Industrialization and Nationalism.pptx

  Industrialization and Nationalism

The Industrial Revolution

  Within 50 years took hold in the rest of the western Europe _• In 18th century Britain was producing more food because agriculture improvements

• _– More farmland, better transportation, and new crops like the potato increased the food supply _–

  More people could be fed at lower prices and less labor

  _– With more abundant food supplies, the population increased

  Great Britain: Contributing Factors

• Began in GB sometime around 1780 _•

  Contributing Factors _•

  Parliament passed laws that allowed landowners to fence off common lands: enclosure movement

• _• Many peasants forced to move to towns to find work – plentiful labor _•

  Britain had a ready supply of money: capital to invest in new industrial machinery and factories

• _– Wealthy people entrepreneurs sought new business opportunities and new ways to make profits _•

  Natural resources were plentiful _–

  

The country’s many rivers provided water power for the

steam engine, and transportation for raw materials and

• _– finished products Rich in coal and iron ore that was necessary for

  manufacturing

Contributing Factors

• ^• Britain had a relatively free society ^•

  Government did not heavily regulate the economy, and ideas circulated freely

• ^• The British had a ready market in the vast empire, and British ships could transport manufactured goods anywhere in the world ^•

  In Britain, market was growing as population was growing

• ^• With demand expanding, those with money to invest had a big incentive to find methods to expand production
Changes in Cotton Production _•

  In 18th century, Britain already ahead of other countries in making inexpensive cotton goods

• _• People worked from their rural cottages: cottage

  industry

• _• Technological advances make weaving faster _–

  Flying shuttle _– The spinning jenny

• _– Water-powered loom _– It became more efficient to bring workers to the new machines and have them work in factories near streams and rivers _•

  James Watt improved the steam engine – allowing the steam engine to drive machinery

  Industrial Revolution in Britain

  A series of complex developments brought about the ^• IR.

• ^– Increased demand and the fact that some business people had capital to invest ^–

  Another major step forward came when steam power could be used to spin and weave cotton

• ^• Because steam engines were fired by coal, they no longer needed to be near rivers – spread all over Britain ^•

  By 1840, Britain imported 366 million lbs of cotton per year

• ^• Factory made cotton cloth Britain’s most valuable product and sold everywhere in the world

  The Coal and Iron Industries

• ^• Coal and iron ore plentiful ^•

  In 1780s Henry Cort developed a way to produce better iron with a process called puddling

• ^– In puddling, coke, a coal derivative was used to purify crude iron – higher quality iron – iron industry boomed ^–

  

In 1852, Britain produced more iron than the rest of the

world combined
• ^• New iron used to make machines and build railroads
• ^– Made moving more efficient and improved transportation ^–

  First public railway opened between Liverpool and Manchester

• ^– Building railroads created more jobs and less expensive transport made goods cheaper, creating more sales, leading to more factories

The New Factories

  

The factory very important to industrialization

^{• •} With new energy sources developed, factories could be located in cities near workers
• ^• New labor system was created ^•

  To keep machines producing constantly,

workers were forced to work in shifts to keep

machines going ^• Early factory workers migrated from rural areas ^• Workers disciplined, worked repetitive tasks and regular hours, child workers often beaten

The Spread of Industrialization

  By the mid-nineteenth century, Britain the ^• richest nation

• ^• The IR spreads to France, Belgium ^•

  Prussia, one of the largest German states created a free trading zone

• ^•

  Transforms German economy after unification

  ^•

  Western Europe and US industrialized first, had an advantage in becoming wealthy and powerful ^• Japan follows the western example to become strong

IR in the US

  Pace of industrializing fairly quick ^{• •} In 1800, six of seven workers farmers ^• Between 1800 and 1860, the population grew from 5 million to 30 million

• ^• Cities grew, only half of population worked as farmers ^•

  Robert Fulton built the first paddle-wheel steamboat, makes transportation easier

• ^• Railroads bring the nation together ^•

  Factory workers first came from Northeast ^• Women and girls made up a substantial majority of textile workers.

Newspaper ad in NY:

   Wanted: a few sober and industrious

families of at least five children each, over

the age of eight years, are wanted at the

cotton factory in Whitestown. Widows with

large families would do well to attend this notice

  Social Impact in Europe

• ^• Growth of population and cities
• ^–

  Between 1750 and 1850, population doubled (140-266

  million) – decline in deaths from wars and plagues, famine disappeared ^–

  Cities grew faster than clean water supply and sewers, bred dirt and disease

  The Industrial middle class emerges with industrial ^•

  capitalism

• ^–

  Men who built the factories, bought the machines, and

  figured out where the markets were; had vision, ambition, and often greed
• ^• The industrial working class were workers who worked from 12-16 hours a day, six days a week
• ^– No minimum wage and could be fired with no notice, unsafe and dangerous conditions

Early Socialism

• ^• Some reformers opposed a capitalist system which they saw as responsible for destroying people’s lives, advocated Socialism ^•

