Optimasi Sterilisasi Buah Kelapa Sawit dengan Energi Gelombang Mikro: Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengarhi Generasi Panas
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
[1]
Thomas B. Fricke, Buku Panduan Pabrik Kelapa Sawit Skala Kecil untuk
Produksi Bahan Baku Bahan Bakar Nabati (BBN) (Aceh : Environmental Services
Program, 2009), hal. 2
[2]
Y. B. Che εan, ε. H. εoh, F. R. Van de Voort, “Determination of Free
Fatty Acids in Crude Palm Oil and Refined-Bleached-Deodorized Palm Olein
Using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy,” Journal of the American Oil
Chemists’ Society, 76(4) 1999 : hal. 485-490.
[3]
Tekad Sitepu,, “Analisa Kebutuhan Uap pada Sterilizer Pabrik Kelapa Sawit
dengan δama Perebusan 90 εenit,” Jurnal Dinamis, 2(8) 2011 : hal. 27.
[4]
I. Umudee, et al., “Sterilization of Oil Palm Fresh Fruit Using Microwave
Technique,” International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Applications, 4(3)
2013 : hal. 111-113.
[5]
δiu Zhongdong, δiu Peng, John F. Kennedy, “The Technology of εolecular
Manipulation and Modification Assisted by Microwaves as Applied to Starch
Granules,” Carbohydrate Polymers, 61 2005 : hal. 374-378.
[6]
εaya Sarah, εohd. Rozainee Taib, “Enzymatic Destruction Kinetics of Oil
Palm Fruits by εicrowave Sterilization,” International Journal of Chemical
Engineering and Application, 4(3) 2013 : hal. 129-133.
[7]
Maya Sarah, Mohd. Rozainee Taib, “Microwave Sterilization of Oil Palm
Fruits : Effect of Power, Temperature and D-value on Oil Quality,” Journal of
Medical and Bioengineering, 2(3) 2014 : hal. 153-156.
[8]
S.F. Cheng, εohd Nor δ., C. H. Chuah, “εicrowave Pretreatment: A Clean
and Dry εethod for Palm Oil Production,” Industrial Crops and Products, 34 2011
: hal. 967-971.
[9]
Pusat Data dan Informasi Departemen Perindustrian, Gambaran Sekilas
Industri Minyak Kelapa Sawit (Jakarta : Sekretariat Jenderal, 2007), hal. 1
[10]
Supriyono, Bayu Azmi, “εodel Simulasi untuk Optimasi Penentuan Waktu
εemasak Buah Kelapa Sawit dengan δogika Fuzzy,” Seminar Nasional IV SDM
Teknologi Nuklir, 2007 : hal. 119-126.
101
Universitas Sumatera Utara
[11]
Kwasi Poku, “Small-Scale Palm Oil Processing in Africa,” FAO
Agricultural Services Bulletin, 148 2002 : hal. 3.
[12]
Kementerian Perdagangan RI, Market Brief Kelapa Sawit dan Olahannya
(Hamburg : Indonesian Trade Promotion Center, 2013), hal. 8
[13]
Roseleena, J., et al., “Assesment of Palm Oil Fresh Fruit Bunches Using
Photogrammetric Grading System,” International Food Research Journal, 18(3)
2011 : hal. 999-1005.
[14]
Attapon Choto, et al., “Sterilization of Oil Palm Fruit Using Radio-
Frequency Heating,” International Journal of Advances in Chemical Engineering
& Biological Sciences (IJACEBS), 1(1) 2014 : hal. 123-126.
[15]
Fitriyono Ayustaningwarno, “Proses Pengolahan dan Aplikasi εinyak
Sawit εerah pada Industri Pangan,” VITASPHER, 2 2012 : hal. 1-11.
[16]
Adeniyi, O. R., Ogunsola G. O., Oluwusi D., “εethods of Palm Oil
Processing in Ogun State, Nigeria : A Resource Use Efficiency Assessment,”
American International Journal of Contemporary Research, 4(8) 2014 : hal. 173179.
[17]
Junaidah, M. J., et al., “Optimisation of Sterilisation Process for Oil Palm
Fresh Fruit Bunch at Different Ripeness,” International Food Research Journal,
22(1) 2015 : hal. 275-282.
[18]
εee Chin Chow, Ah Ngan εa, “Processing of Fresh Palm Fruits Using
εicrowaves,” Journal of Microwave Power & Electromagnetic Energy, 40(3) 2007
: hal. 165-173.
