Criticism on environmental destruction, social injustice, and extremism in Indonesia through Navicula selected song lyrics - USD Repository

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

CRITICISM ON ENVIRONMENTAL DESTRUCTION, SOCIAL
INJUSTICE, AND EXTREMISM IN INDONESIA THROUGH NAVICULA
SELECTED SONG LYRICS
A THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement
to Obtain the Magister Humaniora (M. Hum.) Degree
in English Language Studies

Herda Pramundito
Student Number: 166332012

THE GRADUATE PROGRAM OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE STUDIES
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2019

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI


CRITICISM ON ENVIRONMENTAL DESTRUCTION, SOCIAL
INJUSTICE, AND EXTREMISM IN INDONESIA THROUGH NAVICULA
SELECTED SONG LYRICS
A THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement
to Obtain the Magister Humaniora (M. Hum.) Degree
in English Language Studies

Herda Pramundito
Student Number: 166332012

THE GRADUATE PROGRAM OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE STUDIES
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2019

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A THESIS
CRITICISM ON ENVIRONMENTAL DESTRUCTION, SOCIAL
IN.nJSTICE, AND EXTREMISM IN INDONESIA THROUGH NAVICULA
SELECTED SONG LYRICS

Dra. Novita Dewi, M.S.. M.A. (Hons), Ph.D.
Yogyakarta, 11 January 2019

Thesis Advisor

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PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

A THESIS
CRITICISM ON ENVIRONMENTAL DESTRUCTION, SOCIAL
INJUSTICE, AND EXTREMISM IN INDONESIA THROUGH NAVICULA
SELECTED SONG LYRICS


Presented By:
Herda Pramundito
166332012

Studen ~ mb r:

Defended before ilie Thesis Committee
nd Declared Accep able

THESIS COMMITTEE J'

,.

Chairperson : Paulus Sarwoto, PhD.
Secretary

: 'Qra. ativo~

Dewi;:M.S.,


Member

: 1. Dr. Tatang Iskama

.

2. Sri MUlyani, Ph.B.

Yogyakarta,

11 January 2019

The Graduate Program Director

I

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STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY

I honestly declare this thesis which I have written does not contain the
phrases, sentences or parts of the other people's work except those cited in the
quotations and the references as a scientific paper should. I understand the full
consequences including degree cancellation if! took the other people's work.

Yogyakarta, 11 January 20 I9

Herda Prarnundito

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LEMBARPERNYATAANPERSETUJUAN
PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS
Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma:
Nama


: Herda Pramundito

NIM

: 166332012

Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan
Universitas Sanata Dharma, karya ilmiah saya yang beIjudul:

CRITICISM ON ENVIRONMENTAL DESTRUCTION, SOCIAL
INJUSTICE, AND EXTREMISM IN INDONESIA THROUGH NAVICULA
SELECTED SONG LYRICS
Beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (hila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan
kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan,
mengalihkan dalam bentuk lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data,
mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempubliksikannya di Internet atau media
lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta izin dari saya maupun
memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai
penulis.
Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya.

Dibuat di Yogyakarta
Pada tanggal II lanuari 2019

Herda Prarnundito

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

In this part, I want to express my deepest gratitude for those people who
become my support system in this thesis. First of all, I want to give the greatest
gratefulness to Allah SWT. I also want to give another gratitude to my only one
prophet Muhammad SAW whom I wait his blessing in the end of the world.
Secondly, my deepest thankfulness goes to my thesis advisor Dra. Novita
Dewi, M.S., M.A. (Hons), Ph.D. for her time, guidance and also the support during

my thesis writing. I would like to thank also for the comments and the suggestions,
without that I cannot finish my thesis. I also want to give another thankfulness to

all lecturers in ELS department, Prof. Dr. Soepomo Poedjosoedarmo, Paulus
Sarwoto, Ph.D., F.X. Mukarto, Ph.D., Dr. B.B. Dwijatmoko, M.A., Dr. E.
Sunarto, M. Hum., Dr. Fr. Borgias Alip, M. Pd., M.A., and Dr. J. Bismoko for
the knowledge and inspiration inside or outside the class.
I dedicate this thesis to my beloved parents; Drs. Prajudi ‘Prataph Singh’
and Dra. Suparti who always give me strength and courage during the study and
the thesis writing. Before I forget, I want to thank also to my not so little brother
Henu Abiseka Prasida for disturbing me during my thesis writing.
I would also give my big thanks to my classmates in ELS, Listi, Florence,
Sr. Christine, Eirene, Desca, Bu Ismi, Witta and all friends. To ELS staffs, mbak
Marni and her assistants. To my friend, Yoseph. The last but not the least, I would
like to thank to anyone that cannot be mentioned one by one for helping me
finishing this thesis, may God bless you all, and all living creatures in this world.
Herda Pramundito

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MOTTO


Layukallifullahu nafsan illa wus’aha
Allah does not charge a soul except [with that within] its capacity
[QS. Al-Baqarah: Verse 286]

CREATE. COURAGE. CREATE. WONDERFUL
Will you create courage no matter what?
[The Globe Philippines]

Berusaha bener - bener gimana caranya. Menekuni. Membuat sesuatu yang tidak
mungkin menjadi mungkin dan Insyaallah gimana caranya selesai
[Fajar – Alexa]

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE ......................................................................................................... i
APPROVAL PAGE .............................................................................................. ii

