An Analysis On Acronym Found In“ The Jakarta Post ” Articles
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1 Word Formation
As
mentionedearlierin
theintroductory
chapter,
this
studywilldiscuss
theacronyms.Therefore, this studywillusethe theoriesandopinions of expertsareusefulto
analyzethe
data.Thischapteralso
describesthe
conceptof
theabbreviation,
acronymanddistributionthatwillbe usefulandhelpful inthis analysis.
Theoretical
basisused
inthis
studyarethe
conceptsthat
explainabbreviationsandacronyms. There aresomeexpertswhohaveexpressed their opinions
about theabbreviationsandacronyms, such as, Francis Katamba (2002), William O’Grady(
2005) dan Laurie Bauer ( 1985) .Opinion will be a major cornerstone in this study are are
opinion from Laurie Bauer (1985) . Meanwhile,the opinions expressedby Francis Katamba
(2002), and William O’Grady (2005) Willbe usedto supplement theopinions proposed by
Laurie Bauer (1985).
William O’Grady ( 2005 : 137 )Acronym are formed by taking the initial letter of
(some or all) the words in a phrase or title and pronouncing them as a word . this type of word
formation is especially common in names of organization and in military and scientific
terminology.
Abdul Chaer explained , Acronym is the process of formation of a word by way of
abbreviating a concept that is realized in the construction of more than a word.
Katamba ( 2002 : 183) ,says that acronym is word forming a complex expression
reffering to the name of Organization, company or a scientific concept may be reduce to their
initial letters alone which together represent sound that from perfectly acceptable syllables and
hence can be pronounce as word.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Word formation is a morphological process, supposed to form new words by
compounding it or adding prefixes. This term has not special attention in linguistic.
Adams (Adams : 1973) mention the reasons why word formation becomes
uninteresting subject to disdcuss, it is difficult to find a general statement about wordformation. Besides, it is connection with non-linguistic world of things and ideas for wich
word provide the name and it is equivocal position as between descriptive and historical
studies.
(Jackson and Amvela : 2005) By “word-formatin process” we mean the different
devices whics are used in English to build new words from existing ones. Each word-formation
process will result in the production of specific type of word. Consequently , an understanding
of these processes is one way of studying the different types of word that exist in English. Here
are the word formation processes :
2.1.1
Compounding
According to O’Grady and Guzman (1996) says it is defined as combination of some
lexical categories such as adjectives, nouns, verbs, or preposition in purpose of constructing a
large unit of word, for examples : Facebook from Noun + Noun, come-on from Verb +
preposition, Anticlimax from Adjective + Noun.
2.1.2
Borrowing
Hatch and Brown (1995)It is all language-borrowed word from other language , for
example : Democracy drived from greek language demos and cartos, Yogurt ( a kind of drink
wich is fermented from milk) it is from Turkish.
2.1.3
Coinage
O’Grady and Guzman ( 1996) says a word may be produced by hand writing or by
computer that is called word manufacture or coinage. This phenomenon can be faound
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generally in industrial field that need a latest and eye-catching name for goods, for example,
brand name (the first product name) sometimes become so widely used that they are accepred
as generic terms and generalized into the other product name : xerox for photo copy, Vaseline
for hand and body lotion, Rinso for detergent, ect.
2.1.4
Blending
Hatch and Brown ( 1995) says it is taking only the beginning of one word and joining it
to the end of the other word. Some examples of bending can be seen : Brunch,from breakfastluch,Motel from Motor – Hotel,Smog from Smoke-Fog.
2.1.5
Clipping
O’Grady and Guzman (1996) says clipping is a process where a polysyllabic word is
eliminated it is one or more syllable so that it becomes shorter.
Allan (1986) in his book divides three categories of clipping, they are :
a. Foreclipping, are those with the first part of the original word cut off , for examples
: Burger for hamburger, phone for telephone.
b. Backclipping , where the end of the original has been shorn off, for examples : lab
for laboratory, demo for demonstration.
2.1.6
Backformation
O’Grady and Guzman (1996) says to make a new word by deleting actual affix from
other word in a language is called “BackFormation”, here are some examples of banck
formation , for examples : housekeep from housekeeper, boigraph from biography.