[19]
M.C. Law, et al., “εodelling εicrowave Heating of Discrete Samples of
Oil Palm Kernels,” Applied Thermal Engineering, 98 2016 : hal. 702-726.
[20]
Nazarulhisyam Sukaribin, Kaida Khalid, “Effectiveness of Sterilisation of
Oil Palm Bunch Using εicrowave Technology,” Industrial Crops and Products,
30 2009 : hal. 179-183.
[21]
Rayakorn Nokkaew, Vittaya Punsuvon, “Sterilization of Oil Palm Fruits by
εicrowave Heating for Replacing Steam Treatment in Palm Oil εill Process,”
Advanced Material Research, 2014 : hal. 470-475.
102
Universitas Sumatera Utara
[22]
Radha Raman εishra, Apurbba Kumar Sharma, “εicrowave-Material
Interaction Phenomena: Heating Mechanisms, Challenges and Opportunities in
εaterial Processing,” Composite: Part A, 2015 : hal. 1-46.
[23]
εichael Vollmer, “Physics of the εicrowave Oven,” Physics Education,
39(1) 2004 : hal. 74-81.
[24]
F. Kormin, et al., “Study the Heating εechanisms of Temperature
Controlled εicrowave Closed System (TCεCS),” International Journal of
Engineering Science and Innovative Technology (IJESIT), 2(5) 2013 : hal. 417-429.
[25]
Donglei Luan, et al., “Using εobile εetallic Temperature Sensors in
Continuous εicrowave Assisted Sterilization (εATS) Systems,” Journal of Food
Engineering, 119 2013 : hal. 552-560.
[26]
Ian T Carrick, Microwave Heating as an Experimental Model for
Spontaneous Combustion in Organic Materials (New York: SUNY Cobleskill,
2016)
[27]
Suvi Ryynanen, “εicrowave Heating Uniformity of εulticomponent
Prepared Foods.” Disertasi, Program Doktoral Departemen Teknologi Pangan
Universitas Helsinki, Helsinki, 2002
[28]
Jasim Ahmed, Hosahalli S. Ramaswamy, Handbook of Food Preservation
(Florida: CRC Press, 2007)
[29]
Marcos Almeida Bezerra, et al., “Response Surface εethodology (RSε) as
a Tool for Optimization in Analytical Chemistry,” Talanta, 76 2008 : hal. 965-977.
[30]
εuhammet Demirel, Berkant Kayan, “Application of Response Surface
Methodology and Central Composite Design for The Optimization of Textile Dye
Degradation by Wet Air Oxidation,” Journal of Industrial Chemistry, 3(24) 2012 :
hal. 1-10.
[31]
εarcin Dutka, εario Ditaranto, Terese δovas, “Application of a Central
Composite Design for the Study of NOx Emission Performance of a Low NO x
Burner,” Energies, 8 2015 : hal. 3606-3627.
[32]
Bala Kiran, et al., “Statistical Optimization Using Central Composite
Design for Biomass and Lipid Productivity of Microalga: A Step Towards
Enhanced Biodiesel Production,” Ecological Engineering, 92 2016 : hal. 73-81.
103
Universitas Sumatera Utara
[33]
Mustafa Agah Tekindal, et al., “Box-Behnken Experimental Design in
Factorial Experiments: The Importance of Bread for Nutrition and Health,” Turkish
Journal of Field Crops, 17(2) 2012 : hal. 115-123.
[34]
Oguz Perincek, εetin Colak, “Use of Experimental Box-Behnken Design
for the Estimation of Interactions Between Harmonic Currents Produced by Single
Phase δoads,” International Journal of Engineering Research and Application
(IJERA), 3(2) 2013 : hal. 158-165.
[35]
Ismail Hakki Boyaci, “A New Approach for Determination of Enzyme
Kinetic Constants Using Response Surface εethodology,”
Biochemical
Engineering Journal, 25 2005 : hal. 55-62.
[36]
Malaysian Palm Oil Board, MPOB Test Methods (Kuala Lumpur: Ministry
of Plantation Industries and Commodities, 2005)
[37]
AOCS, AOCS Official Method Ca 5a-40: Free Fatty Acids (USA: American
Oil Chemists’ Society, 2009)
[38]
Nuryanti, Djati H Salimy, ”εetode Permukaan Respon dan Aplikasinya
pada Optimasi Eksperimen Kimia,” Risalah Lokakarya Komputasi dalam Sains dan
Teknologi Nuklir, 2008 : hal. 373-391.
