The ideologies of anti authoritarianism and social movement in anti flag`s protest song lyrics a critical discourse analysis

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MOVEMENT IN ANTI-FLAG’S PROTEST SONG LYRICS: A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS

A THESIS

Presented to the Graduate Program in English Language Studies in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

for the Degree of Magister Humaniora (M.Hum.) in English Language Studies

by

Deasy Natalia Lessu Student Number: 116332032

THE GRADUATE PROGRAM IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE STUDIES SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA 2017

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Yogyakarta, 27 F ebruary 2017

Deasy Natalia Lessu

T]NTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS

Yang bertandatangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswi Universitas Sanata Dharma:

Nama : Deas y Nat al i a Lc s s u NomorMahasiswa :116332032

Demi perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada perpustakaan

Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah yang berjudul:

THE IDEOLOGIES

OF

ANTI.AUTHORITARIANTSM AND

SOCIAL MOVEMENT IN I,^/r1.FLAG'S

PROTEST

SONG

LYRICS: A CRITICAL

DISCOURSE

ANALYSIS

Beserta perangkat yang diperlukan. Dengan demikian saya memberikan hak

kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan

dalam media

lain,

mengelolanya

dalam bentuk

pangkalan

data,

mendistribusikannya secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya

di

intemet atau

media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta

ijin

dari saya

maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya

sebagai penulis.

Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya.

Dibuat di Yogyakarta

Pada tanggal: 27 Februari 2017

Yang menyatakan,

vi

In the very beginning, I would like to glorify my Awesome Lord, Jesus Christ who started with me, worked with me and finished this thesis with me.

I would also like to reveal my biggest honor and thanks to those who have helped me to accomplish this thesis.

 BapakDr. B. B. Dwijatmoko, M.A. as my linguistics lecturers and my thesis advisor for his patience, kindness, ideas, helps and supports.

 Bapak Dr. G. Budi Subanar, S.J as the Graduate Program Director of Sanata Dharma University. Bapak Paulus Sarwoto, Ph.D. as the Head of the Graduate Program in ELS.

 Bapak FX. Mukarto, Ph. D., Bapak Dr. E. Sunarto, M.Hum. and Bapak

Paulus Sarwoto, Ph.D. as my thesis examiners for their questions, ideas, advices, inputs and revision since my thesis review until my thesis defence.

 The lecturers in English linguistics of Graduate Program; Bapak Dr. Fr. B. Alip, M.Pd., Bapak Prof. Dr. Soepomo Poedjosoedarmo, Bapak Dr. B. B. Dwijatmoko, M.A., Bapak Barli Bram M.Ed., Ph.D. for the lecturers, the knowledges, the ideas, the wisdom, the attitudes, the happiness and the laugh you have shared with me.

 Lectures in the Graduate Program, Ibu Dra. Novita Dewi, M.S., M.A (Hons.)., BapakDr. J. Bismoko and all lecturers I cannot mention. My special thanks for BapakDr. F.X. Siswadi, M.A. for his sharing and supports.

 GondeszRuslinah a.k.aInul as my soulmate, my classmate and my supporter. Thank a bunch for her uncountable kindness, laugh, foolish acts she shared

vii the end of our study.

 My Gradute Program classmates, Mbak Fransisca, Mbak Ayu, Nitha, Rindang, Ika Daru, Mas Windu, Mbak Sri, Mas Yanu, Fendy, Pak Ahsan

Mbak Susie and Satrio, Mbak Fahma, Diah, Christo and also my senior, Usi

Ariyana Pattiwael. Thank you for all we have been through together.

 Graduate Studies’ staffs, Mbak Lely, Mbak Marni, Mbak Dita and Pak Mul. Thank you for the helps and supports.

 My family, Papa Ot and Mama Mery, my sisters, Jeane and Injili, my brother, Mario, my cousin, Natalia and my extended family. Thank you for being patient, praying, loving, blessing and supporting. Especially for my

papaand mama, thank you so much for believing me.

 My brother and sisters of GKB Jubilee, especially, Breakthrough cell-group. Special to Kak Yopie and Kak Helen. Thank you for all the blessing you have shared with me.

 My spiritual family, Chosen Generation Ministry in Ambon. Thank you for the supports and prayers

 My lecturers and friends of English Department, Pattimura University Ambon. Thank you for the supports and carings.

 Other people such as my best friend, Niko Harefa for his kindness and support. Mbak Mar for caring me.

viii “FAITH”

And being not weak in faith, she considered not her own body now dead, ... she staggered not at the promise of God through unbelief; but was strong in faith, giving glory to God; And being fully persuaded that, what God had promised, God was able also to perform.

21---ix

TITLE PAGE ... i

ADVISOR’S APPROVAL PAGE ... ii

DEFENSE APPROVAL PAGE ... iii

STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY ... iv

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI ... v

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT... vi

MOTTO ... viii

TABLE OF CONTENTS... ix

LIST OF TABLES ... xi

LIST OF APPENDICES ... xii

ABSTRACT ... xivv

ABSTRAK... xvii

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION... 1

1.1 Background of the Study... 1

1.2 Problem Formulation ... 6

1.3 Objectives of Study ... 6

1.4 Benefits of the Study... 8

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW... 10

2.1 Review of theories... 10

2.1.1 Ideology ... 10

2.1.1.1 Ideology and Discourse ... 14

2.1.1.2 Ideology and Power ... 15

2.1.1.3 Ideology of Punk ... 17

2.1.2 Critical Discourse Analysis... 19

2.1.3 Systemic Functional Grammar ... 22

2.1.3.1 Ideational Function and Meaning ... 23

2.1.3.2 Interpersonal Function and Meaning... 29

2.1.4 Protest Music ... 32

2.2 Review of Related Studies ... 34

2.3 Theoretical Framework ... 37

CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY... 39

3.1 Type of study ... 39

3.2 Data of the Study... 40

3.3 Data Analysis Procedures ... 43

CHAPTER 4 ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ... 48

4.1 Linguistic Features use in Anti Flag Protest Song Lyrics... 49

x

4.1.1.3 Pronoun Analysis... 74

4.1.2 The Lexical Features... 78

4.2 Ideologies in Anti Flag’s Protest Song Lyrics. ... 85

4.2.1 Concept of the Ideologies ... 86

4.2.1.1 The Concept of Anti-Authoritarian Capitalism ... 87

4.2.1.2 The Concept of Anti-Authoritarian Nationalism... 88

4.2.1.3 The Concept of Social Movement ... 89

4.2.2 Social Issues ... 90

4.2.2.1 Social Issues of Anti-Authoritarian Capitalism... 91

4.2.2.2 Social Issues of Anti-Authoritarian Nationalism ... 93

4.2.2.3 Social Issues of Social Movement... 95

4.2.3 Ideologies Representation ... 95

4.2.3.1 Representation of Anti-Authoritarian Capitalism ... 95

4.2.3.2 Summary of Anti-Authoritarian Capitalism Representation ... 114

4.2.3.3 Representation of Anti-Authoritarian Nationalism... 115

4.2.3.4 Summary of Anti-Authoritarian Nationalism Representation ... 131

4.2.3.5 Representation of Social Movement ... 132

4.2.3.6 Summary of Social Movement Representation ... 141

CHAPTER 5 ... CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS... 5.1 Conclusions ... 143

5.2 Recommendations ... 147

BIBLIOGRAPHY...148

APPENDICES ... Appendix 1: Transitivity Analysis of Anti-Authoritarian Capitalism ... 152

Appendix 2: Transitivity analysis of Anti-Authoritarian Nationalism ... 159

Appendix 3: Transitivity Analysis of Social Movement ... 167

Appendix 4: Modality Analysis of Anti-Authoritarian Capitalism... 174

Appendix 5: Modality Analysis of Anti-Authoritarian Nationalism ... 174

Appendix 6: Modality Analysis of Social Movement... 175

Appendix 7: Pronoun Analysis of Anti-Authoritarian Capitalism... 177

Appendix 8: Pronoun Analysis of Anti-Authoritarian Nationalism ... 181

Appendix 7: Pronoun Analysis of Social Movement... 183

Appendix 9: The Distribution of Transitivity Processes in the Ideologies ... 185

Appendix 10: The Distribution of Modals in the Ideologies………...186

Appendix 11: The Distribution of Pronoun in the Ideologies... 186

Appendix 12: Anti-Flag Selected Song Lyrics. ... 187

xi

Table 3.1. List of Anti Flag Selected Song Lyrics... 42

Table 4.1 Excerpts of the Material Processes………... 50

Table 4.2. Excerpts of the Relational Processes ………...…………... 57

Table 4.3. Excerpts of the Mental Processes ……...………... 61

Table 4.4. Excerpts of the Verbal Processes... 64

Table 4.5. Excerpts of the Existential Processes ………..… 65

Table 4.6. Excerpts of Probability……….... 67

Table 4.7. Excerpts of Usuality…... 69

Table 4.8. Excerpts of Obligation…...……….…………. 70

Table 4.9. Excerpts of Inclination…... 72

Table 4.10. Excerpts of Ability …...………... 72

Table 4.11. Excerpts of Pronoun I…...………..….……. 75

Table 4.12. Excerpts of Pronoun You... 75

Table 4.13. Excerpts of Pronoun We... 77

Table 4.14 Excerpts of Pronoun They………... 78

Table 4.15. Excerpts of Word-Choice 1 ………....…………... 79

Table 4.16 Excerpts of Word-Choice 2 ……...………... 81

Table 4.17. Excerpts of Word Choice 3 ... 83

Table 4.18. Distribution of Transitivity ………...………..… 65

Table 4.19. Distribution of Modality ………... 67

xii

Appendix 1: Transitivity Analysis of Anti-Authoritarian Capitalism ...Error! Bookmark not defined.

