AN ANALYSIS ON DEIXIS IN ANTON CHEKOV’S A MARRIAGE PROPOSAL.

AN ANALYSIS ON DEIXIS
IN ANTON CHEKOV’S A MARRIAGE PROPOSAL
A THESIS
Submitted as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Sarjana Degree
of English Department Faculty of Letters and Humanities State Islamic
University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya

Made by:

Gian Indah Setyowati
Reg. Number: A73212114

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LETTERS AND HUMANITIES
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SUNAN AMPEL
SURABAYA
2016

AN ANALYSIS ON DEIXIS
IN ANTON CHEKOV’S A MARRIAGE PROPOSAL
A THESIS

Submitted as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Sarjana Degree
of English Department Faculty of Letters and Humanities State Islamic
University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya

Made by:

Gian Indah Setyowati
Reg. Number: A73212114

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LETTERS AND HUMANITIES
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SUNAN AMPEL
SURABAYA
2016

ABSTRACT
Setyowati, Gian Indah. 2016. Thesis. “An Analysis on Deixis in Anton Chekov’s A
Marriage Proposal”. English Department. Faculty of Letters and Humanities. State
Islamic University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya.
Advisor

Key words

: Diah Royani Meisani, M.Pd.
: Deixis, Drama, Anton Chekov, A Marriage Proposal

The aim of this research is to analyze five varieties of deixis and describe the
reference meaning of deixis are found in drama of A Marriage Proposal by Anton
Chekov. In analysis, the writer uses theory of Levinson about deixis 1983. This
research presented two statements of probems; include what are the varieties of deixis
used in A Marriage Proposal drama by Anton Chekov and what is the meaning of
each of the deixis used in A Marriage Proposal drama by Anton Chekov. The
research method used is descriptive qualitative method.
The result of this research shows that person deixis are mostly used in every
conversation included the three kinds of person deixis. The use of person deixis
indicates the role of participant in the drama, such as the use of word “I, my, myself,
we, our, you, he, his, it, they, etc”. Moreover, the use of time deixis indicates relative
time of speech event, such as the use of words “good morning, now, today, etc”. The
following type is place deixis indicates the location of participant in the speech event,
such as the use of word “there and here”. In addition discourse deixis indicates the
expression which the referent in the text, such as the use of word “this and that”. The

last is social deixis indicates social status of participant in the speech event, such as
the use of word “my dear lady, sir, my dear, etc”. In this research, it is also found
anaphora and cataphora reference have the same number total utterance, they are ten.
In anaphora reference, such as “you” refers to Ivan Vassiliyitch Lomov had
mentioned before. While, cataphora reference, such as “my dear fellow” refers to
Ivan Vassiliyitch Lomov that is more fully identified later.
This research can be useful for the readers to give understanding about deixis
and also for the next researchers who are interested in studying pragmatics to make
other pragmatics field. The writer also suggests that future researchers who are
interested to observe deixis explore more about deixis using different data source not
only in drama text but also in novel, song lyric, poetry, short story, etc.

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ABSTRAK
Setyowati, Gian Indah.2016.Skripsi. “Suatu Analisis tentang Deiksis dalam Drama
“A Marriage Proposal” oleh Anton Chekov. Prodi Studi Sastra Inggris. Fakultas
Adab dan Humaniora. Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Ampel Surabaya.

Dosen Pembimbing
Kata kunci

: Diah Royani Meisani, M.Pd.
: Deiksis, Drama, Anton Chekov, A Marriage Proposal

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis lima tipe dari deixis dan
menggambaran arti rujukan dari deixis yang ditemukan dalam drama A Marriage
Proposal oleh Anton Chekov. Dalam menganalisis, penulis menggunakan teori dari
Levinson tentang deiksis pada tahun 1983. Penelitian ini menyajikan dua
permasalahan termasuk apa saja macam deiksis dalam drama A Marriage Proposal
oleh Anton Chekov dan apa arti rujukan dari setiap macam deiksis drama A Marriage
Proposal oleh Anton Chekov. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode
kualitatif deskriptif.
Hasil dari penelitian ini menyatakan bahwa deiksis persona lebih banyak
digunakan di setiap percakapan termasuk tiga tipe dari deiksis persona tersebut.
Penggunaan persona deiksis menunjuk pada peran partisipan dalam drama, seperti
kata “saya, saya sendiri, kami, milik kami, kamu, dia, kepunyaannya, mereka dan lain
sebagainya”. Selain itu penggunaan deiksis waktu menunjuk pada waktu terjadinya
ucapan, seperti dalam kata “selamat pagi, sekarang, hari ini, dan lain sebagainya”.