  Socialism is an economic system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls important parts of economy, such as factories and utilities. ^• In theory, this public ownership of means of production would allow for wealth to be distributed more equally to everyone

Reaction and Revolution

• ^• With Napoleon gone, the representatives of great powers meet in Vienna to restore old order:

  Congress of Vienna

• ^– Most influential Klemens von Matternich, foreign minister of Austria ^–

  Wanted to bring back monarchs who ruled before Napoleon swept through Europe: principle of legitimacy

  The victors, GB, Russia, Prussia, Austria did not want ^• France or any other nation to become too powerful

• ^– To achieve balance of power, some territories were divided up and boundaries changed ^–

  Believed in political philosophy known as conservatism, based on tradition and social stability, favored obedience to political authority _• ^– Believed religions were beneficial to social order

  Forces of Change

  Great powers adopted a principle of intervention: ^• Great powers had the right to send armies to countries threatened by revolutions in order to keep monarchs in power; maintained old order

• ^• Liberalism, one of the powerful forces of change ^–

  Held that people should be as free as possible from government restraint

• ^– Believed that people had the right to basic civil liberties- equality before law, and freedom of assembly, speech, and the press ^–

  Committed to religious toleration and separation of church and state

• ^– Believed in elected legislature, but not universal suffrage, only for those with property: middle class attitudes ^–

  Workers should not have the vote until becoming educated Nationalism and Revolutionary Outbursts

• ^• In the 19th century, nationalism was even more powerful force than liberalism
• ^– Arose when people began identifying themselves as part of community defined by a distinctive language, religion, and customs ^–

  

Earlier, peoples loyalty was to a king, later to the nation

^– Spread by the French revolution and Napoleon

Nations even willing to expand their own nations at the

• ^– expense of others ^–

  Weakened some liberal principles

• ^• Liberalism and nationalism began to break through conservative domination of Europe through revolutions
• ^–

  In France upper middle class overthrew the monarch

  Charles X in 1830 ^–

  Revolutions follow in Belgium, Poland, and Italy

  The Revolutions of 1848

• ^• Severe problems in the French economy spark another revolution
• ^– Led to universal suffrage (all adult males), final overthrow of monarchy, and the Second Republic with the newly elected president: Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte

  Trouble in the German states, but unification not ^• accomplished

• ^• Austrian empire in turmoil: collection of different peoples including Germans, Czechs, Hungarians, Slovaks, Romanians, Slovenes, Poles, Croats, Serbians, and Italians. The revolutions crushed with the help of Russian forces ^•

  Revolts in Italian states unsuccessful National Unification and the National State

  

Breakdown of the Concert of Europe What caused these nations to finally mix? 

  The Crimean War 

  The shift in power in Europe allowing Germany and Italy to unite The Crimean War  _ A result of a very old struggle between Russia and the Ottoman Empire

  The Ottoman Empire was in decline, and their authority over the _ Balkans was weakening

Russia eventually lost too many troops and asked for peace with the Ottoman Empire What did the Russians plan during the Crimean War?

   Since they covered territory in the Balkans they would have the ability to sail through the Dardanelles which was between the Black sea and the Mediterranean. If this part of the plan was successful then Russia would be a major power in Eastern Europe and would even be able to

challenge the British over the power of the area. This plan nearly succeeded. What were the after effects of the Crimean war? 

  

The war ended the old Concert

of Europe 

  

Neither side gained any kind of

advantage after the war 

  The humiliation of Russia

having to ask peace from their

foes and withdrew from European affairs for the next 20 years

   The war opened the doors for the unification between Italy and

  German Unification

German Unification

• ^• Germans had been longing for a unified national state for many decades, so they looked to Prussia for leadership on unification. ^•

  Prussia had become a strong and prosperous state, its government was authoritarian, the king had firm control over both the government and army.

Otto von Bismarck • A new prime minister appointed by King William I

  who ignored the legislative and strengthened the army. ^• Governed without approval from parliament from 1862-1866, all the while he was following an activist foreign policy, which soon led to war. ^• After defeating Denmark with Austrian, Bismarck

created tension with them and forced them into

war on June 14, 1866. ^•

Prussian army defeated the Austrians on July 3.

The German States

• ^• The Southern German states feared the Protestant Prussia, but were also afraid of France. ^•

  They signed a military alliances with Prussia for protection against France. ^• Prussia now dominated all of Northern Germany and problems would soon arise with France. ^• Bismarck realized that France would never be content with a powerful Germany.

Franco-Prussian War

• ^• France became angry over the candidacy for the throne of Spain ^•

  Bismarck decided to take advantage of the misunderstandings between France and Prussia to force the French into declaring war on Prussia on July 19, 1870. ^• Sadly, the French stood no chance against the better-led and better-organized Prussian army.

