AN ERROR ANALYSIS IN WRITING DESCRIPTIVE TEXT MADE BY THE EIGHTH GRADE STUDENTS OF SMP MUHAMMADIYAH 2 An Error Analysis in Writing Descriptive Made by The Eighth Grade Students of SMP Muhammadiyah 2 Masaran in 2014/2015 Academic year.

AN ERROR ANALYSIS IN WRITING DESCRIPTIVE TEXT MADE BY
THE EIGHTH GRADE STUDENTS OF SMP MUHAMMADIYAH 2
MASARAN IN 2014/2015 ACADEMIC YEAR

RESEARCH PAPER

Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for Getting Bachelor Degree of Education
in English Derpartment

by
RIZKY EDO PRATAMA
A320110122

SCHOOL OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF SURAKARTA
JULY, 2015

APPROVAL

AN ERROR ANALYSIS IN WRITING DESCRIPTIVE TEXT MADE BY

THE EIGHTH GRADE STUDENTS OF SMP MUHAMMADIYAH 2
MASARAN IN 2014/2015 ACADEMIC YEAR

RESEARCH PAPER

by

RIZKY EDO PRATAMA
A320110122

Approved to be Examined by Consultant

First Consultant

Second Consultant

(Prof. Dr. Endang Fauziati, M.Hum.)

(Siti Fatimah S.Pd., M.Hum.)
NIDN. 0618117601

NIDN. 0615035701
ii

ACCEPTANCE

AN ERROR ANALYSIS IN WRITING DESCRIPTIVE TEXT MADE BY
THE EIGHTH GRADE STUDENTS OF SMP MUHAMMADIYAH 2
MASRAN IN 2014/2015 ACADEMIC YEAR.
by
RIZKY EDO PRATAMA
A320110122

Accepted and Approved by Board of Examiner
School of Teacher Training and Education
Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta
on July 9th, 2015

Team of Examiner:
1. Prof. Dr. Endang Fauziati, M.Hum.

(

)

(

)

(

)

(Chair Person)
2. Siti Fatimah S.Pd., M.Hum.
(Member I)
3. Drs. Djoko Srijono, M.Hum.
(Member II)

Dean,

Prof. Dr. Harun Joko Prayitno, M. Hum.
NIP. 19650428 199303 1001
iii

TESTIMONY

Herewith, I testify that in this research paper there is no plagiarism of the
previous literary work which has been raised to obtain bachelor degree of a
university, nor there are opinions or masterpieces which have been written or
published by others, except those in which the writing are referred manuscript and
mentioned in the literary review and bibliography.
Hence, later, if it is proven that there are some untrue statements in this
testimony, I will be fully responsible.

Surakarta, July, 8th, 2015
The researcher

Rizky Edo Pratama
A320110122

iv

MOTTO
“Indeed, your enemy is the one cut off”
(Q.S. Al Kautsar:3)

“Have no fear of perfection - you'll never reach it”
(Salvador Dali)

v

DEDICATION

This research paper whole heartedly is dedicated to :
1. Alloh SWT and Rosululloh SAW,
2. My father and mother,
3. My beloved grandpatrents,
4. My dear one,
5. My best friend ” Sukma, Septian,

Julian, Erlangga, Wisnu, Rasyid,
Widy, Rinda”,
6. My consultants and lecturers, and
7. All my friends and the readers.

vi

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Assalamu’alaikumWr. Wb.
Alkhamdulillahirobbil’alamin. All praises belong to Alloh SWT to His
blessing and mercies given to the researcher, He can complete his research paper
entitled AN ERROR ANALYSIS IN WRITING DESCRIPTIVE TEXT MADE
BY THE EIGHTH GRADE STUDENTS OF SMP MUHAMMADIYAH 2
MASRAN IN 2014/2015 ACADEMIC YEAR. In conducting this research, the
researcher got some help from many people. On this best occasion, the researcher
would like to express his deepest gratitude and appreciation to the following people:
1.

Prof. Dr. HarunJokoPrayitno, M. Hum., Dean of School of Teacher Training

and Education Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta,

2.

MaulyHalwatHikmat, Ph. D, Head of English Department Muhammadiyah
University of Surakarta,

3.

Prof. Dr. Endang Fauziati, M.Hum,. the first consultant who has patiently
guided the researcher in arranging this work, provided time for consultation,
and gave the researcher nice suggestion,

4.

Siti Fatimah S.Pd., M.Hum., the second consultant who has been willing to
guide, correct, and encourage him from the beginning of writing until the end
of it,

5.

Nur Hidayat M.Pd., as the academic advisor who has given the researcher
guidance as long as he studied in Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta,

6.

All lecturers of English Department, for being good educators, guides, and
mentors.

7.

His best gratitude for his beloved parents (BapakAris M. and Ibu Lilis H.),
thanks for ever over love, prayers, support (moral and material), motivation,
and everything during his life,
vii

8.

His beloved grandparents (Prapto andSiti Untari), who have given love, care,
prayers, and support. Thanks for everything,

9.

