The Study of explicature in the love song lyrics of avenged sevenfold.
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ABSTRACT
Febriyanti, Dwi Nita. 2015. The Study of Explicature in the Love Song Lyrics of
Avenged Sevenfold. Yogyakarta: English Language Studies, Graduate Program,
Sanata Dharma University.
This research was intended to find out the types of explicature processes,
the characteristics of the explicature processes and also to reveal the theme of the
songs through the lyrics. The present writer chose the love songs of Avenged
Sevenfold as the object of the research because it is a big rock band and a rock
band is famous with hard beat of rhythm in most songs, even love song. It is not
applicable to this band and makes them different. It has several love songs in slow
beat of rhythm.
The data of the research are the lyrics of Warmness on the Soul, Seize the
Day, Dear God, Gunslinger, and So Far away. In collecting the data of this
research, the writer conducted several steps such as listening to the love songs,
getting the lyrics and checking them with internet source, identifying the
incomplete or illogical utterances form the lyrics, and listing the incomplete or
illogical utterances. For analyzing the data, the writer also took several steps
based on the problems. For the first problem, she took these steps to analyze the
data; they were determining the missing information, applying the appropriate
explicature process, and finding the characteristic of each explicature process. As
for the second problem, she took these steps such as identifying the observed
characteristic of explicature, applying the characteristic of explicature processes to
the lyric, fulfilling the love song characteristics through explicature.
The results of the research show that five processes of explicature are
found in the love songs, namely (1) free enrichment, (2) saturation, (3) reference
resolution, (4) disambiguation, and (5) Ad hoc concept. Those five processes also
have their own characteristics. The free enrichment has the characteristics as (1)
focusing on a lexical item, (2) providing conceptual constituent, and (3)
specifying and narrowing the lyric’s meaning. For the saturation, its
characteristics are (1) involving slot question, and (2) producing further
information. The reference resolution has the characteristics as (1) does not
involve linguistic system, (2) working based on the contextual value, and (3)
works by providing a ‘bridging cross-reference’. As for the disambiguation
process, its characteristics are (1) involving more than two optional meanings, and
(2) selecting meaning based on context. For the ad hoc concept, the characteristics
are (1) working on a lexical item, (2) narrowing the meaning of the lexical item,
and (3) working on a metaphor.
This research also shows that Warmness on the Soul, Seize the Day, Dear
God, Gunslinger, and So Far Away have love as the song theme. It is because the
lyrics of those five songs complete and reflect at least three characteristics of
being love song such as telling about relationship, using ‘commitment’ words,
involving emotion-relation words, using loving and beautiful words, and showing
intimacy and care.
Keywords: song theme, love song, Avenged Sevenfold, explicature.
x
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ABSTRAK
Febriyanti, Dwi Nita. 2015. The Study of Explicature in the Love Song Lyrics of
Avenged Sevenfold. Yogyakarta: English Language Studies, Graduate Program,
Sanata Dharma University.
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menunjukkan jenis-jenis proses dari
explicature beserta karakteristiknya, serta untuk mengungkap tema lagu melalui
lirik-liriknya. Si penulis dari penelitian ini memilih Avenged Sevenfold sebagai
objek penelitian karena band tersebut termasuk band rock besar dan memiliki
beberapa lagu cinta dalam ritme yang lembut.
Data dari penelitian ini adalah lirik lagu dari Warmness on the Soul, Seize
the Day, Dear God, Gunslinger, dan So Far away. Dalam pengumpulan data
untuk penellitian ini, penulis mengambil beberapa langkah seperti mendengarkan
lagu-lagu cintanya, mencari lirik lagu dan mencocokkannya dengan internet, dan
mendaftar ungkapan-ungkapan yang kurang komplit atau tidak logic. Sedangkan
dalam menganalisis data, si penulis melaksanakan beberapa langkah berdasarkan
permasalahan. Untuk permasalahan pertama; dia menandai informasi yang hilang
dari lyric, mengaplikasikan proses explicature yang sesuai, dan menentukan
karateristik dari masing-masing proses explicature. Sedangkan untuk masalah
yang kedua, dia mengambil langkah-langkah seperti mengidentifikasi karateristik
dari proses explicature, mengaplikasikan karakteristik dari explicature pada lirik
lagu, dan melengkapi karaketistik dari lagu cinta melalui explicature.
Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa ada lima proses explicature
di dalam lagu-lagu cinta Avenged Sevenfold, yaitu (1) free enrichment, (2)
saturation, (3) reference resolution, (4) disambiguation, dan (5) Ad hoc concept.
Lima proses explicature tersebut juga memiliki beberapa karakteristik yang
membedakan satu dengan yang lainnya. Untuk free enrichment, karakteristiknya
antara lain (1) focus pada sebuah kata, (2) memberikan komponen yang
konseptual, dan (3) menspesifikasi dan mempersempit makna dari lirik.
Sedangkan untuk saturation, karakteristiknya adalah (1) melibatkan pertanyaan
yang sudah ditentukan, (2) menghasilkan informasi yang lebih komplit. Untuk
reference resolution proses, karakteristiknya antara lain (1) tidak melibatkan
system yang berhubungan dengan linguistic, (2) bekerja berdasarkan kunci yang
terdapat dalam konteks, dan (3) bekerja dengan cara membangun ‘jembatan
penghubung referensi’. Untuk disambiguation, karakteristiknya (1) melibatkan
lebih dari dua pilihan makna, dan (2) memilih makna kata berdasar konteks.
Sedangkan ad hoc concept, karateristiknya adalah (1) bekerja pada sebuah kata,
(2) mempersempit makna sebuah kata, dan (3) bekerja pada metafora.
Penelitian ini juga menunjukkan bahwa Warmness on the Soul, Seize the
Day, Dear God, Gunslinger, dan So Far Away memiliki tema cinta di lagu
mereka. Hal ini karena lirik lagu pada kelima lagu tersebut melengkapi dan
mencerminkan paling tidak tiga karakteristik untuk menjadi lagu cinta seperti
menceritakan tentang sebuah hubungan, menggunakan kata-kata ‘komitmen’,
melibatkan kata-kata yang berhubungan dengan emosi dan perasaan,
menggunakan kata-kata cinta dan indah, serta menunjukkan kedekatan dan
perhatian.
Keywords: song theme, love song, Avenged Sevenfold, explicature.
xi
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THE STUDY OF EXPLICATURE
IN THE LOVE SONG LYRICS OF
AVENGED SEVENFOLD
A T H E S IS
Presented as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Magister Humaniara (M.Hum)
in English Language Studies
by
Dwi Nita Febriyanti
Student Number: 136332027
THE GRADUATE PROGRAM OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE STUDIES
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2015
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THE STUDY OF EXPLICATURE
IN THE LOVE SONG LYRICS OF
AVENGED SEVENFOLD
A T H E S IS
Presented as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Magister Humaniara (M.Hum)
in English Language Studies
by
Dwi Nita Febriyanti
Student Number: 136332027
THE GRADUATE PROGRAM OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE STUDIES
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2015
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I would like to thank to Allah for always giving me the strength, the health
and the mercy. My huge thanks are also addressed to my thesis advisor and
Language Research lecturer Dr. Fr. Alip, M.Pd, M.A., for always giving me
support, enlightenment and inputs during finishing the research. I would also like
to thank Dr. B.B. Dwijatmoko, M.A. for always giving me suggestions and
support in arranging the thesis efficiently. I also want to express my appreciation
to Prof. Dr. Soepomo Poedjosoedarmo, who improves my knowledge in English
linguistics. My thanks are also addressed to Dr. Novita Dewi, Dr. J. Bismoko, and
F.X. Mukarto, Ph.D. for sharing a lot of knowledge during my study in English
Language Studies Major. I am also thankful to Mbak Lelly’s help in KBI.
My biggest thanks are addressed to my parents Jaiman & Sri Widati for
always giving me support, prayer, and care during conducting the research. I
would also address my thanks to both my sister Kurnia Ari Wijayanti and my
brother Galih Fajar Triwibowo for always giving me motivation to finish the
thesis. I also want to address my thanks to my close friend Farid Ghofar Itsnaeni,
who always supported and prayed me to finish this thesis. My thanks are also
addressed to my friends both in KBI and in my boarding house who always gave
me support and prayer during conducting the research. This thesis would not have
been finished without any prayer, support, guidance, help, and criticisms from
these valuable people.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE ………………………………………………………….… i
ADVISOR’S APPROVAL PAGE …………………………………….… ii
DEFENCE APPROVAL PAGE …………………………………….…… iii
STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY ………………………………….…... iv
LEMBAR PERNYAATAAN PUBLIKASI ………………………………….. v
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS …………………………………………..…….. vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS …………………………………………….…… vii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS …………………………………………..… ix
ABSTRACT ………………………………………………………….…… x
ABSTRAK …………………………………………………………….….. xi
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION
A. Background …………………………………………………….……...
B. Problem Formulation …….…………………………………..…...…..
C. Objectives of the Study ……………………………………….……….
D. Benefits of the Study …………………………………………..….......
CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW
A. Theoretical Review
1. Sentence …………………………………………………………
2. Pragmatics ……………………………………………………….
3. Explicature
a. Kinds of Explicature Processes ………………………..…….
b. Characteristics of Explicature Processes …………………….
4. Song
a. Love Song ………………………………………….…………
b. Song Lyrics …………………………………………………..
