6
used to organize, understand, and express our perceptions of the world and of our
consciousness, it performs ideational function. Language is used to relate what is
said (written) to the real world and to other linguistic events. This involves the use
of language to organize the text itself. This is known as the textual function.
The structure of information becomes an important aspect in developing ideas
or information in written language. From this aspect, how the information
structure will be described. Another important aspect of how the text develops is
through the interaction of Theme and New information. The structure of
information itself is organized into Theme (given) and Rheme (new) as the
element of thematic structure. Theme is the starting point of the message or the
point of the departure of the message. It means that theme will influence the
listener‟s interpretation. Theme is usually put in initial position of the clause
because it will show how the message develops. Rheme is all the rest of the clause
after theme. Rheme can simply be found in a clause by identifying parts of clause
which do not belonging to theme. For example, the man loves the woman; the
underlined word is as the theme because it is the starting point of the message, and
the rest is as the rheme. In fact, theme and rheme are the elements which make up
the functional configuration of the clause as a message
As having been explained above, Twitter is one of social networks that
connect people more easily to interact among one country to other countries.
Mario Teguh‟s sayings on Twitter are written form in Indonesia since he is an
Indonesian. Mario Teguh is a great and famous motivator in Indonesia; along his
career he is a successful and genius man since he can solve problems based on his
7
faith, steadfastness and determination. He inspires people through social networks
and a program in television channel on Metro TV called Mario Teguh “The
Golden Ways”. His motivations give people strong spirit and determination to be
better.
Based on the background explained above, this study will focus on the
analysis of the structure of sayings written on Twitter, in this case Theme and
Rheme are found as the result of research done.
B. The Problems of the Study
The problems of the study are formulated as follows:
1. What types of themes are used in the Mario Teguh‟s sayings on Twitter?
2. What multiple themes are dominantly used in the Mario Teguh‟s sayings
on Twitter?
C. The Scope of the Study
A clause considered as a unit of experience which consists of Theme and
Rheme. This study focuses on the thematic structure especially on the types of
theme and multiple written by Mario Teguh on Twitter shared in December 2011
as the representatives.
D. The Objectives of the Study
The objectives of the study are formulated as follows:
1. To find out the types of theme in the Mario Teguh‟s sayings on Twitter.
2. To find out the most dominant multiple theme in the Mario Teguh‟s
sayings on Twitter.
8
E. The Significances of the study
The findings of the study are expected to be useful for:
1. People who would like to develop their ability in understanding the
thematic structure of a text
2. Other researchers who would like to conduct further studies about types of
theme and multiple theme in other media.
3. The readers to find easily the message or the starting point of a text
4. The readers to get the ideas of the metafunction in language namely
ideational, interpersonal, and textual function both in written and spoken
form.
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
A. Conclusions
After analyzing the types of theme and the multiple theme in Mario teguh’s
sayings on twitter, conclusions are drawn as follows:
1. The types of theme (marked and unmarked theme) and multiple theme
(topical, interpersonal, and textual) can be found in any written text, in this
case the data analyzed in the written text especially in sayings shared by
Mario Teguh who is a great and well-known motivator in Indonesia.
2. The most dominant types of theme used in those data is unmarked theme
since those sayings used mood (declarative, imperative, interrogative) to
make them easy to be understood.
3. In multiple theme the most dominant one is topical theme since topical
theme prioritizes the simplicity to describes what the point of the saying to
be conveyed is.
B. Suggestions
1. It is suggested that understanding and describing theme of each saying in
regard of type of theme and multiple theme need a clear understanding of
the theory theme and rheme so that the data won’t get difficult to be
analyzed.
2. It is suggested for other researchers to make a detail analysis of theme and
rheme in other types of written text.
39
40
3. The findings of this research are advised to be used to fulfill a better
understanding for the readers of Mario Teguh’s works especially his
followers in his account twitter.
4. It is suggested to the readers or students who are concerned to this study to
conduct in depth-research to get better understanding in theory and the
point of the message.
REFERENCES
Bloor, T., and Bloor, M. 1995. The Functional Analysis of English: A Hallidayyan
Approach. New York: Oxford University Press.
Clauston, W.A. 2007. Book of Wise Sayings. London: Hutchinson.
Comm, Joel. 2009. Twitter Power: How to Dominate Your Market One Tweet at a
Time. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Gerot, Linda and Wignell, Peter. 1994. Making Sense of Functional Grammar.
Sydney: AEE Publishing.
Halliday, M.A.K. 1994. An Introduction to Functional Grammar (Second
Edition). London: Edward Arnold.
