Pengaruh Suhu Pirolisis dan Jumlah Katalis Silika Gel terhadap Yield dan Kualitas Bahan Bakar Cair dari Limbah Plastik Jenis Polipropilena
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
[1]
Mahendra F. Nugraha, Arifuddin Wahyudi, Ignatius Gunardi, “Pembuatan
Fuel dari Liquid Hasil Pirolisis Plastik Polipropilen Melalui Proses
Reforming Dengan Katalis NiO/Γ-Al2O3,” Jurnal Teknik Pomits, 2(2) 2013 :
hal. 2337 – 3539.
[2]
Nasrollah Hamidi, Fariba Tebyanian, Ruhullah Massoudi, Louis Whitesides,
“Pyrolysis of Household Plastic Wastes.” British Journal of Applied Science
and Technology, 3 (3) 2013 : hal. 417 – 439.
[3]
Benny Luijsterburga, Han Goossens. “Assessment of Plastic Packaging
Waste : Material Origin, Methods, Properties.” Journal Resources,
Conservation, and Recycling, 2013.
[4]
Mochamad Syamsiro, Harwin Saptoadi, Tinton Norsujianto, Putri Noviasri,
Shuo Cheng, Zainal Alimuddin, Kunio Yoshikawa, “Fuel Oil Production
from Municipal Plastic Wastes in Sequential Pyrolysis and Catalytic
Reforming Reactors.” Journal Energy Procedia, (47) 2014 : hal. 180 – 188.
[5]
N. Miskolczi, A. Angyal, L. Bartha, I. Valkai, “Fuels by Pyrolysis of Waste
Plastics from Agricultural and Packaging Sectors in A Pilot Scale Reactor.”
Journal Fuel Processing Technology, (90) 2009 : hal. 1032 – 1040.
[6]
Feng Gao. “Pyrolysis of Waste Plastics into Fuels.” Thesis Chemical and
Process Engineering University of Canterbury, New Zealand, 2010.
[7]
Yovana S. Gonzalez, Carlos Costa., M. Carmen Marquez, Pedro Ramos,
“Thermal and Catalytic Degradation of Polyethylene Wastes in The Presence
of Silica Gel, 5A Molecular Sieve, and Activated Carbon.” Journal of
Hazardous Material, (187) 2011 : hal. 101 – 112.
[8]
John Scheirs, Walter Kaminsky, Feedstock Recycling and Pyrolysis of Waste
Plastics : Converting Waste Plastics into Diesel and Other Fuels. (New
Jersey : John Wiley and Sons, 2006)
[9]
Anand S. Burange, Manoj B. Gawande, Frank L.Y. Lam, Radha V. Jayaram,
Rafael Luquec, “Heterogeneously Catalyzed Strategies For The
Deconstruction Of High Density Polyethylene : ” Journal Plastic Waste
Valorisation To Fuels, 2014.
[10] Farah Obeid, Joseph Zeaiter, Ala’a H. Al-Muhtaseb, Kamal Bouhadir,
“Thermo-Catalytic Pyrolysis of Waste Polyethylene Bottles in A Packed Bed
Reactor With Different Bed Materials and Catalysts.” Journal Energy
Conversion and Management, (85) 2014 : hal.1 – 6.
[11] Myer Kutz, Handbook of Materials Selection (New York : John Wiley and
Sons, 2002).
[12] J. G. Speight, The Chemistry and Technology of Petroleum, (New York:
Basel Hong-Kong Marcel Dekker, 1991)
51
Universitas Sumatera Utara
[13] A.G. Buekens, H. Huang, “Catalytic Plastics Cracking for Recovery of
Gasoline - Range Hydrocarbons from Municipal Plastic Wastes.” Journal
Resources, Conservation, and Recycling, 23 1998 : hal. 163 – 181.
[14] Roberto Aguado, Gorka Elordi, Aritz Arrizabalaga, Maite Artetxe, Javier
Bilbao, M. Olazar, “Principal Component Analysis For Kinetic Scheme
Proposal In The Thermal Pyrolysis of Waste HDPE Plastics.” Chemical
Engineering Journal, 2014.
[15] Achyut Kumar Panda, Studies on Process Optimization for Production of
Liquid Fuels From Waste Plastics . Thesis Chemical Engineering National
Institute of Technology Rourkela, 2011.