Tipe selanjutnya yaitu deiksis tempat yang menunjuk pada tempat terjadinya ucapan,
seperti daam kata “di sana dan di sini”. Sementara untuk deiksis teks menunjuk pada
ucapan yang rujukannya ada dalam teks itu sendiri, seperti daam kata “ ini dan itu”.
Tipe terakhir adalah deiksis sosial yang menunjuk pada kondisi sosial dari partisipan
dalam ucapan, seperti dalam kata “perempuan tersayang, pak, kekasihku, dan lain
sebagainya”. Dalam penelitian ini, penulis juga menemukan referensi anafora dan
katafora dalam jumlah yang sama, yaitu 10. Dalam referensi anafora, contohnya
“kamu” merujuk ke Ivan Vassiliyitch Lomov yang telah disebutkan sebelumnya.
Sementara itu, dalam referensi katafora, contohnya “temanku tersayang” merujuk ke
Ivan Vassiliyitch Lomov yang telah disebutkan setelahnya.
Penelitian ini dapat memberi manfaat untuk pembaca dan menambah
pengetahuan tentang deiksis. Untuk penelitian selanjutnya yang tertarik dalam bidang
pragmatik untuk memilih bidang pragmatik yang lain. Penulis juga menyarankan bagi
peneliti yang tertarik untuk meneliti tentang deiksis supaya lebih mendalami tentang
deiksis menggunakan sumber data yang berbeda tidak hanya dalam teks drama tetapi
juga novel, lirik lagu, puisi, cerita pendek, dan lain sebagainya.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
INSIDE COVER PAGE ................................................................................ i
INSIDE TITLE PAGE ................................................................................... ii
DECLARATION PAGE................................................................................ iii
MOTTO .......................................................................................................... iv
DEDICATION PAGE .................................................................................... v
THESIS ADVISOR’S APPROVAL PAGE ................................................ vi
THESIS EXAMINER’S APPROVAL PAGE ............................................ vii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................. viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................... ix
LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................... xi
ABSTRACT .................................................................................................... xii
ABSTRAK ...................................................................................................... xiii
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background of the Study ......................................................................
1.2
Statement of the Problems....................................................................
1.3

Objectives of the Study .......................................................................
1.4
Significance of the Study .....................................................................
1.5
Scope and Limitation ...........................................................................
1.6
Definition of Key Terms ......................................................................

1
5
5
5
6
6

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1
Related Theories ...................................................................................
2.1.1 Pragmatics ............................................................................................
2.1.2 Deixis Theory .......................................................................................

2.1.3 Varieties of deixis.................................................................................
2.1.3.1 Person deixis ........................................................................................
2.1.3.2 Place deixis ...........................................................................................
2.1.3.3 Time deixis ...........................................................................................
2.1.3.4 Discourse deixis ...................................................................................
2.1.3.5 Social deixis .........................................................................................
2.1.4 Reference ..............................................................................................
2.1.4.1 Anaphora ..............................................................................................
2.1.4.2 Cataphor ...............................................................................................

8
8
9
10
10
11
12
13
13
14

15
15

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2.1.5 Conversational Analysis .......................................................................
2.1.6 Literary Work in Language Research ..................................................
2.1.6.1 Fiction...................................................................................................
2.1.6.2 Nonfiction.............................................................................................
2.3
Previous Studies ...................................................................................

16
16
16
19
20

CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHOD
3.1
Research Approach ..............................................................................
3.2
Data Source ..........................................................................................
3.3
Instrument.............................................................................................
3.4
Data Collection Technique ...................................................................
3.5
Data Analysis .......................................................................................

22
22
23
23
23

CHAPTER IV: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
4.1

Varieties of Deixis ................................................................................
4.1.1 Person Deixis........................................................................................
4.1.2 Place Deixis ..........................................................................................
4.1.3 Time Deixis ..........................................................................................
4.1.4 Discourse Deixis ..................................................................................
4.1.5 Social Deixis ........................................................................................
4.2
Varieties of References and Their Meaning .........................................
4.2.1 Anaphora Reference .............................................................................
4.2.2 Cataphor Reference ..............................................................................
4.3
Discussion ............................................................................................