Kaufman, Alan S., and Kaufman, Nadeen L. Essentials of Research Design and
Methodology. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.
Kelsey, Todd. 2010. Social Networking Spaces: From Facebook to Twitter and
Everything In Between. New York: Springer-Verlag New York.
Kothari, C.R. 2004. Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques. Jaipur:
New Age International (P) Ltd., Publishers.
Martin, J.R. C. M. I. M. Matthiessen & Painter. 1995. Working With Functional
Grammar. London: Arnold.
M. S, Mahsun. 2005. Metode Penelitian Bahasa. Jakarta: PT. Raja Grafindo
Persada.
Pease, Allan. 1981. Body Language. North Sydney: Camel Publishing.
Riley, Kevin. 2010. Twitter Me This: How Do You Use Twitter for Marketing &
Making Money on the Internet. Osaka: Subaru Tennoji 501.
Saragih, A. 2010. Introducing Systemic Functional Grammar of English. Medan:
FBS. UNIMED.
Searle, John R. 2006. What Is Language: Some Preliminary Remarks. Berlin.
Taiye, Samy. 2005. Research Methods and Writing Research Proposals.Cairo:
Cairo University (CAPSCU).
Teguh, Mario. 2009. Leadership Golden Ways. Jakarta: Mario Teguh Publishing
House.
41
A THESIS
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Sarjana Sastra
By
MUHAMMAD IDRIS WARUWU
Registration Number: 208222047
ENGLISH AND LITERATURE DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2012
ABSTRACT
Waruwu, Muhammad Idris. NIM. 208222047, Theme and Rheme in Mario
Teguh’s sayings on Twitter. A Thesis. The Faculty of Languages and Art
(FBS). State University of Medan (UNIMED). MEDAN. 2012.
The objectives of this research were to find out the types of theme (marked and
unmarked theme)and multiple theme (topical, interpersonal, textual and multiple
theme).This study deals with the analysis of theme and rheme in Mario Teguh’s
sayings on Twitter. The study done is based on the thematic structure in the data
which were shared in December 2011. This research was carried out by using
descriptive quantitative method. There were 103 sayings analyzed for one month
shared by Mario Teguh in December 2011. The findings of the data analysis
showed that there two types of theme namely marked theme (32.03%) and
unmarked theme (67.96%). The findings also found that there were four multiple
themes analyzed in the data namely Topical Theme (61.16%), Interpersonal
Theme (15.53%), Textual Theme (23.30%), and multiple theme (-). It was found
that the most dominant types of theme and multiple theme were unmarked theme
and topical theme.
i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, I would like to thank to Allah SWT, The Almighty One who
has given the greatest love, grace and blessing to the writer so that the writer
could finish the thesis. The Almighty gave His blessing and strength so that the
writer’s spirit keeps moving on. Accomplishing an important and such difficult
work like this thesis is a resemblance of miracle to the writer. In limited period
given and with many barriers faced by the writer during the process of
conducting, this thesis has finally come to its completion. All of these have added
valuable lessons to the writer since it is hardly possible to have this work done
without many supports and inspiring guidance from people around me.
This thesis would not have been possible without the guidance and the
help of several individuals who always contributed and extended their valuable
assistances in the preparation and completion of this thesis. The writer’s special
appreciation goes to:
Prof. Dr. Ibnu Hajar Damanik, M.Si. as the Head of State University of
Medan.
Dr. Isda Pramuniati, M.Hum. as the Dean of Faculty of Languages and
Arts State University of Medan and to all her staffs.
Prof. Dr. Hj. Sumarsih, M.Pd. as the Head of English Department. Dra.
Rahmah, M.Hum. as the Secretary of English Department, and Dra.
Meisuri, MA as the Head of Non-Educational English Program thanks for
their administrative help during the writer’s study in English Department
State University of Medan.
Drs. Elia Masa Gintings, M.Hum. as the writer’s Thesis Supervisor who
always gave the encouragement, constant support, constructive comments,
and suggestions to the writer in finishing this thesis. And Immanuel
Prasetya Ginting, M.Hum who has given suggestions and advices in
completing this thesis.
Dra. Juriati Ownie, M.hum. as the writer’s Academic Counselor who has
given her support to the writer’s thesis topic.
Mam Endah and Mam Indri who have helped the writer in providing the
academic administration.