5. Avenged Sevenfold
a. Members of Avenged Sevenfold ……….…………………….
b. Avenged Sevenfold’s Love Songs …….…………………...…
B. Related Studies ………………………….………….…........................
C. Theoretical Framework ………………………………………………..
1
5
6
7
8
9
12
16
19
20
24
28
29
31
CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
A. Data of the Study and Data Source ……………………….…..…….…
B. Approach ………………………………………………….……….…..
C. Method of the Study
1. Data Collection ………………………………........................…...
2. Data Analysis …………………………………........................….
34
36
37
38
CHAPTER IV: RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
A. Types of Explicature Found in the Songs
1. Free Enrichment ………………………………………..…………. 40
2. Saturation …………………………………………………………… 46
3. Reference Resolution ……………………………………..………... 49
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4. Disambiguation ………………………………………….………… 52
5. Ad hoc Concept …………………………………………….……… 54
B. The Characteristics of Explicature
1. Free Enrichment
a. Focusing on a lexical item ……………………………….……. 56
b. Providing a conceptual constituent ……………………….…… 59
c. Specifying and narrowing a lexical item …………………….… 61
2. Saturation
a. Involving slot question …………………………………….…… 65
b. Producing further information …………………………….…… 68
3. Reference Resolution
a. Does not involve any linguistic system ………………………… 72
b. Working based on the contextual value ……………………...… 75
c. Providing a ‘bridging-cross reference’ ……………………...…. 77
4. Disambiguation
a. Involving more than two optional meanings …………………… 81
b. Selecting meaning based on context …………………………… 82
5. Ad hoc Concept
a. Working on a lexical item ……………………………………… 85
b. Narrowing the lexical item …………………………………….. 86
c. Working on a metaphor ………………………………………... 87
C. Theme Presentation
1. Telling about relationship ……………………………..………… 90
2. Using ‘commitment’ word(s) …………………………………….. 93
3. Involving emotion-related word(s) ……………………….………. 95
4. Using loving and beautiful words ………………………………… 99
5. Showing intimacy and care ………………………………………. 102
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
A. Conclusion …………………………………………………………… 107
B. Suggestion …………………………………………………………….. 111
REFERRENCES …………………………………………………………. 113
APPENDICES
Appendix 1: The Lyrics of the Love Songs ………..……………………... 116
Appendix 2: The Process of Explicature ……..…….……………………... 121
Appendix 3: Types and the Characteristics of Explicature…………….…. 124
Appendix 4: The Theme Presentation ………………………………….…. 125
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
WS
SD
DG
GS
SFA
L
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
Warmness on the Soul
Seize the Day
Dear God
Gunslinger
So Far Away
Line
Song 1
Song 2
Song 3
Song 4
Song 5
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ABSTRACT
Febriyanti, Dwi Nita. 2015. The Study of Explicature in the Love Song Lyrics of
Avenged Sevenfold. Yogyakarta: English Language Studies, Graduate Program,
Sanata Dharma University.
This research was intended to find out the types of explicature processes,
the characteristics of the explicature processes and also to reveal the theme of the
songs through the lyrics. The present writer chose the love songs of Avenged
Sevenfold as the object of the research because it is a big rock band and a rock
band is famous with hard beat of rhythm in most songs, even love song. It is not
applicable to this band and makes them different. It has several love songs in slow
beat of rhythm.
The data of the research are the lyrics of Warmness on the Soul, Seize the
Day, Dear God, Gunslinger, and So Far away. In collecting the data of this
research, the writer conducted several steps such as listening to the love songs,
getting the lyrics and checking them with internet source, identifying the
incomplete or illogical utterances form the lyrics, and listing the incomplete or
illogical utterances. For analyzing the data, the writer also took several steps
based on the problems. For the first problem, she took these steps to analyze the
data; they were determining the missing information, applying the appropriate
explicature process, and finding the characteristic of each explicature process. As
for the second problem, she took these steps such as identifying the observed
characteristic of explicature, applying the characteristic of explicature processes to
the lyric, fulfilling the love song characteristics through explicature.
The results of the research show that five processes of explicature are
found in the love songs, namely (1) free enrichment, (2) saturation, (3) reference
resolution, (4) disambiguation, and (5) Ad hoc concept. Those five processes also
have their own characteristics. The free enrichment has the characteristics as (1)
focusing on a lexical item, (2) providing conceptual constituent, and (3)
specifying and narrowing the lyric’s meaning. For the saturation, its
characteristics are (1) involving slot question, and (2) producing further
information. The reference resolution has the characteristics as (1) does not
involve linguistic system, (2) working based on the contextual value, and (3)
works by providing a ‘bridging cross-reference’. As for the disambiguation
process, its characteristics are (1) involving more than two optional meanings, and
(2) selecting meaning based on context. For the ad hoc concept, the characteristics
are (1) working on a lexical item, (2) narrowing the meaning of the lexical item,
and (3) working on a metaphor.
This research also shows that Warmness on the Soul, Seize the Day, Dear
God, Gunslinger, and So Far Away have love as the song theme. It is because the
lyrics of those five songs complete and reflect at least three characteristics of
being love song such as telling about relationship, using ‘commitment’ words,
involving emotion-relation words, using loving and beautiful words, and showing
intimacy and care.
Keywords: song theme, love song, Avenged Sevenfold, explicature.
x
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MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
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TERPUJI
ABSTRAK
Febriyanti, Dwi Nita. 2015. The Study of Explicature in the Love Song Lyrics of
Avenged Sevenfold. Yogyakarta: English Language Studies, Graduate Program,
Sanata Dharma University.
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menunjukkan jenis-jenis proses dari
explicature beserta karakteristiknya, serta untuk mengungkap tema lagu melalui
lirik-liriknya. Si penulis dari penelitian ini memilih Avenged Sevenfold sebagai
objek penelitian karena band tersebut termasuk band rock besar dan memiliki
beberapa lagu cinta dalam ritme yang lembut.
Data dari penelitian ini adalah lirik lagu dari Warmness on the Soul, Seize
the Day, Dear God, Gunslinger, dan So Far away. Dalam pengumpulan data
untuk penellitian ini, penulis mengambil beberapa langkah seperti mendengarkan
lagu-lagu cintanya, mencari lirik lagu dan mencocokkannya dengan internet, dan
mendaftar ungkapan-ungkapan yang kurang komplit atau tidak logic. Sedangkan
dalam menganalisis data, si penulis melaksanakan beberapa langkah berdasarkan
permasalahan. Untuk permasalahan pertama; dia menandai informasi yang hilang
dari lyric, mengaplikasikan proses explicature yang sesuai, dan menentukan
karateristik dari masing-masing proses explicature. Sedangkan untuk masalah
yang kedua, dia mengambil langkah-langkah seperti mengidentifikasi karateristik
dari proses explicature, mengaplikasikan karakteristik dari explicature pada lirik
lagu, dan melengkapi karaketistik dari lagu cinta melalui explicature.
Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa ada lima proses explicature
di dalam lagu-lagu cinta Avenged Sevenfold, yaitu (1) free enrichment, (2)
saturation, (3) reference resolution, (4) disambiguation, dan (5) Ad hoc concept.
Lima proses explicature tersebut juga memiliki beberapa karakteristik yang
membedakan satu dengan yang lainnya. Untuk free enrichment, karakteristiknya
antara lain (1) focus pada sebuah kata, (2) memberikan komponen yang
konseptual, dan (3) menspesifikasi dan mempersempit makna dari lirik.
Sedangkan untuk saturation, karakteristiknya adalah (1) melibatkan pertanyaan
yang sudah ditentukan, (2) menghasilkan informasi yang lebih komplit. Untuk
reference resolution proses, karakteristiknya antara lain (1) tidak melibatkan
system yang berhubungan dengan linguistic, (2) bekerja berdasarkan kunci yang
terdapat dalam konteks, dan (3) bekerja dengan cara membangun ‘jembatan
penghubung referensi’. Untuk disambiguation, karakteristiknya (1) melibatkan
lebih dari dua pilihan makna, dan (2) memilih makna kata berdasar konteks.
Sedangkan ad hoc concept, karateristiknya adalah (1) bekerja pada sebuah kata,
(2) mempersempit makna sebuah kata, dan (3) bekerja pada metafora.
Penelitian ini juga menunjukkan bahwa Warmness on the Soul, Seize the
Day, Dear God, Gunslinger, dan So Far Away memiliki tema cinta di lagu
mereka. Hal ini karena lirik lagu pada kelima lagu tersebut melengkapi dan
mencerminkan paling tidak tiga karakteristik untuk menjadi lagu cinta seperti
menceritakan tentang sebuah hubungan, menggunakan kata-kata ‘komitmen’,
melibatkan kata-kata yang berhubungan dengan emosi dan perasaan,
menggunakan kata-kata cinta dan indah, serta menunjukkan kedekatan dan
perhatian.
Keywords: song theme, love song, Avenged Sevenfold, explicature.
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
The writer divides this chapter into four parts; they are introduction,
problem formulation, objectives of the study, significance of the study, and
definition of terms.
A. Background
Language constitutes an essential element in people’s life. It is an
important device for people conveying and expressing their ideas precisely. It is
line with Whitney (1867:22), who defines a language as a group of spoken signs
for ideas (cited in Matthews 2005:17). Moreover, Chomsky (1996c: 48) also
states that language constitutes the well-formed expressions in which its semantics
is based on the relationship between the elements of expressions and components
in the world (cited in Atlas 2005:141). As long as language is a proper device to
share opinions and ideas, it can also create ambiguity among the hearers. The
reasons can be because of misinterpretation by the hearers or incomplete
utterances by the speakers.
To solve the misinterpretation which happens among the hearers or the
speakers, either the speakers or hearers cannot take the interpretation for granted
from the meaning of each word, but they should consider the circumstances to get
the intended message. Pragmatics covers that relationship between meanings and
circumstances so that it helps the readers get a proper meaning based on the
context. Pragmatics is a branch of linguistics which is engaged with meaning. It
focuses on the person’s capability in deriving meanings based on particular kinds
of speech situation (Kreidler, 1999:18-19).