1. Material Processes...Error! Bookmark not defined. 2. Relational Processes ...Error! Bookmark not defined. 3. Mental Processes ...Error! Bookmark not defined. 4. Verbal Processes ...Error! Bookmark not defined. 5. Existential Processes ...Error! Bookmark not defined. Appendix 2: Transitivity Analysis of Anti-Authoritarian Nationalism ...Error! Bookmark not defined.

1. Material Processes...Error! Bookmark not defined. 2. Relational Processes ...Error! Bookmark not defined. 3. Mental Processes ...Error! Bookmark not defined. 4. Verbal Processes ...Error! Bookmark not defined. 5. Existential Processes ...Error! Bookmark not defined. Appendix 3: Transitivity Analysis of Social Movement ...Error! Bookmark not defined.

1. Material Processes...Error! Bookmark not defined. 2. Relational Processes ...Error! Bookmark not defined. 3. Mental Processes ...Error! Bookmark not defined. 4. Verbal Processes ...Error! Bookmark not defined. 5. Existential Processes ...Error! Bookmark not defined. Appendix 4: Modality Analysis of Anti-Authoritarian Capitalism...Error! Bookmark not defined.

Appendix 5: Modality Analysis of Anti-Authoritarian Nationalism ...Error! Bookmark not defined.

Appendix 6: Modality Analysis of Social Movement...Error! Bookmark not defined.

Appendix 7: Pronoun Analysis of Anti-Authoritarian Capitalism...Error! Bookmark not defined.

Pronoun I(Anti Flag)...Error! Bookmark not defined. Pronoun You (Government) ...Error! Bookmark not defined. Pronoun You (Society) ...Error! Bookmark not defined. Pronoun We(Anti Flag) ...Error! Bookmark not defined. Pronoun We (Anti Flag & Society)...Error! Bookmark not defined. Pronoun We(Government) ...Error! Bookmark not defined. Pronoun They(Government)...Error! Bookmark not defined. Pronoun They(Society)...Error! Bookmark not defined. Pronoun I(Anti Flag)...Error! Bookmark not defined. Pronoun You (Government) ...Error! Bookmark not defined. Pronoun You (Society) ...Error! Bookmark not defined. Pronoun We(Anti Flag) ...Error! Bookmark not defined. Pronoun We (Anti Flag & Society)...Error! Bookmark not defined. Pronoun We (Government) ...Error! Bookmark not defined. Pronoun They(Government)...Error! Bookmark not defined. Pronoun They(Society)...Error! Bookmark not defined.

xiii

Pronoun I(Anti Flag)...Error! Bookmark not defined. Pronoun You (Government) ...Error! Bookmark not defined. Pronoun You (Society) ...Error! Bookmark not defined. Pronoun We(Anti Flag) ...Error! Bookmark not defined. Pronoun We (Anti Flag & Society)...Error! Bookmark not defined. Pronoun We (Government) ...Error! Bookmark not defined. Pronoun They(Government)...Error! Bookmark not defined. Pronoun They(Society)...Error! Bookmark not defined. Appendix 7: Pronoun Analysis of Social Movement...Error! Bookmark not defined.

Pronoun I(Anti Flag)...Error! Bookmark not defined. Pronoun You (Government) ...Error! Bookmark not defined. Pronoun You (Society) ...Error! Bookmark not defined. Pronoun We(Anti Flag) ...Error! Bookmark not defined. Pronoun We (Anti Flag & Society)...Error! Bookmark not defined. Pronoun We (Government) ...Error! Bookmark not defined. Pronoun They(Government)...Error! Bookmark not defined. Pronoun They(Society)...Error! Bookmark not defined. Appendix 9: The Distribution of Transitivity Processes in the Ideologies ....Error! Bookmark not defined.

Table 4.10The Distribution of Transitivity Processes in the Ideologies.Error! Bookmark not defined.

Appendix 10: The Distribution of Modals in the IdeologiesError! Bookmark not defined.

Table 4.11The Distribution of Modals in the Ideologies ...Error! Bookmark not defined.

Appendix 11: The Distribution of Pronoun in the Ideologies...Error! Bookmark not defined.

Table 4.12 The Distribution of Pronoun in the Ideologies ..Error! Bookmark not defined.

Appendix 13: Anti-Flag Selected Song Lyrics. ...Error! Bookmark not defined. Song 1:"You've Got To Die For The Government"...Error! Bookmark not defined.

Song 2: "Kill The Rich". ...Error! Bookmark not defined. Song 3: "Red, White and Brainwashed".. ...Error! Bookmark not defined. Song4: "Got the Numbers". ...Error! Bookmark not defined. Song 5: "A Stars and Stripes". ...Error! Bookmark not defined. Song 6: "This Machine Kills Fascists". ...Error! Bookmark not defined. Song 7: “Watch the Right”...Error! Bookmark not defined. Song 8: "What’s the Difference". ...Error! Bookmark not defined. Song 9:"Class Plague". ...Error! Bookmark not defined. Song 10: "Protest Songs". ...Error! Bookmark not defined. Song 11: "Tearing Down the Borders". ...Error! Bookmark not defined. Song 12: You Can Kill the Protestor but You Can’t Kill the Protest. ....Error! Bookmark not defined.

xiv

Song 14: "No Borders, No Nations". ...Error! Bookmark not defined. Song 15: "911 for peace"... ...Error! Bookmark not defined. Appendix 14: Clauses and Ideologies of the Selected Song Lyrics...Error! Bookmark not defined.

xv

Lessu, Deasy Natalia. 2017. The Ideologies of Anti-Authoritarianism and Social Movement in Anti-Flag’s Protest Song Lyrics: A Critical Discourse Analysis,

Yogyakarta: The Graduate Program in English Language Studies, Sanata Dharma University.

Music especially punk rock is ideological. It has a basic belief about DIY (Do-It-Yourself) which presents their subculture (counterculture). It sets themselves as the outer group of the society. The belief of DIY sets the punk rock to life in liberty. Thus, they have tendency to rebel against authority. They see the traditional culture; the submissiveness of society to the power holders as the significant issue that need to be resisted. Thus, the song lyrics are not merely showing protest but the calling to do revolution as well. Through their music, specifically song lyrics, they act as the speaker to persuade the listeners. In the purpose of gaining up the critical awareness of the listeners about the role of punk rock music in carrying the protest about the social issues, the study will conducted by using Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA).

The study has aim to answer two research questions. The first question is How the linguistic features employed in Anti-Flag‘s protest song lyrics reveal the ideology? While the second question is What are the main ideologies conveyed in Anti-Flag’s protest song lyrics?

The study is about CDA, thus, the study will be guided by the framework of CDA. It helps to present concept about the ideology, how the ideology works in discourse and how the ideology constructs power. To discover the existence of ideology in the discourse, - the text, the concepts of the ideology, the special terms describe the ideology and the social issues which support the actuality of the ideology will be used. To do the analysis of the linguistic representation, the Systemic Functional Grammar will be applied. It represents the ideology through the linguistic units such as transitivity analysis, modality analysis and pronoun analysis.

The data derives from the Anti-Flag song lyrics. It is as much as 15 song lyrics. This punk rock band is considerably consistent and committed in sounding protest about the social issues. The data used are for analyzing first questions attained from the lexical items used in the song lyrics and the literature data to support the concept and the social issues of the ideology. The data used for the second questions taken from the clauses in the song lyrics. It is done by the analysis of transitivity to present the frequent process which represents the ideology and the modals and pronouns analysis to present speaker’s intention and judgments about the ideology.

