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PELAKSANAAN KUASA YANG MELAMPAUi BATAS WEWENANG

SEBUAH STUDI KASUS

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  TANDA TANGAN PAN I T I A TI M KKTUA AS' i S S A F I O E D L N , S E K R E T A R I S S R I HANDAj JANI , S . M .

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  KATA PEHGANTAR D e n g a n m e n g u c a p k a n p u j i s y u k u r k e h a d i r a t T u h a n Y a n g

  M a h a E s a a k h i r n y a s k r i p s i i n i d a p a t s a y a s e l e s a i k a n . S e b a g a i s e o r a n g m a h a s i s w a , s a y p m e n y a d a r i b a h w a s k r i p s i i n i m a s i h j a u h d a r i s e i r t p u r n a . U n t u k i t u n i o h o n m a a f a p a b i l a a d a k e k u r a n g a n - k e - k u r a n g a n b a i k d i t i n j a u d a r i s e g i i l m i a h n y a m a u p u n t e k n i k p e n y u - s u n a n n y a .

  P e n u l i s a n s k r i p s i i n i h a n y a d a p a t t e r w u . j u d s e c a r a k o n - k r i t b e r k a t a d a n y a b a n t u a n , b i i n b i n g a n d a n d o r o n g a n y a n g b e r a s a l d a r i b e r b a g a i p i h a k . O l e h k a r e n a i t u d a l a m k e s e m p a t a n i n i s a y a m e n g u c a p k a n t e r i m a k a s i h y a n g s e b e a a r - b e s a r n y a k e p a d a :

  1 . B a p a k DJ AS ADI N S ARAGI H, S . H . , L L . M . y a r i g d e n g a n p e n u h k e s a b a - r a n d a n k e m u r a h a n h f c t i m e n i b i n t b i n g s a y a d a l a m p e n u l i s a n s k r i p ­ s i i n i ; 2 . B a p a k A S I S S A F I O E D I N , S . H . , B a p a k M. I S N A E N I , S . H . , M . S . , I b u S R I I I ANDAJ ANI , S . H . I b u LEONORA BAKARBESSY, S . H . , y a n g d e n g ­ a n p e n u h k e m u r a h a n h a t i r n e n g u j i s k r i p s i s a y a ;

  3 . B a p a k T R I MOl i LJ A D. S 0 E R J A D 1 , S . H . , s e o r a n g a d v o k a t d a n p e n g a - c a r a d i S u r a b a y a , y a n g d i t e n g a h k e s i b u k a n n y a m a s i h m e m b e r i - k a n w a k t u k e p a d a s a y a u n t u k . m e m p e r o l e h b a h a n y a n g d i p e r l u k a n ; 4 . B a p a k ABDUL KUMAR, $ . H . , s e o r a n g n o t a r i s d a n p e j a b a t p e m b u a t a k t a t a n a h d i S u r a b a y a , y a n g d e n g a n p e n u h k e s a b a r a n m e m b e r i - k a n p e j n j e l a s a n t e n t a n g a k t a n o t a r i s k e p a d a s a y a ; b . B a p a k D r s . RAHARDJ O, y a n g L e t l a h m e m b e r i k a n k e s e m p a t a n k e p a d a s a y a u n t u k i n e m b a c a b u k u - b u k u d i k o l e k & j . k h u s u s F a k u I t a s H u k u m

  Un i v t - r s i t a s A i r l a n g g a ; b . A y a h d a n i b u s a y a , SUL. MAN, S . H . , y a n g t e l a h m o n d i d i k d u n mem b e r i k a n b a n y a k t u La d tin k f p a d a : i a y a ; 7 . K e k a n - r e k a n s a y a , S H N T U T , UKY , I' KAMUDHA, H A K I F , y a n ^ t u r u t m e m b e r i k a n d u r o n ^ a n E t - r t a i m- mb u r i k a n i n f o r m a s i t e n t a n g b a h a n b a n p t f n u n j a n g ; j k r . i p ^ a i n i ; b . A k h i r n y a k e p a d a s i a p £ s a . j a y a n £ b e l u m s e m p a t s a y a s u b u t k a n d i s i n i , y a n g j u g a t e i a h i n e m b a n t u p e n y u s u n a n s k r i p s i i n i

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ABSTRAK

Pelaksanaan kuasa adalah penerima kuasa. Jadi pelaksanaan kuasa yang melampaui

batas wewenang adalah untuk menunjukkan bahwa penerima kuasa setelah sepakat

mengadakan perjanjian kuasa dengan pemberi kuasa bukan bertindak untuk dan atas nama

pemberi kuasa akan tetapi bertindak untuk kepentingannya sendiri sehingga menimbulkan

kerugian kepada pemberi kuasa. Padahal pasal 1792 BW menyebutkan bahwa penerima

kuasa harus bertindak untuk dan atas nama pemberi kuasa yang selanjutnya pasal 1797 BW

menegaskan penerima kuasa tidak diperbolehkan melakukan sesuatu apapun yang melampaui

kuasanya.

  DAFTAft I S I K a t a P e n g a n t a r .................. .. ............................................................................................ i i i D a f t a r I s i ........................................................................................................................... v

  bAB I : PENDAH1JMJAN. , ............. ......................................................................

  1 1 . P e r m a s a l a h a n : L a t a r B e l a k u n g d a n K u m u s a n n y a . . .

  1 2 . P e n j o 1 a s a n J u d u L ...........................................................................

  3 . A l a s a n P e j n i l i h a n J ^ d u l ............................................................

  6 4 . T u j u a n P e n u l i a a n ...........................................................................

  7 5 . Me t o d o l o g a ...........................................................................................

  7 6 . P e r t a n g g u n g j a w a b a n S i s t e i n a t i k a ........................................

  9 BAB I I : HAK DAK KFWAll I BAN PKMBKHI DAN PI* NK KIM A KUAS A............

  11 1 . K a s u s Tn . A l i v s . Tn . B u d i ( b u k a n n a i n a s ^ b o u a r - n y a ) .........................................................................................................