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In deriving meanings, a person also needs to know the kinds of contextual
meanings whether it is an implicit or explicit meaning. Pragmatics also
distinguishes those kinds of contextual meanings. When speakers communicate
their ideas beyond their saying, it is called an implicit meaning. What is implied
shows that the speaker and hearer are taking part in the conversation (Akmajian
et.al, 2001:399). Furthermore, Levinson (1983) states that “The notion of
implicature provides some explicit account of how it is possible to mean more
than what is literally expressed in the conventional sense of the linguistic
expression uttered” (cited in Mustafa, 2010:35). Grice (1967) talks about two
kinds of implicature; they are conversational implicature and conventional
implicature. Conversational implicature appears when a speaker violates one of
his four maxims (quality, quantity, manner, and relation) while uttering an
utterance. On the other hand, conventional implicature comes up conventionally
which means that the meaning comes from the words in the utterance (cited in
Mustafa, 2010:36).
On the opposite, an explicit meaning is a meaning which is gained from
the components of sentence itself. The hearers can directly access to the proper
meaning by relating the components of sentence to the current circumstances.
Sperber and Wilson (1995:182) state that explicature is an assumption which is
explicitly communicated. Blakemore (1992:59) also states that “Semantic
representation provides only a very skeletal clue as to the explicature the hearer is
intended to recover, and the process of developing the semantic representation
into an explicature depends heavily on contextual information”. Moreover, Grice
(1975) states that the pragmatics would include three ideas in revealing the idea of
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what is said; they are (i) the operative meaning of the expression uttered, (ii) the
time of utterance and (iii) the reference(s) made in an utterance (cited in Akmajian
et.all 2001:398-399). It means that the proposition of what is said can be gained
through the meaning in the certain time, the time of uttering the expression, and
the reference discussed in the utterance.
In communication, explicature plays a big role in minimizing the
misunderstanding over the utterances. As the nature of explicature that broadens
the literal meaning of an utterance, it basically works to flesh out and clarify the
literal meaning so that further and deeper information can be provided.
Explicature works both in written or spoken language by providing some
additional words that can enrich and make the meaning of an utterance as clear as
possible.
Referring to the previous explanation, the writer is interested to discuss the
explicature phenomenon in discourses. Explicature is a technical term in
pragmatics where the hearers interpret the meaning of a sentence explicitly. It is
line by Huang (2007:189), who points out that “An explicature is an inferential
development of one of the incomplete conceptual representations or logical forms
encoded by an utterance”. Huang also mentions the function of an explicature that
is to complete the linguistic elements of an illogical form of utterance, to produce
the fully logic content.
In short, the present writer defines explicature as a development of
semantic proposition. It is based on the semantic proposition since it works
literally, meanwhile the development of it functions to reach the explicature form
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which belongs to pragmatic process, that is connecting the literal meaning to the
circumstances.
As for songs, Long (2007:533) states that “Popular music artists have
always been somewhat ambivalent about having the lyrics to their songs viewed
as poetry, tools for social change, or as anything other than a means of self
expression”. It is also line with Rosová (2007:14) who asserts that “Songs contain
the power of music as well as the power of lyrics. While music touches our hearts,
the lyrics and their words flow into our minds and so they draw us into their own
world”.
In this case, the writer tried to analyze the phenomenon of explicature
inside the songs lyrics of love songs that Avenged Sevenfold has in its albums.
The reason of choosing its love songs was because Avenged Sevenfold is a special
rock band. Since most of rock bands are famous for having hard beat of rhythm in
songs even for the love songs, it is not applicable to this band. It is proven by
several love songs had by Avenged Sevenfold are in the slow beat of rhythm.
Therefore the writer was curious about their way in expressing their loves through
their songs which are in slow beat. The writer conducted the research over the
song lyrics in hope that people can know how a rock band expresses a feeling of
love. Moreover, people will be able to maximize the information that they get
from songs, especially the love song through explicature processes.
In the love songs lyrics of Avenged Sevenfold, the writer found many
characteristics of each explicature process in the way they reveal the love theme in
the songs. That was the reason for the writer taking their love songs lyrics as her
data sources. She took five songs as her data sources namely Warmness on the
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Soul from Sounding the Seventh Trumpet Album, Seize the Day form City of Evil
Album, Dear God from Self-Titled Album, Gunslinger from Self-Titled Album,
and So Far Away from Nightmare Album.
B. Problem Formulation
Explicature is one of the relevance theories in pragmatics. It uses the
hearers’ ability to interpret the meaning of a sentence explicitly by connecting the
uttered sentence with the context. In fact, understanding explicature in songs
lyrics may appear several problems since they belong to the monologue and
people from the outside circle of speaker as the hearers should get the exact point
from the songs lyrics’ meaning.
People may have several interpretations over the meaning of the songs. As
the consequence, they sometimes misunderstand the value of the song, which can
affect to the band’s reputation. By knowing the processes of explicature, their
characteristics and even how they work, the listeners can fully understand the
types and examples of explicature phenomenon and gain the deeper message of
the songs.
In this research, the writer observes the characteristics of explicature
processes which are found in the love songs of Avenged Sevenfold. It is aimed to
know the characteristics of explicature processes that appeared in the songs so that
the readers can be aware of the explicature phenomenon inside a love song. The
characteristics of the explicature processes enlighten the readers about the
characteristics of each explicature process so that they can apply each of it
precisely and objectively.
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After knowing the characteristics of explicature processes in the songs,
the writer also wanted to know how the processes of explicature reveal the song
theme. In this case, the writer focuses on the way of explicature characteristics
complete the characteristics of the love song to show the song theme. The writer
formulated the problems as follows:
1. What types of explicature processes are found in the love songs of
Avenged Sevenfold?
2. What characteristics of explicature processes are found in the love songs
of Avenged Sevenfold?
3. How do the explicature processes reveal the theme of the songs?
C. Objectives of the Study
In accordance with the problems above, this study is aimed to find the
types and also the characteristics of explicature processes in the love songs lyrics
of Avenged Sevenfold. For this objective, the writer intends to observe the types
and the characteristics of explicature processes based on their appearances in the
songs lyrics.
Furthermore, this study is also aimed to explain how the explicature
processes clarify the theme of the song. For this second objective, the writer
explained the way explicature processes complete the characteristics of the love
song. The process includes selecting the appropriate process of explicature to
fulfill the love song characteristics so that the songs can be understood
completely.
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D. Benefits of the Study
Hopefully this research also gives some contributions to several groups of
people. Firstly, the readers and students are the first priority to read this research
because this research is useful to help their study and enriches their knowledge.
This study provides much information about explicature, the kind of its processes
even their applications in utterances. So that this research is expected to give
enlightenment to both the readers and students about explicature, include the
processes and the way they work to complete an utterance, especially an utterance
in songs lyrics.
Secondly, it can also be used by other researchers since this study can be a
reference for other researchers to have a research in the same field. Moreover, this
study gives them illustration about applying explicature processes in a sentence
even how to use the characteristics of explicature to reveal the theme of songs.
Since this study is still rare to find, which focuses on the use of explicature over
the song lyrics, this research can be a proper reference for those who want to have
the same topic of reseasch.
Thirdly, this study is also useful for the song lovers for which it can be
used as a way for them gaining the deeper information over the song. Since his
study discusses about the use of explicature processes to flesh out the incomplete
and illogical form of sentences in song lyrics, it is helpful for the song lovers to
gain more specific information about the songs’ message. Moreover, by knowing
the complete message of the songs, the song lovers can get the feeling of the
songs completely.
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CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL REVIEW
This chapter is divided into three subheadings. They are the theoretical
review, related studies and theoretical framework.
A. Theoretical Review
This subheading consists of five parts; they are sentence, pragmatics,
explicature, song lyrics, and Avenged Sevenfold.
1. Sentence
Greenbaum and Nelson (2002:28) define a sentence as a line of words
starting with a capital (upper case) letter and ending with a period. In addition,
they assert that sentence can express a thorough thought. It is supported by
Zandvoort (1975:195), who asserts that a sentence begins with a capital letter and
end with a full stop. Moreover, Curme (1966:97) defines a sentence as an idea or
feeling which is expressed by using one word or more in such form and manner to
share the intended meaning. Greenbaum and Nelson (2002:31) also mention two
kinds of sentences; those are simple sentence and multiple sentence. The
characteristic of a simple sentence is that it has no other clause within it.
Meanwhile for the multiple sentence, it has one or more clauses within the
sentence.
In addition, Leech and Svartvik (1994:372) states that “sentences are units
made up of one or more clauses. Sentences containing just one clause are called
simple sentence, and sentences containing more than one clause are called
complex”. According to Zandvoort (1975:195-196), a sentence may consist of
one word or more. The examples of one-word sentence are exclamations,
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imperatives, vocatives and non-exclamatory. Whereas in more than one-word,
there are subject (which indicates the person or thing in the sentence) and
predicate (which indicates the question or statement in the sentence) within the
sentence. It is also supported by Kruisinga and Erades (1953:13), who assert that a
sentence-word has meaning only in a situation or relation to another sentence.
Furthermore, Curme (1996:97) points out three types of sentence:
exclamatory, declarative, and interrogative. Exclamatory sentence is a type of
sentence which is ended by an exclamation point (!) and used to express an
outcry, or presenting expressions to a command, wish even desire. For the
declarative sentence, it is used to state, or defining something as a fact.
Meanwhile the interrogative sentence, it is applied for asking question and usually
ended by an interrogative mark (?).
2. Pragmatics
Pragmatics talks about the use of language in communication. Pragmatics
can also be defined as the study of meanings whose utterances express in
situations (Leech, 1983:7&9). Moreover, Verschueren (1999: 1) defines
pragmatics as the “study of linguistic phenomena from the point of view of their
usage properties and processes” (cited in Panther and Thornburg, 2003:31). It is
also supported by Huang (2007:2), who asserts that “Pragmatics is the systematic
study of meaning by virtue of, or dependent on, the use of language”. He also
argues that Pragmatics relates the codes to their users and interpreters.