From the analysis, it is found that the two main ideologies presented in Anti-Flag selected song are the anti-authoritarianism and the social movement. The authoritarianism itself is divided into anti-authoritarian capitalism and anti-authoritarian nationalism. The result of transitivity analysis shows that both ideologies represented through the material processes and relational processes. It shows how the actions of the actors and the identity and character of the actors.

xvi

anti-authoritarianism. They indicate the certainty and probability and the obligation of the authority works. The ability appears in social movement expresses the skill of doing the revolution. About the pronoun analysis, the anti-authoritarianism mostly appears in pronoun you and they. It means that Anti-Flag is as the part of punk subculture persuade (and protest as well) society and protest government. It sets position of Anti-Flag as the out-group; not belong to society. The social movement mostly carries we as the pronoun. It means that Anti-Flag is in-group with society to do the movement.

It is recommended for the future researchers to conduct similar study on song lyrics, especially the punk rock music to enrich and raise their critical awareness of the use music as the protest medium. It is also recommended to explore more on the textual analysis especially theme-rheme since the usage of the theory might cause different interpretation.

Key words: Ideology, Critical Discourse Analysis, Systemic Functional Grammar, Protest Songs

xvii

Lessu, Deasy Natalia. 2017. The Ideologies of Anti-Authoritarianism and Social Movement in Anti-Flag’s Protest Song Lyrics: A Critical Discourse Analysis,

Yogyakarta: The Graduate Program in English Language Studies, Sanata Dharma University.

Musik khususnya punk rock memiliki ideologi. Punk memilik prinsip dasar yaitu DIY (Do-It-Yourself) yang merepresentasikan cara hidup mereka, kebiasaan dan ide-ide dari kelompok mereka sebagai kelompok yang berbeda dari kelompok masayarakat pada umumnya. Prinsip DIY mengatur para anggota punk

untuk hidup dalam kebebasan. Oleh karena itu, mereka mempunyai kecenderungan untuk melawan kekuasaan. Mereka memandang budaya yang telah menjadi tradisi dalam masyarakat seperti penundukan masyarakat terhadap para penguasa sebagai isu penting yang harus dilawan. Untuk itu, lirik-lirik lagu mereka tidak sekedar menyatakan protes tetapi juga mengajak untuk melalukan revolusi. Melalui musik, khususnya lirik lagu, mereka berperan untuk melakukan propaganda kepada penikmat musik secara khusus dan secara umum kepda masyarakat. Dalam rangka meningkatkan critical awareness dari para penikmat musi tentang peran musik punk rock sebagai pembawa pesan tentang isu sosial, penelitian ini akan dilakukan dengan mengimplementasikan Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA).

Penelitian ini bertujuan utnuk memberi solusi terhadap dua pertanyaan. Pertanyaan pertama Bagaimana unsur-unsur linguistik di dalam lirik-lirik lagu protes Anti-Flag mengungkapkan ideologi? Sementara pertanyaan kedua adalah Apa ideologi-ideologi utama yang diusung Anti-Flag dalam lirik lagu protes mereka?

Penelitian in adalah tentang analisa wacana kritis (CDA) dengan demikian penelitian ini akan mengikuti kerangka teori CDA. Teori ini membantu memberikan konsep tentang ideologi, kaitan ideologi dengan wacana dan bagaimana ideologi memiliki power. Untuk menemukan keberadaan ideologi di dalam teks, konsep tentang ideologi-ideologi utama, isitilah-istilah yang terkait dengan ideologi-ideologi tersebut serta isu-isu social yang mencerminkan aktualisasi dari ideologi-ideologi tersebut akan dibahas. Untuk menganalisa representasi linguistik, Systemic Functional Grammar dipakai. Teori ini menunjukkan representasi ideologi melalu analisa transitivity, modality dan

pronoun.

Data yang dipakai dalam penelitian ini berasal dari lirik-lirik lagu

Anti-Flag. Data yang dipakai adalah sebanyak 15 lagu. Bandberjenis musik punk rock ini dipilih karena dianggap konsisten dan penuh komitmen dalam menuarakan protes terhadap isu-isu sosial. Untuk menganalisa pertanyaan pertama, data yang dipakai berasal dari teks yaitu; penggunaan istilah-istilah yang berkaitan dengan ideologi dan data-data lain di luar teks seperti latar belakang sejarah, dan politik tentang isu tersebut. Untuk menganalisa pertanyaan kedua, data yang dipakai adalah klausa yang diperoleh dari lirk-lirik lagu. Analisa yang dilakukan dengan transitivity analysis menunjukan proses-proses yang sering

xvii i dibahas.

Dari analisa, ditemukan dua ideologi utama yang diusung oleh Anti-Flag

adalah Anti-authoritarianism dan Social Movement. Anti-authoritarianism

dibedakan kedalam Anti-authoritarian Capitalism dan Anti-authoritarian Nationalism. Hasil dari analisa transitivitymenunjukkan kedua ideologi dibentuk dengan material processes dan relational processes. Proses pertama menunjukan aksi dari actor sementara proses kedua menunjukan identitas dan karakter dari

actor. Dari analisa modality ditemukan bahwa probability, obligation dan ability.

muncul sebagai modals meaningyang dominan. Probabilitydan obligation sering muncul di ideologi anti-authoritarianism. Ini menunjukkan kepastian dan kepatuhan tentang dan terhadap pekerjaan para penguasa. Abilitysering muncul di ideologi social movement menunjukkan kekuatan dan kemampuan Anti-flag dan masyarakat untuk melakukan perubahan. Dari analisa pronoun ditemukan bahwa pronoun you dan they banyak muncul di idelogi Anti-authoritarianism. Hal ini berarti Anti-Flag berada di out-group yang memungkinkannya melakukan protes kepada pemerintah dan masyarakat. Pronoun we banyak ditemukan di ideologi

social movement. Hal ini memposisikan Anti-Flag di in-group. Bersama-sama dengan masyarakat, Anti-Flagmemberi perlawanan terhadap para penguasa.

Untuk penelitian ke depan, direkomendasikan untuk melakukan penelitian yang sama pada lirik lagu, terlebih khusus lirik lagu punk rock untuk meningkatkan critical awareness terhadap penggunaan musik sebagai media protes. Selain itu direkomendasikan juga untuk mengeksplorasi textual analysis

khususnya pada theme-rheme sebab penerapan teori yang berbeda dapat menghasilkan interpretasi yang berbeda pula.

Key words: Ideology, Critical Discourse Analysis, Systemic Functional Grammar, Protest Songs

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

This introductory section categorized into four sections containing background of the study, problem formulation, objectives of the study and benefits of the study. The first section, background of the study, explicates the depiction of the topic of the study and the reasons of studying it. The second section is problem formulation. It elaborated with the purpose of clarifying what matters that the study has to answer. The third section is the objectives of study that expresses the process of doing the study based on the practical theories. The fourth section provides the importance of the study and benefits obtained from the study.

1.1 Background of the Study

Music and society are always powerfully intimate. Whenever people do anything either individually or socially for any reason, music is there. In politics, for example, the candidates use music to achieve number of supports from the society during their campaign. The common reason underlies the existence of music in society is it acts as a means of developing and negotiating interpersonal relationship. Juslin & Sobloda 2001 (in Cross 2006) state, “music can be used by individuals to modulate and regulate their own moods, and may be used in group contexts to modulate collective mood”. Hence, music can easily unite people, or contrarily break them down.

The importance of music in the society has revolutionized. Such kind of artwork is not only for entertaining people but also employed as a medium of communication to produce a change and a revolution in some areas of human culture. One of them is as a medium of protest. The use of music in protesting recognized as the protest music or protest song. The protest song according to Denisoff (1972) is “a socio-political statement designed to create an awareness of social problems and which offers or infers a solution which is viewed as deviant in nature.” Thus, the protest songs gain society’s awareness and support for the being captured issue.

Commonly, the protest rises due to the government’s regulations or, actions that are contradictive to the society’s expectation. Clearly stated by Boulding (1967: 50), “protest arises when there is strongly felt dissatisfaction with existing programs and polices of government or other organization…“. In the relation to the protest, the protesters work to change or prevent the changes of a matter. At least, they try to persuade others to change their ideas by criticizing or protesting something wrong or unfair. Indirectly, through the protest, the society is eager to show their power against the government. Lipsky (1965) in Porta and Diani (2006) state that, protest is a political resource of the powerless.

Anti-Flag is a punk rock band. It has been totally stuck with their capacity as the activist through their music. Since their first debut in 1996 until their latest album in 2012, Anti-Flag is likely to criticize the government’s administration. Their albums published during the era of three United States presidential such as Bill Clinton (1993-2001), George W. Bush (2001-2009) and Barrack Obama

(2009-2016). One the protest issue is about the Bush's decision to wage a preventive war in Iraq which becomes the trigger to arouse another issue such as endangering the social security, increasing the tax, causing unemployment, inflation, poverty etc. The protest revealed in the lyrics is such as the following clauses.