[39]
Patrick D. T. O’Connor, Andre Kleyner, Practical Reliability Engineering
(New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2012), hal. 455-456
[40]
Dougherty, C., Introduction to Econometrics (Oxford: Oxford University
Press, 2001), hal. 2
[41]
Wasir Nuri, “Pengaruh Kadar Garam Terhadap Suhu εakanan yang
Dimasak dengan εicrowave,” EKSERGI, 10(2) 2010 : hal. 32-35.
[42]
Murad Awadh Bahadi, et al., “Free Fatty Acids Separation From εalaysian
High Free Fatty Acid Crude Palm Oil Using εolecular Distillation,” Malaysian
Journal of Analytical Sciences, 20(5) 2016 : hal. 1042-1051.
[43]
Noerhidajat, et al., “Effect of High Pressurized Sterilization on Oil Palm
Fruit Digestion Operation,” International Food Research Journal, 23(1) 2016 : hal.
129-134.
[44]
Jessie S. L. Chang, et al., “Effects of εicrowave Heating on Oil Palm
εesocarp,” Chemical Engineering Transactions, 45 2015 : hal. 1633-1638.
104
Universitas Sumatera Utara
[45]
Nu’man Abdul Hadi, et al., “Dry Heating of Palm Fruits: Effect On Selected
Parameters,” American Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 5(2) 2012 :
hal. 128-131.
[46]
Mohammadreza Koushki, Masoomeh Nahidi, Fatemeh Cheraghali,
“Physico-Chemical Properties, Fatty Acid Profile and Nutrition in Palm Oil,”
Journal of Paramedical Sciences (JPS), 6(3) 2015 : hal. 117-134.
[47]
Sedigheh Abasi, et al., “Effect of Time and Temperature on εoisture
Content, Shrinkage, and Rehydration of Dried Onion,” Iranian Journal of Chemical
Engineering, 6(3) 2009 : hal. 58-70.
[48]
Okolo J. C., Adejumo B. A., “Effect of Bleaching on Some Quality
Attributes of Crude Palm Oil,” International Organization of Scientific Research
Journal of Engineering (IOSRJEN), 4(12) 2014 : hal. 25-28.
[49]
Tagoe S.M.A., Dickinson M. J., Apetorgbor ε.ε., “Factors Influencing
Quality of Palm Oil Produced at The Cottage Industry δevel in Ghana,”
International Food Research Journal, 19(1) 2012 : hal. 271-278.
105
Universitas Sumatera Utara
[1]
Thomas B. Fricke, Buku Panduan Pabrik Kelapa Sawit Skala Kecil untuk
Produksi Bahan Baku Bahan Bakar Nabati (BBN) (Aceh : Environmental Services
Program, 2009), hal. 2
[2]
Y. B. Che εan, ε. H. εoh, F. R. Van de Voort, “Determination of Free
Fatty Acids in Crude Palm Oil and Refined-Bleached-Deodorized Palm Olein
Using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy,” Journal of the American Oil
Chemists’ Society, 76(4) 1999 : hal. 485-490.
[3]
Tekad Sitepu,, “Analisa Kebutuhan Uap pada Sterilizer Pabrik Kelapa Sawit
dengan δama Perebusan 90 εenit,” Jurnal Dinamis, 2(8) 2011 : hal. 27.
[4]
I. Umudee, et al., “Sterilization of Oil Palm Fresh Fruit Using Microwave
Technique,” International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Applications, 4(3)
2013 : hal. 111-113.
[5]
δiu Zhongdong, δiu Peng, John F. Kennedy, “The Technology of εolecular
Manipulation and Modification Assisted by Microwaves as Applied to Starch
Granules,” Carbohydrate Polymers, 61 2005 : hal. 374-378.
[6]
εaya Sarah, εohd. Rozainee Taib, “Enzymatic Destruction Kinetics of Oil
Palm Fruits by εicrowave Sterilization,” International Journal of Chemical
Engineering and Application, 4(3) 2013 : hal. 129-133.
[7]
Maya Sarah, Mohd. Rozainee Taib, “Microwave Sterilization of Oil Palm
Fruits : Effect of Power, Temperature and D-value on Oil Quality,” Journal of
Medical and Bioengineering, 2(3) 2014 : hal. 153-156.
[8]
S.F. Cheng, εohd Nor δ., C. H. Chuah, “εicrowave Pretreatment: A Clean
and Dry εethod for Palm Oil Production,” Industrial Crops and Products, 34 2011
: hal. 967-971.