Either semantics or pragmatics is concerned about meaning, but there is
also a significant difference to distinguish them. Leech (1983:12) gives simple
formulations as follows: (1) What does X mean? and (2) What did you mean by
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X?. Those illustrations show the difference of the meaning in the semantics and
pragmatics field. For the illustration (1), the meaning is derived literally from an
utterance by ignoring the circumstances, speakers or hearers and linguists call the
process as semantics, meanwhile in the illustration (2) the meaning is gained by
relating to the speakers and hearers and it is known as Pragmatics.
In addition, Morris (1938) defines pragmatics as the study of how signs
and their users or interpreters are related (cited in Sperber and Wilson, 1996:281).
Horn and Ward (2006:607) assert that “The goal of inferential pragmatics is to
explain how the hearer infers the speaker’s meaning on the basis of the evidence
provided”. It is also supported by the definition proposed by Blakemore
(1992:43), which says that “The task for pragmatics is to show how the hearer is
able to develop such a blueprint into a complete proposition on the basis of
contextual knowledge”. Moreover, Sperber and Wilson (1995:179) also assert that
the goal of pragmatics is to explain how the hearers identify an utterance based on
their idea about the description of the speaker’s attitude along with contextual
information.
3. Explicature
The definition of explicature according to Huang (2007:189) is a
development which involves either the incomplete representation or illogical form
that an utterance encodes. Moreover, in assigning the appropriate intention over a
complex utterance, the hearers need to go beyond the literal meaning of each word
and enrich it creatively or set what it is given as the advantage of a pure linguistic
meaning (Recanati, 2004:139). It is line with Panther and Thornburg (2003:36),
who state that assumptions which are concluded by both inference and decoding
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are known as explicatures. As stated by Sperber and Wilson (1995:182),
explicature is such a combination of linguistically encoding and contextually
inferring of conceptual features.
From the previous definitions, we can also infer that explicature is a
proposition which rises as the result of completing the incomplete form of an
utterance. It is line with Sperber and Wilson (1995:179), who point out that to
produce the propositional form of expression that an utterance has the hearers
must select the semantic representation, complete, and enrich it in various ways. It
is line with Soria and Romero (2010:224), who state that in the process of
inferring, the basic explicature is functioned as premise accompanied by certain
contextual assumptions.
The following lyrics taken from the song will enlighten the concept of
explicature:
You are the one, and in you I confide [my heart] … (Line 4/ WS),
Seize the day or die regretting the time you lost [from my life] … (Line
1/SD).
From the previous example, in line (4/ WS) the writer will apply the free
enrichment process since there is no information about the thing that the speaker
confides. So that she chooses free enrichment process not only because the lyric
matches to the characteristic of free enrichment, but also because its further
information can be completed by free enrichment. Therefore she added ‘my heart’
to specify the thing that the speaker confides. As for line (1/ SD), the writer will
choose saturation process to complete the proposition. It is because only
saturation which matches and be able to dig the further information of it.
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Therefore it develops the slot question ‘from what (from my life)’ to complete the
proposition about the moment of loss.
Furthermore, Sperber and Wilson (1986) define explicature as the result of
completing an utterance of the semantic representation (cited in Blakemore,
1992:64). Yet, Sperber and Wilson (1995:182) argue that the development of the
logical form from what an utterance encodes is called explicit assumption (cited in
Panther and Thornburg, 2003:24). Blakemore (1992:65) asserts that in the process
of expanding the semantic representation into an explicature depends greatly on
contextual information for which the hearer expands the semantic representation
of an utterance into something which has a truth value on it.
Moreover, Sperber and Wilson (1995:182) state that “an assumption is
explicit if it is a development of the logical form encoded by an utterance” (cited
in Panther and Thornburg, 2003:24. Explicature is a proposition which is
communicated explicitly. It comes up as the combination between linguistically
encoded and contextually inferred of conceptual elements (Verschueren and Oia
Ŏstman, 2009:157).
a. Kinds of Explicature Process
Blakemore (1992:66) argues that enriching the semantic representation
which an utterance encodes is aimed to reach a proposition that is adequate in
relevance. The process of enrichment can be regarded as a matter of filling in gaps
in a linguistically encoded semantic representation. It is line with Iten (2005:83),
who states that the idea of development is not only like linguistically directed
processes such as disambiguation and reference resolution, but also free
enrichment.
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Moreover, according to Carston (2002:205), there are at least three
different kinds of pragmatic processes involved in deriving the proposition(s) that
an utterance expresses namely disambiguation, saturation, and free enrichment.
Huang (2007:189), states that the types of explicature come up to complete and
enrich conceptual representations or logical forms through (i) disambiguation, (ii)
reference resolution, (iii) saturation, (iv) free enrichment, and (v) ad hoc concept
construction. It is line with Panther and Thornburg (2003:23) who argue that
several inferential operations that take a role in explicature derivation were
already identified such as disambiguation, fixation of reference, and enrichment.
According to Huang (2007:189), disambiguation process works based on
the context in selecting a particular interpretation to complete the incomplete
logical form of an utterance. So this process yields the proper interpretation of a
word according to the context. This process is the easiest one to recognize. It is
line with Sperber and Wilson (1995:184), who state that disambiguation process is
taken for granted for which the hearers normally can pick just one appropriate
sense towards the speaker’s intention.
For the second process of explicature, that is reference resolution, Huang
(2007:189-190) states that this process is reached by putting an appropriate
contextual value to the relevant referential or anaphoric expression on the explicit
part. Therefore, the candidates of the reference on this process are not determined
by the linguistic system.
The third process is saturation. According to Recanati (2003), saturation
and sometimes reference assignment are the pragmatic processes which have
minimum authority in both the idea and result (cited in Iten, 2005:245). Carston
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(2002:220) states that the needed pragmatic input to develop the logical form into
the proposition expressed may be provided by saturation and ad hoc concept.
According to Huang (2007:190-191), saturation process works by
developing the given slot of a logical form that an utterance already has. In this
case, the sentence already has the characteristics of being logic and complete,
such as ‘provides’ further questions that can be gained from the sentence; then
saturation helps it to fill or saturate the given slot of logical form. It is line with
Carston (2002:198) who argues that one of pragmatic process which contributes
to the proposition expressed is ‘saturation’ (slot-filling).
In explaining the fourth process, free enrichment, Recanati (2010:171)
points out that free enrichment as a pragmatic process provides the partial input of
the previous process’s output and strengthens the meaning of the scalar term.
According to Carston (1997), since an expression has further meaning than it
literally encodes, then it takes a pragmatically derived denotation through free
enrichment as a first part unit of denotation (cited in Recanati, 2010: 168-169).
Recanati (1993) points out that free enrichment is a trigger for the material
used in pragmatically derivation which is completely cognitive, not determined by
any linguistic component (cited in Carston, 2002:188). Moreover, Huang
(2007:191) divides this process into two types namely (i) lexical item specifying,
and (ii) conceptual constituent providing. It is line with Soria and Romero
(2010:219), who point out two kinds of ‘free’ enrichment; they are (i) the one
which affects the pronunciation or setting of linguistically encoded meaning, and
(ii) another one which ‘cures’ the elements of content which are not linguistically
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recognized in any way (also known as ‘unarticulated constituents’ of utterance’s
expression).
Huang (2007:191-192) also defines that lexical item specifying focuses on
the lexical item only. It means that this kind of free enrichment is used when
readers need a specific lexical item to enrich the information of the sentence.
Meanwhile the conceptual constituent providing, it works on a sentence which
does not have any conceptual constituent. The function of this kind of free
enrichment is to provide the conceptual constituent of a sentence so that the
readers know the thing that is being discussed in the sentence.
The fifth process of explicature according to Huang is ad hoc concept.
This process of explicature is little bit confusing, since it works either narrowing
the general matter or broadening the specific utterance depends on the context.
The narrowing process is applied when you meet a general term which includes
all the surrounding things, whereas there are many little things inside of it. Ad hoc
conceptshas led to an approach on which such concepts, whether cases of
strengthening, or broadening, or a combination of the two, have been taken to
enter into the proposition explicitly communicated. (Carston, 2002:334)
Huang mentions these examples as the illustration of ad hoc concept: (1)
The fridge is empty. The previous sentence can be analyzed use the narrowing
feature of ad hoc, since the writer believes that the fridge is not really empty. At
least, there is still mineral water in the rack or ices remain in the freezer. For the
broadening feature of ad hoc, Huang (2007:193) mentions this example (2) There
is a rectangle lawn in the back as the illustration. The previous example can be
analyzed using broadening feature since the lawn is not really rectangular, with
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the exact measurement in length or wide. Therefore, the writer can say the lawn
just almost looks like a rectangular, not really rectangular (with the same
measurement on current sides).
b. Characteristics of Explicature Processes
Since explicature constitutes an inferential development of incomplete
conceptual representations or logical forms that an utterance encodes, then it has
several types of processes which help us reach the intended proposition (Huang,
2007:189). As a result, we need to understand each feature that certain explicature
process holds so that we can select the appropriate process of explicature to apply.
Comprehending the characteristics of explicature processes in this research
is essential since the writer works on the characteristic of each explicature process
to be implemented to the lyric. Moreover, the characteristic of each explicature
process shows us how the particular explicature process works on sentences. The
following characteristics of explicature processes are proposed by several
theorists:
1) Disambiguation
According to Huang (2007:189), the characteristics of this process are: (1)
involving more than one options of meaning over a word, and (2) selecting the
appropriate meaning based on context. It is line with Carston (2002:84) who
asserts that disambiguation is a process of choosing based on context several
lexical items or phrases which have same surface of perceptual properties in one
utterance, then that is when the semantic entity put on.
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2) Reference Resolution
According to Bach (1987), reference basically belongs to a pragmatic issue
which involves a matter of speaker’s intention and hearer’s inference, with a
minimal class of exceptions (cited in Carston, 2002:177). According to Huang
(2007:189-190), reference resolution has the characteristics such as (1) it does not
involve the linguistic system to determine the referent, (2) it works based on the
suitable context value
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ABSTRACT
Febriyanti, Dwi Nita. 2015. The Study of Explicature in the Love Song Lyrics of
Avenged Sevenfold. Yogyakarta: English Language Studies, Graduate Program,
Sanata Dharma University.