(S6.C2) This scene will not fall victim to your violence or lies (Material Process).

(S6.C3) Our values are nothing but your values excuses to start fights

(Relational Process).

(S14.C2) So, if the heads of the state want to end terrorism, they should go and kill themselves. (Mental Process).

Through the clauses, the existence of government presents using noun, the

heads of the stateand the pronoun, your violenceand your values. The protest is visible through the processes. For example, in clause S6.C3, the use of will not

indicates the willingness to fight against the government’s violence or lies. It is clear that in the song lyrics, Anti-Flag as the speakers try to communicate or send the message to the society about the social issue and to counter authority.

Music facilitates communication that goes beyond word, which people use to share their emotions, intentions, and meanings. Thus, the language used in musical lyric is powerful to influence the people. According to Wodak (2007:1) “Language ... be seen as a driving force directed at changing politics and society”. This is what Anti-Flag intend to spread through the message inside their lyrics. However, language only gains power in the hands of the powerful: language is not in power per se. A specific language symbolizes the group or person in power. Understanding the message necessitates a circumscription of the term “ideology”.

Generally, the term “ideology” refers to the hidden message inside the language. Therefore, the song lyrics stand as the medium to advance its ideological stance on language. Van Dijk in his writing about Ideological Discourse Analysis states that “Ideologies may in fact be the same as the representation a group has of itself (and of the relations with the relevant other groups, e.g. the opponents) in the social structure”. Moreover, he also states that as the member of a group, the language users supposedly will speak, write, or understand from a specific social position. In here, Anti-Flag as the punk rock band recognized as the member of the punk group. The ideologies will represent their group itself as to counter the ideology of the government – the opponent. Relating to the study, the analysis examines what ideologies are typically associates with that position.

To do the study, Critical Discourse Analysis is considerably helpful to support. CDA is a three dimensional framework of text analysis which involves the analysis of the social practice, the discourse practice, and the text itself. The analysis of the social practice dealt with the society in which the writer of the text lives. The analysis of discourse practice refers to the process of the text production, distribution and consumption while the text analysis deals with the uncovering the underlying ideology that prompts the text production. Fairclough (1995: 1-2) points out that “a range of properties of text considered potentially ideological through the features of vocabulary and metaphors, grammar, presuppositions and implicatures, politeness conventions, speech-exchange system, generic structure, and style”.

Principally, CDA is an interdisciplinary approach to the study of discourse, which views "language as a form of social practice" (Fairclough, 1989). As one of its central objectives, CDA considers the linguistic choices. A text producer makes the linguistic choices as a potential medium through which the ideological import of a particular discourse situation can be reproduced. Fairclough and Wodak (1997) usefully translate this into the "working assumption" that "any part of any language text, spoken or written, simultaneously constitutes representations, relations, and identities". That is, discourse represents particular views of world, particular social relations between people, and particular social identities according to the purpose, context, and addressees of the text.

Since the linguistics choices are considered in CDA, the Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG) by Halliday will be an applicable to work with. The SFG has three metafunctions: ideational, interpersonal, and textual functions. They will be the tools to analyze clauses that represent the ideology. The cooperation of both theories, CDA and SFG, will support each other to see how the social issues transferred into the language and how the ideology of the speaker manipulated to state their power as a protest to the power holders.

1.2 Problem Formulation

The present study investigates the problems presents in the following research questions:

1) How the linguistic features employed in Anti-Flag‘s protest song lyrics reveal the ideology?

2) What are the main ideologies conveyed in Anti-Flag’s protest song lyrics?

1.3 Objectives of the Study

The study has three objectives. They related to the field of linguistics, Critical Discourse Analysis and musical art.

The first objective is to reveal the ideologies in Anti-Flag song lyrics. The objective intends to find out the concept of ideology and power conveyed by Anti-Flag as the punk rock band. To achieve the objective, the macrostructures analysis by van Dijk will be employed. The analysis focuses on the use of special terms and the social issues which support the ideologies. They special terms present the existence of topics related to the ideologies in the lyrics. On the other side, the social issues provide information and knowledge about the reality of the topics. In other words, they connect the text with the context.

The second objective is to find out the representation of the ideologies through the use of linguistics units. The objective is achievable by using Systemic Functional Grammar. It provides metafunctions analysis: ideational, interpersonal, and textual functions. They help to show the relation between the lexical and grammatical features of the song lyrics with the ideologies which it conveyed.

The study focuses on ideational and interpersonal function. By means of transitivity analysis, the ideational function will be analyzed. It states that a clause has meaning as a representation of some processes in ongoing human experiences. The transitivity system is applicable to reveal the representation of people, events, or issues in the text because it has a function to infer the author’s experience in the texts. On the other side, the interpersonal function is analyzed by the use of modality and pronoun analysis. The ideational function presents the interaction between the speakers to the listener. The observation on those functions might show the systemic characteristic of language in use. Moreover, to determine the clause represents a certain ideology is to consider the basic concept of the ideology itself. By doing so, the characteristics of each ideology will be clear. Therefore, it will be easier and more correct to group the clauses into an ideology.

The third objective is to give appreciation to the musical art especially the punk rock music. The use of music as the object of discourse analysis is less if compare to the use of newspaper, speeches or literary works. To appreciate the musical art is not merely about the musical notes of a song but to pay more attention to the lyric of a song. The study of song lyrics by linguistics analysis helps to understand the personal thoughts and feelings of the person who wrote it. Hence, the listeners will recognize that the genre is valuable.

1.4 Benefits of the Study

The substance of a study is having benefits. The study hopefully equips good contribution for all readers not merely for the certain parties.

Tthe study serves a purpose for the language learners who are interested in linguistics, Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) and Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG). It provides knowledge and awareness on how to apply CDA approach in analyzing song lyrics as type of discourse and SFG in textual analysis. For the study presents song lyrics as the particular text therefore it might be a good example on how to scrutinize language features on the song lyrics. Hopefully, the study might raise critical analysis and awareness on the covert meaning (ideology) of the song lyrics and on the linguistics comprehension.

Tthe study presents the importance to conceive the song lyrics. For the music listeners, the study points out that music is more worthy if it is not merely listened but understood the messages concealed in its lyrics. Music, especially punk rock not merely affiliated with the noisy and awful sounds, which for few people is annoying. Thus, people will come up with the negative perceptions about the genre. On the other side, few people consider the punk rock music as an interesting music that helps them to release their emotions, such as anger. Hence, they merely appreciate the music instead of its lyrics. Lyrics are not just the part of the total package of the music. In punk rock music, the lyrics contain significant information, ideas, opinions, or images about the social issues. People are lead to be conscious for the social problems especially about the socio-politics issues occurred in America and world.

Ultimately, through the study, It is proposed that perhaps readers, society -may benefit from a deeeper understanding of punk rock counterculture idelogy. Instead of just paying attention to the lyrics and musical sounds, people will see culture, values, ideology, and messages. Public is hoped to be conscious that music as the artwork can be an applicable medium of protest to do a revolution or social movement. In a wider perspective, the study is hopefully might arouse public response towards the social issues; capitalism and nationalism. It is about how to make a stand to resist against social injustice. Public not only listening to the punk rock music and absorb the significant points in the lyrics but to act. The protest through song is propagandist to get people support. Despite this, the intention of doing the protest is for the real action. Listening to punk rock music, especially Anti-Flag, people will notice their existence as the part of drivers of changes.

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

This chapter consists of three sections namely review of theories, review of related studies and theoretical framework. The review of theories examines the theories applied to conduct the study, the review of related studies provides insights for the study and the theoretical framework clarifies the contribution of the theories in solving the problem formulation.

2.1 Review of Theories

The section presents the theories exercised in the study. The first section talks about ideology as it is what the study about. It presents the concept of ideology, ideology and discourse, ideology and power and ideology of punk. The second section is about the method of the study, Critical Discourse Analysis. It is the general framework of the study. By reviewing the theory, the study is led to reveal the ideology and power imbalance in practice in a society. The third section is about the concept of protest songs. It provides the concept of how the songs used as the protest medium. The fourth section is about the Systemic Functional Grammar from Halliday (2004) elaborated with other experts. It presents concept of transitivity, modality and pronoun. It used as the tool to observing data.

2.1.1 Ideology

The term, ideology is controversial. It is because there are many definitions and notions of the term. Hence, it is better to start with its very beginning notion.