[16] P.V. Thorat, Sandhya Warulkar, Harshal Sathone, “Pyrolysis of Waste Plastic
to Produce Liquid Hydrocarbons.” Advances in Polymer Science and
Technology International Journal, 3(1) 2013 : hal. 14 – 18.
[17] Achyut K. Panda, R. K. Singh, “Catalytic Performances of Kaoline and Silica
Alumina in The Thermal Degradation of Polypropylene.” Journal of Fuel
Chemical Technology, 39 (3) 2011 : hal. 198 – 202.
[18] Neeraj Mishra, Sunil Pandey, Bhushan Patil, Mukeshchand Thukur, Ashmi
Mewada, Madhuri Sharon, Maheshwar Sharon, “Facile Route to Generate
Fuel Oil via Catalytic Pyrolysis of Waste Polypropylene Bags: Towards
Waste Management of >20μm Plastic Bags.” Journal of Fuels, 2014.
[19] Siti Sulastri, Susila Kristianingrum, Berbagai Macam Silika : Sintesis,
Karakterisasi, dan Pemanfaatan . Prosiding Seminar Nasional Penelitian,
Pendidikan, dan Penerapan MIPA, FMIPA UNY, 2010.
[20] Andy Chandra, Y.I.P. Arry Miryanti, Livia Budyanto Widjaja, Andika
Pramudita, Isolasi dan Karakterisasi Silika dari Sekam Padi . Lembaga
Penelitian dan Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat Universitas Katolik
Parahyangan, 2012.
[21] Kirk Othmer, Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, (New York : John
Wiley & Sons Inc, 1998)
[22] D.S. Achilias, C. Roupakias, P. Megalokonomos, A.A. Lappas, E.V.
Antonakou, “Chemical Recycling of Plastic Wastes Made From Polyethylene
(LDPE And HDPE) And Polypropylene (PP).” Journal of Hazardous
Material, 149 (3) 2007 : hal. 536 – 542.
[23] J. Aguado, D.P. Serrano, J.M. Escola, E. Garagorri, “Catalytic Conversion Of
Low-Density Polyethylene Using A Continuous Screw Kiln Reactor.”
Journal Energy and Fuels, (11) 1997 : hal. 1225 – 1231.
[24] Kyong-H. Lee, Sang G. Jeon, Kwang H. Kim, Nam S. Noh, Dae H. Shin,
Jaehyeon Park, Younghwa Seo, Jurng J. Yee, Geug T. Kim, “Thermal and
Catalytic Degradation of Waste High-density Polyethylene (HDPE) Using
Spent FCC Catalyst.” Korean J. Chem. Eng, 20(4) 2003 : hal. 693 – 697.
[25] Jerzy Walendziewski, Mieczyslaw Steininger, “Thermal And Catalytic
Conversion of Waste Polyolefines.” Catalysis Today, (65) 2001 : hal. 323 –
330.
52
Universitas Sumatera Utara
[26] J. Aguado, J. L. Sotelo, D. P. Serrano, J. A. Calles, J. M. Escola, “Catalytic
Conversion of Polyolefins into Liquid Fuels over MCM-41: Comparison with
ZSM-5 and Amorphous SiO2-Al2O3.” Energy and Fuels, (11) 1997 : hal.
1225– 231.
[27] Brian Irvantino, Preparasi Katalis Ni/Zeolit Alam dengan Metode Sonokimia
Untuk Perengkahan Katalitik Polipropilen dan Polietilen . Skripsi Jurusan
Kimia, FMIPA, Universitas Negeri Semarang, 2013.
[28] Imam Khatib, Studi Deaktivasi dan Regenerasi Katalis Ni/ZA pada Reaksi
Perengkahan Polipropilena, Skripsi Jurusan Kimia, FMIPA, Universitas
Negeri Semarang, 2013.
[29] Untoro Budi Surono, “Berbagai Metode Konversi Sampah Plastik Menjadi
Bahan Bakar Minyak.” Jurnal Teknik, 3(1) 2013.
[30] P. N. Sharratt, Y. H. Lin, A. A. Garforth, J. Dwyer, “Investigation of the
Catalytic Pyrolysis of High-Density Polyethylene over a HZSM-5 Catalyst in
a Laboratory Fluidized-Bed Reactor.” Ind. Eng. Chem. Res, (36) 1997 : hal.