The writer’s greatest family, her Dad, the lovable, Ramlin Waruwu and
her Mom, the greatest woman and the truly inspiring, Siti Thoibah Lase
and also to his brothers and sisters for their endless love, prayers, advises,
and encouragement. Without them, the writer may never have overcome
this long journey, because when he felt down, their love will always give
him strength in facing all complications happened in his life
The writer’s best community “Masa” Helli. B. Marpaung, Okta Aril, DhyKoer, who always support and motivates me in finishimg and completing
ii
this script and thank you so much for the friendship, hospitality, moral
support, and for all the fun and happy memories they shared. She treasures
them and will never forget. And loyal support and motivation from Henny
Fauziah Hrp.
The writer’s special colleagues: Agus, Riko, Anton, Wira and All of the
writer’s friends in Applied Linguistics A and B 2008, for studying together
in classroom, discussing around and studying together under the ladder
have motivated the writer to finish her study.
The people who direct or indirectly contributed in this research, your
kindness means a lot to her. Thank you very much. May Allah bless us.
Amin.
Medan, September 2012
The Writer,
Muhammad Idris Waruwu
Reg No. 208222047
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................ i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................. ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................. iv
LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................ vi
LIST OF APPENDICES .................................................................................. vii
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................... 1
A. The Background of the Study ........................................................... 1
B. The Problems of the Study ................................................................ 7
C. The Scope of the Study ..................................................................... 7
D. The Objectives of the Study .............................................................. 7
E. The Significances of the Study .......................................................... 8
CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE .................................................. 9
A. Theoretical Framework ....................................................................... 9
1. Metafunction ........................................................................... 9
2. Thematic Structure ................................................................. 12
a. Theme and Rheme ............................................................ 12
b. Given and New ................................................................. 13
c. Characterization of Theme ................................................. 15
d. Marked and Unmarked Theme ........................................... 15
e. Multiple Theme ................................................................. 16
1) Ideational (topical) Theme .......................................... 17
2) Interpersonal Theme ................................................... 17
3) Textual Theme ......................................................... 19
4) Multiple Theme .......................................................... 20
f. Thematic Development ...................................................... 20
1) The Constant Theme Pattern ....................................... 21
2) The Linear Theme Pattern ........................................... 21
3) The Split Theme Pattern ............................................. 22
4) The Derived Theme Pattern ........................................ 23
B. Twitter ........................................................................................... 24
C. Mario Teguh’s Biography ............................................................. 26
CHAPTER III. METHOD OF RESEARCH .................................................. 29
A. Research Design ............................................................................ 29
B. Data ............................................................................................... 30
C. The Technique of Collecting Data .................................................. 30
D. The Technique of Analyzing Data .................................................. 31
CHAPTER IV. DATA AND DATA ANALYSIS ............................................ 32
A. Data ................................................................................................ 32
B. Data Analysis ................................................................................. 32
iv
C.
D.
Findings ......................................................................................... 36
Discussion ..................................................................................... 37
CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ................................ 39
A. Conclusions .................................................................................... 39
B. Suggestions .................................................................................... 39
REFERENCES ............................................................................................... 41
APPENDICES .................................................................................................. 42
v
LIST OF TABLES
2.1. The examples of Multiple Theme .................................................... 20
4.1. Types of Theme ............................................................................... 34
4.2. Multiple Theme ............................................................................... 35
vi
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX A: TYPES OF THEME................................................................. 42
APPENDIX B: MULTIPLE THEME .............................................................. 52
APPENDIX C: SCRIPT OF THE SAYINGS ON TWITTER ........................... 65
vii
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. The Background of the Study
Someone‟s language can determine from stratum of society someone belongs
to. We can analyze and compare the upper class, middle class, and lower class
through their language used. Technically the upper class use formal language in
every situation and condition they face because they have proper and high
education, meanwhile the lower class don‟t care or concern about their language
since they have no idea how to use the formality and standard language. The
development human‟s civilization requires human‟s attention to the language
since basically human being is the smartest and the perfect one in learning
language; human being is the only living things who can interact and share with
others because of their knowledge in language.
Language is an aspect of human behavior that involves the use of vocal
sounds in meaningful patterns and corresponding written symbols to form, express
and communicate thoughts and feelings. When someone communicates with other
people, the speaker conveys the message or information to the listener. When
receiving the message, the listener pays attention to many other factors apart from
the language itself. It means the communication is the act of transmitting
information from one person to another person. Searle says that languages such as
French or German consist of three components: a phonological
component that determines how words and sentences are pronounced, a
syntactical component that determines the arrangement of words and morphemes
in sentences, and a semantic component that assigns a meaning or interpretation to
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words and sentences. (Searle, 2006: 3). In brief, language is a system that consists
of three aspects they are phonology, syntax and semantic.