The ideology was used by Antonine Loues Claude Destutt de Tracy in 1796 for the first time. The term used to officially states the ideas of a particular group of scholars in France. The idea is about the new empiricist ‘science of ideas’ (the studies of how people think, speak, and argue). Simply, ideology is about the origins of the ideas. The ideas addressed to young people due to their minds are not full of the ‘fixed ideas’ compared to the minds of established scholars therefore it is not difficult to change. People who support the idea are in a group called themselves as the ideologists. Parson (1951: 39) asserts that ideology is “a system of beliefs held in common by the members of a collectivity”. From the explanation, two main points can be taken out are the ‘system of beliefs’ and the ‘members of collectivity’.

The two main points above considered as the basic notion to understand the concept of ideology. The system of beliefs might define as ‘the set of principles’ while the members of collectivity defined as ‘the group of people who shared the same ideology and essentially have been controlled by the ideology. Thus, the ideology is about a theory or set of beliefs or principles that underlie the group. A group could be a political group, party, or organization. However, the existence of an ideology might have relevancy to other ideologies. Nazism, National Socialism, for example, has relevant beliefs to nationalism and racism. The Nazism held racial theories based upon the belief of the existence of an Aryan master race that was superior to all races. Nazi ideology was developed by intense nationalists whose only interests were the future of Germany and German-speaking Aryan people. The people who support Nazism called as Nazi. They are

“a member of the National Socialist (Workers’) Party led by Adolf Hitler which controlled Germany from 1933 to 1945” (CALD3).

The ideology is not merely descriptive but it is practical as well. It is not only about a number of very general ideas that are the basis of group members’ specific beliefs about the world that guide their interpretation of events but it also influences their social practice. According to Fairclough (2003: 9), “Ideologies are representation of aspects of the world which can be shown to contribute, to establishing, maintaining, and changing social relations of power, domination, and exploitation”. Thus, ideology is practical as the power holders use the belief to control the powerless people.

Ideology is the power and domination, which owned by a group who have positions, attitudes, beliefs, and perspectives. Government is a group of people who has power and domination since they are officially controlled a country. In relation to the Nazism, Nazi has power and domination to control Germany because of the position of Adolf Hitler as the leader of nation. He is hegemonic; he has position of being the strongest and most powerful and therefore can control others. The control itself is about the order, limit or rule people’s actions or behavior. In a country, laws and policies become government’s tools to control people.

The ideology may be more or less positive and negative depending on our point of view or group membership. Marx and Engels define ideology in a negative sense. They state, “Ideologies are systems of false ideas representing the consciousness of the ruling class, and used to promote and legitimize its power”.

A negative connotation addressed to an ideology when it creates injustice. The injustice here refers to the way the power holders treat the powerless in a relation. There are three relations can be used; government-society, society-society and society-government. In government-society relation, government has power to create policies, which disappointedly has tendency to cause suffering to the society. In society-society relation, the rich has power to bring misery to the poor. In relation of society-government, the rich or big business have power to influence and control the government. Basically, the power holders have tendency to use their power and domination to obtain advantages for themselves by disregarding the powerless groups. For that reason, groups of people come up to counter negative ideology.

The opposition to the common ideologies normally contains the disapproving opinions or suggestions that the ideologies are not good or not important. Moreover, it is due to the negative impacts of the ideology to the social life. As like a common ideology called Nazism, it has counter-ideology so-called anti-Nazism. However, to spread the ‘anti-ideology’ is not that easy. Inferior surely are unable to directly sounding protest or criticism to the superior as they lack of power and domination. They need to collect members to support them. Their ideology delivered through a medium that is easily to unify people. One of the media is the music, folk song. It is used under the consideration of music is well-liked and respected by common people. Moreover, it is potential to regulate mood. The counter ideology either implicitly or explicitly filled in the song lyrics, thus, song lyrics are ideological.

2.1.1.1 Ideology and Discourse

Ideology might be abstract and general. It can only indirectly emerge in talk and text; it emerges in a discourse as the communication in speech; talk and writing; text. Thus, it can be simply said that the discourse might attributes the specific and fixed ideological contents. Moreover, the discourse is the re-contextualization of concept of world through a speaker or writer’s point of view that is presented in speech and writing. Therefore, the discourse is shaped by and might present the ideology of the speaker or writer. They, the speaker or writer has intention to propagate the listener or reader. Principally, they have power to control people perception about the world. Fairclough (1995: 73) clarifies that the “discourse is shaped by structures also contributes to shaping and reshaping them, to reproducing and transforming them”. He says that the structures are the combination of the elements of text such orders of discourse, codes and their elements such as lexical and grammatical elements but also the mediated form political and economic structure and relationships; relation in the market, relation with the state and relation with society.

Talking about discourse and its relation to ideology is conceptually wide. Van Dijk (2000) states that, the study about the notions of ideology and discourses are not adequate in a discipline. They require the elaboration of all disciplines such as humanities and social sciences. For that reason, he proposes to stick with three main clusters; discourse, cognition and society. According to him, the ‘discourse’ relates to the study of language use, text and other communications. The ‘cognition’ relates to the nature of ideas or beliefs, the

relations with opinions and knowledge and the status as socially shared representations. The ‘society’ relates to the aspects of social, political, cultural and historical, group-based nature and the roles in reproduction of dominance or resistance against dominance. The three main clusters help to find out how the language use of ideology shared by the speaker influence the listener.

2.1.1.2 Ideology and Power

Ideology that owned by a specific social group might be different to the other social group. The difference symbolized the identity of the group itself. The identity is categorized into the in-group and the out-group. The standard determination of a group generally defines by a sense of belonging. Some reasons prescribes the belonging could be such as being in the same position in society. The reasons are such as involving in the specific social issue and having the same perception or opinion about a matter.

The sense of belonging contains the term of solidarity. Such solidarity may contain positive attributes as foundations for a shared identity; groups also have a tendency to define themselves in juxtaposition to others who manifestly do not belong because they are different. Cultures thus often end up with a bipolar vision of ‘us’ versus ‘them’ with the former being a representation of what it means to be human, and latter implying something less than human. Groups define their collective self by presuming superiority over the other whom they do not allow to belong.

The superiority over the other groups presents the power of the ideology of the group. It specifically defines power as the domination. For this notion, Gramsci (as cited in Mayr 2008: 13) uses concept of hegemony.

“Hegemony highlights the mechanism through which dominant groups in society succeed in persuading subordinate groups to accept their own moral, political and cultural values and their institutions through ideological means”.

The position of being the strongest and most powerful and therefore provides wide chances to control others. For the practice of power, Mayr (2008: 14) has a notion that “hegemony operates largely through language”. He further explains that the dominant cultural group generates the discourse represent them as ‘natural’ therefore people consent to the discourse with the particular formations of power. Linguistically, the ideology in a text is written in speech act or an act of writing (statement, question, command, promise, threat, giving of advice. etc.) has potential to enforce people’s interests (Wodak 1989). Wodak (1989: 82) moreover states that “certain types of speech act are associated with the special supporting conventions”, for instance, the military commands. He further asserts that the type of speech act in principle suitable for enforcing the interests of power. The notion can be taken from the description is that the ideology is persuasive.

The power in the ideology used as propaganda. As the power is dominating, the further idea is to use the domination for a specific purpose. It is to persuade. The persuasion delivered with the intention of influencing people’s opinions.

2.1.1.3 Ideology of Punk

Punk is considered as a ‘counterculture’ or ‘subculture’. The term refers to the way of life, customs and ideas of of a particular group of people within society which are diferent from the rest of that society (CALD3). The subculture of punk emerged at the first time in England. By the 1970’s in England, the subculture were understood to be the groups of youths who practiced a wide array of social dissent through shared behavioral, costume and musical orientations.

From the three mentioned orientations; behavioural, costume and musical, the punk existence as the subculture may be clearly potrayed. The behaviour of punk is often revolting. It means they refuse to be controlled or ruled and take violent action against authority. The behaviour is clearly seen in Do-It-Yourself (DIY) ethic. The ethich presents the core value of punk which are the freedom and thinking for yourself. The implementation of the ethic depicted in their ability to produce and distribute ideas and art without the interference of major corporations. The common costume orientation presents in the way they dress up by wear the the trashy cut-up clothes, the spiky hair and the acccessories such as offsensive body jewelry, such as safety pins as earrings and face rings, swastikas and crosses as pins and painted emblems.

The musical form adopted by punk rock instrumentally presents itself as direct and straightforward, in a clear line from the so-called ‘classic’ style of rock n roll music. The music employed a limited range of chords and heavy rhtymic. Musically, the style is agrresive in feel and musician played in a seemingly untutored style. About the vocal style, it is, perhaps the most significant

innovation of punk rock at the level of musical sound, since it sounds like noisy as it somewhat full of screams. In the case of lyrics, they are realistic. The lyrics presents the social issues. Stuart Borthwich and Ron May (as cited in Ferdinandi, 2010: 17) explains that punk “places a lyrical emphasis on exposing working-class dissatisfaction with ‘normal’ society, and frequently focuses upon concerns that are particular to young people. Not merely about it, the punk’s lyrics present their invitation for listeners to a revolution.