ACCEPTANCE PAGE ........................................................................................ iii
STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY ................................................................... iv
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN .....................................................v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................. vi
MOTTO ............................................................................................................... vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................... viii
LIST OF APPENDICES .......................................................................................x
ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................ xiii
ABSTRAK .......................................................................................................... xiv
CHAPTER I ............................................................................................................1
INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................1
A. Background of the Study.............................................................................. 1
B. Research Questions .................................................................................... 13
C. Benefit of the Study ................................................................................... 13
CHAPTER II ........................................................................................................15
LITERATURE REVIEW....................................................................................15
A. Review of Related Studies ......................................................................... 15
B. Review of Related Theories ....................................................................... 22
C. Theoretical Framework .............................................................................. 31
CHAPTER III ......................................................................................................33

THE WAY NAVICULA CHALLENGES THE UNRESOLVED
ENVIRONMENTAL DESTRUCTION IN INDONESIA THROUGH THEIR
SONG LYRICS ....................................................................................................33
A. Environmental Pollution in Indonesia ........................................................ 34
B. Tree, Forest, the Protectors and Ecosystem Issues .................................... 52
C. The Movement of Navicula to the Environmental Destruction ................. 69
D. Navicula’s Attitude and Ideology behind the song lyrics .......................... 78
CHAPTER IV .......................................................................................................83
NAVICULA’S CRITICISM TO SOCIAL INJUSTICE IN INDONESIA AS
REVEALED IN ITS NAVICULA’S SONG LYRICS ......................................83

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A. Mafias and the People Representatives in Indonesia ................................. 84
B. Munir Case as the Representation of Unresolved Human Rights .............. 94
C. Environmental Destruction to Social Injustice in Indonesia .................... 104
D. Navicula’s Attitude and Ideology behind the song lyrics ........................ 108
CHAPTER V ......................................................................................................114
RESPOND TO EXTREMISM THREAT IN INDONESIA THROUGH
NAVICULA SONG LYRICS ............................................................................114
A. Extremism in the Context of Terrorism in Indonesia............................... 114
B. Extremism as the Main Factor of the Religious Conflict in Indonesia .... 123
C. Navicula’s Attitude and Ideology behind the song lyrics ........................ 132
CHAPTER VI .....................................................................................................135
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION .............................................................135
A. Conclusion ............................................................................................... 135
B. Suggestion ................................................................................................ 142
BIBLIOGRAPHY ..............................................................................................144
APPENDICES ....................................................................................................162

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LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix 1: Navicula Song Lyrics entitled “Kali Mati” [The Dead River] from
Alkemis Album [2005]......................................................................... 139
Appendix 2: Navicula Song Lyrics entitled “Lagu Sampah” [The Waste Song]
from Earthship Album [2018]. ............................................................. 141
Appendix 3: Navicula Song Lyrics entitled “Ibu” [Mother] from Earthship Album
[2018]. .................................................................................................. 143
Appendix 4: Navicula Song Lyrics entitled “Metropolutan” from Love Bomb
Album [2013]. ...................................................................................... 145
Appendix 5: Navicula Song Lyrics entitled “Zat Hijau Daun” [Chlorophyll] from
Alkemis Album [2005]......................................................................... 147
Appendix 6: Navicula Song Lyrics entitled “Bubur Kayu” [Wood Pulp] from Love
Bomb Album [2013]. ........................................................................... 149
Appendix 7: Navicula Song Lyrics entitled “Harimau! Harimau! (A Tale of the Last
Sumatran Tiger)” [Tiger! Tiger!] from Love Bomb Album [2013]..... 151
Appendix 8: Navicula Song Lyrics entitled “Orangutan” from Love Bomb Album
[2013]. .................................................................................................. 152
Appendix 9: Navicula Song Lyrics entitled “Over konsumsi” [Over Consumption]
from Salto Album [2009]. .................................................................... 154
Appendix 10: Navicula Song Lyrics entitled “Dead Trees” from Tatap Muka Album
[2015]. ......................................................................................... 156

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Appendix 11: Navicula Song Lyrics entitled “Mafia Medis” [Medical Mafia] from
Love Bomb Album [2013]. ......................................................... 158
Appendix 12: Navicula Song Lyrics entitled “Mafia Hukum” [Mafia of Law] from
Love Bomb Album [2013]. ......................................................... 160
Appendix 13: Navicula Song Lyrics entitled “Dagelan Penipu Rakyat” [People's
Deception Comedy] from Earthship Album [2018]. .................. 163
Appendix 14: Navicula Song Lyrics entitled “Refuse to Forget” from Love Bomb
Album [2018]. ............................................................................. 165
Appendix 15: Navicula Song Lyrics entitled “Bekas Luka” [Scar] from Tatap Muka
Album [2015]. ............................................................................. 167
Appendix 16: Navicula Song Lyrics entitled “Biarlah Malaikat” [Let the Angel]
from Earthship Album [2018]..................................................... 169
Appendix 17: Navicula Song Lyrics entitled “Kartini” from Single in order to
support Kendeng’s female farmers struggle [2016]. .................. 171
Appendix 18: Navicula Song Lyrics entitled “Budi Si Berani Mati” [Budi, Dared to
Die] from Salto Album [2009].................................................... 172
Appendix 19: Navicula Song Lyrics entitled “Everyone Goes to Heaven” from
Salto Album [2009]. ................................................................... 174
Appendix 20: Navicula Song Lyrics entitled “Peace Pretenders” from Salto Album
[2009]. ......................................................................................... 176

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Appendix 21: Navicula Song Lyrics entitled “Kill the Fireflies” from Salto Album
[2009]. ......................................................................................... 178