5118 – 5124
[31] George E. Totten, Steven R. Westbrook, Rejesh J. Shah, Fuels and Lubricants
Handbook. (Pensylvania : ASTM International)
[32] Joko Santoso, Uji Sifat Minyak Pirolisis dan Uji Performasi Kompor
Berbahan Bakar Minyak Pirolisis dari Sampah Plastik. Skripsi Jurusan
Teknik Mesin, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, 2010.
[33] M. Nasikin, Rita Arbianti, dan Abdul Azis. “Paditif Peningkat Angka Setana
Bahan Bakar Solar yang Disintetis dari Minyak Kelapa.” Teknologi Makara
(6) 2 2002 : hal 83 - 88
[34] American Society For Testing and Material. ASTM D1298 : Standard Test
Method for Density, Relative Density (Spesific Gravity), or API Gravity of
Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petrolium Products by Hydrometer Method .
1999.
[35] Priska Primandini, Aliya Nur Hasanah, Wisnu A. A., Emil Budianto, dan
Sudirman. “Pengaruh Suhu Kalsinasi terhadap Kemampuan Adsorpsi Toksin
pada Kaolin untuk Penyakit Diare.” Indonesian Journal of Material Science
(13) 3 2012 : hal 230 – 235.
[36] American Society For Testing and Material. ASTM D445 : Standard Test
Method for Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (Kinematic and
Dynamic Viscosities). 1965.
[37] Chika Muhammad, Jude A. Onwudili, dan Paul T. Williams, “Thermal
Degradation of Real World Waste Plastics and Simulated Mixed Plastics in a
Two Stage Pyrolysis – Catalysis Reactor for Fuel Production.” Energy &
Fuels (29) 2015 : hal : 2601 – 2609.
[38] M. Rezvanipour, F. Alikhani Hesari, M. Pazouki. “Catalytic Pyrolysis of
General Purpose Polystyrene Using Red Mud as a Catalyst.” Iranian Journal
of Chemical Engineering , Vol. 11, No.4, 2014.
53
Universitas Sumatera Utara
[39] Qian Chunmei, Zhou Min, Wei Jianghong, Ye Puhai, Yang Xu. “Pyrolysis
and Co-Pyrolysis of Lignite and Plastic.” International Journal of Mining
Science and Technology (24) 2014 : hal 137 – 141.
[40] Wiwin Sriningsih, Monica Garby Saerodji, Wega Trisunaryanti, Triyono, Ria
Armunanto, Iip Izul Falah. “Fuel Producton from LDPE Plastic Waste over
Natural Zeolite Supported Ni, Ni-Mo, Co, and Co-Mo Metals.” Procedia
Enviromental Sciences (20) 2014 : hal 215 – 224.
[41] A. Lopez, I. De Marco, B. M. Caballero, M. F. Laresgoiti, A. Adrados.
“Influence of Time and Temperature on Pyrolysis of Plastic Wastes in a SemiBatch Reactor.” Chemical Engineering Journal (173) 2011 : hal. 62 – 71.
[42] Christine Cleetus, Shijo Thomas, Soney Varghese. “Synthesis of Petroleum–
Based Fuel From Waste Plastics and Performance Analysis in a CI Engine.”
Journal of Energy 2013.
[43] Sang Shin Park, Dong Kyun Seo, Sang Hoon Lee, Tae-U. Yu, Jungho Hwang.
“Study on Pyrolysis Charateristics of Refuse Plastic Fuel Using Lab-Scale
Tube Furnace and Thermogravimetric Analysis Reactor.” Journal of
Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis (97) 2012 : hal. 29 – 38.
[44] J. L. Wang, L. L. Wang. “Catalytic Pyrolysis of Municipal Plastic Waste to
Fuel with Nickel Loaded Silica-alumina Catalysts.” Energy Sources (33)
2011 : hal 1940 – 1948.
[45] Brajendra K. Sharma, Bryan R. Moser, Karl E. Vermillion, Kenneth M. Doll,
Nandakishore Rajagopalan. “Production, Characterization, and Fuel
Properties of Alternative Diesel Fuel from Pyrolysis of Waste Plastic Grocery
Bags.” Fuel Processing Technology (122) 2014 : hal. 79 – 90.
[46] Hussain Gulab, Muhammad Rasul Jan, Jasmin Shah, George Manos. “Plastic
Catalytic Pyrolysis to Fuel as Tertiary Polymer Recycling Method: Effect of
Process Conditions.” Journal of Enviromental Science and Health (45) 2010:
hal. 908 – 915.