The counterculture, again, is the rebellion against the traditional culture. Hebdige (as cited in Ferdinandi, 2010: 15) says that the “subculture tends to presented as independent organism, functioning outside the larger social, political and economic contexts”. According to Brake (1985), subcultures arise as the attempts to resolve collectively experience problems resulting in contradiction in the social structure. Therefore, punk is not merely about the being; behave like punk, costume like punk or enjoy the punk music. However, punk is about doing; the loyality to the cultural sentiment that makes up the punk movement. Fox (1987: 379) clarifies that, the “the contempt for authority and the conventional culture was in fact, such an essential values for punk that if one expressed prosystem sentiments or support for the present administration, one would not be considered a member, no matter how well one looked the part.”

Punk’s ideology can be seen in the lyrics. In punk rock, there is an atraction to telling the truth about the world in the sort of language. In the song, God Save the Queen by Sex Pistols which has sevent times repetition of lyric, ‘there is no future’. This song is typically nihilism. The nihilistic belief lack of positive belief

or apathy. It’s counter idealism is expression of opposition. The songs stories the major economic depression that occured in the United Kingdom during the late 1970s left an entire generation on welfare without hope for steady employement. The issues of the British class sytem, instituonalized poeverty and unemployment become the background of the song. The oppositional idealism has voices fierce and passionate opposition to a wide array of social realities. The lyric presents opposition can be seen in Ant-Flag song lyric entitled, Stars and Stripes. The lyric, ‘don’t fly those stripes, those stars and stripes for me’ repeats 14 times. The ‘stars and stripes’ are refers to American flag. Since the flag symbolizes the nation, hence, the lyrics presents the rejection of nationalism, anti-nationalism.

As the like culture has its counterculture, so does the ideology. The word,

anti in anti-nationalism above indicates as counter-ideology. The punk rock ideology is proposed to fight the well-being ideology. Like nationalism, where netizen has to submit themselves for the nation, anti-nationalism refuse the –ism. The emergence of the idealism is also due to the reality exist in the nation. It could be the social disappointment for nation that cannot support the citizen needs and expectations.

2.1.2 Critical Discourse Analysis

Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) is the part of Discourse Analysis (DA). The point, which distinguishes the DA and CDA, is the term “critical”. The term “critical” means the analysis of discourse is not only about what written or spoken explicitly but implicitly as well. The term ‘critical’ implies showing hidden

connections and causes. In other word, CDA is not only dealing with study the surface of the text but the deep of it. CDA refers to the use of language in society or in context, rather than in isolation, as discourse. Van Dijk (2008) defines discourse to be a specific communicative event, in general, and a written or oral form of verbal interaction of language use, in particular. Hodge (2012: 2) states, “Analyses for the discourse ‘critically’ means to breaking up something, loosening bonds”. Further, he says that when the critical combined with the analysis thus it creates a ‘destructive approach’ that means a detailed analysis.

Based on the explanation above, it states that the focus of doing critical-analysis is the discourse. In Cambridge Advance Learner’s Dictionary, discourse defines as “communication in speech or writing.” In the case of communication in writing, it absolutely deals with the text; the language and linguistic. However, Fairclough (2003) argues that the discourse analysis is not merely the linguistic analysis through the text. According to him, the discourse is also about the social practices. Nevertheless, he further adds that, looking closely to the people’s speech or writing also needed in understanding the social effects of discourse. In conclusion, Fairclough states that,

“Discourse analysis as ‘oscillating’ between a focus on specific texts and ... ‘order of discourse’, the relatively durable social structuring of language which is itself one element of the relatively durable structuring and networking of social practices. Critical discourse analysis is concerned with continuity and change at this more abstract, more structural, level, as well as with what happens in particular texts. The link between these two concerns is made through the way in which texts are analyzed in critical discourse analysis”. (p.3)

Therefore, CDA called as interdisciplinary study. This study interlinked the way language is functioned in the social practices such as exercising power, organizing social institutions or constituting and transmitting knowledge (Wodak and Meyer 2001, p.11).

Talking about CDA is talking about examining the connection between discourse, power, dominance, and social inequality. CDA concern with power as it is the central condition in social life. The power exists, as there is the dominance of a particular person or group to the others in society. Wodak and Meyer (2001) explain, “Power is about relation of difference, and particularly about the effects of differences in social structures”. It means people in the high social structure tend to be powerful than the low social class. Indirectly, the power or power abuse which exist in the social practice arouse the condition of social inequality. In line with discourse, the distribution of power, the dominancy or the social inequality clearly entwined with the language. It does not naturally define that power derives from language, “but language can be used to challenge power, to subvert it, to alter distributions of power in short and long term” (Wodak and Meyer, 2001).

The powerfulness of language is not on the language itself but by how powerful one uses it. This statement indicates that the language user has ideology. In CDA, the ideology recognized as the core point to establish or maintain unequal power relation. As Paul (2005) defines that, a central component of the critical linguistic creed is the conviction that language reproduces ideology. Shortly, ideology mediates the power and the social practice through language

use. CDA regards language as a kind of social practice and an inseparable part of social construction among which ideology serves as indispensable part. Furthermore, the critical linguistics also assumes that as an integrated form of social behavior, language will inevitably and inextricably tied up with the socio-political context in which it functions (Paul, 2005). The analysis of CDA hardly separated from the socio-political situations in which language produced.

Relating to the research, the CDA is applicable as the study focuses on the discourse that contains power, ideology, and social inequality. This study sees the song lyrics as the discourse that contains the ideology of the powerful actor, Anti-Flag. Through the discourse, the speakers depict the socio-political situation about the social injustice as the effect of the superior’s powerful action or decision towards the inferior.

2.1.3 Systemic Functional Grammar

CDA as a concept of textual analysis needs to select a tool of analysis. Fairclough (1995) mentions that the tool has to be functional theory of language oriented to the question of how language structured to tackle its primary social functions. Systemic functional grammar which is proposed by Halliday is suitable to cooperate with the concept of CDA, as suggested by Halliday (1985) that it is able to work with the view of language as a social semiotic which incorporated an orientation to map relations between language (texts) and social structures and relations. He defines that functional grammar is conceptual framework on which it is based is a functional one rather than a formal one. It is functional in the sense

that it designed to account for how language is used. Everything that is written or spoken has shaped the system. Language has developed to fulfill human needs and it organized by functions to these needs. Functional grammar is purely ‘natural’ grammar that everything explains with reference to how language is used.

Halliday developed a theory of the fundamental functions of language, in which he analyzed lexico-grammar into three broad metafunctions: ideational, interpersonal, and textual. Each of the three metafunctions is about a different aspect of the world, and is concerned with a different mode of meaning of clauses. The ideational metafunction is about the natural world in the broadest sense, including our own consciousness, and is concerned with clauses as representations. The interpersonal metafunction is about the social world, especially the relationship between speaker and hearer, and is concerned with clauses as exchanges. The textual metafunction is about the verbal world, especially the flow of information in a text, and is concerned with clauses as messages.

2.1.3.1 Ideational Function and Meaning

The ideational function is one of the metafunctions in SFG that concerns the processes, participants, and circumstances found in the clause. Halliday (2004) defines that the ideational function is the function that the speaker or writer embodies language in his experience of the phenomena of the real world. This function also includes the language user‘s experience of the internal world of his

consciousness through his reactions, cognitions, and perceptions, and also his linguistic acts of speaking and understanding (Halliday, 2004). Zhuanglin (as cited in Wang 2010) adds that the ideational function not only specifies the available options in meanings but also determines the nature of their structural realizations.

In order to analyze the ideational function, transitivity is the appropriate tool to conduct. Transitivity aims at identifying the participants or things that are involved, the actions and event taking place, and any relevant surrounding circumstances (Morley cited in Wang 2010). In the transitivity system, the meaningful grammatical unit is the clause since it expresses what is happening, what is being done, what is felt and what the state is and so on (Wang, 2010). In this system, the meaningful grammatical unit is clause, which expresses what’s happening, what’s being done, what’s felt and what the state is and so on (Cheng Yumin, in Wang 2010).

Transitivity system specifies the different types of processes that recognized in the language and the structures by which they are expressed (Halliday, 1985). He also asserts that the semantic categories explain how the real world represented as linguistic structures are the concepts of process, participants and circumstances. Eggins (2004) asserts that in analyzing transitivity structure, there are aspects of clause that need to be considered: the selection of a process, the selection of participants, and the selection of circumstances.