This research was intended to find out the types of explicature processes,
the characteristics of the explicature processes and also to reveal the theme of the
songs through the lyrics. The present writer chose the love songs of Avenged
Sevenfold as the object of the research because it is a big rock band and a rock
band is famous with hard beat of rhythm in most songs, even love song. It is not
applicable to this band and makes them different. It has several love songs in slow
beat of rhythm.
The data of the research are the lyrics of Warmness on the Soul, Seize the
Day, Dear God, Gunslinger, and So Far away. In collecting the data of this
research, the writer conducted several steps such as listening to the love songs,
getting the lyrics and checking them with internet source, identifying the
incomplete or illogical utterances form the lyrics, and listing the incomplete or
illogical utterances. For analyzing the data, the writer also took several steps
based on the problems. For the first problem, she took these steps to analyze the
data; they were determining the missing information, applying the appropriate
explicature process, and finding the characteristic of each explicature process. As
for the second problem, she took these steps such as identifying the observed
characteristic of explicature, applying the characteristic of explicature processes to
the lyric, fulfilling the love song characteristics through explicature.
The results of the research show that five processes of explicature are
found in the love songs, namely (1) free enrichment, (2) saturation, (3) reference
resolution, (4) disambiguation, and (5) Ad hoc concept. Those five processes also
have their own characteristics. The free enrichment has the characteristics as (1)
focusing on a lexical item, (2) providing conceptual constituent, and (3)
specifying and narrowing the lyric’s meaning. For the saturation, its
characteristics are (1) involving slot question, and (2) producing further
information. The reference resolution has the characteristics as (1) does not
involve linguistic system, (2) working based on the contextual value, and (3)
works by providing a ‘bridging cross-reference’. As for the disambiguation
process, its characteristics are (1) involving more than two optional meanings, and
(2) selecting meaning based on context. For the ad hoc concept, the characteristics
are (1) working on a lexical item, (2) narrowing the meaning of the lexical item,
and (3) working on a metaphor.
This research also shows that Warmness on the Soul, Seize the Day, Dear
God, Gunslinger, and So Far Away have love as the song theme. It is because the
lyrics of those five songs complete and reflect at least three characteristics of
being love song such as telling about relationship, using ‘commitment’ words,
involving emotion-relation words, using loving and beautiful words, and showing
intimacy and care.
Keywords: song theme, love song, Avenged Sevenfold, explicature.
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ABSTRAK
Febriyanti, Dwi Nita. 2015. The Study of Explicature in the Love Song Lyrics of
Avenged Sevenfold. Yogyakarta: English Language Studies, Graduate Program,
Sanata Dharma University.
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menunjukkan jenis-jenis proses dari
explicature beserta karakteristiknya, serta untuk mengungkap tema lagu melalui
lirik-liriknya. Si penulis dari penelitian ini memilih Avenged Sevenfold sebagai
objek penelitian karena band tersebut termasuk band rock besar dan memiliki
beberapa lagu cinta dalam ritme yang lembut.
Data dari penelitian ini adalah lirik lagu dari Warmness on the Soul, Seize
the Day, Dear God, Gunslinger, dan So Far away. Dalam pengumpulan data
untuk penellitian ini, penulis mengambil beberapa langkah seperti mendengarkan
lagu-lagu cintanya, mencari lirik lagu dan mencocokkannya dengan internet, dan
mendaftar ungkapan-ungkapan yang kurang komplit atau tidak logic. Sedangkan
dalam menganalisis data, si penulis melaksanakan beberapa langkah berdasarkan
permasalahan. Untuk permasalahan pertama; dia menandai informasi yang hilang
dari lyric, mengaplikasikan proses explicature yang sesuai, dan menentukan
karateristik dari masing-masing proses explicature. Sedangkan untuk masalah
yang kedua, dia mengambil langkah-langkah seperti mengidentifikasi karateristik
dari proses explicature, mengaplikasikan karakteristik dari explicature pada lirik
lagu, dan melengkapi karaketistik dari lagu cinta melalui explicature.
Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa ada lima proses explicature
di dalam lagu-lagu cinta Avenged Sevenfold, yaitu (1) free enrichment, (2)
saturation, (3) reference resolution, (4) disambiguation, dan (5) Ad hoc concept.
Lima proses explicature tersebut juga memiliki beberapa karakteristik yang
membedakan satu dengan yang lainnya. Untuk free enrichment, karakteristiknya
antara lain (1) focus pada sebuah kata, (2) memberikan komponen yang
konseptual, dan (3) menspesifikasi dan mempersempit makna dari lirik.
Sedangkan untuk saturation, karakteristiknya adalah (1) melibatkan pertanyaan
yang sudah ditentukan, (2) menghasilkan informasi yang lebih komplit. Untuk
reference resolution proses, karakteristiknya antara lain (1) tidak melibatkan
system yang berhubungan dengan linguistic, (2) bekerja berdasarkan kunci yang
terdapat dalam konteks, dan (3) bekerja dengan cara membangun ‘jembatan
penghubung referensi’. Untuk disambiguation, karakteristiknya (1) melibatkan
lebih dari dua pilihan makna, dan (2) memilih makna kata berdasar konteks.
Sedangkan ad hoc concept, karateristiknya adalah (1) bekerja pada sebuah kata,
(2) mempersempit makna sebuah kata, dan (3) bekerja pada metafora.
Penelitian ini juga menunjukkan bahwa Warmness on the Soul, Seize the
Day, Dear God, Gunslinger, dan So Far Away memiliki tema cinta di lagu
mereka. Hal ini karena lirik lagu pada kelima lagu tersebut melengkapi dan
mencerminkan paling tidak tiga karakteristik untuk menjadi lagu cinta seperti
menceritakan tentang sebuah hubungan, menggunakan kata-kata ‘komitmen’,
melibatkan kata-kata yang berhubungan dengan emosi dan perasaan,
menggunakan kata-kata cinta dan indah, serta menunjukkan kedekatan dan
perhatian.
Keywords: song theme, love song, Avenged Sevenfold, explicature.
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THE STUDY OF EXPLICATURE
IN THE LOVE SONG LYRICS OF
AVENGED SEVENFOLD
A T H E S IS
Presented as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Magister Humaniara (M.Hum)
in English Language Studies
by
Dwi Nita Febriyanti
Student Number: 136332027
THE GRADUATE PROGRAM OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE STUDIES
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2015
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THE STUDY OF EXPLICATURE
IN THE LOVE SONG LYRICS OF
AVENGED SEVENFOLD
A T H E S IS
Presented as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Magister Humaniara (M.Hum)
in English Language Studies
by
Dwi Nita Febriyanti
Student Number: 136332027
THE GRADUATE PROGRAM OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE STUDIES
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2015
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I would like to thank to Allah for always giving me the strength, the health
and the mercy. My huge thanks are also addressed to my thesis advisor and
Language Research lecturer Dr. Fr. Alip, M.Pd, M.A., for always giving me
support, enlightenment and inputs during finishing the research. I would also like
to thank Dr. B.B. Dwijatmoko, M.A. for always giving me suggestions and
support in arranging the thesis efficiently. I also want to express my appreciation
to Prof. Dr. Soepomo Poedjosoedarmo, who improves my knowledge in English
linguistics. My thanks are also addressed to Dr. Novita Dewi, Dr. J. Bismoko, and
F.X. Mukarto, Ph.D. for sharing a lot of knowledge during my study in English
Language Studies Major. I am also thankful to Mbak Lelly’s help in KBI.
My biggest thanks are addressed to my parents Jaiman & Sri Widati for
always giving me support, prayer, and care during conducting the research. I
would also address my thanks to both my sister Kurnia Ari Wijayanti and my
brother Galih Fajar Triwibowo for always giving me motivation to finish the
thesis. I also want to address my thanks to my close friend Farid Ghofar Itsnaeni,
who always supported and prayed me to finish this thesis. My thanks are also
addressed to my friends both in KBI and in my boarding house who always gave
me support and prayer during conducting the research. This thesis would not have
been finished without any prayer, support, guidance, help, and criticisms from
these valuable people.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE ………………………………………………………….… i
ADVISOR’S APPROVAL PAGE …………………………………….… ii
DEFENCE APPROVAL PAGE …………………………………….…… iii
STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY ………………………………….…... iv
LEMBAR PERNYAATAAN PUBLIKASI ………………………………….. v
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS …………………………………………..…….. vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS …………………………………………….…… vii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS …………………………………………..… ix
ABSTRACT ………………………………………………………….…… x
ABSTRAK …………………………………………………………….….. xi
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION
A. Background …………………………………………………….……...
B. Problem Formulation …….…………………………………..…...…..
C. Objectives of the Study ……………………………………….……….
D. Benefits of the Study …………………………………………..….......
CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW
A. Theoretical Review
1. Sentence …………………………………………………………
2. Pragmatics ……………………………………………………….
3. Explicature
a. Kinds of Explicature Processes ………………………..…….
b. Characteristics of Explicature Processes …………………….
4. Song
a. Love Song ………………………………………….…………
b. Song Lyrics …………………………………………………..