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ABSTRACT
Pramundito, Herda. 2019. Criticism on Environmental Destruction, Social
Injustice, and Extremism in Indonesia Through Navicula Selected Song
Lyrics. Yogyakarta: The Graduate Program on English Language Studies, Sanata
Dharma University.
Navicula is a group band known for their consistency in voicing
environmental issues all around the world especially in Indonesia. This thesis
attemps to answer three main questions namely, (1) In what way do Navicula song
lyrics challenge unresolved environmental destruction in Indonesia? (2) How do
Navicula song lyrics criticize social injustice in Indonesia? (3) How do the song
lyrics from Navicula respond to the danger of extremism in Indonesia?
In order to answer those questions, Theory of Ecocriticism is used to analyze
the action from Navicula to challenge the unresolved environmental destruction
through the band’s songs. The various theories in social injustice including that of
John Rawls are used to reveal the criticism. Theories on extremism from Emile
Durkheim, Anthony Giddens, and Ted Robert Gurr are used to elaborate the main
problem in extremism depicted in the song lyrics. Using these theories, Navicula’s
ideology and attitude can be revealed as to why the group band uses song to send
its messages.
This study shows that two main problems, pollution and deforestation are
criticized as seen in Navicula’s songs. The first problem of pollution can be seen
from such disaster like flood that is caused by humans behaviour and habit of
throwing waste to the river. The second problem is the massive deforestation in
many places in Indonesia especially Sumatra and Borneo that affect the life of
many living organisms like Tiger and Orangutan as seen in the songs. Navicula’s
songs also show the way they challenge the problems of pollution and deforestation.
The second section on the social injustice can be seen from various cases, i.e. the
practice of mafias, the deception role of parliaments, the unresolved
dehumanization cases, and the problems of social injustice as the result of
environmental destruction in Indonesia through the songs. The case of the mafia’s
practice in Indonesia can be seen from the medical cases and law cases in Indonesia.
The case on the deception role of parliaments shows that the function of the
parliaments is to represent people but in reality they work only for themselves and
their political parties. The unresolved dehumanization case can be seen in the
representation of Munir’s case. The last case in social injustice is the environmental
destruction in Kendeng for cement factories. The third section on extremism deals
with two main problems namely, Bali Bombing and religious conflicts that occur
from the early Reformation Era until today.
Keywords: Navicula, environmental destruction, social injustice, extremism, song
lyrics.

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ABSTRAK
Pramundito, Herda. 2019. Criticism on Environmental Destruction, Social
Injustice, and Extremism in Indonesia Through Navicula Selected Song
Lyrics. Yogyakarta: Program Pascasarjana Kajian Bahasa Inggris, Universitas
Sanata Dharma.
Navicula adalah sebuah grup band yang dikenal dalam konsistensinya
menyuarakan isu lingkungan di seluruh dunia khususnya di Indonesia. Tesis ini
mencoba menjawab tiga pertanyaan utama yaitu (1) Dalam cara apa lirik lagu Navicula
menantang kerusakan lingkungan yang belum terselesaikan di Indonesia? (2)
Bagaimana lirik lagu Navicula mengkritisi ketidakadilan sosial di Indonesia? (3)
Bagaimana lirik lagu dari Navicula menanggapi bahaya ekstremisme di Indonesia?
Untuk menjawab pertanyaan-pertanyaan tersebut, Teori Ekokritisisme
digunakan untuk menganalisis tindakan dari Navicula untuk menantang kasus
perusakan lingkungan yang belum terselesaikan melalui beberapa lagu. Berbagai teori
dalam ketidakadilan sosial termasuk John Rawls digunakan untuk mengungkapkan
kritik. Berbagai teori ekstremisme dari Emile Durkheim, Anthony Giddens, dan
Ted Robert Gurr digunakan untuk menguraikan masalah utama dalam ekstremisme
yangdigambarkan pada lirik lagu Navicula. Menggunakan teori-teori ini, ideologi dan
sikap Navicula dapat diungkapkan seperti mengapa Navicula menggunakan lagu
untukmengirimkan pesan.
Studi ini menunjukkan bahwa dua masalah utama, polusi dan deforestasi dikritik
dalam lagu Navicula. Masalah pertama, polusi dapat dilihat dari bencana seperti banjir
yang disebabkan oleh perilaku manusia dan kebiasaan membuang sampah di sungai.
Masalah kedua adalah deforestasi besar-besaran di banyak tempat di Indonesia
terutama Sumatra dan Kalimantan yang berdampak pada kehidupan banyak mahluk
hidup seperti harimau dan orangutan yang terlihat dalam lagu. Lagu Navicula juga
menunjukkan cara mereka menantang masalah polusi dan deforestasi. Bagian kedua
tentang ketidakadilan sosial yang dapat dilihat dari berbagai kasus yaitu praktik mafia,
penipuan dalam parlemen, kasus-kasus dehumanisasi yang belum terselesaikan, dan
masalah ketidakadilan sosial sebagai akibat dari kerusakan lingkungan di Indonesia
melalui lagu. Kasus praktik mafia di Indonesia dapat dilihat dari kasus medis dan
hukum di Indonesia. Kasus penipuan dalam parlemen menunjukkan bahwa fungsi
parlemen itu untuk mewakili rakyat, namun dalam kenyataannya mereka bekerja hanya
untuk mereka sendiri dan partai politik mereka. Kasus dehumanisasi yang belum
terselesaikan dapat dilihat dalam representasi kasus Munir. Kasus terakhir dalam
ketidakadilan sosial adalah tentang kerusakan lingkungan di Kendeng untuk
pembangunan pabrik semen. Bagian ketiga tentang ekstrimisme berkaitan dengan dua
masalah utama yaitu Masalah Bom Bali dan konflik agama yang terjadi dari awal Era
Reformasi hingga saat ini.