His big family, who have given care, prayers, and support. Thank you,

10.

His beloved classmate Nur Hidayah, Cahya Pritya, Dwi Septi Novitasari,
Panggih Pangestu, Akbar amin Nugroho, Abdullah Indra Mukti, Mohammad
Aly Yavi, Winda Setyaningrum, Novita Rohma, Silmy Kaffah, Galih
Fitriawan,Yudi Muhammad Ikhsan,etc. thank you for your love, spirit,
motivation, suggestion, joke, and everything,

11.

His beloved friendsSukma Aji Windy H., Septian Nugroho W., Wahyu
Julianto, Widiantoro, Erlangga Djati, Wisnu Tunggal Erlangga, Rasyid
Prayogi, Rinda Pangestika Sadono. Thank a lot for our solidarity, spirit,
assemble, togetherness, and all of you regard as my brothers ever.

12.

His special one.thank for love, prayers, moral support, motivation, suggestion
and everything..

13.

His

friends

in

Second

Division

of

English

Education

Students

Organization:Ardika , Aryan W,Febriyama, Fitri Fajar, Sumardy, and etc.
Thank a lot for your help and advice as long as I studied in our beloved
university,
14.

His friends in English Education Students Organization : thank a lot for many
experience and everything.

15.

Those who cannot be mentioned one by one toward their support to the
researcher completing this research,
The researcher realizes that this research paper is far from being perfect.

Therefore, suggestion and criticisms are welcome and accepted. The researcher
hopes that this research paper would be valuable for readers.
Wassalamu’alaikumWr.Wb.
Surakarta, July, 8 th, 2015
The researcher

Rizky Edo Pratama
A320110122
viii

TABLE OF CONTENT
page
TITLE ...................................................................................................................... i
APPROVAL........................................................................................................... ii
ACCEPTANCE ..................................................................................................... iii
TESTIMONY......................................................................................................... iv
MOTTO ...................................................................................................................v
DEDICATION ....................................................................................................... vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .................................................................................... vii
TABLE OF CONTENT ......................................................................................... ix
ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................... xiv
CHAPTHER I

: INTRODUCTION ..................................................................1
A. Background of the Study .................................................1
B. Limitation of the Study ....................................................4
C. Problem Statement ...........................................................4
D. Objective of the Study .....................................................5
E. Significance of the Study .................................................6
F. Research Paper Organization ...........................................7

CHAPTER II

: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ..............................8
A. Previous Study .................................................................8
B. An Error Analysis ...........................................................15
1. Notion of Error Analysis ...........................................16
2. The Goal of Error Analysis .......................................17
3. The Differences Between Error and Mistake ............18
4. Classification of Error ...............................................19
a. Linguistic Category Taxonomy .........................19
1) Morphology.................................................19
(a) Definition of Morpheme ......................20
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(b) The Classification of Morpheme .........20
2) Syntax..........................................................20
(a) Definition of Syntax .............................21
(b) Categories ............................................21
(c) Structure ...............................................21
(1) Construction ..................................21
(2) Sentences ......................................22
(3) Constituent ....................................22
3) Discourse .....................................................22
(a) Cohesion ..............................................23
(1) Subtitution .....................................23
(2) Ellipsis ..........................................23
(3) Reference ......................................23
(4) Conjunction ...................................23
(5) Lexical Cohesion ..........................23
(b) Deixis ...................................................24
(1) Personal Deixis .............................24
(2) Spatial Deixis ................................25
(3) Temporal Deixis ...........................25
(4) Social Deixis .................................25
(5) Discourse Deixis ...........................25
(c) Coherence ............................................25
(d) Genre/Generic Structure ......................25
b. Surface Strategy Taxonomy ...............................25
1) Omission .....................................................25
2) Addition ......................................................25
3) Misformation ...............................................26
4) Misordering .................................................26
5) Sources of Error ..........................................26
a. Brown’s Concept .................................27
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1) Interlingual ....................................27
2) Intralingual ....................................27
3) Context of Learning ......................27
4) Comunication Strategy .................27
b. Norish’s Concept .................................28
1) Carelessness ..................................28
2) First Language ..............................28
3) Translation ...................................28
C. English Text ...................................................................28
1. Notion of Text .........................................................30
2. Type of Text............................................................30
a. Narrative ..........................................................30
b. Recount ............................................................30
c. Discussion ........................................................30
d. Procedure .........................................................31
e. Report ..............................................................31
f. Explanation .....................................................32
g. Description ......................................................32
h. Exposition ........................................................32
D. Descriptive Text ..............................................................33
CHAPTER III

: RESEARCH METHOD ........................................................35
A. Type of the Study ...........................................................35
B. Subject and Object of the Research ...............................35
C. Data and Data Source.....................................................36
D. Method Collecting Data .................................................36
E. Technique for Analyzing Data .......................................37