[47] Fazal Mabood, Jasmin Shah, Mohammad Rasul Jan, Zahid Hussain, Farah
Jabeen. “Catalytic Conversion of Waste Low Density Polyethylene into
Valuable Products.” J. Chem. Soc. Pak, Vol. 32, No 5 2010.
[48] Huang-Ta Lin, Mao – Suan Huang, Jin-Wei Luo, Li-Hsiang Lin, Chi-Min
Lee, Keng-Liang Ou. “Hydrocarbon Fuels Produced by Catalytic Pyrolysis
of Hospital Plastic Wastes in a Fluidizing Cracking Process.” Fuel Processing
Technology (91) 2010 : hal. 1355 – 1363.
[49] Nnamso S. Akpanudoh, Karishma Gobin, George Manos. “Catalytic
Degradation of Plastic Waste to Liquid Fuel over Commercial Cracking
Catalysts Effect of Polymer to Catalyst Ratio/Acidity Content.” Journal of
Molecular Catalysis A : Chemical (235) 2005 : hal. 67 – 73.
[50] Sunbong Lee, Koji Yoshida, Kunio Yoshikawa. “Application of Waste
Plastic Pyrolysis Oil in a Direct Injection Diesel Engine : For a Small Scale
Non-Grid Electrification.” Energy and Enviromental Research , Vol. 5, No.
1, 2015.
54
Universitas Sumatera Utara
[51] L. V. Ivanova, V. N. Koshelev, and E. A. Burov. “Influence of the
Hydrocarbon Composition of Diesel Fuels on Their Performance
Charateristics”. Petroleum Chemistry (54) 2014 : hal 466 – 472.
[52] Jingli Wu, Tianju Chen, Xitao Luo, Dezhi Han, Zhiqi Wang, Jinhu Wu.
“TG/GTIR Analysis on Co-Pyrolysis Behavior of PE, PVC, and PS.” Waste
Management (34) 2014 : hal 676 – 682.
[53] Douglas A. Skoog, E. James – Holler, dan Stanley R. Crouch, Principles of
Instrumental Analysis (California : Thomson Brooks/Cole).
[54] Christie John Geankoplis, Transport Processes and Separation Process
Principles. (New Jersey : Prentince Hall, 2003).
55
Universitas Sumatera Utara
[1]
Mahendra F. Nugraha, Arifuddin Wahyudi, Ignatius Gunardi, “Pembuatan
Fuel dari Liquid Hasil Pirolisis Plastik Polipropilen Melalui Proses
Reforming Dengan Katalis NiO/Γ-Al2O3,” Jurnal Teknik Pomits, 2(2) 2013 :
hal. 2337 – 3539.
[2]
Nasrollah Hamidi, Fariba Tebyanian, Ruhullah Massoudi, Louis Whitesides,
“Pyrolysis of Household Plastic Wastes.” British Journal of Applied Science
and Technology, 3 (3) 2013 : hal. 417 – 439.
[3]
Benny Luijsterburga, Han Goossens. “Assessment of Plastic Packaging
Waste : Material Origin, Methods, Properties.” Journal Resources,
Conservation, and Recycling, 2013.
[4]
Mochamad Syamsiro, Harwin Saptoadi, Tinton Norsujianto, Putri Noviasri,
Shuo Cheng, Zainal Alimuddin, Kunio Yoshikawa, “Fuel Oil Production
from Municipal Plastic Wastes in Sequential Pyrolysis and Catalytic
Reforming Reactors.” Journal Energy Procedia, (47) 2014 : hal. 180 – 188.
[5]
N. Miskolczi, A. Angyal, L. Bartha, I. Valkai, “Fuels by Pyrolysis of Waste
Plastics from Agricultural and Packaging Sectors in A Pilot Scale Reactor.”
Journal Fuel Processing Technology, (90) 2009 : hal. 1032 – 1040.
[6]
Feng Gao. “Pyrolysis of Waste Plastics into Fuels.” Thesis Chemical and
Process Engineering University of Canterbury, New Zealand, 2010.
[7]
Yovana S. Gonzalez, Carlos Costa., M. Carmen Marquez, Pedro Ramos,
“Thermal and Catalytic Degradation of Polyethylene Wastes in The Presence
of Silica Gel, 5A Molecular Sieve, and Activated Carbon.” Journal of
Hazardous Material, (187) 2011 : hal. 101 – 112.