Kata Kunci: Navicula,
ekstremisme, lirik lagu.

kerusakan

xiv

lingkungan,

ketidakadilan

sosial,

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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

This chapter consists of three sections: the background of the study, research
questions, and benefit of the study. The first section deals with the reason why
Navicula song lyrics are chosen as the primary data for this research. The second
section presents the limitation given to this research. The third section shows the
benefit for further research.
A.

Background of the Study
This study focuses on the analysis of the song lyrics from Navicula, a group

band and activists who concern about three main issues in Indonesia, namely
environmental destruction, social injustice, and extremism. This study shows how
Navicula attempts to voice, criticize, and respond to environmental destruction,
social injustice, and extremism in the country through their songs.
Nowadays, Indonesia being a developing country has abundant natural
resources, various ethnic groups, religions, and cultures. However, the wealth that
Indonesia possesses has not made Indonesia free from common problems often
occur in developing countries such as corruption, crime, unemployment, social
injustice, environmental issue, and also extremism. There are many solutions in
order to solve the problem from developments of infrastructure, economic
improvement, human resources enhancement, until social welfare without
destroying nature and its habitats.

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In the era of technological and scientific advancement, the acceleration of
environmental destruction is also rapidly growing as the result of those
accelerations. Recovery for environmental damage requires a high commitment
from the world authorities to preserve the environment including Indonesia as one
of the largest contributors of forests destruction in the world1 Indonesia’s forests
become home for many living creatures including rare floras and faunas.
Environmental issues become the current problem for Indonesia such as massive
deforestation, climate change, and also pollution in all sectors. The environmental
problem in Indonesia is featured in, for example, the Time’s magazine showing the
serious deforestation statistics from Nature Climate Change journal. 2 There are
many examples of environmental issues as the result of human’s treatment to the
environment such as pollution3 and deforestation.4

1

Andini, Afifah Rahmi, Tri Cahyo Utomo, and Sheiffi Puspapertiwi, "10. Identitas dan Kebijakan
Luar Negeri: Komitmen Jepang Terhadap Penanganan Illegal Logging di Indonesia dalam Kerangka
Asia Forest Partnership Tahun 2002-2012." [10 Identity and Foreign Policy: Japan's Commitment
to Handling Illegal Logging in Indonesia in the Asia Forest Partnership Framework for 2002-2012]
Journal of International Relations 3. 1 (2017): 98-105.
2
Melissa Hellman, “Indonesia Now Has the Highest Rate of Deforestation in the World.” Time
Magazine, 2014. http://time.com/2944030/indonesia-now-has-the-highest-rate-of-deforestation-inthe-world/ Accessed December 14, 2017.
3
Muhammad Amin and Suci Amaliah Assyahra, " Analisis Social Costs pada Pembuangan Limbah
Tailing Pt Freeport Indonesia di Sungai Ajkwa” [Social Costs Analysis of Tailings Disposal of Pt
Freeport Indonesia on the Ajkwa River]. Jurnal Ilmiah Universitas Bakrie 3. 1 (2015).; (2) Rene C.
Kepel, Desy MH Mantiri, Darus SJ Paransa, James JH Paulus, and Billy T. Wagey, "Arsenic
Content, Cell Structure, and Pigment of Ulva sp. from Totok Bay and Blongko waters, North
Sulawesi, Indonesia." AACL Bioflux 11. 3 (2018): 765-772.; (3) Keith Bentley and Amin
Soebandrio, "Arsenic and Mercury Concentrations in Marine Fish Sourced from Local Fishermen
and Fish Markets in Mine-impacted Communities in Ratatotok Sub-district, North Sulawesi,
Indonesia." Marine pollution bulletin 120. 1-2 (2017): 75-81.; (4) Teevrat Garg, Stuart E. Hamilton,
Jacob P. Hochard, Evan Plous Kresch, and John Talbot, "(Not so) Gently down the Stream: River
Pollution and Health in Indonesia." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 92
(2018): 35-53.; (5) Younoh Kim, James Manley, and Vlad Radoias, “Medium-and Long-run
Consequences of Pollution on Labor Supply: Evidence from Indonesia's Forest Fires of 1997.”
(2017): 1-7.
4
Atsuhiro Takahashi, Tomo’omi Kumagai, Hironari Kanamori, Hatsuki Fujinami, Tetsuya Hiyama,
and Masayuki Hara, "Impact of Tropical Deforestation and Forest Degradation on Precipitation over
Borneo Island." Journal of Hydrometeorology 18. 11 (2017): 2907-2922.

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The existence of the Indonesian rain forest has slowly began to change with
palm oil plantation, starting to destruct and ruin the ecosystem of many living
creatures. As the forest ecosystem is destroyed, the rainforest species such as the
orangutan, Borneo elephant and Sumatran tiger start to meet their extinction point.
The tribals are the first level of people who protect the forest for the next
generations and they also the people who are brutally driven out from their land.
The smallest form of environmental destruction can be seen from human daily
activities such as polluting the river by throwing all wastes and materials, using
vehicles that create air pollution, and also consuming the air conditioner that can
make the depletion of the ozone.
The Indonesian government states in Pasal 1 butir 12 Undang-Undang
Nomor 23 Tahun 1997 that environmental pollution is entry or inclusion of living
creatures or other components into living environment by activity to decrease the
quality into certain level and create malfunction to the living environment. In the
Pasal 1 butir 14 The Indonesian government states that environmental destruction
is the act that affects a direct change to the malfunction of living environment.
Those two constitutions really indicate that environmental issue has become a
serious concern in Indonesia.
Social issues also become another important issue in Indonesia. Social
injustice and poverty become the primary roots for all social issues in Indonesia.
Social injustice grows as the setback of the law enforcement in Indonesia. The law
implementation as what states in Undang-Undang Dasar 1945 Pasal 27 ayat 1
UUD 1945 that every one should be treated the same in front of the law. The moral