CHAPTER IV

: RESEARCH FINDING AND DISCUSSION ......................38
A. Research Finding ...........................................................38
1. The Type of Lexical Error ......................................38
a. Code Switching ................................................49
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b. Wrong Spelling ................................................40
c. False Friend .....................................................41
1) Similiar in Meaning ....................................42
2. The Type of Syntactical Error ................................43
a. The Use of Verb Tense ....................................44
1) V1 Without s/es for 3rd Person Singular ....44
2) The wrong Form of V1 for 3rd Person .......45
3) The Use of Gerund ......................................46
b. BE ....................................................................48
1) Addition of Be in Present Tense .................48
2) Omission of Be as Predicate .......................49
3) The Use of Be .............................................50
c. Article ..............................................................52
1) Addition of article .......................................52
2) Omission of Article .....................................53
d. Pronoun ............................................................54
1) Subjective for Possesive Pronoun ...............55
2) Subjective for Objective Pronoun ...............56
3) Possesive for Subjective Pronoun ...............57
4) Addition of Subjective Pronoun ..................58
5) Omission of Possesive Pronoun ..................59
6) Omission of Subjective Pronoun.................60
7) The Wrong Selection of Pronoun................65
e. Misordering......................................................62
3. The Type of Discourse Error ..................................63
a. Conjunction......................................................63
b. Generic Structure .............................................65
c. Reference ........................................................67
4. The Frequency Each Type of Errors .......................68
5. The Dominant Type of Error ..................................71
xii

6. Source of Error........................................................72
a. Interlingual Transfer ........................................72
b. Intralingual Transfer ........................................74
1) Overgeneralization ......................................74
a) Doublemarking as Predicate ...................74
2) Ignorance of Rule Restriction .....................75
B. Disscussion ....................................................................77
CHAPTER V

: CONCLUSION, PEDAGOGICAL IMPLICATION,
AND, SUGGESTION ...........................................................84
A. Conclusion .....................................................................84
B. Pedagogical Implication.................................................85
C. Suggestion ......................................................................90

BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDIX 1
APPENDIX 2

xiii

SUMMARY
Rizky Edo Pratama / A320110122. AN ERROR ANALYSIS IN WRITING
DESCRIPTIVE TEXT MADE BY THE EIGHTH GRADE STUDENTS OF
SMP MUHAMMADIYAH 2 MASARAN IN 2014/2015 ACADEMIC YEAR.
Research paper. School of Teacher Training and Education, Muhammadiyah
University of Surakarta. July, 2015.
The aims of this research are: (1) to indentify the types of errors made by the eighth
grade students of SMP Muhammadiyah 2 Masaran in their writing descriptive texts,
(2) identifiying the types of lexical errors, syntactical errors, and discourse errors
and also explain the frequency of each type of errors, and (3) describing the
dominant type of errors, and identitying the sources of errors.
The type of this research is descriptive qualitative research. In colecting the data the
writer uses elicitation. There are three steps in collecting data,namely (1) The
researcher enters the class and asks students to compose a descriptive text, (2) The
researcher collects the data of students’ writing then reads and marks the types of
errors that occur in students’ writing, (3)The researcher document the erroneous
sentences then classifies the type of errors based on linguistic category and surface
strategy category. In analyzing the data, the researcher uses James’ theory for
classification of errors, Slamet’s theory for the frequency of each type of error, and
Brown, Norish, Richard for sources of errors theory.
The result of this studyshows taht the researcher found in the ‘Lexical Errors’
consist of 80 errors or 25,15 % of errors. They are: Code switching 11 errors or 3,46
% of errors, Wrong spelling 41 errors or 12,89%, False friend 28 errors or 8,80%.
Then in the ‘Syntactical Errors’ found 16 types of errors consist of 214 errors or
67,30% of errors. That error cover: V1 without s/es for 3rd person singular 11 errors
or 3,46%errors, the wrong from of V1 for 3rd person 9 errors or 2,83% of errors, the
use of gerund 8 errors or 2,52%, addition of BE in the present tense 10 errors or
3,14%, omission BE as predicate 34 errors or 10,69% of errors, the use of BE 8
errors or 2,52% of errors, addition of article 11 errors or 3,46% of errors, omission of
article 30 errors or 9,43% of errors, Pronoun from subjective for possesive 3 errors or
0,94% of errors, Pronoun from subjective for objective 8 errors or 2,51% of errors,
Pronoun from possesive for subjective 2 errors or 0,63%, addition of subjective
pronoun 2 errors or 0,63% of errors, omission of possesive pronoun 14 errors or
4,40% of errors, omission of subjective pronoun 20 errors or 6,29% of errors. the
wrong selection of pronoun 4 errors of 1,26% of errors, Missordering 40 errors or
12,58% of errors.“Discourse Errors consist of 24 errors or 7,55% of errors, that
cover: conjunction 15 errors or 4,72% of errors, generic structure 5 errors or 1,57%
of errors, reference 4 errors or 1,26% of error.
Key words: errors analysis, linguistic category, surface strategy taxonomy

xiv