  11 2 . H a k d a n k e w a j i t ) a n p e m b e r i k u a s a ...................................... 1 3 3 . H a k d a n k e w a j i b a n p e n e r i m a k u a s a ...................................

  18 BA,« I I I : AKI BAT HUKUM. DAN UPAYA P KNYKL E S AI ANNYA............................ 2 7 1 . Pi : -ni h?t t a 1 <n p e r j a n j i a n k u a s a . ................................................ 2 7

  2 . Up :jiy -i pt i i cye 1 i ‘i n ...................................................................... 3 8

  BAB I V : P E N U T U P .......................................................................................................... 4 2 1 . K e ^ - i n p u l M n .............................................................................. ..

  42 S u r a n ........................................................................................... . . . 2 .

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  s e r i n g k a l i o r a n g t i d a k s e m p a t m e n y e l e s a i k a n s e n d i r i u r u s a n - u r u s a n n y a . M a c a w - m a c a n i , k e a d a a n s e p e r t i j a r a k y a n g j a u h , t i a d a w a k t u a t a u k e m a i r i p u a n df i n s e b a g a i n y a m e n y e b a b k a n o r a n g t e r s u b u t t i d a k d a p a t m e n y e i e s a i k a n s e n d i r i t u g a s - t u g a s n y a s e c a r a p r i b a - d i . O l e h k a r e n a i t u i a irieinu-r 1 u k a n j a ^ a o r a n g l a i n u n t u k m t ? n y e - l e s a i k a n u r u s a n - u r u s a n n y a . D e n g a n k a t a I a i n p r e s t a s i y a n g d i - k e h e n d a k i t i d a k d a p a t d i c a p a i d e n g a n c a r a l a i n k e c u a l i d f - n g a n p e m b e r i a n k u a s a .

  V a n g d i m a k s u d d e n g a n p e m b e r i a n k u a s a a d a l a h s u a t u p e r ­ j a n j i a n d e n g a n m a n a s n o r a n g m e m b e r i k a n k e k u a s a a n ( w e w e n a n g ) k e p a d a p r a n g I a i n , y a n j * m e n e r i m a n y a u n t u k a t a s n a m a n y a m e n y e -

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  ‘a k a n s u a t u u r u . s a n ( p a u n i 175J2 BW) . P e m b e r i a n k u a s a i n i d i a t u r d a l a m b a b XVI b u k u I I I B u r g e r l i j k W e t b o e k ( B W ) .

  P e r k a t a a n s u a t u u r u s a n p a d a u m u i n n y a d i a r t i k a n s e b a g a i s u a t u p e r b u a t a n h u k u m , F L e d a n ^ k a n p e r k l t a a n a t a s n a m a n y a d i m a k s u d k a r i s e b a g a i s u a t u p e r n y a t a u r i b a h w a y a n g d i b e r i k u a s a i t u b e r w e n a n g u n t u k m e n g i k a t p e m b e r i ; k u a s a j t . ' o a r a l a n g s u n g d e n g a n p i h a k

  J a i n , u e h i n g g a d a J a m h a l i n i p t r t m a t a r i h n k n m y a n g d i l a k u k a n

• R. S u b e k L i , A n e k a . j c e t . V I I , A l u m n i , B a n d u n g , l U t f h , h . 1 4 0

  

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  o l e h p e n e r i m a k u a s a b s ' r l a k u s e c a r a s a h s e b a g a i p e r b u a t a n h u k u m y a n g d i l a k u k a n o l e h p e m b e r i k u a s a s e n d i r i . D e n g a n p e r k a t a a n l a i n , p e n e r i m a k u a s a d a p a t b e r t i n d a k s e o l a h - o l a h i a a d a l a h o r an*? y a n g m e m b e r i k a n k u a s a i t u . lJn.su r p o m b e r i a n k u a s a t i d a k a k a n a d a , j i k a t e r h a d d p p i h a k k e t i g a , p e n e r i m a k u a s a b u r t i n • d a k s e o l a h - o l a h u n t u k k e p e n t i n g a n d a n a t a s k e h e n d a k n y a f . e n d i - r i , s e o l a h - o l a h I , i d a k o r a n g y a n g l a i n y a n g i n e n y u r u h n y - a m e l a - k u k a n p e r b u a t a n h u k u m i t u . 2

  V a n g s e r i n g m e n i m b u l k a n p e r m a s a l a h a n d a l a m m a s y a r a k a t a d a l a h a d a n y a p e r b e n n ^ r a n a n t a r a h a k p e m b e r i k u a s a d e n g a n w e ­ w e n a n g p e n e r i m a k u a s a d a n b a h k a n d a p a t t e r j a d i . b a h w a ap^i y a n g d i l a k u k a n o l e h p e n e r i r a k u a s a h e r d o s a r k a n k u a s a i t u j u s t r u t i d a k d i k e h e n d a k i o l e h p e m b e r i k u a s a a t a u b e r t e n t a n g a n d e n g a n k e h e n d a k d a r i d a n t i d a k u n t u k k e p e n t i n g a n p e m b e r i k u a s a s e n d i -

  3 r i . D a l a m k a s u a y a n g a k a n d i b n h a u d a l a m b a b I I s k r i p s i i n i

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  a k a n t a m p a k b a h w a p e r i a n j i a n k u u s a y a n g a e b e n a r n y a d i a d a k a n d e n g a n m a k s u d d u n t u / i k j a n y a n , ^ b a i k o l e h p o m b e n t u k u n d a n g - u n d a n g j u s t r u d i s a l a h g u n a kai v u n t u k k e p e n t i n g a n s a l a h s a t u p i h a k d e n g a n me r u g i k a n p i h a k l a i n . D a l a m k a : j u s t e r s e b u t m a s a l a h y a n g d i h a - p i a d a l a h p e r j a n j i a n k u a s a m a i - u l a h t a n a h y a n g k e m u d i a n p e n e r i - ind k u a t i a t e r s e b u t d a l ! a m k e n y a t a a n n y a j m - . t r u m e l a m p a u i k . h e n d a k

  G . H . S . L . T o b i x i g , " L e m b a g a K u a s a " , M e i l i f i - H f l i f i X i a t . No » 9 T h I I I , 1 O k t o b e r ? 1 9 8 8 . h . 1 0 .