25
31
39
43
47
50
54
56
62
65

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
5.1
Conclusion ........................................................................................... 68
5.2
Suggestion ........................................................................................... 69
REFERENCES ............................................................................................... 70
APPENDIX ..................................................................................................... 1

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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents the background of the study, the statement of
problems, objectives of the study, significance of the study, the scope and
limitations, and the definition of key terms. All sections which have been
mentioned will be discussed as follow:
1.1 Background of the Study
Communication is very important, because as social creature, human being
cannot live alone; they certainly need other people in their lives. Human beings
are social creatures, who always need a company in their life. They have to
cooperate with one another, which can be carried out in a community. It means
that they have to communicate with others. To be able to communicate to other
people we need language as a tool of communication. According to Kleider
(1998:19), language is used to communicate and interact with each other in our
daily life, whether in family, society, environment, educational institutions,
recreational places, etc. When two or more people communicate with each other
in speech, it called the system of communication that they employ a code.
Therefore, language also has its function as primarily transactional language. It is
the language that is used to convey factual or propositional information (Yule,
1996: 2-3).
Actually, people use a language for everything they do. Even they do not
say anything, they have thought in their mind using a language. People can learn
many things through the language in order to get the existence of life. People can

1
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2

interact each other by using a language to send meaning or message with different
purposes such as asking agreement, get someone to do something, share
information and so on. But to make the communication can be understood by both
sides of speakers who are involved in its situation; they must use the same
language. Sometimes we are not sure about the message we should get from
something we read or hear, and we are concerned about getting our own message
across to others (Kleider, 1924: 2). In communication, there are also some aspects
of language that must be noticed. For example, when we do communication, we
will find the use of reference or term of address, such as: He, She, You, Sir,
Doctor, My Lord, Here, There, etc.
Yule (1996: 3) states that pragmatics is the study which concern in the
meaning of communication delivered by the speaker and interpreted by the
listener (reader). By this definition, it can be said that meaning is important to be
known for everyone to communicate each other. Then, Yule (1996: 3) also states
that pragmatics is the study of speaker meaning, the study of contextual meaning,
the study of how more gets communicated than is said, and the study of the
expression of relative distance (closeness in physical, social, or conceptual).
While, Levinson (1983:9) states in Lestari thesis that pragmatic is the study of
those relationships between languages and context that are grammaticalized or
encode the structure of the language. According to Levinson (1983: 62-85), there
are 5 major types of diexis markers. They are Person Deixis, Place Deixis, Time
Deixis, Discourse Deixis, and Social Deixis. First, person diexis is realized with
personal pronoun, if its reference which is used appropriate with the context when

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3

the word is used. Second, place diexis can be seen from the location of the people
who is doing communication. Third, Time Diexis, Levinson states that time deixis
is code of time refers to the time in which relative to the time of speaking or an
utterance was spoken. Fourth, Discourse Diexis, Levinson states that discourse
deixis concerns the use of expressions with in some utterance. Fifth, Social
Diexis, Levinson states that social diexis used to code social distinctions that are
relative to participant roles in social relationship between speaker and addressee
or speaker and some referent.
To understand easily, we use of words refers to people or thing, and it will
help the researcher. But, sometimes we are still confused and misunderstood. It
means that the readers do not know the words that are not referring to anything.
Therefore, to avoid the misunderstanding, we have to know about reference.
According to Yule (1996:17), Reference is an act in which a speaker, or writer
uses linguistic form to enable a listener, or a reader to identify something.
Reference is clearly tied to the speaker goals and the speaker’s beliefs in the use
of language. Yule states that there are two types of reference, they are endophora
and exophora. Endophoric reference has two types, they are anaphora and
cataphora. Yule (1996: 23) also states that anaphora is process of continuing to
identify exactly the same entity as denoted by the antecedent and cataphor is the
use of a word (typically a pronoun) to introduce someone or something that is
more fully identified later.
From the explanation above, this study focus on the varieties of deixis and
the type of reference of each of the deixis is used in the A Marriage Proposal

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4

drama text by Anton Chekov. The writer chooses the drama text because first, she
assumes that’s all of the entire literary work can be analyzed using deixis theory
and drama text is also one of the examples of literary works. Second, in the
previous study, the object of the research mostly novel, article, poem, song lyric,
ect and that is serious events. Therefore, the writer uses drama about comedy or a
satire includes making fun of romance and marriage, so the readers are not bored
and entertained. It can be seen in Widya Lestari (2015) research emphasized to a
study of deixis in the interview between Barack Obama and Chuck Todd in “Meet
the Press”. Then, Sherly Marliana (2013) entitled “The Use of Deixis in the
Transcription of the Interview between Oprah Winfrey, President Barack Obama
and First Lady Michelle Obama in Chicago May 2nd, 2011. From the two example
of previous study, the writer found formal events that used in research and also
delivered a specializes interview with national leader which talked about politics,
economics, foreign policy, etc.
Drama is one of the examples of literary work. The idea that marriage is
an arrangement between two people, rather business like, without romance or
love, which Chekhov illustrates by having the two people involved in the proposal
bicker and argue until they agree to get married at the end where you know they
will continue to bicker and argue. That is not only about dialogues between two
people or more, but also message from speaker to hearer. In A Marriage Proposal
Drama, there are kinds of deixis, such as I as the first person deixis, You as the
second deixis, etc. Besides that, there are the meanings of each of the deixis used