Franco-Prussian War

• ^• The Southern German states honored military alliances and joined the war effort against the French ^•

  On September 2, 1870, an entire French army and ruler, Napoleon III, were captured. ^• On January 28, 1871, Paris had finally surrendered, and an official peace treaty was signed in May

Aftermath of War

• ^• France had 5 billion francs (about $1 billion) and give up the provinces of Alsace and Lorraine. ^•

  The southern German states had agreed to enter the North German Confederation. ^• On January 18, 1871, Bismarck and six hundred princes, nobles, and generals filled the Hall of Mirrors while William I of Prussia was claimed to be Kaiser, or emperor, of the Second German Reich.

Reaction and Revolution

  Italian Unificatio n

Italian Empire • 1850 Austrian Empire controlled Italian Peninsula. • 1849 King Victor Emmanuel II

  takes throne of Piedmont ^• Italian nationalists turned focus to hope of independence on Piedmont ^• 1852 Emmanuel II appoints Camillo di Cavour prime minister

Short War

• ^• Cavour made an alliance with French emperor, Louis-Napoleon to help against Austrians ^•

  In return French will receive Nice and Savoy ^• 1859 War broke out after Cavour provoked Austrians to invade Piedmont ^• End of war peace treaty

• France takes Nice and Savoy -Austrians keep control of Venetia -Piedmont received the province of Lombardy

  Giuseppe ^• Italian patriot

  

Garibaldi

^• Lead revolts in South America ^• Inspirational man of the people

Importance • Raised an army of 1, 000 volunteers

  to fight for independence ^• “Red Shirts” ^• Could have created a new Italian nation, but turned conquests over to Piedmont

Red Shirt Victories

  Strongest states in

• southern Italy: Two Sicilies, Sicily and Naples. Revolt in Sicily against
• king, Red Shirts took control by late July, 1860 Red shirts spread up
• through the Italian peninsula, by September entire kingdom of the Two Sicilies fell

Italy and Rome • Austrians went to war with

  Prussia, Italy helped Prussians and were rewarded after victory with Venetia ^• During same war, French were forced to retreat from Rome, giving Italians a chance to move in and claim a new capital of the new

Italian state (September 20, 1870) Great Vikki Brown

Britain

  Part 4

Great Britain • Great Britain was governed by

  aristocratic landowning classes which dominated both houses of Parliament ^•

In 1832, the number of male

voters increased and by giving them a vote, Britain avoided revolution
• ^• In 1850s and 1860s, new reforms continued to lead Britain to stability

Great Britain’s Stability

  In 1851, the nation held the Crystal Palace Exhibition in London (Picture to the left)

  From 1850- 1870, laborers income increased more than 25%

  Queen Victoria (1837-1901) Longest reign in English History. Most famous for sense of duty and moral (also fashion) which reflected her era.

  

France

  The Austrian Empire

  Austrian Empire ^• One of Europe’s most powerful states - the Austrian Empire – was a multinational empire that had been able to frustrate the desire of its

  Franz I ethnic groups for independence. Emperor of Austria ^• The Austrian Empire was founded in 1804 by

  Franz I on a remnant of the Holy Roman Empire. It was a direct response to Napoleon Bonaparte’s proclamation of the First French Empire in that same year. ^• Franz I Emperor (1804-1835), Napoleon I’s father-in-law, was formerly Holy Roman Emperor as Francis II. Austria, as part of the third coalition, was defeated by the French at Austerlitz in 1805 and Austrian foreign policy in the ensuing years was centered around its fear and distrust of France. ^• After the Hapsburg rulers crushed the revolutions of 1849, they restored centralized, autocratic government to the empire.

Continued • Austria’s defeat at the hands of the Prussians in 1866, forced the Austrians

  to make concession to the fiercely nationalistic Hungarians, which resulted in the compromise of 1867. The compromise created the dual monarchy of Austria Hungary. ^• Each of the two components of the empire now had its own legislature, its own government bureaucracy, and its own capital. ^• In domestic affairs, then, the Hungarians had become an independent nation. ^• The compromise did not satisfy the other minorities that made up the multinational Austro – Hungarian Empire.

  Russia _{By Daniel Vue, Jose Cruz} Russia

  19th Century Russia

•  19th century Russia was overwhelming with

  rural, agriculture, and auto crating and

  government withstood revolution for half of

  19th century.

•  1856 Russians suffered humiliation of defeat

  in Crimean War  Czar Alexander II set emancipation in 3/3/1886 which made serfs free and government bought land for them from landowners

• Peasants had bad land and Alexander II tried

  more reforms but wasn’t working, conservatives thought him ruining old institution and assassinated him in 1881.
• Son came into power and brought back the old institution

  

Nationalism in the United

States

  Nationalism in USA  US divided into two groups liberalism and nationalism

 2 factions fought bitterly, federalist

wanted strong center government, liberalist wanted state government,

fight stopped during 1812 British

War  Election of Andrew Jackson in 1828 made new politics, voting extended to all white male eventually, Mid-19th century

slavery became obstacle for unity

of US

  Nationalism in USA (Continued)

  South economy based on cotton and slave, so refused to abolish

slavery like

north, Abraham