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  d a r i p e m b e r i k u a s a a t a u m e i a m p a u i b a t a s w e w e n a n g n y a . P e r m a s a - l a h a n t e r s e b u t b r - r m u l a d a r i a d a n y a s u a t u p e r k u m p u l a n y a n g d i d i r i k a n p a d a z a i r i an Be L e n d a . K c k a y a a n p e r k u m p u l a n t e r s e b u t b e r u p a g e d u n g d a n t a n a h y a n g ^ a n g a t J u a s d a n t e r l e t a k d i t e m * p a t y a n ^ s t r a t e g i c . K ^ m u d i a n k e t u a p e r k u m p u l a n t e r s e b u t meru­ b e r i k a n k u a s a p a d a s a l B . h s e o r a r . , - * p e n g u r u s n y a u n t u k m e n g u r u s d a n m e n ^ a w a s i k e k a y a a n d a r i p e r k u m p u l a n t e r s e b u t u n t u k j a n g k a ₄ w a k t u y a n g t i d a k d i t e n t u k a n l a t m n y a . S e l a n j u t n y a s a t u p e r s a - t u d a r i a n g g o t a p e r k u m p u l a n i t u m e n i n g g a l d u n i a d a n t i n g g a l s e o r a n g p e n g u r u s s a j a . i

  S e b e n a r n y a s e b e 1l u m p e r m a s a l a h a n i n i b e r k e m b a n g l e b i h j a u h d a r i s i n i d a p a t d i i l i h a t b a h w a m e n u r u t U n d a n g - U r i d a n g N o . 5 T a h u n 3 9 6 0 a t a u U n d a n g ' » - U n d a n g P u k o k A g r a r i a m e n e g a s k a n b a h w a p a d a a z a s n y a h a k m i l i k i h a n y a d a p a t d i p u n y a i o l e h o r a n g - o r a n g b a i k s e n d i r i m a u p u n b e . r s a m a - s a m a d e n g a n o r a n g l a i n . B a d a n h u ­ kum t i d a k d a p a t m e m p u n y a i t a n a h d e n g a n h a k m i l i k k e c u a i i b a d a n h u k u m y a n g d i t e t a p K a n o l e h penu. r i n t a h d a n t e l a h m e m e n u h i s y s - r a t - s y a r a t n y a d e m i k i a n : s e p e r t i y a n g d i t e g a s k a n d a l a m p a s a l 2 1 a y a t 1 d a r t 2 U n d a n g - U n ' d a n g N o . b T a h u n I 9 6 0 . S e s u a i d e n g a n

  

tic t e n t u & n d a r i. p a ^ a l t e r s e b u t r n a k a y a n g d a p a t me i npun y a i h a k

  m i i i k a d a 1 a h W a r g a N e g a r a J n d n r i e L i i a . M e n u r u t h u k u m a g r a r i a ₄ L i h a t l a m p i r a i i j 1 1 .

  E d d y R u c h i y a t , P g l i . t i k . P i i x t a n a h a n _ £ e. be l u n i ^ d a n . S e a u d a h b e r l a k u n v a UUPA, A l u m n i , B a n d u n g , 1 9 8 6 , h . 8 5 .

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  S e l a n j u t n y a s e p c r t i y a r i g ^ d i t e g a s k a n d a l a m p a s a l b An if ^ a r a n d a s a r p e r k u i n p u l a n t e r ^ e b u t m e n y a t a k a n b a h w a j i k a p t r k u m - p u l a n b u b a l * m e n g i n g a t . p p a y a n g t e r L e r a d a l a m p a s a J l t i b b BW ma - k a Sf.tnjua mi. J. i k p e r k u i n p u l a n d i s i ’ r a h k u n k u p a d a b a d a n y a n g d i t u n - ₇ j u k o l e h s i d a n g a n g g o t £ . K a r e n a s e m u a a n g g o t a p e r k u m p u l a n s u d a h m e n i n g g a l d u n i a d a n t i n g g a l s e o r a n g a n g g o t a p e n g u r u s s a - j a m a k a d e n g a n s e n d i r i f i y a b a d a n s e p e r t i y a n g d i m a k s u d k a n d a l a m p a s a l t i d a k t e r b e n t u k . D e n g a n d e m i k i a n k u a s a y a n g d i b e r i k a u

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  o l e h k e t u a p e r k n i n p u l a n , t e r s e b u t . n u d a h b e r a k h i r d e n g a n s e n d i r i - n y a s e s u a i k e t e n t u a n p f c t s a l I d 13 BW y a n g m e n g a t u r t e r i t a n g b e r - a k h i r n y a p e m b e r i a n k u a f e a . I’e r s n a I a n s o l a n j u t n y a b e r k e i n b a n g m a - n a k a l a p e n g u r u s y a n g t p n g g n l s a U i o r a n g t a d i m e m b e r i k a n k u a s a k e p a d a o r a n g l a i n u n t . u k m e n g u r u a d a n memo 1 i h a r a b a r a n g - b a r a n g k e k a y a a n m i l i k p t - r k u m p U J a n . A k a n t e t a p i t e r n y a t a p e n e r i t n a k u a s a t e r s e b u t t a n p a un‘mbe r i j t a h u ka n p^ni Luj r i . k u a ^ a t e l a h n m l a k u k a n p e r b n a t u r n n i e l a n p a i i i b a t a s we we n a n guy; * y a k n i t e l a h i n e n j u a i g o - d u n g d a n t a n a h t e r s e b u t k e p a d a p i h a k l a i n s e r t a t e l a h m e n e r i m a u a n g m n k a d a r i p e n j u a l a n t e r a e h u t . ₇ **1 b i d . . h . H G .