We know language and use language since we were very young and small;
the language is a way to interact each other. Language itself develops as a human
being grows; it means the more adult they are so the better they use language
based on the context they comprehend around. There are so many factors why
someone‟s language is different from others; firstly geographical aspect secondly
is social economic status and their surroundings. Language can‟t be separated
from the development of human‟s civilization where until now no way or tool to
change its function to understand and communicate each other. We know what
someone‟s feeling and thought because of the language, we can convey what we
want to say to others because of language, a good relation can be built because of
language as well as the bad one. The way we interact and communicate influence
the result what kind of relation can be built; because of the language someone else
can get angry, happy, sad, or in other words all emotional expressions can be
conveyed through language. This is one of the aspects what makes human being
different from any other living creatures since animals as well as plants don‟t use
language to share or interact.
Nowadays the use of language has been very important in all aspects of life: it
seems that language is inseparable. Language has two categories which can be
divided into spoken and written; these two categories actually have the same
goals, purposes, and functions but different use since in spoken or oral language
we use mouth as the tool, meanwhile in written language we use writing tool as
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the media like ink, paper, and other. And usually written language is more formal
than spoken language because in written language we have to be on the track of
rules in writing which is called as the punctuations. Language also can be
separated into two sub categories; they are verbal and non-verbal language (body
language). In body language we have perceptiveness, intuition, and hunches in
getting the point or the meaning from body language. Pease says that From a
technical point of view, whenever we call someone „perceptive‟ or „intuitive‟, we
are referring to his or her ability to read another person‟s non-verbal cues and to
compare these cues with verbal signals. (Pease, 1981: 10)
The subject in this research is focused on the written language which is
conveyed by Mario Teguh who is a great motivator in his account Twitter. Every
day he gives his sayings on the social network account, just to motivate people
how to face problems and challenges in better way. Saying is a short, pithy
expression that generally contains advice or wisdom; since Mario Teguh is a
famous motivator many people follow his account on Twitter just to get the
motivations and sayings from him. Clauston says “may we not find the "whole
duty of man" condensed into a few brief sentences, which have been expressed by
thoughtful men in all ages and in countries far apart?” (Clauston, 2007: 3). In
other words all the human‟s experiences can be written or condensed in a few
brief sentences as the lessons or precious reminders for the next generation.
Talking about sayings is related with the morality and wisdom since a human
being basically is a peaceful and perfect man among other creatures exists in the
world. He emphasizes that the chief themes of all teachers of morality are:
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benevolence and beneficence; tolerance of the opinions of others; self-control; the
acquisition of knowledge--that jewel beyond price; the true uses of wealth; the
advantages of resolute, manly exertion; the dignity of labor; the futility of worldly
pleasures; the fugacity of time; man's individual insignificance (Clauston, 2007:
3). In short saying is a well-known phrase or statement that expresses something
about life that most people believe is wise and true.
Information becomes the important things in human‟s life. Being one of the
most characteristics forms of human behavior, it is so familiar a feature of our
daily life that we rarely pause to think about it. The way how the information is
conveyed should be interesting because it will influence people in understanding
it. In delivering information or ideas, people use media which is called
communication media. There are many kinds of communication media such as
newspaper, magazine, books, billboard, etc. In this research, the analysis is
focused on the Mario Teguh‟s sayings which he writes everyday in social network
exactly on Twitter. The sayings he conveys on Twitter are in written form with
Indonesia version, so the data are changed into English to make us understand
more easily what Theme and Rheme in English are. However, it is necessary to
know that the research still involves the functional grammar as the basic source.
Social network is the linking connection among people around the world;
wherever they are and whatever they are as long as they have network or website
to be connected. In social network we can do a lot of things started from our
personal things like pictures, music, even thoughts or opinion to be shared. Kelsey
says that Social networks provide a wonderful way to gather pictures and thoughts
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and then share them with people, either privately or publicly. (Kelsey, 2010: 2). In
the social network we can describe our own feeling on the situation and context
we are facing, as having been said by Kelsey that people go through seasons:
sometimes the seasons are good, sometimes the seasons are bad, sometimes
they‟re dark, and sometimes they‟re joyful. (Kelsey, 2010: 3)
Twitter is one of social network media or access to connect people. Riley says
that Twitter is a very simple and easy to use social networking site that lets
anyone quickly and easily share “What's happening?” in a 140-character posting –
or tweet. (Riley, 2010: 6). All people can use it not only for friends, but also for
finding more with different purposes. In this case Riley adds ”Twitter isn‟t just
used by young people as an alternative to SMS. The site has a large following
among older, professional audiences, too, and a full quarter of Twitter‟s users are
high-earners, a valuable piece of information that makes the site a must-use for
any serious marketer. So we can see that social media sites aren‟t just attracting
kids looking for places to chat with their friends and find free music downloads.