The term, ‘process’ refers to the doing, happening and being. ‘Participants’ are the entities involved in every process and ‘circumstances’ refers to certain

conditions associated with a process. Process, participant and circumstance generally realize in the verbal group, nominal group and adverbial group or prepositional phrases of clause, respectively (Halliday, 1985).

The processes consist of six processes are (1) material processes, (2) mental processes, (3) relational processes, (4) behavioral processes, (5) verbal processes and (6) existential processes. In this research, the analysis is limited to the material processes and relational processes as the main transitivity processes and the mental processes, verbal processes and existential processes as the supported transitivity processes.

Material processes are processes about doing and happening. The doing is about what does X do? i.e. ‘She unlocked the door’. While the happeningrefers to

what does happen to X? i.e. ‘The kid sits down’. This is what Gerot and Wignell (1994) called as dispositive type and the other type is creative type; the goal

brought about by the process, i.e. ‘J.K. Rowling wrote Harry Potter’. Those two types presented as two varieties of material process. Still about material processes, the clauses consists of an action (process), a doer (participants: actor and goal) and circumstantial.

The process is marked as verb; transitive and intransitive. This type of verb determines the numbers of participants. If the verb is transitive, thus the participant is more than one. i.e. ‘The woman wrapped the present’. The participant is single if the verb is intransitive. i.e. ‘The man comes’. Moreover, the process can be both active voice, i.e. ‘A Fisherman caught the lobster’ and passive voice. i.e. ‘The lobster was caught by the man’. For passive voice, the position of

participant is changed; goal comes first before actor. The single participant may also exist in the passive voice, i.e. ‘The song has been composed’.

There are two or more participants in material process clauses. Gerot and Wignell (1994) divide the participant as ‘actor’; one who does an action, and ‘goal’; the affected or the one that are being done to another participant. Downing and Locke (2006) called the actor as ‘the agent’; an entity that can control the action that brings some changes in itself or others while the goal is as ‘affected’; the entity affected by the action. (The other term is ‘patient’). The agent are typically animate while the non-controlling inanimate is categorized as ‘force’. Halliday in Eggins (2004) adds two more participants namely ‘range’ and ‘beneficiary’. Range or also called as scope consists of ‘cognate’; a restatement or continuation of the process itself, i.e. ‘The girls do a dance’ and ‘non-cognate’; the extent of the process, i.e. ‘Gerard plays football’. Beneficiary consists of ‘recipient’; the one to whom something is given, i.e. ‘Sarah gives Jane the gloves’ and ‘client’ the one for whom something is done, i.e. ‘The postman brings me the envelope’.

The last element in material processes is ‘circumstantial’. The element is not too obliged as not all clauses have it. Halliday in Eggins (2004) classified the circumstantial into some types. First is the circumstance of extent; duration and spatial distance, i.e. ‘35 minutes and all day’. Second is circumstance of location; temporal and spatial, i.e. ‘on the Sunday morning’ and ‘to the college’. Manner; means, quality and comparison, i.e. ‘by train’, ‘carefully’ and ‘unlike his twin’

circumstance of cause; cause, reason and behalf, i.e. ‘thanks to the two Japanese women’.

Relational processes essentially are processes of ‘being’ (and ‘having’). They concerned with the relationship set up between two things or concepts. A number of distinct ways expressed as different types of relational process in the clause. The types of relational process are (1) intensive; i.e. ‘Mother Theresa is kind-hearted’, (2) possessives: i.e. ‘Pinocchio has a long nose’, and (3) circumstantial; i.e. ‘Maluku is in the center of Sulawesi and Papua’. Each of these comes in two modes, ‘Attributive’, and ‘Identifying’ (Gerot and Wignell, 1994). However, Downing and Locke (2006) add one more mode namely ‘Possession’. Attributive processes assign a quality, i.e. ‘Reza Rahardian is a talented Indonesian actor’ while identifying processes establish an identity, i.e. ‘Ajeng Kamarantih may be the famous Indonesian news-anchor. Possession processes show to something belongs to whom.

The participants’ roles in each process generally consist of two participants. Attributive processes have ‘Carrier’ that represents an entity and ‘attribute’ which characterizes the entity in some way (Downing and Locke, 2006). In example, ‘Pasar Beringhardjo is in Jalan Malioboro’. Identifying processes’ participants known as ‘Identified’ and ‘Identifier’. It called identifying because one (the identified) identified in terms of the other (the identifier). The other name of this processes called ‘Token’ instead of ‘Identified’ and ‘Value’ instead of ‘Identifier’. Those names are to show the representation and roles filled. ‘Token’ is the entity that represents and the “Value’ is to fill the role of the other.

Mental processes are about process of sensing. The process explicates something that goes on in the internal world of the mind. Contrary to material process, the participant in mental process is not really do an action. As only an animate who has sensing, thus the participant are only an animate and is usually human, i.e. ‘She likes cheese burger’. However, it may also be an animal, i.e. ‘The dog sensed danger’ and in the case of personification, the non-animate treated as if it were a human. For example, ‘Your car knows where to go’. The participant considered as ‘senser’ (or ‘experiencer’) and what the senser is sensing about known as ‘phenomenon’. That is, mental processes only have two participants.

According to Halliday (1994) and Gerot and Wignell (1994), there are three types of mental processes: ‘cognition’, ‘perception’ and ‘affection’. On the other side, Thompson (2004) and Downing and Locke (2006) has four categories which are ‘emotion’ (‘affectivity’ – Downing and Locke called so), ‘cognition’, ‘perception’ and ‘desideration’. Same with Thompson, Lock (1996) also presents four types of mental processes. However, he called Thompson’s ‘desideration’ as volition and ‘emotion’ as ‘affection’ as like Halliday and Gerot and Wignell called so.

Cognitive processes are stated by some verbs as believe, doubt, guess, know, recognize, think, forget, mean, remember, understand, realize etc. i.e. ‘Selena realized her mistakes to Justine’. Perception processes are perceiving through five senses. The verbs are see, hear, feel, notice, taste, and smell. i.e. ‘I can hear footsteps coming closer’ Affection processes are processes of feeling which show emotion or reaction either positive or negative of someone or something. The

reactions expressed by such verbs as like, love, please, delight, dislike, hate, detest, admire, love, miss, fear, appreciate, expect. i.e. ‘Our family loves avocado juice’. A desiderative process includes processes such as want, need, intend, desire, hope, and wish. The processes are about a thing or situation which the participants expect to have or to be happened. i.e. ‘I need a massage’.

Verbal processes are about processes of saying. The processes exist on the borderline between mental and relational processes (Lock, 1996). Lock explains, they are often expressed by verbs such as say, tell, ask, reply, and suggest. Normally, a clause of the verbal process have a single participant namely Sayer; a speaking participant but in many verbal process clauses have another participant namely Addressee; the person to whom the saying is directed. The saying is called as Verbiage. The verbiage is said in two forms. Lock differentiates them into reporting, for example, She said that I don’t like mathematics and quoting, for example, She said, ‘I don’t like mathematics’.

The existential processes are processes of existing with a there and to be with no representational function. The existential process clauses consist of just one participant, know as an existent. The existent can be an entity, event or action etc.. For example, ‘There is a man standing outside’.

2.1.3.2 Interpersonal Function and Meaning

In the second function, language acts as interpersonal function. “In the interpersonal function, language serves to establish and maintain social relations; for the expression of social roles, which include the communication roles created

by language itself” (Halliday, 2002: 175). In further explanation, the meaning of interpersonal is expressing attitudes and judgments of the speaker/writer (Gerot and Wignell, 1994).

Talking about modality is talking about two basic types of it. The first type is called modalization and the second is modulation. The modalization itself is exploring about the degree of validity of a being presented information (probability) and the degree of frequency of the information’s truth (usuality). On the other side, the modulation deals with the obligation; how much obliged is the person to carry out the command and the inclination or willingness; how the speaker fulfill the offer. In this case of modulation, Thompson (2004) explicates the area into some points. Obligation is categorized into permissible, advisable and obligatory while inclinations are categorized into ability, willingness and determination.

The degree of probability, usuality, obligation or inclination is also divided into some scales or ranks as Halliday and Matthiessen in Thompson (2004,p. 69) calls the scales high, median and low. In example, You must/should/may come before night, ‘must’ is the high, ‘should’ is the median and ‘may’ is the low. The degree of obligation depends on the modals used.