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4

decadence of the constitution and also the representatives of the people themselves
cannot be denied as one of several issues in Indonesia.5 There are some issues
related to the setbacks of the law enforcement in Indonesia such as the
dehumanization case of Minah, Basar and Kholil, Manisih, Sri Suratmi, Rusmanto
and Yuwono, Siptoyono and Sulastri, Parto, Aspuri, and also Rasminah and Aal are
the victims of social injustice in Indonesia.6 Those people above are the small
examples for social injustice case in Indonesia. There are still massive
dehumanization cases in Indonesia that have not been resolved until now such as
Munir,7 Udin,8 and also Marsinah9 which have all become the evidence that the
enforcement of human rights in Indonesia is still questionable. The other issues can
be seen from the role of mafias in Indonesia like mafia of law and mafia of food.
This mafias create social gap in the society which as seen in poverty problems.
Poverty is a situation where there is an inability to fulfill basic needs such
as food, clothing, and shelter. Poverty can be caused by the scarcity of basic needs

5

AA Ngurah Oka Yudistira Darmadi, "Kebijakan Hukum Pidana dalam Penanggulangan Korupsi
di Indonesia (Suatu Perspektif Politik Hukum)” [Criminal Law Policy in Countering Corruption in
Indonesia (A Legal Political Perspective)]. Jurnal Kertha Wicaksana 21. 1 (2017): 21-25.
6
Setiawan Nurdayasakti, "Mendesak, Amandemen Pasal Pencurian Ringan dalam KUHP” [Urgent,
Light Theft Article Amendment in the Criminal Code]. Jurnal Ilmiah Hukum LEGALITY 20. 2
(2013).
7
Herlambang P. Wiratraman, "Legal Reforms for Improving the Freedom of the Press in Indonesia."
JSEAHR 1 (2017): 80.; (2) Allan Nairn, "Trump’s Indonesian Allies in Bed With ISIS-Backed FPI
Militia Seek to Oust Elected President Jokowi." 2017. (3) Philip Lorenz, "From Alien to Inalienable?
Changing Attitudes about Human Rights in the Indonesian Security Sector." (2018): 19.
8
D. N. Susilastuti, Hermin Indah Wahyuni, and Munawar Akhmad, "Jejak Relasi Agency-Struktur
dalam Perjalanan Pers di Indonesia” [Traces of Agency-Structure Relations in the Press Journey in
Indonesia]. Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi 15. 3 (2017).
9
Riyadi, "Transformasi Pelaksanaan Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) dalam Pengembangan
Masyarakat (Community Development)” [Transformation of the Implementation of Corporate
Social Responsibility (CSR) in (Community Development)]. Interaktif: Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Sosial 1.
2 (2018).; (2) Sri Yanuarti, "Pengawasan Intelijen Demokratik Sebagai Instrumen Pencegahan
Pelanggaran HAM” [Supervision of Democratic Intelligence as an Instrument to Prevent Human
Rights Violations]. Jurnal Penelitian Politik 14. 2 (2017): 127-144.

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5

fulfillment media and also the difficult access to education and employment. This
situation currently becomes an obstacle in the society or in a wider scope can be
seen as one of social problems in Indonesia. Poverty is also considered as a social
problem when the stratification in society has created boundary lines or often called
as social gap. This gap creates a dividing line in the interaction or communication
between people in their daily activities.
Poverty can also impact the environment which will damage the
environment itself as the result of environmental destruction. Land conversion is
one of many factors that will damage the environment. Land conversion can occur
due to economic, social, environmental conditions and government regulations.
Poor people who do not have home will look for critical lands or conservation lands
like river banks as settlements. Land that must be functioned as a buffer zone loses
its environmental function and is converted into residential areas. The behaviour of
poor people also aggravates the environmental condition by throwing wastes into
the river. The next result, it will cause environmental imbalances that lead to many
disasters like landslides, floods, and diseases.
Land conversion is not only carried out by the poor but also by businessmen
to enrich their pockets. Industrial development is important for the development of
the nation, but it must be followed by the ethics of sustainable development and
good governance to the environment. The law protects the sustainability of people
and environment from the industrial development through UU no 32 tahun 2009
regarding protection and management of the environment. The development of
cement factories in the Kendeng Karst Mountains becomes one of many examples

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of land conversion that can disrupt the ecological balance. The development
disrupts the water absorbing area for natural irrigation of thousands of hectares of
agricultural area in Kendeng. This development also affects to the social injustice
in many aspects like the environment and Kendeng people due to the threat of
ecological disaster.
Extremism also becomes one more important issue that needs to be resolved
in Indonesia. The term “extremism” can be understood as an abuse form of political
activity that utilizes minority groups or organizations.10 This term is often used to
depict political or religious understanding which in doing the action they will use
all ways to reach or achieve the goals. Extremism can be divided into two sections.
The first section is related with religious conflicts in Indonesia. The second section
deals with the action of terrorism in Indonesia.
The example of extremism in religious context can be seen from the
religious conflict in Sampang11, Mesuji12, Maluku13 etc. The basic problem of this
conflict is caused by the inability of the nation to implement the meaning of unity
in the diversity as one Indonesian nation. The other form of extremism can be seen
in rampant terrorism occurring in the country. Terrorism becomes a global issue