2.1.7
Inflection
Word class or meaning , there are some kinds of inflection :
a. Plural suffixes /-s/ which are added to noun
e.g : book ( books)
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b. Plura suffixes /-en/ which are added to noun
e.g : child ( children)
c. Past tense morpheme /-ed/ which are addedd to verbs
e.g : watch ( watched)
2.1.8
Derivation
O’Grady and Guzman (1996) state that a process when a word is created where its
meaning and/or its category is different from its base by adding an affix is called derivation.
Here are examples of this kond of word formation process :
a. Noun to Adjective : boy + ish ( boyish )
b. Verb to Noun : sing + er ( singer)
c. Adjective to adverb : happy + ly ( happily)
2.1.9
Ciliticization
Some words are enable to stand alone as independent forms for phonological reasons.
Such elements, called clitics, must be attached to another word in the sentence, there are some
example of cliticization :
a. I’m leaving now
b. They’re here now.
2.1.10 Reduplication
Reduplication duplicates all or part of the base to which it applies to mark a
grammatical or semantic contrast. Furthermore, there are two kinds of this kind word formation
process, full reduplication and partial one.Example of full reduplication in Indonesian :
a. Orang (man) ( orang-orang (men)
b. Anak (child) ( anak-anak (children)
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2.1.11 Abbreviation
According to Kridalaksana (2007) abbreviation is a process of putting off one or some
parts of lexeme or a combination of lexemes so it becomes a new word form.sometimes
abbreviations carry over into spoken language, for example:
Written Abbreviations
cm – centimeter(s)
Dr. – doctor
Spoken-Written Abbreviations
A.M. – ante meridiem [in the morning]
VIP – very important person
There are two kinds of abbreviation, they are:
a. Initialism
Intialism is a type of abbreviation formed by the initial letters of the words and
read them by spelling each word, for example: UN for United Nations.
b. Acronym
Acronym is formed by taking the initial letters of some or all of the words in a
phrase or title and reading them as a word, for example: NATO for North Atlantic
Treaty Organisation (O’Grady and Guzman, 1996).
2.2 Acronym
Laurie Bauer ( 1985) an acronym is a word coined by taking the initial letters of the
word in a title or phrase and using them as new word.for example Strategic Arms Limitation
Talks gives SALT. However, not every abbreviation counts as an acronym : to be an acronym
the new word must not be pronounced as a series of letters,but as a word. The lack of
predictability in acronym stems from at least two sources.
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The analysis is based on Bauer Theory on acronym. Acronyming forming processed can
be devided into two :
(1) Forming processed acronym by deciding factor whit the “ initial letters”of the pharase
will be taken include, such as : (a) EAS abreviated from “ East Asia Summit” ( 2
December 2012), (b) IPA abreviated from “ Indonesian Petroleum assosiation “(20
Decemner 2012), (c) TAW abreviated from “ Terrain awareness warning system “ , (d)
AGO abreviated from “Attorney General Office “ ( 11 December 2012) IPOC
abreviated from “Indonesian Palm Oil Conference “ ( 1 December 2012)
(2) Forming Processed acronyms by the lack of predictability,where the letters are not
strictly speaking initial letters in the words in a phrase, such as (a) USADA abreviated
from “ Usanti Doping Agency “( 29 December 2012), (b) KOICA abreviated from
“Korea International Coorperation Commands”(28 December 2012) , (c) NORAD
abreviated fron “ North America Aerospace Commans “ (27 December 2012), ( d)
ANEX abreviated from “ Asean News Excanghe.
(3) The analysis of syllable structure of acronym based on Kiparskys theory, he described
the string of syllable which is good or bad. Common or good rythm according to
kiparski was, the combination of phonemes arranged become a syllable such as:
VCVexample : ASA ( Asian Soccer Academy), CVCexample : CAR ( Capital Adequa
Ratio ) , VC, CV, and the uncommon or bad syllable was CCV or VCC.
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2.3 Previous Research
Studies of acronyms and abbreviations in written media ever done before. Authors
found a thesis written by Ayu Indra Pratwi (2008) the Faculty of Cultural Studies, Universitas
Indonesia student,regardingthe abbreviations contained in the magazine from the
teen
magazinesGadis in 2007. Ayu describe patterns of abbreviations and acronyms contained in
Gadismagazine and which dominant patterns in use in the magazine. Of these studies showed
that stands in Gadis magazine in 2007 classified in to 2 patterns. Meanwhile, the acronym in
Gadis magazine in 2007 can be grouped or classified into 13 patterns. And to prove that he has
the acronym stands funds diverse patterns.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1 Word Formation
As
mentionedearlierin
theintroductory
chapter,
this
studywilldiscuss
theacronyms.Therefore, this studywillusethe theoriesandopinions of expertsareusefulto
analyzethe
data.Thischapteralso
describesthe
conceptof
theabbreviation,
acronymanddistributionthatwillbe usefulandhelpful inthis analysis.