Talking about pronoun is talking about reference. The pronouns are words that refers to nouns or substitute the nouns. The pronoun types are such as personal pronouns, I, weas the first person, youas the second singular and plural person, he, she, it and they as the third person. The first person refers directly to the participants engaged in the discourse exchange. I acts as the current speaker

Song 10: Protest Songs

Codes Clauses Ideologies

S10.C1. And so the time has finally come, the bourgeoisie has signed the war decree with proletariat blood

And that blood which flows from their pen

is the closest that they've ever been to the people

Anti-Authoritarian Capitalism

S10.C2. You've been to our shows. You've sung our songs.

Now we're asking you to add to each chorus you've sung and protest, against, injustice, state terror on the streets of the world for the disempowered

Social Movement S10.C3. You've sung at our shows

cheered right over wrong now it's time to hit the streets back up those words you've sung because our voices alone this time will not get it done

Social Movement S10.C4. Looking to stop a rogue regime?

well the first ones that we must confront is WASHINGTON, DC!

Social Movement S10.C5. The bush "terror war",

UNCONSTITUTIONAL, UNCONSCIENABLE

Anti-Authoritarian

Nationalism S10.C6. We refuse to let him kill, in our name for

oil

Social Movement S10.C7. we know their game. We know they're

corrupt

Anti-Authoritarian

Capitalism S10.C8. It's up to us to hit the streets, time to take

our rights back!

Social Movement Song 11: Tearing Down the Borders

Codes Clauses Ideologies

S11.C1. There is no one flag flies over the multi-national company.

Anti-Authoritarian

Capitalism S11.C2. There is No allegiance to the board's

homeland, fellow citizens, the flag born of their country.

Anti-Authoritarian

S11.C3. As the brainwashed nationalists move to shed their blood on battle fields, War profiteering rich watch their stocks reap high yields.

Anti-Authoritarian

Capitalism S11.C4. We're tearing down the borders! Social Movement S11.C5. We're fighting for the rights of freedom! Social Movement S11.C6. No patriotic pledge from multi-national

companies.

Only a commitment to lock away

equality and steal away all freedom from the poorest of the poor. So that the boardrooms can insure their stockholders profits are higher in return.

Anti-Authoritarian

Nationalism

S11.C7. It's our world. Let's take it back! Let's set ourselves free.

Social Movement

S11.C8. We want it back! Social Movement

S11.C9. There's a call a ringing sound around the globe. Its gaining ground

Social Movement S11.C10 There's a voice in your heart, It beckons

you to do your part

Social Movement S11.C11 The line is drawn in the sand on one side

you are a slave. The other, a free man

Social Movement S11.C12 There's a call Freedom's sound around

the globe. Its gaining ground!

Social Movement

Song 12; You Can Kill the Protestor but You Can’t Kill the Protest

Codes Clauses Ideologies

S12.C1 You can spoon my eyes out, but I can

still see through you Social Movement

S12.C2. You slice my ears from my head, but you

cannot shut out the sounds of truth Social Movement S12.C3. You lock off each sound at the wrist so I

can't raise my fist! Social Movement

S12.C4. You can kill the protestor (can't kill), you

can't kill the protest Social Movement

S12.C5. You can murder the rebel (murder), you

can't murder the rebellion Social Movement S12.C6. Sawed my feet at the ankles, but I wasn’t

going to run Social Movement

S12.C7. Grabbed my face, sliced off my tongue Lock off each hand at the wrist so I can't raise my fist!

Social Movement S12.C8. Lying still now, there is no way to speak. Social Movement

S12.C9. There is nothing to fear, bullets can't

silence ideas! Social Movement

Song 13: Depleted Uranium is a War Crime

Codes Clauses Ideologies

S13.C1. Depleted uranium is used on the ends of bullets and on the ends of shells because it is so hard {that} almost any armament is vulnerable to something that is tipped with Depleted Uranium”.

Anti-Authoritarian Nationalism S13.C2. Depleted uranium is In the cities and

towns of Afghanistan, Depleted uranium in the heart of Balkans – the heart of Iraq

Anti-Authoritarian Nationalism S13.C3. It is not your grandfather’s style of deadly

munitions. It’s silent and deadly long after the mission

Anti-Authoritarian Nationalism S13.C4. Depleted uranium is a war crime Anti-Authoritarian

Nationalism S13.C5. Gonna cut through their armor then cut

through your lungs

Anti-Authoritarian Nationalism S13.C6. If you make it home alive you’ll die young Anti-Authoritarian

Nationalism S13.C7. A greedy gang of liars, yeah we’ve seen it

all before

Anti-Authoritarian

Capitalism S13.C8. A money-making scheme led by war

profiteering whores

Anti-Authoritarian

Capitalism S13.C9. They were throwing it away until they

figured out they could use it for armament

Anti-Authoritarian Nationalism S13.C10. We’ve heard their lies before and we

know they’re lying again

Anti-Authoritarian Nationalism S13.C11. Feels like dcj vu of Agent Orange and

Vietnam

Anti-Authoritarian Nationalism S13.C12. Weaponry so sadistic it is hard to

comprehend

Anti-Authoritarian Nationalism S13.C13. War profits surge with every breath by

Uncle Sam

Anti-Authoritarian Nationalism S13.C14. Both the Leukemia rates in children and

malformations at birth had increased by 600%and it was clearly an epidemic where all this DU had been dumped...

Anti-Authoritarian Nationalism S13.C15. It becomes a dust that can be inhaled and Anti-Authoritarian

infect the blood stream and the rest of the body. it was the opinion of the doctors there that this was caused by depleted uranium...

Nationalism

S13.C16. They simply saw this as being a direct result of the war by United States."

Anti-Authoritarian Nationalism S13.C17. The military denies first, and then after the

evidence builds to the point where they can no longer deny, then they do the research.

Anti-Authoritarian Nationalism S13.C18. That's what happened in the Vietnam era

around Agent Orange

Anti-Authoritarian Nationalism S13.C19. I suspect and I'm worried that that's what

will happen this time."

Anti-Authoritarian Nationalism

Song 14: No Borders, No Nations

Codes Clauses Ideologies

S14.C1. I always thought if you want to change the world

Then you have to start with yourself

Social Movement S14.C2. So if the heads of state want to end

terrorism

They should go ahead and kill themselves

Anti-Authoritarian

Nationalism S14.C3. I will not sign my blind faith away

To an unjustly leader of the unjust police state

Anti-Authoritarian

Nationalism S14.C4. Corporate masters live in their chess pool

Of extreme wealth and excess

Anti-Authoritarian

Capitalism S14.C5. The phrase world leaders

Does not describe the heads of state

Anti-Authoritarian

Nationalism S14.C6. Those few in power

Work only for the corporate sake

No action, no interest, no humanity at all

Anti-Authoritarian

Nationalism S14.C7. As the corporate towers rise up

They watch the people fall

Anti-Authoritarian

Capitalism S14.C8. A government run by the corporations of

the world

Enslaving mothers, fathers, sons, and daughters

Anti-Authoritarian

Capitalism

Anti-Equal force, equal reaction

Equal suppression, equal intimidations Equal propaganda, equal rebellion

Authoritarian Capitalism S14.C1

0.

We've got to make a change No religions, sexual preference And regardless of your race

SocialMovement

Song 15: 911 for peace

Codes Clauses Ideologies

S15.C1. It's in the paper every day. I see it in the

headlines and I feel so sick Social Movement S15.C2. Another life leaves this world (this world)

so full of hate But short short on compassion short on humanity

Social Movement S15.C3. Asking myself in vain, shaken by the

shock,

"do we even have a chance?"

Social Movement S15.C4. I don't wanna die

(I don't wanna kill) Social Movement

S15.C5. I don't wanna kill

(I don't wanna die) Social Movement

S15.C6. We are all human.

It's time to prove it. Social Movement

S15.C7. This is a plea for peace (world peace) To the oppressors of the world and to To the leaders of nations, corporate profit takers,

to the everyday citizen

Social Movement S15.C8. Greed, envy, fear, hate-- the competition

has to stop. Social Movement

S15.C9. When you see someone down, now's the

time to pick them up Social Movement

S15.C10. Set our differences aside and never look

back, no Social Movement

S15.C11. I don't wanna die

(I don't wanna kill) Social Movement

S15.C12. I don't wanna kill

(I don't wanna die) Social Movement

S15.C13. We are all human

It's time to prove it. Social Movement

S15.C14. Isn't everybody tired of the killing? (hey, hey)

Isn't everybody tired of the dying? (hey,

hey)

Isn't everybody tired of the hatred? (hey, hey)

Violence..fighting... killing...dying.. S11.C15. Excerpt from Martin Luther King Jr.'s "I

Have a Dream" speech:]

And so even though we face the

difficulties of today and tomorrow, I still have a dream[we will be able to speed up that day when all of God's children, black men and white men, Jews and Gentiles, Protestants and Catholics, will be able to join hands and sing "Free at last, free at last. Thank God Almighty, we are free at last."