Matthew L.N. Wilkinson, “An abuse form of political activity” in The Genealogy of Terror: How
to distinguish between Islam, Islamism and Islamist Extremism. (Routledge, 2018), p. 4.
11
Ali Imron, “Konflik Perebutan Lahan Pemakaman: Studi di Desa Mambulu Barat Kecamatan
Tambelangan Kabupaten Sampang” [Funeral Land Seizure Conflict: Study in Mambulu Barat
Village, Tambelangan District, Sampang Regency]. Paradigma 5. 1 (2017).
12
Idrus Ruslan, “‘Membangun’ nasionalisme Sebagai Solusi Untuk Mengatasi Konflik Sara Di
Indonesia” [‘Building’ Nationalism as a Solution to Overcoming Sara's Conflict in Indonesia].
Jurnal TAPIS 10. 1 (2017): 85-102.
13
Yunus Rahawarin, “Kerjasama Antar Umat Beragama: Studi Rekonsiliasi Konflik Agama di
Maluku dan Tual” [Interfaith Cooperation: Study of Reconciliation of Religious Conflicts in
Moluccas and Tual]. Kalam 7. 1 (2017): 95-120.
10

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after the bombing tragedy on October 12, 2002 in Paddy’s Pub and Sari Club in
Legian Street, Kuta, Bali, followed by the biggest one near US’s Consulate Office
that created chaostic situation in Legian.14 The history of terrorist groups in
Indonesia can be seen from the existence of various groups such as Negara Islam
Indonesia (NII)15, Jama’ah Islamiyah (JI)16, Mujahidin Indonesia Timur (MIT)17,
Mujahidin Indonesia Barat (MIB)18, Laskar Jihad (LJ)19, Jamaah Anshaarut Tauhid

14

Bambang Waluyo, R. Narendra Jatna, and Jamal Wiwoho, "Eradication of Al Jamaah Al
Islamiyah in Indonesia." Yustisia Jurnal Hukum 6. 1 (2017): 1-13.
15
NII was founded by Sekarmadji Maridjan Kartosoewirjo in 1949. This organization becomes the
first terrorist group who want to establish Islamic country. The law of this organization is Islamic
law, and this organization becomes the predecessor of Islamic organization. Indra Utama Tanjung,
"Pendirian Negara Khilafah Islam Di Indonesia Perspektif Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia (Kajian Teoritis
Hukum Tata Negara)." [Establishment of Islamic Khilafah State in Indonesia Perspective of Hizb
ut-Tahrir Indonesia (Theoretical Study of Constitutional Law)] Jurnal Penelitian Medan Agama 9.
1 (2018): 95-104.
16
Jamaah Islamiyah was formed in the end of 1980’s by some Indonesian extrimists. The branch of
this organization has spread through Malaysia, Thailand, Saingapore and any other countries in
Southeast Asia, the smaller branch also spreads outside SEA. The purpose of this organization is to
establish an Islamic state in Indonesia. The member of this organization has been educated in
Afghanistan by Al-Qaeda in order to create an Islamic state through violence action like bombing.
The product of this organization can be seen in some case such as Bali and Australian Embassy
Bombing. This organization also became the part of a new extremist organization in Aceh that
declared as an Indonesian Al-Qaeda. Bambang Waluyo, R. Narendra Jatna, and Jamal Wiwoho,
"Eradication of Al Jamaah Al Islamiyah in Indonesia." Yustisia Jurnal Hukum 6. 1 (2017): 1-13.
17
Mujahidin of Eastern Indonesia (Mujahidin Indonesia Timur, MIT), is based in Poso, Central
Sulawesi and the leader is Abu Wardah also known as Santoso. This organization is also involved
in the Maluku conflict in 1999 and 2002. MIT also has a purpose to establish an Islamic state in
Indonesia through fighting against Shia, Christians, and also Indonesian government. Nodirbek
Soliev, "Uyghur Militancy in and Beyond Southeast Asia: An Assessment." Counter Terrorist
Trends and Analyses 9. 2 (2017): 14-20.
18
Mujahidin of Western Indonesia (Mujahidin Indonesia Barat, MIB) is located in Jakarta and West
Java. This organization was founded by Abu Roban in 2012. Abu Roban died in 2013 due to the
Police operation. This organization has purpose to unite the jihadists all over Indonesia, this
organization also known as the fund raiser for the operation. The method used by this group to find
money is robbery in several places in Java and Sumatra. Mahathir Muhammad Iqbal, "Meneguhkan
Konsep Islam Nusantara Sebagai Perspektif Alternatif Kontra Ideologi Radikalisme dan Terorisme."
[Affirming the Concept of Islam Nusantara as an Alternative Perspective of Counter Ideology of
Radicalism and Terrorism] Jurnal Aghniya 1. 1 (2018): 45-56.
19
Laskar Jihad, was an Islamist and anti-Christian Indonesian militia, which was founded and led
by Jafar Umar Thalib in 2000. Laskar Jihad is established due to the sectarian conflict in Maluku,
this organization also involved in the sectarian conflict after the first conflict in Maluku by joining
Ambon’s Muslim jihadists. Chris Wilson, "Religious Violence and Conciliation in Indonesia:
Christians and Muslims in the Moluccas by Sumanto Al Qurtuby." Contemporary Southeast Asia:
A Journal of International and Strategic Affairs 39. 1 (2017): 217-219.