Theoretical
basisused
inthis
studyarethe
conceptsthat
explainabbreviationsandacronyms. There aresomeexpertswhohaveexpressed their opinions
about theabbreviationsandacronyms, such as, Francis Katamba (2002), William O’Grady(
2005) dan Laurie Bauer ( 1985) .Opinion will be a major cornerstone in this study are are
opinion from Laurie Bauer (1985) . Meanwhile,the opinions expressedby Francis Katamba
(2002), and William O’Grady (2005) Willbe usedto supplement theopinions proposed by
Laurie Bauer (1985).
William O’Grady ( 2005 : 137 )Acronym are formed by taking the initial letter of
(some or all) the words in a phrase or title and pronouncing them as a word . this type of word
formation is especially common in names of organization and in military and scientific
terminology.
Abdul Chaer explained , Acronym is the process of formation of a word by way of
abbreviating a concept that is realized in the construction of more than a word.
Katamba ( 2002 : 183) ,says that acronym is word forming a complex expression
reffering to the name of Organization, company or a scientific concept may be reduce to their
initial letters alone which together represent sound that from perfectly acceptable syllables and
hence can be pronounce as word.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Word formation is a morphological process, supposed to form new words by
compounding it or adding prefixes. This term has not special attention in linguistic.
Adams (Adams : 1973) mention the reasons why word formation becomes
uninteresting subject to disdcuss, it is difficult to find a general statement about wordformation. Besides, it is connection with non-linguistic world of things and ideas for wich
word provide the name and it is equivocal position as between descriptive and historical
studies.
(Jackson and Amvela : 2005) By “word-formatin process” we mean the different
devices whics are used in English to build new words from existing ones. Each word-formation
process will result in the production of specific type of word. Consequently , an understanding
of these processes is one way of studying the different types of word that exist in English. Here
are the word formation processes :
2.1.1
Compounding
According to O’Grady and Guzman (1996) says it is defined as combination of some
lexical categories such as adjectives, nouns, verbs, or preposition in purpose of constructing a
large unit of word, for examples : Facebook from Noun + Noun, come-on from Verb +
preposition, Anticlimax from Adjective + Noun.
2.1.2
Borrowing
Hatch and Brown (1995)It is all language-borrowed word from other language , for
example : Democracy drived from greek language demos and cartos, Yogurt ( a kind of drink
wich is fermented from milk) it is from Turkish.
2.1.3
Coinage
O’Grady and Guzman ( 1996) says a word may be produced by hand writing or by
computer that is called word manufacture or coinage. This phenomenon can be faound
Universitas Sumatera Utara
generally in industrial field that need a latest and eye-catching name for goods, for example,
brand name (the first product name) sometimes become so widely used that they are accepred
as generic terms and generalized into the other product name : xerox for photo copy, Vaseline
for hand and body lotion, Rinso for detergent, ect.
2.1.4
Blending
Hatch and Brown ( 1995) says it is taking only the beginning of one word and joining it
to the end of the other word. Some examples of bending can be seen : Brunch,from breakfastluch,Motel from Motor – Hotel,Smog from Smoke-Fog.
2.1.5
Clipping
O’Grady and Guzman (1996) says clipping is a process where a polysyllabic word is
eliminated it is one or more syllable so that it becomes shorter.
Allan (1986) in his book divides three categories of clipping, they are :
a. Foreclipping, are those with the first part of the original word cut off , for examples
: Burger for hamburger, phone for telephone.
b. Backclipping , where the end of the original has been shorn off, for examples : lab
for laboratory, demo for demonstration.
2.1.6
Backformation
O’Grady and Guzman (1996) says to make a new word by deleting actual affix from
other word in a language is called “BackFormation”, here are some examples of banck
formation , for examples : housekeep from housekeeper, boigraph from biography.
2.1.7
Inflection
Word class or meaning , there are some kinds of inflection :
a. Plural suffixes /-s/ which are added to noun
e.g : book ( books)
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b. Plura suffixes /-en/ which are added to noun
e.g : child ( children)
c. Past tense morpheme /-ed/ which are addedd to verbs
e.g : watch ( watched)
2.1.8
Derivation
O’Grady and Guzman (1996) state that a process when a word is created where its
meaning and/or its category is different from its base by adding an affix is called derivation.