[8]
John Scheirs, Walter Kaminsky, Feedstock Recycling and Pyrolysis of Waste
Plastics : Converting Waste Plastics into Diesel and Other Fuels. (New
Jersey : John Wiley and Sons, 2006)
[9]
Anand S. Burange, Manoj B. Gawande, Frank L.Y. Lam, Radha V. Jayaram,
Rafael Luquec, “Heterogeneously Catalyzed Strategies For The
Deconstruction Of High Density Polyethylene : ” Journal Plastic Waste
Valorisation To Fuels, 2014.
[10] Farah Obeid, Joseph Zeaiter, Ala’a H. Al-Muhtaseb, Kamal Bouhadir,
“Thermo-Catalytic Pyrolysis of Waste Polyethylene Bottles in A Packed Bed
Reactor With Different Bed Materials and Catalysts.” Journal Energy
Conversion and Management, (85) 2014 : hal.1 – 6.
[11] Myer Kutz, Handbook of Materials Selection (New York : John Wiley and
Sons, 2002).
[12] J. G. Speight, The Chemistry and Technology of Petroleum, (New York:
Basel Hong-Kong Marcel Dekker, 1991)
51
Universitas Sumatera Utara
[13] A.G. Buekens, H. Huang, “Catalytic Plastics Cracking for Recovery of
Gasoline - Range Hydrocarbons from Municipal Plastic Wastes.” Journal
Resources, Conservation, and Recycling, 23 1998 : hal. 163 – 181.
[14] Roberto Aguado, Gorka Elordi, Aritz Arrizabalaga, Maite Artetxe, Javier
Bilbao, M. Olazar, “Principal Component Analysis For Kinetic Scheme
Proposal In The Thermal Pyrolysis of Waste HDPE Plastics.” Chemical
Engineering Journal, 2014.
[15] Achyut Kumar Panda, Studies on Process Optimization for Production of
Liquid Fuels From Waste Plastics . Thesis Chemical Engineering National
Institute of Technology Rourkela, 2011.
[16] P.V. Thorat, Sandhya Warulkar, Harshal Sathone, “Pyrolysis of Waste Plastic
to Produce Liquid Hydrocarbons.” Advances in Polymer Science and
Technology International Journal, 3(1) 2013 : hal. 14 – 18.
[17] Achyut K. Panda, R. K. Singh, “Catalytic Performances of Kaoline and Silica
Alumina in The Thermal Degradation of Polypropylene.” Journal of Fuel
Chemical Technology, 39 (3) 2011 : hal. 198 – 202.
[18] Neeraj Mishra, Sunil Pandey, Bhushan Patil, Mukeshchand Thukur, Ashmi
Mewada, Madhuri Sharon, Maheshwar Sharon, “Facile Route to Generate
Fuel Oil via Catalytic Pyrolysis of Waste Polypropylene Bags: Towards
Waste Management of >20μm Plastic Bags.” Journal of Fuels, 2014.
[19] Siti Sulastri, Susila Kristianingrum, Berbagai Macam Silika : Sintesis,
Karakterisasi, dan Pemanfaatan . Prosiding Seminar Nasional Penelitian,
Pendidikan, dan Penerapan MIPA, FMIPA UNY, 2010.
[20] Andy Chandra, Y.I.P. Arry Miryanti, Livia Budyanto Widjaja, Andika
Pramudita, Isolasi dan Karakterisasi Silika dari Sekam Padi . Lembaga
Penelitian dan Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat Universitas Katolik
Parahyangan, 2012.
[21] Kirk Othmer, Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, (New York : John
Wiley & Sons Inc, 1998)
[22] D.S. Achilias, C. Roupakias, P. Megalokonomos, A.A. Lappas, E.V.
Antonakou, “Chemical Recycling of Plastic Wastes Made From Polyethylene
(LDPE And HDPE) And Polypropylene (PP).” Journal of Hazardous
Material, 149 (3) 2007 : hal. 536 – 542.
[23] J. Aguado, D.P. Serrano, J.M. Escola, E. Garagorri, “Catalytic Conversion Of
Low-Density Polyethylene Using A Continuous Screw Kiln Reactor.”
Journal Energy and Fuels, (11) 1997 : hal. 1225 – 1231.