5. Avenged Sevenfold
a. Members of Avenged Sevenfold ……….…………………….
b. Avenged Sevenfold’s Love Songs …….…………………...…
B. Related Studies ………………………….………….…........................
C. Theoretical Framework ………………………………………………..
1
5
6
7
8
9
12
16
19
20
24
28
29
31
CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
A. Data of the Study and Data Source ……………………….…..…….…
B. Approach ………………………………………………….……….…..
C. Method of the Study
1. Data Collection ………………………………........................…...
2. Data Analysis …………………………………........................….
34
36
37
38
CHAPTER IV: RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
A. Types of Explicature Found in the Songs
1. Free Enrichment ………………………………………..…………. 40
2. Saturation …………………………………………………………… 46
3. Reference Resolution ……………………………………..………... 49
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4. Disambiguation ………………………………………….………… 52
5. Ad hoc Concept …………………………………………….……… 54
B. The Characteristics of Explicature
1. Free Enrichment
a. Focusing on a lexical item ……………………………….……. 56
b. Providing a conceptual constituent ……………………….…… 59
c. Specifying and narrowing a lexical item …………………….… 61
2. Saturation
a. Involving slot question …………………………………….…… 65
b. Producing further information …………………………….…… 68
3. Reference Resolution
a. Does not involve any linguistic system ………………………… 72
b. Working based on the contextual value ……………………...… 75
c. Providing a ‘bridging-cross reference’ ……………………...…. 77
4. Disambiguation
a. Involving more than two optional meanings …………………… 81
b. Selecting meaning based on context …………………………… 82
5. Ad hoc Concept
a. Working on a lexical item ……………………………………… 85
b. Narrowing the lexical item …………………………………….. 86
c. Working on a metaphor ………………………………………... 87
C. Theme Presentation
1. Telling about relationship ……………………………..………… 90
2. Using ‘commitment’ word(s) …………………………………….. 93
3. Involving emotion-related word(s) ……………………….………. 95
4. Using loving and beautiful words ………………………………… 99
5. Showing intimacy and care ………………………………………. 102
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
A. Conclusion …………………………………………………………… 107
B. Suggestion …………………………………………………………….. 111
REFERRENCES …………………………………………………………. 113
APPENDICES
Appendix 1: The Lyrics of the Love Songs ………..……………………... 116
Appendix 2: The Process of Explicature ……..…….……………………... 121
Appendix 3: Types and the Characteristics of Explicature…………….…. 124
Appendix 4: The Theme Presentation ………………………………….…. 125
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
WS
SD
DG
GS
SFA
L
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
Warmness on the Soul
Seize the Day
Dear God
Gunslinger
So Far Away
Line
Song 1
Song 2
Song 3
Song 4
Song 5
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ABSTRACT
Febriyanti, Dwi Nita. 2015. The Study of Explicature in the Love Song Lyrics of
Avenged Sevenfold. Yogyakarta: English Language Studies, Graduate Program,
Sanata Dharma University.
This research was intended to find out the types of explicature processes,
the characteristics of the explicature processes and also to reveal the theme of the
songs through the lyrics. The present writer chose the love songs of Avenged
Sevenfold as the object of the research because it is a big rock band and a rock
band is famous with hard beat of rhythm in most songs, even love song. It is not
applicable to this band and makes them different. It has several love songs in slow
beat of rhythm.
The data of the research are the lyrics of Warmness on the Soul, Seize the
Day, Dear God, Gunslinger, and So Far away. In collecting the data of this
research, the writer conducted several steps such as listening to the love songs,
getting the lyrics and checking them with internet source, identifying the
incomplete or illogical utterances form the lyrics, and listing the incomplete or
illogical utterances. For analyzing the data, the writer also took several steps
based on the problems. For the first problem, she took these steps to analyze the
data; they were determining the missing information, applying the appropriate
explicature process, and finding the characteristic of each explicature process. As
for the second problem, she took these steps such as identifying the observed
characteristic of explicature, applying the characteristic of explicature processes to
the lyric, fulfilling the love song characteristics through explicature.
The results of the research show that five processes of explicature are
found in the love songs, namely (1) free enrichment, (2) saturation, (3) reference
resolution, (4) disambiguation, and (5) Ad hoc concept. Those five processes also
have their own characteristics. The free enrichment has the characteristics as (1)
focusing on a lexical item, (2) providing conceptual constituent, and (3)
specifying and narrowing the lyric’s meaning. For the saturation, its
characteristics are (1) involving slot question, and (2) producing further
information. The reference resolution has the characteristics as (1) does not
involve linguistic system, (2) working based on the contextual value, and (3)
works by providing a ‘bridging cross-reference’. As for the disambiguation
process, its characteristics are (1) involving more than two optional meanings, and
(2) selecting meaning based on context. For the ad hoc concept, the characteristics
are (1) working on a lexical item, (2) narrowing the meaning of the lexical item,
and (3) working on a metaphor.
This research also shows that Warmness on the Soul, Seize the Day, Dear
God, Gunslinger, and So Far Away have love as the song theme. It is because the
lyrics of those five songs complete and reflect at least three characteristics of
being love song such as telling about relationship, using ‘commitment’ words,
involving emotion-relation words, using loving and beautiful words, and showing
intimacy and care.
Keywords: song theme, love song, Avenged Sevenfold, explicature.
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ABSTRAK
Febriyanti, Dwi Nita. 2015. The Study of Explicature in the Love Song Lyrics of
Avenged Sevenfold. Yogyakarta: English Language Studies, Graduate Program,
Sanata Dharma University.
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menunjukkan jenis-jenis proses dari
explicature beserta karakteristiknya, serta untuk mengungkap tema lagu melalui
lirik-liriknya. Si penulis dari penelitian ini memilih Avenged Sevenfold sebagai
objek penelitian karena band tersebut termasuk band rock besar dan memiliki
beberapa lagu cinta dalam ritme yang lembut.
Data dari penelitian ini adalah lirik lagu dari Warmness on the Soul, Seize
the Day, Dear God, Gunslinger, dan So Far away. Dalam pengumpulan data
untuk penellitian ini, penulis mengambil beberapa langkah seperti mendengarkan
lagu-lagu cintanya, mencari lirik lagu dan mencocokkannya dengan internet, dan
mendaftar ungkapan-ungkapan yang kurang komplit atau tidak logic. Sedangkan
dalam menganalisis data, si penulis melaksanakan beberapa langkah berdasarkan
permasalahan. Untuk permasalahan pertama; dia menandai informasi yang hilang
dari lyric, mengaplikasikan proses explicature yang sesuai, dan menentukan
karateristik dari masing-masing proses explicature. Sedangkan untuk masalah
yang kedua, dia mengambil langkah-langkah seperti mengidentifikasi karateristik
dari proses explicature, mengaplikasikan karakteristik dari explicature pada lirik
lagu, dan melengkapi karaketistik dari lagu cinta melalui explicature.
Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa ada lima proses explicature
di dalam lagu-lagu cinta Avenged Sevenfold, yaitu (1) free enrichment, (2)
saturation, (3) reference resolution, (4) disambiguation, dan (5) Ad hoc concept.
Lima proses explicature tersebut juga memiliki beberapa karakteristik yang
membedakan satu dengan yang lainnya. Untuk free enrichment, karakteristiknya
antara lain (1) focus pada sebuah kata, (2) memberikan komponen yang
konseptual, dan (3) menspesifikasi dan mempersempit makna dari lirik.
Sedangkan untuk saturation, karakteristiknya adalah (1) melibatkan pertanyaan
yang sudah ditentukan, (2) menghasilkan informasi yang lebih komplit. Untuk
reference resolution proses, karakteristiknya antara lain (1) tidak melibatkan
system yang berhubungan dengan linguistic, (2) bekerja berdasarkan kunci yang
terdapat dalam konteks, dan (3) bekerja dengan cara membangun ‘jembatan
penghubung referensi’. Untuk disambiguation, karakteristiknya (1) melibatkan
lebih dari dua pilihan makna, dan (2) memilih makna kata berdasar konteks.
Sedangkan ad hoc concept, karateristiknya adalah (1) bekerja pada sebuah kata,
(2) mempersempit makna sebuah kata, dan (3) bekerja pada metafora.
Penelitian ini juga menunjukkan bahwa Warmness on the Soul, Seize the
Day, Dear God, Gunslinger, dan So Far Away memiliki tema cinta di lagu
mereka. Hal ini karena lirik lagu pada kelima lagu tersebut melengkapi dan
mencerminkan paling tidak tiga karakteristik untuk menjadi lagu cinta seperti
menceritakan tentang sebuah hubungan, menggunakan kata-kata ‘komitmen’,
melibatkan kata-kata yang berhubungan dengan emosi dan perasaan,
menggunakan kata-kata cinta dan indah, serta menunjukkan kedekatan dan
perhatian.
Keywords: song theme, love song, Avenged Sevenfold, explicature.
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
The writer divides this chapter into four parts; they are introduction,
problem formulation, objectives of the study, significance of the study, and
definition of terms.
A. Background
Language constitutes an essential element in people’s life. It is an
important device for people conveying and expressing their ideas precisely. It is
line with Whitney (1867:22), who defines a language as a group of spoken signs
for ideas (cited in Matthews 2005:17). Moreover, Chomsky (1996c: 48) also
states that language constitutes the well-formed expressions in which its semantics
is based on the relationship between the elements of expressions and components
in the world (cited in Atlas 2005:141). As long as language is a proper device to
share opinions and ideas, it can also create ambiguity among the hearers. The
reasons can be because of misinterpretation by the hearers or incomplete
utterances by the speakers.
To solve the misinterpretation which happens among the hearers or the
speakers, either the speakers or hearers cannot take the interpretation for granted
from the meaning of each word, but they should consider the circumstances to get
the intended message. Pragmatics covers that relationship between meanings and
circumstances so that it helps the readers get a proper meaning based on the
context. Pragmatics is a branch of linguistics which is engaged with meaning. It
focuses on the person’s capability in deriving meanings based on particular kinds
of speech situation (Kreidler, 1999:18-19).