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5

in drama. So, that’s why it will be interested to analyze this drama by using the
deixis theory.
1.2 Statement of the Problems
Related to the topic above, the writer formulates the following problems:
1. What are the varieties of deixis used on Anton Chekov’s A Marriage
Proposal?
2. What is the referent of each of the deixis used on Anton Chekov’s A Marriage
Proposal?
1.3 Objectives of the Study
Based on the problem above, the objective of this study are as follows:
1. To identify the varieties of deixis used on Anton Chekov’s A

Marriage

Proposal.
2. To analyze the referent of each of the deixis used on Anton Chekov’s A
Marriage Proposal.
1.4 Significance of the Study
The researcher hopes that the study would have both theoretical and
practical values. It is suggested that the next researchers who are interested in
doing further research in this area to use these findings as a starting point in
conducting the research about deixis related to other linguistics area and to
analyze data sources or other dramas by Anton Chekov or other authors.
Through the findings of this study, it is expected for the students of
English Department in Letters and Humanities faculty, especially at the State

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6

Islamic University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya, to improve reading and writing
skills using deixis theory. It is also recommended for the linguistic teachers
improve their knowledge and apply their understanding about deixis and reference
in general, A Marriage Proposal in the teaching and learning in linguistics
classroom in particular.
1.5 Scope and Limitation
This research will deal only with “diexis” that can be found in A Marriage
Proposal drama text. The scope of this study is to identify the five types of deixis
include Person Deixis, Place Deixis, Time Deixis, Discourse Deixis, and Social
Deixis by using theory of meaning pragmatics in order to give the more
comprehension to the doer. Such as, the speakers, listeners, the context and the
situation. The limitation of this research uses drama text entitles A Marriage
Proposal by Anton Chekov.
1.6 Definition of the Key Terms
Below are the definitions of the key term based on the topic:
a. Deixis is borrowed from the Greek word. It means pointing or indicating, In
Levinson’s finding (1983:53) deixis is pointing or indicating and has as
prototypical or focal exemplars the use of demonstratives, first and second
person pronouns, tense, specific time and place adverbs.
b. A Marriage Proposal is one of all the dramas by Anton Chekov, published in
1888. The genre is a comedy or a satire includes making fun of romance and
marriage. Chekhov examines the true nature of marriage, an institution of

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7

necessity in his time that did not necessarily need to include romance and love
(Wikipedia, 2016).
c. Anton Chekov is as a writer of short fiction his economical use of language
and ambivalent style. Chekhov weaves humor with pathos to magnify the
inconsequential details of people's lives helped redefine the short story genre.
He also developed a technique of ending stories with what have been termed
"zero endings" or anti-climactic conclusions. This technique makes the stories
seem more realistic, and often more pathetic, because readers are left to guess
what will happen next (Wikipedia, 2016).
d. Reference is an act in which a speaker, or writer uses linguistic form to enable
a listener, or a reader to identify something (Yule, 1996:17).
e. Anaphora is process of continuing to identify exactly the same entity as
denoted by the antecedent (Yule, 1996:23).
f. Cataphor is the use of a word (typically a pronoun) to introduce someone or
something that is more fully identified later (Yule, 1996:23).

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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
These chapter reviews of several theories related to this research. Those
are definition of pragmatics, definition of deixis, types of deixis which consist of
five kinds, as follow person deixis, time deixis, place deixis, discourse deixis and
social deixis, and also types of references that consist of anaphora and cataphor
related studies to support the analysis
2.1 Related Theories
The followings are about the related theories which support the data, they
are pragmatics, deixis theory, varieties of deixis: person deixis, place deixis, time
deixis, discourse deixis, and social deixis, reference: anaphora and cataphor.
2.1.1 Pragmatics
Yule (1996:3) states that pragmatics is the study which concern in the
meaning of communication delivered by the speaker and interpreted by the
listener or reader. By definition before, it can be said that meaning is important to
be known for everyone to communicate each other. Then, Yule (1996: 3) also
states that pragmatics is the study of speaker meaning, the study of contextual
meaning, the study of how more gets communicated than is said, and the study of
the expression of relative distance. For the first, pragmatics learns about the
speaker meaning or what the speaker wants. In other words, it can be said that
every utterance delivered by the speaker has meaning. Pragmatics will also learn
the contextual meaning of utterances whether it is written or spoken. Pragmatics is