[24] Kyong-H. Lee, Sang G. Jeon, Kwang H. Kim, Nam S. Noh, Dae H. Shin,
Jaehyeon Park, Younghwa Seo, Jurng J. Yee, Geug T. Kim, “Thermal and
Catalytic Degradation of Waste High-density Polyethylene (HDPE) Using
Spent FCC Catalyst.” Korean J. Chem. Eng, 20(4) 2003 : hal. 693 – 697.
[25] Jerzy Walendziewski, Mieczyslaw Steininger, “Thermal And Catalytic
Conversion of Waste Polyolefines.” Catalysis Today, (65) 2001 : hal. 323 –
330.
52
Universitas Sumatera Utara
[26] J. Aguado, J. L. Sotelo, D. P. Serrano, J. A. Calles, J. M. Escola, “Catalytic
Conversion of Polyolefins into Liquid Fuels over MCM-41: Comparison with
ZSM-5 and Amorphous SiO2-Al2O3.” Energy and Fuels, (11) 1997 : hal.
1225– 231.
[27] Brian Irvantino, Preparasi Katalis Ni/Zeolit Alam dengan Metode Sonokimia
Untuk Perengkahan Katalitik Polipropilen dan Polietilen . Skripsi Jurusan
Kimia, FMIPA, Universitas Negeri Semarang, 2013.
[28] Imam Khatib, Studi Deaktivasi dan Regenerasi Katalis Ni/ZA pada Reaksi
Perengkahan Polipropilena, Skripsi Jurusan Kimia, FMIPA, Universitas
Negeri Semarang, 2013.
[29] Untoro Budi Surono, “Berbagai Metode Konversi Sampah Plastik Menjadi
Bahan Bakar Minyak.” Jurnal Teknik, 3(1) 2013.
[30] P. N. Sharratt, Y. H. Lin, A. A. Garforth, J. Dwyer, “Investigation of the
Catalytic Pyrolysis of High-Density Polyethylene over a HZSM-5 Catalyst in
a Laboratory Fluidized-Bed Reactor.” Ind. Eng. Chem. Res, (36) 1997 : hal.
5118 – 5124
[31] George E. Totten, Steven R. Westbrook, Rejesh J. Shah, Fuels and Lubricants
Handbook. (Pensylvania : ASTM International)
[32] Joko Santoso, Uji Sifat Minyak Pirolisis dan Uji Performasi Kompor
Berbahan Bakar Minyak Pirolisis dari Sampah Plastik. Skripsi Jurusan
Teknik Mesin, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, 2010.
[33] M. Nasikin, Rita Arbianti, dan Abdul Azis. “Paditif Peningkat Angka Setana
Bahan Bakar Solar yang Disintetis dari Minyak Kelapa.” Teknologi Makara
(6) 2 2002 : hal 83 - 88
[34] American Society For Testing and Material. ASTM D1298 : Standard Test
Method for Density, Relative Density (Spesific Gravity), or API Gravity of
Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petrolium Products by Hydrometer Method .
1999.
[35] Priska Primandini, Aliya Nur Hasanah, Wisnu A. A., Emil Budianto, dan
Sudirman. “Pengaruh Suhu Kalsinasi terhadap Kemampuan Adsorpsi Toksin
pada Kaolin untuk Penyakit Diare.” Indonesian Journal of Material Science
(13) 3 2012 : hal 230 – 235.
[36] American Society For Testing and Material. ASTM D445 : Standard Test
Method for Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (Kinematic and
Dynamic Viscosities). 1965.
[37] Chika Muhammad, Jude A. Onwudili, dan Paul T. Williams, “Thermal
Degradation of Real World Waste Plastics and Simulated Mixed Plastics in a
Two Stage Pyrolysis – Catalysis Reactor for Fuel Production.” Energy &
Fuels (29) 2015 : hal : 2601 – 2609.
[38] M. Rezvanipour, F. Alikhani Hesari, M. Pazouki. “Catalytic Pyrolysis of
General Purpose Polystyrene Using Red Mud as a Catalyst.” Iranian Journal
of Chemical Engineering , Vol. 11, No.4, 2014.
53
Universitas Sumatera Utara
[39] Qian Chunmei, Zhou Min, Wei Jianghong, Ye Puhai, Yang Xu. “Pyrolysis
and Co-Pyrolysis of Lignite and Plastic.” International Journal of Mining
Science and Technology (24) 2014 : hal 137 – 141.