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In deriving meanings, a person also needs to know the kinds of contextual
meanings whether it is an implicit or explicit meaning. Pragmatics also
distinguishes those kinds of contextual meanings. When speakers communicate
their ideas beyond their saying, it is called an implicit meaning. What is implied
shows that the speaker and hearer are taking part in the conversation (Akmajian
et.al, 2001:399). Furthermore, Levinson (1983) states that “The notion of
implicature provides some explicit account of how it is possible to mean more
than what is literally expressed in the conventional sense of the linguistic
expression uttered” (cited in Mustafa, 2010:35). Grice (1967) talks about two
kinds of implicature; they are conversational implicature and conventional
implicature. Conversational implicature appears when a speaker violates one of
his four maxims (quality, quantity, manner, and relation) while uttering an
utterance. On the other hand, conventional implicature comes up conventionally
which means that the meaning comes from the words in the utterance (cited in
Mustafa, 2010:36).
On the opposite, an explicit meaning is a meaning which is gained from
the components of sentence itself. The hearers can directly access to the proper
meaning by relating the components of sentence to the current circumstances.
Sperber and Wilson (1995:182) state that explicature is an assumption which is
explicitly communicated. Blakemore (1992:59) also states that “Semantic
representation provides only a very skeletal clue as to the explicature the hearer is
intended to recover, and the process of developing the semantic representation
into an explicature depends heavily on contextual information”. Moreover, Grice
(1975) states that the pragmatics would include three ideas in revealing the idea of
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what is said; they are (i) the operative meaning of the expression uttered, (ii) the
time of utterance and (iii) the reference(s) made in an utterance (cited in Akmajian
et.all 2001:398-399). It means that the proposition of what is said can be gained
through the meaning in the certain time, the time of uttering the expression, and
the reference discussed in the utterance.
In communication, explicature plays a big role in minimizing the
misunderstanding over the utterances. As the nature of explicature that broadens
the literal meaning of an utterance, it basically works to flesh out and clarify the
literal meaning so that further and deeper information can be provided.
Explicature works both in written or spoken language by providing some
additional words that can enrich and make the meaning of an utterance as clear as
possible.
Referring to the previous explanation, the writer is interested to discuss the
explicature phenomenon in discourses. Explicature is a technical term in
pragmatics where the hearers interpret the meaning of a sentence explicitly. It is
line by Huang (2007:189), who points out that “An explicature is an inferential
development of one of the incomplete conceptual representations or logical forms
encoded by an utterance”. Huang also mentions the function of an explicature that
is to complete the linguistic elements of an illogical form of utterance, to produce
the fully logic content.
In short, the present writer defines explicature as a development of
semantic proposition. It is based on the semantic proposition since it works
literally, meanwhile the development of it functions to reach the explicature form
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which belongs to pragmatic process, that is connecting the literal meaning to the
circumstances.
As for songs, Long (2007:533) states that “Popular music artists have
always been somewhat ambivalent about having the lyrics to their songs viewed
as poetry, tools for social change, or as anything other than a means of self
expression”. It is also line with Rosová (2007:14) who asserts that “Songs contain
the power of music as well as the power of lyrics. While music touches our hearts,
the lyrics and their words flow into our minds and so they draw us into their own
world”.
In this case, the writer tried to analyze the phenomenon of explicature
inside the songs lyrics of love songs that Avenged Sevenfold has in its albums.
The reason of choosing its love songs was because Avenged Sevenfold is a special
rock band. Since most of rock bands are famous for having hard beat of rhythm in
songs even for the love songs, it is not applicable to this band. It is proven by
several love songs had by Avenged Sevenfold are in the slow beat of rhythm.
Therefore the writer was curious about their way in expressing their loves through
their songs which are in slow beat. The writer conducted the research over the
song lyrics in hope that people can know how a rock band expresses a feeling of
love. Moreover, people will be able to maximize the information that they get
from songs, especially the love song through explicature processes.
In the love songs lyrics of Avenged Sevenfold, the writer found many
characteristics of each explicature process in the way they reveal the love theme in
the songs. That was the reason for the writer taking their love songs lyrics as her
data sources. She took five songs as her data sources namely Warmness on the
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Soul from Sounding the Seventh Trumpet Album, Seize the Day form City of Evil
Album, Dear God from Self-Titled Album, Gunslinger from Self-Titled Album,
and So Far Away from Nightmare Album.
B. Problem Formulation
Explicature is one of the relevance theories in pragmatics. It uses the
hearers’ ability to interpret the meaning of a sentence explicitly by connecting the
uttered sentence with the context. In fact, understanding explicature in songs
lyrics may appear several problems since they belong to the monologue and
people from the outside circle of speaker as the hearers should get the exact point
from the songs lyrics’ meaning.
People may have several interpretations over the meaning of the songs. As
the consequence, they sometimes misunderstand the value of the song, which can
affect to the band’s reputation. By knowing the processes of explicature, their
characteristics and even how they work, the listeners can fully understand the
types and examples of explicature phenomenon and gain the deeper message of
the songs.
In this research, the writer observes the characteristics of explicature
processes which are found in the love songs of Avenged Sevenfold. It is aimed to
know the characteristics of explicature processes that appeared in the songs so that
the readers can be aware of the explicature phenomenon inside a love song. The
characteristics of the explicature processes enlighten the readers about the
characteristics of each explicature process so that they can apply each of it
precisely and objectively.
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After knowing the characteristics of explicature processes in the songs,
the writer also wanted to know how the processes of explicature reveal the song
theme. In this case, the writer focuses on the way of explicature characteristics
complete the characteristics of the love song to show the song theme. The writer
formulated the problems as follows:
1. What types of explicature processes are found in the love songs of
Avenged Sevenfold?
2. What characteristics of explicature processes are found in the love songs
of Avenged Sevenfold?
3. How do the explicature processes reveal the theme of the songs?
C. Objectives of the Study
In accordance with the problems above, this study is aimed to find the
types and also the characteristics of explicature processes in the love songs lyrics
of Avenged Sevenfold. For this objective, the writer intends to observe the types
and the characteristics of explicature processes based on their appearances in the
songs lyrics.
Furthermore, this study is also aimed to explain how the explicature
processes clarify the theme of the song. For this second objective, the writer
explained the way explicature processes complete the characteristics of the love
song. The process includes selecting the appropriate process of explicature to
fulfill the love song characteristics so that the songs can be understood
completely.
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D. Benefits of the Study
Hopefully this research also gives some contributions to several groups of
people. Firstly, the readers and students are the first priority to read this research
because this research is useful to help their study and enriches their knowledge.
This study provides much information about explicature, the kind of its processes
even their applications in utterances. So that this research is expected to give
enlightenment to both the readers and students about explicature, include the
processes and the way they work to complete an utterance, especially an utterance
in songs lyrics.
Secondly, it can also be used by other researchers since this study can be a
reference for other researchers to have a research in the same field. Moreover, this
study gives them illustration about applying explicature processes in a sentence
even how to use the characteristics of explicature to reveal the theme of songs.
Since this study is still rare to find, which focuses on the use of explicature over
the song lyrics, this research can be a proper reference for those who want to have
the same topic of reseasch.
Thirdly, this study is also useful for the song lovers for which it can be
used as a way for them gaining the deeper information over the song. Since his
study discusses about the use of explicature processes to flesh out the incomplete
and illogical form of sentences in song lyrics, it is helpful for the song lovers to
gain more specific information about the songs’ message. Moreover, by knowing
the complete message of the songs, the song lovers can get the feeling of the
songs completely.
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CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL REVIEW
This chapter is divided into three subheadings. They are the theoretical
review, related studies and theoretical framework.
A. Theoretical Review
This subheading consists of five parts; they are sentence, pragmatics,
explicature, song lyrics, and Avenged Sevenfold.
1. Sentence
Greenbaum and Nelson (2002:28) define a sentence as a line of words
starting with a capital (upper case) letter and ending with a period. In addition,
they assert that sentence can express a thorough thought. It is supported by
Zandvoort (1975:195), who asserts that a sentence begins with a capital letter and
end with a full stop. Moreover, Curme (1966:97) defines a sentence as an idea or
feeling which is expressed by using one word or more in such form and manner to
share the intended meaning. Greenbaum and Nelson (2002:31) also mention two
kinds of sentences; those are simple sentence and multiple sentence. The
characteristic of a simple sentence is that it has no other clause within it.
Meanwhile for the multiple sentence, it has one or more clauses within the
sentence.
In addition, Leech and Svartvik (1994:372) states that “sentences are units
made up of one or more clauses. Sentences containing just one clause are called
simple sentence, and sentences containing more than one clause are called
complex”. According to Zandvoort (1975:195-196), a sentence may consist of
one word or more. The examples of one-word sentence are exclamations,
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imperatives, vocatives and non-exclamatory. Whereas in more than one-word,
there are subject (which indicates the person or thing in the sentence) and
predicate (which indicates the question or statement in the sentence) within the
sentence. It is also supported by Kruisinga and Erades (1953:13), who assert that a
sentence-word has meaning only in a situation or relation to another sentence.
Furthermore, Curme (1996:97) points out three types of sentence:
exclamatory, declarative, and interrogative. Exclamatory sentence is a type of
sentence which is ended by an exclamation point (!) and used to express an
outcry, or presenting expressions to a command, wish even desire. For the
declarative sentence, it is used to state, or defining something as a fact.
Meanwhile the interrogative sentence, it is applied for asking question and usually
ended by an interrogative mark (?).
2. Pragmatics
Pragmatics talks about the use of language in communication. Pragmatics
can also be defined as the study of meanings whose utterances express in
situations (Leech, 1983:7&9). Moreover, Verschueren (1999: 1) defines
pragmatics as the “study of linguistic phenomena from the point of view of their
usage properties and processes” (cited in Panther and Thornburg, 2003:31). It is
also supported by Huang (2007:2), who asserts that “Pragmatics is the systematic
study of meaning by virtue of, or dependent on, the use of language”. He also
argues that Pragmatics relates the codes to their users and interpreters.