Here are examples of this kond of word formation process :
a. Noun to Adjective : boy + ish ( boyish )
b. Verb to Noun : sing + er ( singer)
c. Adjective to adverb : happy + ly ( happily)
2.1.9
Ciliticization
Some words are enable to stand alone as independent forms for phonological reasons.
Such elements, called clitics, must be attached to another word in the sentence, there are some
example of cliticization :
a. I’m leaving now
b. They’re here now.
2.1.10 Reduplication
Reduplication duplicates all or part of the base to which it applies to mark a
grammatical or semantic contrast. Furthermore, there are two kinds of this kind word formation
process, full reduplication and partial one.Example of full reduplication in Indonesian :
a. Orang (man) ( orang-orang (men)
b. Anak (child) ( anak-anak (children)
Universitas Sumatera Utara
2.1.11 Abbreviation
According to Kridalaksana (2007) abbreviation is a process of putting off one or some
parts of lexeme or a combination of lexemes so it becomes a new word form.sometimes
abbreviations carry over into spoken language, for example:
Written Abbreviations
cm – centimeter(s)
Dr. – doctor
Spoken-Written Abbreviations
A.M. – ante meridiem [in the morning]
VIP – very important person
There are two kinds of abbreviation, they are:
a. Initialism
Intialism is a type of abbreviation formed by the initial letters of the words and
read them by spelling each word, for example: UN for United Nations.
b. Acronym
Acronym is formed by taking the initial letters of some or all of the words in a
phrase or title and reading them as a word, for example: NATO for North Atlantic
Treaty Organisation (O’Grady and Guzman, 1996).
2.2 Acronym
Laurie Bauer ( 1985) an acronym is a word coined by taking the initial letters of the
word in a title or phrase and using them as new word.for example Strategic Arms Limitation
Talks gives SALT. However, not every abbreviation counts as an acronym : to be an acronym
the new word must not be pronounced as a series of letters,but as a word. The lack of
predictability in acronym stems from at least two sources.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
The analysis is based on Bauer Theory on acronym. Acronyming forming processed can
be devided into two :
(1) Forming processed acronym by deciding factor whit the “ initial letters”of the pharase
will be taken include, such as : (a) EAS abreviated from “ East Asia Summit” ( 2
December 2012), (b) IPA abreviated from “ Indonesian Petroleum assosiation “(20
Decemner 2012), (c) TAW abreviated from “ Terrain awareness warning system “ , (d)
AGO abreviated from “Attorney General Office “ ( 11 December 2012) IPOC
abreviated from “Indonesian Palm Oil Conference “ ( 1 December 2012)
(2) Forming Processed acronyms by the lack of predictability,where the letters are not
strictly speaking initial letters in the words in a phrase, such as (a) USADA abreviated
from “ Usanti Doping Agency “( 29 December 2012), (b) KOICA abreviated from
“Korea International Coorperation Commands”(28 December 2012) , (c) NORAD
abreviated fron “ North America Aerospace Commans “ (27 December 2012), ( d)
ANEX abreviated from “ Asean News Excanghe.
(3) The analysis of syllable structure of acronym based on Kiparskys theory, he described
the string of syllable which is good or bad. Common or good rythm according to
kiparski was, the combination of phonemes arranged become a syllable such as:
VCVexample : ASA ( Asian Soccer Academy), CVCexample : CAR ( Capital Adequa
Ratio ) , VC, CV, and the uncommon or bad syllable was CCV or VCC.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
2.3 Previous Research
Studies of acronyms and abbreviations in written media ever done before. Authors
found a thesis written by Ayu Indra Pratwi (2008) the Faculty of Cultural Studies, Universitas
Indonesia student,regardingthe abbreviations contained in the magazine from the
teen
magazinesGadis in 2007. Ayu describe patterns of abbreviations and acronyms contained in
Gadismagazine and which dominant patterns in use in the magazine. Of these studies showed
that stands in Gadis magazine in 2007 classified in to 2 patterns. Meanwhile, the acronym in
Gadis magazine in 2007 can be grouped or classified into 13 patterns. And to prove that he has
the acronym stands funds diverse patterns.
Universitas Sumatera Utara