  L i h a t L a i n p i r a n I . J e l a s d a l a m ha. I i n i p e n e r i m a k u a s a t e l a h m e l a n g g a r p a s a l 1 7 U 7 BW. S e l a n j u t n y a t a n p a m e m b e r i t a h u k a n k e p a d a p e n e r i m a k u a s a , p e m b e r i k u a s a t e l a h m e n c a b u t k u a s a l e r s e b u t . D e n g a n a J a s u n b a h - wa p e n e r i m a k u a s a t e l a h b e r b u a l d e i n i k e p e n t i n g a n s u n d i r i , b u k a n u n t u k k e p e n t i n g a n p e m o p r i k u a ? > a . A k i b a t d a r i p e n c a b u t a J i s o c a i ' a s e p i h a k , p e n e r i m a k u a s a t a d i m e n g a j u k a n g u g a t a r i d e n g a n a i a s a n b a h w a k u a s a t e r s e b u t t a d a k d a p a t d i c a b u t t a n p a p e r s e t u j u a n p e ­ n e r i m a k u a s a . Da l a m ha l l i n i p e n e r i m a k u a s a m e n d a s a r k a n p a d a p a - s a l 1 3 3 9 BW y a n g b e r b u n y i b a t i w a s e m u a p e r s e t u j u a n y a n g d i b u a t s e c a r a s a h b e r l a k u s e b a g a i u n d a n g u n d a n g b a g i m e r e k a y a n g me m- b u a t n y a s e r t a d a l a m p e r j a n j i a n k u a s a i t u s e n d i r i s u d a h m e n y e - b u t k a n b a h w a p e m b e r i k u a s a t i d a k d a p a t m e n c a b u t t a n p a p e r s e t u - j u a n t e r l e t ) i h d a h u l u df et r i p e n e r i m a . k u a s a . D e n g a n k u t a l a i n b a l l - wa p e r j a n j i a n k u a s a y a n g d i b u a t o l e h m e r e k a i t u m e r u p a k a n p e r ­ j a n j i a n k e d u a b e l a h p i h a k , b u k a n p e r j a n j i a n s e p i h a k s e h i n g g a a p a b i l a a k a n d i b a t a l k * n h a m s ; a d a p e r s e t u j u a n t e r t u l i s l e b i h d a h u l u d a r i p e n e r i m a k i u a s a . S e d a n g k a n p e m b e r i k u a s a t e t a p m e n g a n g g a p b a h w a p e r j a n j i a n k u a ^ a i t u m e r u p a k a n p e r j a n j i a n s e - p i h a k . K a r e n a s i ? r a r a a e p i h a k i r mka s e t i a p s a a t b i s a d i e a b u t k e m b a l i , h a l i n i b e r d ^ s a r k a n p a d a p a s a l

  115 14

  BW. D a r i s i n i n a n p a k b a h w a d a J a m p r u k t e k s o r i n g t i m b u l p o r t e n t a n g a n k e h e d a k d a r i p e p b e r i k u a s a d e r i g a n p e n e r i m a k u a s a .

  B e r d a s a r k a n u r a j i a n d i a t a s m a k a p e r m a s a l a h a n y a n g t i m - BI . i l i a t : L a m p i r a n ’ I I I .

  5 b u 1 a d a i a h s e b a g a i b t - r v i k u t : a . A p a k & h h a k d a n k e w a i j i b a n p a r a p i h a k y a k n i p e m b e r i d a r i p o n e r i m a k u a s a d a l a m k a s u s t e r s e b u t d i a t a s ? b . A p a k a h a k i b a t h u k u m d a r i p e l a k s a n a a n k u a s a y a n g m e l a m p a u i b a t a s w e w e n a n g i t u i s e r t a b a g a i m a n a u p a y a p e n y e 1 e s a i a n n y a ?

  2 . E f i n j j s J j & s i u l J j j d u l

  0 u d u l U n t u k m e n d a p a t k a n g a r n b a r a n y a n g j e l a s m e n g u n a i s k r i p s i i n i , i n a k a y a n g d i m a k s u d d e n g a n p e l a k s a n a a n k u a s a a d a - l a h p e n e r i m a k u a s a J a d i p e l a k s a n a a n k u a s a y a n g m e l a m p a u i b a - t a s w e w e n a n g a d a Lali u t l t u k rue n u n j u k k a n b a l i w a p u n e r i m a k u a s a s e t e l a h s e p a k a t m e n g a d a k a n p e r j a n j i a n k u a s a d e n g a n p ^ n u ^ r i k u a S a b u k a n b n r t i n d u k u n t u k d a n a h a s n a m a p e m b e r i k u a s a a k a n t e t a p i b e r t i n d a k u n t u k k e p e n t i n g a n n y a s e n d i r i s e h i n g g g a m o - n i m b u l k a n k e r u g i a n k e p a d a p e m b e r i k u a s a . P a d a h a . 1 p a s a l 1 7 9 2 BW m e n y e b u t k a n b a h w a p e n e r i m a k u a s a h a r u s b e r t i n d a k u n t u k d a n a t a s n a m a p e m b e r i k u a s a y a n g s e l a n j u t n y a p a s a l 1 7 9 7 BW m e n e - g a s k a n p e n e r i m a k u a s a t i d a k d i p e r b o l e h k a n m e l a k u k a n s e s u a t u

• d p a p u n y a n g m e l a m p a u i k u a s a n y a 3 . A J j u W I l £ a :.i i i il'L&ai J sx lu 1

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  S u r y a t a n g g a l 1 7 S e p t e m b e r 1 9 9 2 d e n g a n j u d u l 11 S e n g k e t a G e - d u n g S e t a n " , s a y a p e n e m u k a i i p e r j a n j i a n k u a s a y a n g d i s a l a h - g u n a k a n o l e h p e n e r i t i a k u a s a ; b . P e r j a n j i a n k u a s a m e r u p a k a n i «al y a n g b a n y a k t e r j a d i d a l a m k e h i d u p a n m a s y a r a k a t t e t a p i . d a l am h a l i n i p e n e r i m a k j a s a b e r t i n d a k m e l a m p a u i . b a t a s we we ri a n g y a n g d i b e r i k a n ; c . Da J a m h u k u i n p e r j a u j i a n BW mem a n g d i a k u i d a n d i k e n a l a d a n y a a z a s k e b e b a s a n b e r k o n t r a k . A k a n t e t a p i k e b e b a s a n t e r s e b u t t i d a It d a p a t d i g u n a k a n dem.i. k e p e n t i n g a n s a t u p i h a k s a j a .