Either semantics or pragmatics is concerned about meaning, but there is
also a significant difference to distinguish them. Leech (1983:12) gives simple
formulations as follows: (1) What does X mean? and (2) What did you mean by
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X?. Those illustrations show the difference of the meaning in the semantics and
pragmatics field. For the illustration (1), the meaning is derived literally from an
utterance by ignoring the circumstances, speakers or hearers and linguists call the
process as semantics, meanwhile in the illustration (2) the meaning is gained by
relating to the speakers and hearers and it is known as Pragmatics.
In addition, Morris (1938) defines pragmatics as the study of how signs
and their users or interpreters are related (cited in Sperber and Wilson, 1996:281).
Horn and Ward (2006:607) assert that “The goal of inferential pragmatics is to
explain how the hearer infers the speaker’s meaning on the basis of the evidence
provided”. It is also supported by the definition proposed by Blakemore
(1992:43), which says that “The task for pragmatics is to show how the hearer is
able to develop such a blueprint into a complete proposition on the basis of
contextual knowledge”. Moreover, Sperber and Wilson (1995:179) also assert that
the goal of pragmatics is to explain how the hearers identify an utterance based on
their idea about the description of the speaker’s attitude along with contextual
information.
3. Explicature
The definition of explicature according to Huang (2007:189) is a
development which involves either the incomplete representation or illogical form
that an utterance encodes. Moreover, in assigning the appropriate intention over a
complex utterance, the hearers need to go beyond the literal meaning of each word
and enrich it creatively or set what it is given as the advantage of a pure linguistic
meaning (Recanati, 2004:139). It is line with Panther and Thornburg (2003:36),
who state that assumptions which are concluded by both inference and decoding
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are known as explicatures. As stated by Sperber and Wilson (1995:182),
explicature is such a combination of linguistically encoding and contextually
inferring of conceptual features.
From the previous definitions, we can also infer that explicature is a
proposition which rises as the result of completing the incomplete form of an
utterance. It is line with Sperber and Wilson (1995:179), who point out that to
produce the propositional form of expression that an utterance has the hearers
must select the semantic representation, complete, and enrich it in various ways. It
is line with Soria and Romero (2010:224), who state that in the process of
inferring, the basic explicature is functioned as premise accompanied by certain
contextual assumptions.
The following lyrics taken from the song will enlighten the concept of
explicature:
You are the one, and in you I confide [my heart] … (Line 4/ WS),
Seize the day or die regretting the time you lost [from my life] … (Line
1/SD).
From the previous example, in line (4/ WS) the writer will apply the free
enrichment process since there is no information about the thing that the speaker
confides. So that she chooses free enrichment process not only because the lyric
matches to the characteristic of free enrichment, but also because its further
information can be completed by free enrichment. Therefore she added ‘my heart’
to specify the thing that the speaker confides. As for line (1/ SD), the writer will
choose saturation process to complete the proposition. It is because only
saturation which matches and be able to dig the further information of it.
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Therefore it develops the slot question ‘from what (from my life)’ to complete the
proposition about the moment of loss.
Furthermore, Sperber and Wilson (1986) define explicature as the result of
completing an utterance of the semantic representation (cited in Blakemore,
1992:64). Yet, Sperber and Wilson (1995:182) argue that the development of the
logical form from what an utterance encodes is called explicit assumption (cited in
Panther and Thornburg, 2003:24). Blakemore (1992:65) asserts that in the process
of expanding the semantic representation into an explicature depends greatly on
contextual information for which the hearer expands the semantic representation
of an utterance into something which has a truth value on it.
Moreover, Sperber and Wilson (1995:182) state that “an assumption is
explicit if it is a development of the logical form encoded by an utterance” (cited
in Panther and Thornburg, 2003:24. Explicature is a proposition which is
communicated explicitly. It comes up as the combination between linguistically
encoded and contextually inferred of conceptual elements (Verschueren and Oia
Ŏstman, 2009:157).
a. Kinds of Explicature Process
Blakemore (1992:66) argues that enriching the semantic representation
which an utterance encodes is aimed to reach a proposition that is adequate in
relevance. The process of enrichment can be regarded as a matter of filling in gaps
in a linguistically encoded semantic representation. It is line with Iten (2005:83),
who states that the idea of development is not only like linguistically directed
processes such as disambiguation and reference resolution, but also free
enrichment.
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Moreover, according to Carston (2002:205), there are at least three
different kinds of pragmatic processes involved in deriving the proposition(s) that
an utterance expresses namely disambiguation, saturation, and free enrichment.
Huang (2007:189), states that the types of explicature come up to complete and
enrich conceptual representations or logical forms through (i) disambiguation, (ii)
reference resolution, (iii) saturation, (iv) free enrichment, and (v) ad hoc concept
construction. It is line with Panther and Thornburg (2003:23) who argue that
several inferential operations that take a role in explicature derivation were
already identified such as disambiguation, fixation of reference, and enrichment.
According to Huang (2007:189), disambiguation process works based on
the context in selecting a particular interpretation to complete the incomplete
logical form of an utterance. So this process yields the proper interpretation of a
word according to the context. This process is the easiest one to recognize. It is
line with Sperber and Wilson (1995:184), who state that disambiguation process is
taken for granted for which the hearers normally can pick just one appropriate
sense towards the speaker’s intention.
For the second process of explicature, that is reference resolution, Huang
(2007:189-190) states that this process is reached by putting an appropriate
contextual value to the relevant referential or anaphoric expression on the explicit
part. Therefore, the candidates of the reference on this process are not determined
by the linguistic system.
The third process is saturation. According to Recanati (2003), saturation
and sometimes reference assignment are the pragmatic processes which have
minimum authority in both the idea and result (cited in Iten, 2005:245). Carston
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(2002:220) states that the needed pragmatic input to develop the logical form into
the proposition expressed may be provided by saturation and ad hoc concept.
According to Huang (2007:190-191), saturation process works by
developing the given slot of a logical form that an utterance already has. In this
case, the sentence already has the characteristics of being logic and complete,
such as ‘provides’ further questions that can be gained from the sentence; then
saturation helps it to fill or saturate the given slot of logical form. It is line with
Carston (2002:198) who argues that one of pragmatic process which contributes
to the proposition expressed is ‘saturation’ (slot-filling).
In explaining the fourth process, free enrichment, Recanati (2010:171)
points out that free enrichment as a pragmatic process provides the partial input of
the previous process’s output and strengthens the meaning of the scalar term.
According to Carston (1997), since an expression has further meaning than it
literally encodes, then it takes a pragmatically derived denotation through free
enrichment as a first part unit of denotation (cited in Recanati, 2010: 168-169).
Recanati (1993) points out that free enrichment is a trigger for the material
used in pragmatically derivation which is completely cognitive, not determined by
any linguistic component (cited in Carston, 2002:188). Moreover, Huang
(2007:191) divides this process into two types namely (i) lexical item specifying,
and (ii) conceptual constituent providing. It is line with Soria and Romero
(2010:219), who point out two kinds of ‘free’ enrichment; they are (i) the one
which affects the pronunciation or setting of linguistically encoded meaning, and
(ii) another one which ‘cures’ the elements of content which are not linguistically
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recognized in any way (also known as ‘unarticulated constituents’ of utterance’s
expression).
Huang (2007:191-192) also defines that lexical item specifying focuses on
the lexical item only. It means that this kind of free enrichment is used when
readers need a specific lexical item to enrich the information of the sentence.
Meanwhile the conceptual constituent providing, it works on a sentence which
does not have any conceptual constituent. The function of this kind of free
enrichment is to provide the conceptual constituent of a sentence so that the
readers know the thing that is being discussed in the sentence.
The fifth process of explicature according to Huang is ad hoc concept.
This process of explicature is little bit confusing, since it works either narrowing
the general matter or broadening the specific utterance depends on the context.
The narrowing process is applied when you meet a general term which includes
all the surrounding things, whereas there are many little things inside of it. Ad hoc
conceptshas led to an approach on which such concepts, whether cases of
strengthening, or broadening, or a combination of the two, have been taken to
enter into the proposition explicitly communicated. (Carston, 2002:334)
Huang mentions these examples as the illustration of ad hoc concept: (1)
The fridge is empty. The previous sentence can be analyzed use the narrowing
feature of ad hoc, since the writer believes that the fridge is not really empty. At
least, there is still mineral water in the rack or ices remain in the freezer. For the
broadening feature of ad hoc, Huang (2007:193) mentions this example (2) There
is a rectangle lawn in the back as the illustration. The previous example can be
analyzed using broadening feature since the lawn is not really rectangular, with
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the exact measurement in length or wide. Therefore, the writer can say the lawn
just almost looks like a rectangular, not really rectangular (with the same
measurement on current sides).
b. Characteristics of Explicature Processes
Since explicature constitutes an inferential development of incomplete
conceptual representations or logical forms that an utterance encodes, then it has
several types of processes which help us reach the intended proposition (Huang,
2007:189). As a result, we need to understand each feature that certain explicature
process holds so that we can select the appropriate process of explicature to apply.
Comprehending the characteristics of explicature processes in this research
is essential since the writer works on the characteristic of each explicature process
to be implemented to the lyric. Moreover, the characteristic of each explicature
process shows us how the particular explicature process works on sentences. The
following characteristics of explicature processes are proposed by several
theorists:
1) Disambiguation
According to Huang (2007:189), the characteristics of this process are: (1)
involving more than one options of meaning over a word, and (2) selecting the
appropriate meaning based on context. It is line with Carston (2002:84) who
asserts that disambiguation is a process of choosing based on context several
lexical items or phrases which have same surface of perceptual properties in one
utterance, then that is when the semantic entity put on.
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2) Reference Resolution
According to Bach (1987), reference basically belongs to a pragmatic issue
which involves a matter of speaker’s intention and hearer’s inference, with a
minimal class of exceptions (cited in Carston, 2002:177). According to Huang
(2007:189-190), reference resolution has the characteristics such as (1) it does not
involve the linguistic system to determine the referent, (2) it works based on the
suitable context value