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(JAT)20, Jamaah Anshaarut Daulah (JAD)21, and Jamaah Ansharusy Syariah
(JAS)22. After conducting several investigations on the case of Bali bombing, there
is a connection between the suspect and the former of Jamaah Islamiyah, Abu Bakar
Baasyir.23 The court of Bali bombing case began in 2003 against Imam Samudera
and his affiliations as the suspects.
After the bombing tragedy in Bali, the government issued UU No.15 Tahun
2003 regarding the terrorism eradication.24 The head of Ministry of Religious
Affairs found out that there are many elements that cause extremism arise in
Indonesia; one of which is social injustice.25 Meanwhile, the law, constitutions, and

Jama’ah Ansharut Tauhid (JAT) is an organization that founded by Abu Bakar Bas’asyir in
September, 2008. This organization has member from some members from Jama’ah Islamiyyah.
This organization declares that people need to do jihad in order to go against Islam’s enemy, however
they insist on arguing that they do not resist against the law. They also think that the human law is
considered as haram (illegitimate). Asman Abdullah, "Radikalisasi Gerakan Jamaah Ansharut
Tauhid dan Pengaruh Isis di Indonesia.” [Radicalization of the Movement of Jamaah Ansharut
Tauhid and the Influence of Isis in Indonesia] Jurnal Sosiologi Reflektif 12. 2 (2018): 213-232.
21
JAD was formed by Aman Abdurrahman in Nusakambangan. This organizations has several
purpose such as a place to unite ISIS’s supporters in Indonesia from various Islamic organizations,
preparing Indonesian Muslims to welcome the arrival of the Khilafah Islamiyah, and also preparing
Indonesian Muslims to go jihad. The difference between JAD and JAT can be seen from the
knowledge of the members, JAT is educated outside in Indonesia and create a massive bomb like
car bomb. JAD stands for local education and creating smaller bomb with an intense attacking. V.
Arianti, "Aman Abdurrahman: Ideologue and ‘Commander’of IS Supporters in Indonesia." Counter
Terrorist Trends and Analyses 9. 2 (2017): 4-9.
22
JAS is the fraction of JAT organizations that founded in 2014. This organization is established
due to the dissent from JAT about the concept of Islamic state from ISIS. This organisation rejects
ISIS’s Khilafah perspective and chooses Khilafah Rasyidah that related to the prophet teachings.
Kumar Ramakrishna, "The Growth of ISIS Extremism in Southeast Asia: Its Ideological and
Cognitive Features—and Possible Policy Responses." New England Journal of Public Policy 29. 1
(2017): 6.
23
Anne Barker, "Bali Bombings 'Ideological Leader' Could Be Granted House Arrest". ABC News,
2018,
https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-03-03/bali-bombings-leader-bashir-could-be-grantedhouse-arrest/9505806. Accessed 13 Aug 2018.
24
UU No.12 Tahun 2003 is the final arrangement of the constitutions for Bali Bombing tragedy. The
previous constitution was Perpu No. 2 Tahun 2002 and also Perpu No. 1 Tahun 2002 issued by the
Indonesian president Megawati Soekarnoputri.
25
Agung Sasongko, “Menag: Pisahkan Istilah Radikalisme dari Extrimisme” [Minister of Religion:
Separate the Term of Radicalism and Extremism]. Republika Newspaper, 2015.
http://republika.co.id/berita/dunia-islam/islam-nusantara/15/10/28/nwxugn313-menag-pisahkanistilah-radikalisme-dari-ekstrimism Accessed October 4, 2017.

20

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also government regulations are not really responsive to handle the social injustice
faced by them. Religious understanding also becomes another element causing
extremism arise. Shallow and incomplete understanding of religion becomes the
justification of extremism acts, i.e., bombing. The reason why people become
extrimists sometimes comes from the social factors, Such people do not receive a
good feedback from government whose role is to give peace and prosperity to the
people. The result of the extrimists’ disappointment can be seen from their efforts
to destroy Indonesia and create a new country based on their religious teachings
which they think will give them prosperity.
Environmental destruction and social issues including extremism become a
global problem for all countries around the world, from developed countries to
mostly developing countries such as Indonesia. The effects of those problems have
been widespread in the mass media, hence the evidence that the solution of the
problems is still limited in Indonesia.
Solutions to those problems above are not only the responsibility of the
government as a driver of state policy, but citizens as stake holders who have to
contribute for it, especially young generation. Young generation is a generation
with dynamic and optimistic characters but has no stable emotional control.
Nowadays, the young generation faces a period of social and cultural change; and
college students are listed as examples.26

26

Asni Ovier, "Generasi Milenial Harus Siap Menghadapi Perubahan". Beritasatu.Com, 2018,
https://www.beritasatu.com/nasional/495144-generasi-milenial-harus-siap-menghadapiperubahan.html. Accessed 12 Jan 2019.

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College students always become the part of a nation's journey. The wheel
from the history of democracy always puts students as pioneers, activists, even as
decision makers. Critical, democratic and constructive thinking are always born
from the mindset of college students. Student voices often represent and elevate the
social reality that occurs in the society. The idealism attitude encourages college
students to fight for an aspiration to the authorities in their own way. In this case,
college students carry three strategic functions, namely as agents of social control,
as agents of change, and as the next generation of iron stock.
To express the dismay from the researcher that caused by such issues like
environmental destruction, social issues, and extremism, literary works like novels,
poems, and musics can function as a medium to convey the message to college
students. College students are used as the medium to spread the message of the issue
above because they can be functioned as as agents of social control, as agents of
change, and as the next generation of iron stock to the next decades. The concern
of the researcher to those issues is also from the concern of Sanata Dharma
University where the researcher concluded the study as shown in the university’s
research roadmap. In Rencana Induk Penelitian Sanata Dharma University,27
several points related to this study include Kerusakan Lingkungan Hidup
[Environmental Destruction], Pelestarian Alam [Nature Conservation], Kemiskinan
Sebagai Tantangan Gereja dan Masyarakat [Poverty as the Challenges of the
Church and Society], Radikalisme Agama [Religious Radicalism], and Sumbangan

Sanata Dharma University’s Research Roadmap is the main plan of research management that
will be carried out by the university for the period of 2016-2020 by considering several points from
university’s vision and mission until source of funds.