  P e r t a m a , t u l i s a n i n i d j b u a t u n t . u k m e l e n g k a p i s a l a h s a ­ t u p e r s y a r a t a n a k a d e m i s u n t u k m e m p e r o Le h g e l a r S a r j a r i a l l u k u m .

  K e d u a . t u l i s a n i n i j u g u s a y a m a k s u d k a r i u n t u k me n ^ i r i b a h a t a u m e m p e r d a l a n p e n g e ^ t a h u f i n s a y a m e n g e n a i h u k u m p e r j a n j i a n . k h n s u s n y a n i e n g e n a i p e i t j a n j i a n k u a . : : a d u n u n t u k m e i i g u j i s a m p a i s e j a u h itia n a k e m a m p u a n s e r t a d u y a s e r a p i l m u y a n g t e l a h s a y a p e r o l e h s e l a . u a d i b a n ^ k u k u l i n h .

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  P e n d e k a t a n m a s a l a h P e r m a s a l a h a n i n i s a y a h a h a w d e n g a n m e n g g u n a k a n me t o d p e n

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  D a t a y a n g s a y a p a k a i u n t u k m r n i y u s u r i t u l i s a n i n i a d a l a h ; p e r t a m a , b e r u p a d a t a p r i m e r , y a i t u d a t a y a n g d i p e r o l e h s t r - c a r a l a n g s u r i g d a r i s t u d i i a p a n g a n , y a n g b e r u p a w a w a n c a r a d e n g & n p i h a k p e m b e i f i k u a j ; a , s a t u o r a n g n o t a r i s , d a n s a t u o r a n g a d v o k a t ; k e d i m , b e r u p - j d a t a a e k m i d t - i ' , y a i t u d a t a y a n g d j p e r u U . h d a r i s t u d i k e p u a t a k a q n d e / i g a r i e a a m e m b a c a d a n me mp e l a j a r i

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  p e r a t u r a n p e r u n d a n t f ' u n d a n g a n , y u r i ^ p r u d e n s i , b u k i i ' b u k u k a k a r a n g a n i l n i i a h p a r a s a r j a n a , m a j a l a h , d a n b a h a n - b a h a n k u l i a h y a n g k e s e m u a n y a i t u b e r k a i t a n e r a t d e n g a n p e m b a h a s a n s k r i p s i i n i . c . P r o s e d u r p e n g m n p u l a n d a n p e n g o l a h a n d a t a

  D a r i d a t a p r i m e r d a n d a t a s e k u n d e r y a n g t e l a h t e r k u i n p u l s e l a n j u t n y a d i s e l e k s i m e n u r u t k l a s i f i k a s i p r i o r i t a s d e k a t - nya. d a t a t e r s e b u t d e n g a n p e r i u a s a 1 a h a n y a n g a d s . D a t a y a n g b e r I.. i I. i a n d e n g u n Piiriiba h a j j i n 1. a n j u t n y a d i o l a h d a n d i r u - m u s k a n s e m : r a ^ i s t ►ftna t i r k e d a I am b a b - b a b d a n s u b - s u b b a b s e s n a i d e n g a n p o k u J i b a h a s a n n y * ma ^ i n g - m a s i n g . d . A n a I i s i s d a t a

  D a r i d a t a y a n g t e l i h t e r k w m p j I i t u . a n j u t n y y d i / j n . i l i s a d e n g a n p e n d e k a t a n y u r i d i ; ;’ s u s i u i ^ i a m e i a l u i m e L u d t :in a l y s i u s y n t h e t i c " , y a i t u g a b u n g a n a n t a r a m e t u d e d e d u r c t i f ( b o r t n l j.k d a r i p e r A t u r a n p t . r u n d a n g u n d a n g a n y a n g b e r L a k u d t e l a h d i y a k i ni .

  s o b a g a i . p r o p o s i s i u n u m yuru* k e L ^ i i a r a n n y a d a n b e r a k h i r p a d a s p a t u k e s i n p u 1 a n y a n g b e r s i t a t k h u s u s t y a i t u m e n e m u k a n s u a t u j a w a l m n ) d a n m e t o d e i n d u k t i f ( i n u l a - l u i p e r i g a m a t a n k a s u i s y a n g t e l a h d i t e m u k a n d a n w a w a n c a r a d e n g a u p i h a k y a n g b . e r k a i t e r a t d e n g a u p o k o k p e r m a s a l a h a n ) . b ' . P e x t & n g g u n g j.a v iflb .a iL

  S u a t u h a l y a n g umuni b a h w a d a J a m s e t i a p p e n u l i s a n . p e n - d a h u l u a n s e n a n t i a s a d i j t c m p a t k a n p a d a B a b I . D a l a m b a b p e n d a - h u l u a n t e r s e b u t b e r i s i , g a m b a r a n s e o a r o umum t e n t a n g l a t a r b e - l a k a n g p e r m a s a l a h a n y a n g m e r j u p a k a n t i t i k a w a l u n t u k m e m b a h a s u r a i a n - u r a i a n b e r i k u t n y a . U n t u k m e i n u d a h k a n p e m a h a m a n t e r h a d u p i s i t u l i s a n i n i s e e a r a k e s u i u r u h a n , m a k a d i d a l a m b a b i n i j u ~ g a a k a n d i s i n g g u n g t e i i t a n g p u n j e l a s a n j u d u . 1 , a l a s a n p e m i l i h a n j u d u l , t u j u a n p e n u l i s & n . m e t o d o l o g i , s e r t a p e r t a n g g u n g j a w a b a n s i s t e m a t i k a .