[9]
Pusat Data dan Informasi Departemen Perindustrian, Gambaran Sekilas
Industri Minyak Kelapa Sawit (Jakarta : Sekretariat Jenderal, 2007), hal. 1
[10]
Supriyono, Bayu Azmi, “εodel Simulasi untuk Optimasi Penentuan Waktu
εemasak Buah Kelapa Sawit dengan δogika Fuzzy,” Seminar Nasional IV SDM
Teknologi Nuklir, 2007 : hal. 119-126.
101
Universitas Sumatera Utara
[11]
Kwasi Poku, “Small-Scale Palm Oil Processing in Africa,” FAO
Agricultural Services Bulletin, 148 2002 : hal. 3.
[12]
Kementerian Perdagangan RI, Market Brief Kelapa Sawit dan Olahannya
(Hamburg : Indonesian Trade Promotion Center, 2013), hal. 8
[13]
Roseleena, J., et al., “Assesment of Palm Oil Fresh Fruit Bunches Using
Photogrammetric Grading System,” International Food Research Journal, 18(3)
2011 : hal. 999-1005.
[14]
Attapon Choto, et al., “Sterilization of Oil Palm Fruit Using Radio-
Frequency Heating,” International Journal of Advances in Chemical Engineering
& Biological Sciences (IJACEBS), 1(1) 2014 : hal. 123-126.
[15]
Fitriyono Ayustaningwarno, “Proses Pengolahan dan Aplikasi εinyak
Sawit εerah pada Industri Pangan,” VITASPHER, 2 2012 : hal. 1-11.
[16]
Adeniyi, O. R., Ogunsola G. O., Oluwusi D., “εethods of Palm Oil
Processing in Ogun State, Nigeria : A Resource Use Efficiency Assessment,”
American International Journal of Contemporary Research, 4(8) 2014 : hal. 173179.
[17]
Junaidah, M. J., et al., “Optimisation of Sterilisation Process for Oil Palm
Fresh Fruit Bunch at Different Ripeness,” International Food Research Journal,
22(1) 2015 : hal. 275-282.
[18]
εee Chin Chow, Ah Ngan εa, “Processing of Fresh Palm Fruits Using
εicrowaves,” Journal of Microwave Power & Electromagnetic Energy, 40(3) 2007
: hal. 165-173.
[19]
M.C. Law, et al., “εodelling εicrowave Heating of Discrete Samples of
Oil Palm Kernels,” Applied Thermal Engineering, 98 2016 : hal. 702-726.
[20]
Nazarulhisyam Sukaribin, Kaida Khalid, “Effectiveness of Sterilisation of
Oil Palm Bunch Using εicrowave Technology,” Industrial Crops and Products,
30 2009 : hal. 179-183.
[21]
Rayakorn Nokkaew, Vittaya Punsuvon, “Sterilization of Oil Palm Fruits by
εicrowave Heating for Replacing Steam Treatment in Palm Oil εill Process,”
Advanced Material Research, 2014 : hal. 470-475.
102
Universitas Sumatera Utara
[22]
Radha Raman εishra, Apurbba Kumar Sharma, “εicrowave-Material
Interaction Phenomena: Heating Mechanisms, Challenges and Opportunities in
εaterial Processing,” Composite: Part A, 2015 : hal. 1-46.
[23]
εichael Vollmer, “Physics of the εicrowave Oven,” Physics Education,
39(1) 2004 : hal. 74-81.
[24]
F. Kormin, et al., “Study the Heating εechanisms of Temperature
Controlled εicrowave Closed System (TCεCS),” International Journal of
Engineering Science and Innovative Technology (IJESIT), 2(5) 2013 : hal. 417-429.
[25]
Donglei Luan, et al., “Using εobile εetallic Temperature Sensors in
Continuous εicrowave Assisted Sterilization (εATS) Systems,” Journal of Food
Engineering, 119 2013 : hal. 552-560.
[26]
Ian T Carrick, Microwave Heating as an Experimental Model for
Spontaneous Combustion in Organic Materials (New York: SUNY Cobleskill,
2016)
[27]
Suvi Ryynanen, “εicrowave Heating Uniformity of εulticomponent
Prepared Foods.” Disertasi, Program Doktoral Departemen Teknologi Pangan
Universitas Helsinki, Helsinki, 2002
[28]
Jasim Ahmed, Hosahalli S. Ramaswamy, Handbook of Food Preservation
(Florida: CRC Press, 2007)
[29]
Marcos Almeida Bezerra, et al., “Response Surface εethodology (RSε) as
a Tool for Optimization in Analytical Chemistry,” Talanta, 76 2008 : hal. 965-977.