27

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Kajian Bahasa, Sastra dan Budaya Pada Peningkatan Kesejahteraan, Toleransi, dan
Pelestarian Lingkungan [ Contribution of Language, Literature and Culture Studies
in Improving Welfare, Tolerance and Environmental Conservation]. The researcher
believes that college students are one of many solutions in fighting those issues that
are related to the university’s concern.
One of the media that has the ability to campaign on combating those issues
is music. The ideas related to this issue can be found in both lines such as the
popular music industries and also independent or indie music industries. The indie
music industry is the industry that goes against all norms and traditions in popular
music industry. Navicula is one of the group bands that moves on the independent
music track and pays attention to those three issues mentioned above.
Navicula’s group band’s members include Gede Robi Supriyanto (vocal,
guitar), Dadang S. Pranoto (guitar), Made Indria Dwi Putra (bass), and A. A.
Ngurah Rai Widya Adnyana aka Gembul (drum).28 Navicula has released several
albums such as Self Portrait (1999), K.U.T.A. Keep Unity Through Art (2002),
Navicore Neo Rock Club (2003), Alkemis (2005), Beautiful Rebel (2007), Salto
(2009), compilation album entitled Kami No Mori (2012), Love Bomb (2013),
Tatap Muka (2015), and the latest album Earthship (2018). Navicula has joined a
big major label Sony-BMG in 2007 and launched an album called Alkemis, but on
the next albums Navicula has decided to get back on the indie track. The name of
the band, Navicula, is inspired by a type of single celled golden algae which looks

28

Made Indra has been passed away due to the car crash in Sukawati, Gianyar, Bali after performing
in Ubud. Made’s position changed by the additional player. The position of AA Ngurah Rai Widya
Adnyana aka Gembul as a drummer temporarily changed by Palel Atmoko due to Gembul’s hiatus
for religious purpose.

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like a small ship. Navicula chooses grunge rock as their genre of music, whereas
Navicula’s lyric is often inspired by the members’ involvement as the activists. The
song lyrics mostly contain messages such as peace, environmental awareness,
social injustice, extremism, love, and also freedom. Formed in 1996, Navicula is
also known as the “green grunge gentlemen” for their consistency in voicing the
environmental issues through grunge music. Navicula’s music is strongly
influenced by the alternative 90’s rock, especially grunge rock/Seattle sound.29
There are many bands who became the influence for Navicula such as Soundgarden,
Pearl Jam, Alice in Chains, and Nirvana. But what makes Navicula different from
the other bands is their unique combination of musicians-activists and creativity
with which the band composes songs to represent their concerns for grave problems
in Indonesia.
In this thesis, the researcher will analyze how Navicula song lyrics criticize,
challenge, and respond to the issues concerning environmental destruction, social
injustice, and also extremism in Indonesia. Navicula and the three problems above
are chosen by the researcher because none of the students in the university have
made Navicula or grunge music to be the topic of their research. Through this thesis,
the researcher hopes that Sanata Dharma University’s students will be motivated to
conduct research on literary works especially on non-mainstream music as their
material to analyze some problems around them which also become a concern of
Sanata Dharma University as listed in the university research roadmap. In a wider

29

Tomi Wibisono and Triantoro Soni, "Navicula: 17 Years of Green Grunge!" Warning Magazine,
2013. http://www.warningmagz.com/navicula-17-years-of-green-grunge/. Accessed 13 June 2018.

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13

scope, the researcher hopes that the society especially the young generation will be
more sensitive and critical to the problems around them because songs become one
of many mediums that is familiar to juvenile. Navicula is also chosen as the data in
this study in order to open the perspective of the wider community that Navicula,
grunge or underground music cannot be underestimated anymore. Those genres of
music do not only offer loud music without benefits, they also care about problems
in their own way of music. The object of this thesis is the selected 21 song lyrics
from Navicula that related to three topics in this study. The selected song lyrics is
chosen as the data of this thesis due to the relation of the three main issues above.
B.

Research Questions
This study examines the representation of each song from Navicula related

with the main three issues aformentioned in Indonesia. This study aims at exploring
the depiction of environmental destruction, social injustice, and extremism in
Navicula songs. It also attempts to provide the reason why Navicula deals with
those issues. This thesis formulates the questions as follows.
1. In what way do Navicula song lyrics challenge unresolved
environmental destruction in Indonesia?
2. How do Navicula song lyrics criticize social injustice in Indonesia?
3. How do the song lyrics from Navicula respond to the danger of
extremism in Indonesia?
C.

Benefit of the Study
This thesis aims to have benefit for researcher who want to study the main

three issues, i.e. environmental destruction, social injustice, and extremism in

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14

Indonesia. This thesis can also be useful for interested students in analysing song
lyrics campaigning to fight related issues in Indonesia.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW

A.

Review of Related Studies
The arrival of Indonesia in the music industry cannot be separated from the

era as