  S e l a n j u t n y a s e ^ u a i d e n g a n p o k o k b a h a s a n , m e n g e n a i p e - l a k s a n a a n k u a s a y a n g m e l a m p a u i b a t a s w e w e n a r i g , a k a n d i t e m p a t - k a n p a d a B a b I J . U r a i f e n k a s u s s e c a r a r i n o i , s e r t a a p a y a n g me n j a d i h a k d a n k e w a j i b a n b a i k d a r 1 p e m b e r i. k u a s a m a u p u n d a r i p e n e r i r c a k u a s i a k a n d i j e l a s k a n s e o a r a g a m b l a n g s e h i n g g a m e n - j a d i t e r a n g d u d u k p e r i n a s a l a h a n y a n g a d a d a l a m s k r i p s i i n i .

  D a l a m b a b I I I i i n i a k a n d i b a h a s m e n g e n a i a k i b a t h u k u m d a n u p a y a p e n y e l e s a L a n n y a . A k a n d i u r a i k a n m e n g e n a i , p e m b a t a l a n s u a t u p e r j a n j i a n p a d a u m u m n y a d u n k e m u d i a n a k a n d i t e r a p k a n t e r h a d a p k a s u s y a n g L j i mb u l d a l a m b a b I I . D e n g a n d e m i k i a n d i h a - l u r a p k a n d u p a t d i p n r o I tv h j a w a . b a n y a n * r i ' n ' i n u ^ s k a i i . S« J >u u u t n y a L a b

  I I I i n i j u g a a k a n m e n j & w a b a p a k a h p e r j a n , i i a n k u n s a y a n ^ d a l a m p e l a k s a n a a n n y a m I am p a u i b a t a r wewfi n a n i t d a [ > a t d i b a t a I k a n

  

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  a t, a u k a h b a I a 1 d u mi h u k p ni d a n j u j* a u p a y a p e n y e 1 r; s a i a n a p a i t a l i y a n g h a r u s d i t e i n p u h o J f c h p a r a p i h a k .

  S e b a g a i p e n u t u p p a d a a * h i r t u i i s a n i n i s a y a b n a t k e s i m - p u J a n y a n g b e r i s i r i n ^ k a s a n a t . a u i n t i u a r i d a r i p u k o k p o k o k b a h a y a n y m i g a d a su-rbe l u m h y a . L e b i h J a n , j u t d a l a m b a b I. e r a k h i r i. n i a k a n s a y a s a m p a i k a n s a r a n y a n g m u n j ' k i n b e r m a r t T a a t u n t u k b a h a n p e r t i m b a n g a n d a n p e r n i k i r a n b a g ! p a r a p « m b a c a .

  BAB 1J H A K D A N K E W A J1 B A N 1 PEM B K L U I M N PK N I - RI M A K I JA SA 1 . K a s u a ^ X u a n .J i u d l - _ K S . . .IiLaim A L L . ( b . u i u u i . u i ^ & „ j i £ j ^ j i & r n y a ) P P a d a t a n g g a l 1 8 m e i 1 9 5 4 t e l a h b e r d i r i p e r k u t n p u l a n

  L o k a P a m i t r a n d i S u r a b a y a y a n g d i k u k u h k a n d e n g a n p e n e t a p a n H e n t e r i K e h a k i m a n RI n q m o r : J A 5 / 7 7 / 5 4 t a n g g a l 2 7 A g u s t u s 1 9 5 4 . S e l a n j u t n y a p a d a t a n g g a l 12 M e i 1 9 5 9 , T u a n J o h n d a n T u a n K l u g e r ( w a r g a n e g a r a B e l a n d a ) a t a s n a m a p e r k u m p u l a n m e n y e r a h k a n h a k p a k a i ^ e d u n g t e r s e b u t k e p a d a T u a n T o n o d a n

  T u a n A l l t e r h i t u n g m u l & i t a n g g a l 1 j u n i 1 9 5 9 u n t u k j a n g k a w a k t u y a n g t i d a k d i t e n t u k a n l a m a n y a . 10 M e n u r u t T u a n A l l p e r k u m p u l a n y a n g d i d i r l k a n t a h u n 1 9 5 4 i t u a n g g o t a n y a h a n y a t u j u h o r a n g d a n t i d a k i n e m p u n y a i k e k a y a a n s e d a n g k a n k e g i a t - a n n y a s u d a h b e r h e n t i s e j a k t a h u n 1961. ( k a r e n a a n g g o t a n y a b a - n y a k y a n g s u d a h m e n i n g g a l d u n i a ) . D e r i g a n d e m i k i a n T u a n A 1 i s e b a g a i s a t u - s a t u n y a o r a n g y a n g m a s i h h i d u p a t a s n a m a p e n g u - r n f j I , o k a P a m i t r a n .

  P a d a t n n g g a j 2 7 J a n u a r i 1 9 HB, T u a n A l i m e m b e r i k u a s a k e p a d a T u a n B u d i u n t u k m e n g u r u s , m e n j a g a , d a n m e n g e i o l a g e - d u n g t c f t - s s e b u t . S e l a n j u t n y a d i p i . r t e g a b d e n g a n k u a s a k h u s u ^ j y a n g d i d a f t a r k a n p a d a n o t a r i s d i S i d o a r j o d a n d i t a n d a i o i e h

  W n w a n c a r a d o n g f c n T u a n A l i t a n g g a l 1 1 - 1 9 9 2 . 1 0 N a s k a h s u r a t k u a s a t . t ; r s e b u l . j-e l e n g k a p n y a d a p a t d i ~ l i h a t p a d a l a m p i r a n I I .