[40] Wiwin Sriningsih, Monica Garby Saerodji, Wega Trisunaryanti, Triyono, Ria
Armunanto, Iip Izul Falah. “Fuel Producton from LDPE Plastic Waste over
Natural Zeolite Supported Ni, Ni-Mo, Co, and Co-Mo Metals.” Procedia
Enviromental Sciences (20) 2014 : hal 215 – 224.
[41] A. Lopez, I. De Marco, B. M. Caballero, M. F. Laresgoiti, A. Adrados.
“Influence of Time and Temperature on Pyrolysis of Plastic Wastes in a SemiBatch Reactor.” Chemical Engineering Journal (173) 2011 : hal. 62 – 71.
[42] Christine Cleetus, Shijo Thomas, Soney Varghese. “Synthesis of Petroleum–
Based Fuel From Waste Plastics and Performance Analysis in a CI Engine.”
Journal of Energy 2013.
[43] Sang Shin Park, Dong Kyun Seo, Sang Hoon Lee, Tae-U. Yu, Jungho Hwang.
“Study on Pyrolysis Charateristics of Refuse Plastic Fuel Using Lab-Scale
Tube Furnace and Thermogravimetric Analysis Reactor.” Journal of
Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis (97) 2012 : hal. 29 – 38.
[44] J. L. Wang, L. L. Wang. “Catalytic Pyrolysis of Municipal Plastic Waste to
Fuel with Nickel Loaded Silica-alumina Catalysts.” Energy Sources (33)
2011 : hal 1940 – 1948.
[45] Brajendra K. Sharma, Bryan R. Moser, Karl E. Vermillion, Kenneth M. Doll,
Nandakishore Rajagopalan. “Production, Characterization, and Fuel
Properties of Alternative Diesel Fuel from Pyrolysis of Waste Plastic Grocery
Bags.” Fuel Processing Technology (122) 2014 : hal. 79 – 90.
[46] Hussain Gulab, Muhammad Rasul Jan, Jasmin Shah, George Manos. “Plastic
Catalytic Pyrolysis to Fuel as Tertiary Polymer Recycling Method: Effect of
Process Conditions.” Journal of Enviromental Science and Health (45) 2010:
hal. 908 – 915.
[47] Fazal Mabood, Jasmin Shah, Mohammad Rasul Jan, Zahid Hussain, Farah
Jabeen. “Catalytic Conversion of Waste Low Density Polyethylene into
Valuable Products.” J. Chem. Soc. Pak, Vol. 32, No 5 2010.
[48] Huang-Ta Lin, Mao – Suan Huang, Jin-Wei Luo, Li-Hsiang Lin, Chi-Min
Lee, Keng-Liang Ou. “Hydrocarbon Fuels Produced by Catalytic Pyrolysis
of Hospital Plastic Wastes in a Fluidizing Cracking Process.” Fuel Processing
Technology (91) 2010 : hal. 1355 – 1363.
[49] Nnamso S. Akpanudoh, Karishma Gobin, George Manos. “Catalytic
Degradation of Plastic Waste to Liquid Fuel over Commercial Cracking
Catalysts Effect of Polymer to Catalyst Ratio/Acidity Content.” Journal of
Molecular Catalysis A : Chemical (235) 2005 : hal. 67 – 73.
[50] Sunbong Lee, Koji Yoshida, Kunio Yoshikawa. “Application of Waste
Plastic Pyrolysis Oil in a Direct Injection Diesel Engine : For a Small Scale
Non-Grid Electrification.” Energy and Enviromental Research , Vol. 5, No.
1, 2015.
54
Universitas Sumatera Utara
[51] L. V. Ivanova, V. N. Koshelev, and E. A. Burov. “Influence of the
Hydrocarbon Composition of Diesel Fuels on Their Performance
Charateristics”. Petroleum Chemistry (54) 2014 : hal 466 – 472.
[52] Jingli Wu, Tianju Chen, Xitao Luo, Dezhi Han, Zhiqi Wang, Jinhu Wu.
“TG/GTIR Analysis on Co-Pyrolysis Behavior of PE, PVC, and PS.” Waste
Management (34) 2014 : hal 676 – 682.
[53] Douglas A. Skoog, E. James – Holler, dan Stanley R. Crouch, Principles of
Instrumental Analysis (California : Thomson Brooks/Cole).
[54] Christie John Geankoplis, Transport Processes and Separation Process
Principles. (New Jersey : Prentince Hall, 2003).
55
Universitas Sumatera Utara