They‟re also attracting smart, educated people with money to burn.” (Riley,
2010:6)
Functional grammar is an application of functional to allow speakers and
writers to make exchange meanings. Bloor (1995:1) says “language is a system of
meaning”. It makes meaning as a clue to understand everything in this world. It is
called as interpersonal function when the language is used to enable us to
participate in communicating acts with other people, to take on rules and to
express and to understand feelings, attitudes and judgments. When the language is
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used to organize, understand, and express our perceptions of the world and of our
consciousness, it performs ideational function. Language is used to relate what is
said (written) to the real world and to other linguistic events. This involves the use
of language to organize the text itself. This is known as the textual function.
The structure of information becomes an important aspect in developing ideas
or information in written language. From this aspect, how the information
structure will be described. Another important aspect of how the text develops is
through the interaction of Theme and New information. The structure of
information itself is organized into Theme (given) and Rheme (new) as the
element of thematic structure. Theme is the starting point of the message or the
point of the departure of the message. It means that theme will influence the
listener‟s interpretation. Theme is usually put in initial position of the clause
because it will show how the message develops. Rheme is all the rest of the clause
after theme. Rheme can simply be found in a clause by identifying parts of clause
which do not belonging to theme. For example, the man loves the woman; the
underlined word is as the theme because it is the starting point of the message, and
the rest is as the rheme. In fact, theme and rheme are the elements which make up
the functional configuration of the clause as a message
As having been explained above, Twitter is one of social networks that
connect people more easily to interact among one country to other countries.
Mario Teguh‟s sayings on Twitter are written form in Indonesia since he is an
Indonesian. Mario Teguh is a great and famous motivator in Indonesia; along his
career he is a successful and genius man since he can solve problems based on his
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faith, steadfastness and determination. He inspires people through social networks
and a program in television channel on Metro TV called Mario Teguh “The
Golden Ways”. His motivations give people strong spirit and determination to be
better.
Based on the background explained above, this study will focus on the
analysis of the structure of sayings written on Twitter, in this case Theme and
Rheme are found as the result of research done.
B. The Problems of the Study
The problems of the study are formulated as follows:
1. What types of themes are used in the Mario Teguh‟s sayings on Twitter?
2. What multiple themes are dominantly used in the Mario Teguh‟s sayings
on Twitter?
C. The Scope of the Study
A clause considered as a unit of experience which consists of Theme and
Rheme. This study focuses on the thematic structure especially on the types of
theme and multiple written by Mario Teguh on Twitter shared in December 2011
as the representatives.
D. The Objectives of the Study
The objectives of the study are formulated as follows:
1. To find out the types of theme in the Mario Teguh‟s sayings on Twitter.
2. To find out the most dominant multiple theme in the Mario Teguh‟s
sayings on Twitter.
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E. The Significances of the study
The findings of the study are expected to be useful for:
1. People who would like to develop their ability in understanding the
thematic structure of a text
2. Other researchers who would like to conduct further studies about types of
theme and multiple theme in other media.
3. The readers to find easily the message or the starting point of a text
4. The readers to get the ideas of the metafunction in language namely
ideational, interpersonal, and textual function both in written and spoken
form.
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
A. Conclusions
After analyzing the types of theme and the multiple theme in Mario teguh’s
sayings on twitter, conclusions are drawn as follows:
1. The types of theme (marked and unmarked theme) and multiple theme
(topical, interpersonal, and textual) can be found in any written text, in this
case the data analyzed in the written text especially in sayings shared by
Mario Teguh who is a great and well-known motivator in Indonesia.
2. The most dominant types of theme used in those data is unmarked theme
since those sayings used mood (declarative, imperative, interrogative) to
make them easy to be understood.
3. In multiple theme the most dominant one is topical theme since topical
theme prioritizes the simplicity to describes what the point of the saying to
be conveyed is.
B. Suggestions
1. It is suggested that understanding and describing theme of each saying in
regard of type of theme and multiple theme need a clear understanding of
the theory theme and rheme so that the data won’t get difficult to be
analyzed.
2. It is suggested for other researchers to make a detail analysis of theme and
rheme in other types of written text.
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3. The findings of this research are advised to be used to fulfill a better
understanding for the readers of Mario Teguh’s works especially his
followers in his account twitter.
4. It is suggested to the readers or students who are concerned to this study to
conduct in depth-research to get better understanding in theory and the
point of the message.
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