  

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  a k t a n o t a r i s n o : 5 t a n g g a l 3 A p r i l 1 9 8 9 , y a n g d a l a m a k t a n o - t a r i s t e r s e b u t s e l a n j u t n y a d i . s e b u t k . a n T u a n A l i s e b a g a i p o m - b e r i k u a s a d a n T u a n B u d i p e n e r i m a k u a s a . 11 S e p e r t i p a d a u n i u n - n y a s u a t u a k t a p a d a a k h i r a k t a t e r s u b u t d i c a n t u m k a n a d a n y a h a k s u b s t i t u s i . A k a n t e t a p i h a k s u b s t i t n s i i n i o l e h T u a n B u d i d i s a l a h g u n a k a n y a k n i p fa d a t a n g g a l 2 0 A p r i l 1 9 8 9 t e l a h m e l a k u - k a n p e r b u a t a n n i e l a w a n th u k u r n t a n p a p e r s e t u u a n / s e p e n g e t a b u a n

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  T u a n A l i t e l a h m e m i n d r t h k a n k u a s a ( s u b s t i t u s i ) k e p a d a PT A n g - k a s a d i S u r a b a y a y a n g d i d a f t a r k a n p a d a n o t a r i s d i S u r a b a y a d a n d i t t A i d a i d e n g a n a l f t a n o t a r i s n o : 2 4 t a n g g a l 2 0

  A p r i l 1 9 8 9 . 12 S e l a n j u t n y a p a d a t a n g g a l 2 M e i 1 9 8 9 , T u a n B u d i me- n g u l a n g i l a g l p e r b u a t a n n y a y a k n i t e l a h m e n j u a l t a n a h d a n g e - d u n g t e r s e b u t y a n g b e r d i r i d i a t a s t a n a h n e g a r a SKPT n o : 2 7 5 /

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  8 8 y a n g l u a s n y a k u r a n j j f l e b i h 2 0 0 3 M * k e p a d a T u a n H a d i y a n g b e r t e m p a t t i n g g a l d i f a a l a n g . D a r i p e n j u a l a n i n i T u a n B u d i t e l a h m e n e r i m a u n n g mi i ka s e b e s a r R p . 6 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 , 0 0 ( e n a m p u - l u h j u t a r u p i a h ) . K a r p n a m e l i h a t p ^ r b u a t a n T u a n B u d i y a n g m e l a m p a u i b a t a s w u w e n k n g y a u r n k a k c m u d i a n T u a n A l i m e n c a b u t k a a o a k h u s u s i t u d e n g a n a k t a n o t a r i s n o : 5 0 t a n g g a l 6 J u l i .

  J 9 9 1 p a d a k a n t o r n o t a r i s d i M i l a n g .* * L a i n T u a n B u d i m e n g a j u k a n g u g a t a n k e P e n g a d i i a n N e g e n

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  l a k u k a n p e n c a b u t a n s e c a r a s e p i h a k k a r e n a p a d a a k t a k u a s a k h u s u s i t u t e l a h d i n y e t a k a n b a h w a k u a s a i t u t i d a k d a p a t d i - c a b u t k e m b a l i a t a u d i b a t a l k a n t a n p a p e r s e t u j u a n t e r t u l i y d a ­ r i p e n e r i m a k u a s a . T u a n B u d i m e n g a n g g a p b a h w a p e r s e t u j u a n y a n g t e l a h d i b u a t o l e h t n e r e k a i t u h a r u s d i a n g g a p s a h s e b a g a i - i n a n a y a n g d i r u m u s k a n d a l a m p a s a l 1 3 3 t f BW y a n g m e n y a t a k a n b a h ­ wa s e m u a p e r s e t u j u a n y a n g d i b u a t s e c a r a s a h b e r l a k u s e b a g a i u n d a n g - u n d a n g b a g i m e p e k a y a n g m e m b u a t n y a . S e h i n g g a a p a b i l a

  T u a n A l i i n g i n m e n c a b u t n y a h a r u s a d a i z i n t e r t u l i s t e r l e b i h d a h u l u d a r i T u a n B u d i , , S e l a n j u t n y a T u a n A l i m e l a l u i k u a s a h u k u m n y a m e n d a l i l - k a n b a h w a y a n g n a m a n y a p e r j a n j i a n p a s t i p a l i n g s e d i k i t n y a a d a d u & b e l a h p i h a k , d i k a t a k a n s e c a r a s e p i h a k k a r e n a m e n u r u t p a s a l 1 8 1 4 BW y a n g m e n y a t a k a n p e m b e r i k u a s a d a p a t t n e n a r i k k e m b a l i k u a s a n y a m a n a k a l a i t u d i k e h e r i d a k i n y a , d a n j i k a a d a a l a s a n u n t u k i t u , m e m a k s a p e n e r i m a k u a s a u n t u k m e n g e m b a l i k a n k u a s a y a n g d i p e g a n g n y a . S a m p a i s a a t i n i k a s u s T u a n A l i m a s i h d i P e n g a d i l a n N e g e r i S u r a b a y a d a n b e 1 urn a d a p u t u s a n n y a .

  S u a t u p e r i k a t a n h u k u m y a n g d i l a h i r k a n o l e h s u a t u p e r ­ j a n j i a n m e m p u n y a i d u a s u d u t y a k n i s u d u t k e w a j i b a n - k e w a j i b a n y a n g d i p i k u l o l e h s u d t u p i h a k d a n s u d u t h a k - h a k a t a u m a n f a a t y a n g d i p e r o l e h o l e h p i h a k l a i n y a i t u h a k u n t u k m e n u n t u t d i - l a k s a n a k a n n y a s e s u a t u y a n g d i s a n g g u p i d a l a m p e r j a n j i a n . D a l a m p e r j a n j i a n k u a s a , s e l a l u n d a d u a p i h a k a t a u l e b i h y a i t u p i h a k p e m b e r i k u a s a d a n ' p i h a k p e n e r i m a k u a s a , y a n g m e n g a d a - k d n p e r s e t u j u a n u n t u k m e l a k u k a n s e s u a t u h a I a t a u p e r b u a t a n h u k u m s e s u a i d e n g a n k e h r e n d a k p e m b e r i k u a s a , j a d i s a t n p i h a K y a n g m e n i p e r o l e h h a k - h a k d a r i p e r j a n j i a n i t u , j u g a m e n e r i m a k e w a j i b a n ~ k e w a j i b a n y a n g m e r u p s k a n k e b a J i k a n d a r i h a k - h a k y a n g d i p e r o l e h n y a d a n s e b a l i k n y a s u a t u p i h a k y a n g m e n i n b u i k a n k e w a j i b a n - k e w a j i b a r l j u g a m e m p e r o l e h h a k - h a k y a n g d i a n g g a p

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  s e b a g a i k e b a 1 i k a n n y a . S e k a r a n g a p a k a h y a n g me n j a d i k e w a j i b a n p e m b e r i k u a s a .