[30]
εuhammet Demirel, Berkant Kayan, “Application of Response Surface
Methodology and Central Composite Design for The Optimization of Textile Dye
Degradation by Wet Air Oxidation,” Journal of Industrial Chemistry, 3(24) 2012 :
hal. 1-10.
[31]
εarcin Dutka, εario Ditaranto, Terese δovas, “Application of a Central
Composite Design for the Study of NOx Emission Performance of a Low NO x
Burner,” Energies, 8 2015 : hal. 3606-3627.
[32]
Bala Kiran, et al., “Statistical Optimization Using Central Composite
Design for Biomass and Lipid Productivity of Microalga: A Step Towards
Enhanced Biodiesel Production,” Ecological Engineering, 92 2016 : hal. 73-81.
103
Universitas Sumatera Utara
[33]
Mustafa Agah Tekindal, et al., “Box-Behnken Experimental Design in
Factorial Experiments: The Importance of Bread for Nutrition and Health,” Turkish
Journal of Field Crops, 17(2) 2012 : hal. 115-123.
[34]
Oguz Perincek, εetin Colak, “Use of Experimental Box-Behnken Design
for the Estimation of Interactions Between Harmonic Currents Produced by Single
Phase δoads,” International Journal of Engineering Research and Application
(IJERA), 3(2) 2013 : hal. 158-165.
[35]
Ismail Hakki Boyaci, “A New Approach for Determination of Enzyme
Kinetic Constants Using Response Surface εethodology,”
Biochemical
Engineering Journal, 25 2005 : hal. 55-62.
[36]
Malaysian Palm Oil Board, MPOB Test Methods (Kuala Lumpur: Ministry
of Plantation Industries and Commodities, 2005)
[37]
AOCS, AOCS Official Method Ca 5a-40: Free Fatty Acids (USA: American
Oil Chemists’ Society, 2009)
[38]
Nuryanti, Djati H Salimy, ”εetode Permukaan Respon dan Aplikasinya
pada Optimasi Eksperimen Kimia,” Risalah Lokakarya Komputasi dalam Sains dan
Teknologi Nuklir, 2008 : hal. 373-391.
[39]
Patrick D. T. O’Connor, Andre Kleyner, Practical Reliability Engineering
(New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2012), hal. 455-456
[40]
Dougherty, C., Introduction to Econometrics (Oxford: Oxford University
Press, 2001), hal. 2
[41]
Wasir Nuri, “Pengaruh Kadar Garam Terhadap Suhu εakanan yang
Dimasak dengan εicrowave,” EKSERGI, 10(2) 2010 : hal. 32-35.
[42]
Murad Awadh Bahadi, et al., “Free Fatty Acids Separation From εalaysian
High Free Fatty Acid Crude Palm Oil Using εolecular Distillation,” Malaysian
Journal of Analytical Sciences, 20(5) 2016 : hal. 1042-1051.
[43]
Noerhidajat, et al., “Effect of High Pressurized Sterilization on Oil Palm
Fruit Digestion Operation,” International Food Research Journal, 23(1) 2016 : hal.
129-134.
[44]
Jessie S. L. Chang, et al., “Effects of εicrowave Heating on Oil Palm
εesocarp,” Chemical Engineering Transactions, 45 2015 : hal. 1633-1638.
104
Universitas Sumatera Utara
[45]
Nu’man Abdul Hadi, et al., “Dry Heating of Palm Fruits: Effect On Selected
Parameters,” American Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 5(2) 2012 :
hal. 128-131.
[46]
Mohammadreza Koushki, Masoomeh Nahidi, Fatemeh Cheraghali,
“Physico-Chemical Properties, Fatty Acid Profile and Nutrition in Palm Oil,”
Journal of Paramedical Sciences (JPS), 6(3) 2015 : hal. 117-134.
[47]
Sedigheh Abasi, et al., “Effect of Time and Temperature on εoisture
Content, Shrinkage, and Rehydration of Dried Onion,” Iranian Journal of Chemical
Engineering, 6(3) 2009 : hal. 58-70.
[48]
Okolo J. C., Adejumo B. A., “Effect of Bleaching on Some Quality
Attributes of Crude Palm Oil,” International Organization of Scientific Research
Journal of Engineering (IOSRJEN), 4(12) 2014 : hal. 25-28.
[49]
Tagoe S.M.A., Dickinson M. J., Apetorgbor ε.ε., “Factors Influencing
Quality of Palm Oil Produced at The Cottage Industry δevel in Ghana,”
International Food Research Journal, 19(1) 2012 : hal. 271-278.
105
Universitas Sumatera Utara