  D i d a l a m p a ^ a l 1 8 0 7 BW d i s e b u t k a n d e n g a n j e l a s b a h w a p e m b e r i k u a s a d i w a j i b k a n m e m e n u h i p e r i k a t a n - p e r i. k a t a n y a n g d i b u a t o l e h p e n e r i m a k u a s a i n e n u r u t k u a s a y a n g t e l a h d i b e r i - k a n k e p a d a n y a . K e m u d i a n a y a t 2 p a s a l 1 8 0 7 m e n e g a s k a n l a g i , a p a b i l a p e n e r i m a k u a s a m e n g a d a k a n p e r j a n j i a n y a n g m e l e b i . h i i s i k u a s a , m a k u p e n i b e r S k u a s a h a n y a t e r i k a t , a p a b i l a i a n i e - n y e t u j u i k e l e b i h a n i t u , s e c a r a t e g a s a t a u s e c a r a d i a m - d i a r n . J a d i p a s a l i n i m e n g a t u i * k e w a j i b a n p e m b e r i k u a s a y a n g b e r k a i t - a n d e n g f i t n k u a s a y n n g t j e l a h d i b e r i k a n k e p a d a p e n e r i m a k u a s a , a r t i n y a p e m b e r i k u a s a i w a j i b t e r i k a t p a d a a p a y a n g t e l a h d i b u a t o l e h p e n e r i m a . k u a s a , s e p a n j a n g n t ' - n g u n a i k e k u a & a a n a t a u w e w e - n a n g y a n g t e l a h d i b e r i k a n k e p a d a p e n e r i m a k u a s a .

  14 K. S u b e k t i , K u i t u m - P t x a u i L i l i i n , c e t . x , I n t e r r n a s s a , J a ­ k a r t a , 1 9 8 7 , h . 2i\.

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  15 S e s u d a h p e r j a n j i a n t c r . - e b u L d i s e p a k a t i . a p a k a h p e n t r i t n a

  k u a s a i t u d i p e r b o 1 e h k a n m e l a m p a u i k u a s a n y a a t a u k a h d i b a t a s i ? Me I i h a t a p a y a n g L e r s i . r a t d a I-tin p a s a l 1 7 H9 BW j e i a s p e n e r i m a k u a s a t i d a k d i p e r b o le h k a r i me l a k u k a n s e s u a t u a p a p u r i y u n ^ n e i u m p a u i b a t a s k u a s a n y a B e r i i t u t p e n d a p a t M. Y a h y a

  H a r u h a p y a n g m e n g a t a k a n b a h w a : 15 h a n y a b e r t i n d a k s t b a g a i

  A k a n t e t a p i s e k a l i p u n s i k u a s a p ex* a n t a r a , p e m b e r i k u a s a w a j i b m e n e p a t i s e g a l a p e r s e t u j u a n y a n g t e l a h d i p e r b u a t o l e h s i k u a s a ; s e i a m a p e r s e t u j u a n i t u t i d a k m e l a m p a u i b a t a s k u k u a s a a n y a n g d i b e r i k a n k e p a r j a n y a ( p a s a l 1 8 U 7 ) . J i e mAn g m e n u r u t k e t e n t u a n p a s a l 1 7 9 9 , ^ e o r a n g k u a s a t i d a k d i p e r b o l e h k a n me l a k u k a n h a l - h a l y a n g m e l a m p a u i b a t a s w e w e n a n g y a n g d i b e r i k a n k e p a d a r i y a . D e n g a n d e m i k i a n k e t e n t u a n p a s a l 1 $ 0 7 d i a t a s b e r k a i t a n d e n g a n k e t e n t u a n p a s a l 1 7 9 7 . Y a k n i p e m b e r i k u a s a " t i d a k w a j i b " n i e n e p » t i p e s e t u j u a n y a n g m e l & b i h i d a r i w e w e n a n g y a n g d i b e r i k a n K e p a d i k e p a d a s i k u a s a . D a r i u r a i a n t e r s e b u t d i a t a s j e l a s b a h w a p e n e r i m a k u a s a t i d a k d i p e r b o l e h k a n m e l a m p a u i b a t a s w e w e n a n g y a n g t e l a h d i b e r i k a n k e p a d a n y a o l e h p e m b e r i k u a s a , s e h i n g g a a n d a i k a t a i a b e r t i n d a k m e l a m p a u i i s i s u r a t k i m s a , i t . u m e r u p a k a n t a n g g u n g j a w a b n y a s e n d i r i k e c u a l i j i k a p e m b e r i k u a s a me n y e Lu j u i r i y a s e c a r a t e g a s d f, a u s e c a r a d La i n- d i amj.

  D a l a m k a s u s i q i , T u a n A l i s e l a k u p e m b e r i k u a s a h a n y a t e r i k a t p a d a p e r j a n j i a n k u a ^ u y a n ^ l e l a h m e r e k a s e p a k a t i .

  Da n T u a n A l i t i d a k b t j r t a n g g u n g j a w a b a t a s t i n d a k a n T u a n B u d i y a n g m e l a m p a u i b a t a s w e w e n a n g y a n g t e l a h d i b e r i k a n k e p a d a n y a .

  T a n g g u n g j a w a b i t u a d a p a d a T u a n B j d i s e n d i r i s e l a k u p e n e r i -

  13 H. Y a h y a K a r a h a p , S e g A S e g i . l i a k u ^ l . P f i L n l a a d l a i l , c e t . I I A l u m n i , B a n d u n g , h . 3UU. ma k u a s a . S e l a i n y a n g t e l a h d i r u b u t k a n d i d a l a m p a r - a l .