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9

the study of meaning in relation to the context in which a person is writing or
speaking. It is not only including social situation but also textual context
From the explanation above, pragmatics is theory has an important role for
the study of the writer. It is also concerned the use of these tools in meaningful
communication by knowing the context of the utterance. It will help him to link
and to analyze the data of his study to the context of the data source.
2.1.2 Deixis Theory
The word deixis is borrowed from the Greek word. It means pointing or
indicating, In Levinson’s finding (1983:53) deixis is pointing or indicating and
has as prototypical or focal exemplars the use of demonstratives, first and second
person pronouns, tense, specific time and place adverbs. Yule (1996:9) states that
deixis is “‘pointing’ via language”.
While, Levinson (1983:9) explained that Deixis is a word which its
reference always moves or changes depending on the context. It is also stated that
deixis is a part of pragmatics that has connection with certain word or sentence
that changes because of the context. The change of context in sentence is often
caused by the change of situation including personal, time and place.
The speaker and the listener have to know easily about the context. In
addition, context gives a comprehensive explanation about who is the participant,
setting time and place and the end of conversation. It is believed that there are no
languages without deixis.

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2.1.3 Varieties of Deixis
From the explanation above, there are five varieties of deixis: person
deixis, place deixis, time deixis, discourse deixis and social deixis.
2.1.3.1 Person Deixis
According to Levinson (1983:68-69) in Purwitasari’s thesis, person deixis
concerns the encoding of the role of participants in the speech event, such as the
speaker, the addressee; typically, the first person is used for speaker, second
person is for addressee (s) and third person category for a category neitherspeaker-nor-speaker-addressee (s). Yule (1996:132) states that deixis person is
“forms used to point to people, e.g. me, you.”
Table 2.1 Classification of Person Deixis
No. Categories
1
First Person Singular

2

3

4

5

Possessive Adjective
Possessive Pronoun
Reflexive Pronoun
First Person Plural
Possessive Adjective
Possessive Pronoun
Reflexive Pronoun
Second Person Singular
Possessive Adjective
Possessive Pronoun
Reflexive Pronoun
Second Person Plural
Possessive Adjective
Possessive Pronoun
Reflexive Pronoun
Third Person Singular
Possessive Adjective
Possessive Pronoun

Person deixis
I
me
My
Mine
myself
We
Us
Our
Ours
ourselves
You
Your
Yours
Yourself
You
your
yours
yourselves
She, he, it, Sir, Madam,
John, Liz
Her, his, its
Hers, his, its

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11

Object pronoun
Reflexive Pronoun
6
Third Person Plural
Possessive Adjective
Possessive Pronoun
Object pronoun
Reflexive Pronoun
E.g. Data :

Her, him, it
Herself, himself, itself
They
Their
Theirs
Them
Theirselves

Tschub : oh, so so, my friend. Please sit down. It isn’t right to forget one’s
neighbor. But tell me, why all this ceremony? Dress clothes, white gloves and all?
Are you on your way to some engagement, my good fellow.
My

: Possessive Adjective

Me

: First Person Singular

You

: Second Person Singular

Your : Possessive Adjective
From the data my, me, you and your are person deixis. My: Possessive
Adjective, me: First Person Singular, you: Second Person Singular, and your:
Possessive Adjective.
2.1.3.2 Place Deixis
According to Levinson (1983:79) place or space deixis concerns the
specification of locations relative to anchorage points in the speech event.
According to Nababan (1987: 41) in Rosmawati's International Journal of
Humanities and Social Science that deixis place is giving shape location, space
(place) is seen from the location of the person/role in the event of language. Place
deixis can be seen from the location of the people who is doing communication.
In additional, (Grundy, 1995:23) declares that place deixis is deictic
reference to a location relative to the location of a participant in the speech event.
The most obvious place-deictic terms in English are the adverbs “here” and

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“there” and the demonstratives “this” and “that”, along with their plural forms.
Fillmore (taken from Mamaridou’s book, 2000:91) in Purwitasari’s thesis explains
that place deixis can also be related to the path taken by a moving object in
relation to its source or origin and to its goal or destination, as expressed in certain
motion verbs such as “come” and “go”. These verbs encode assumptions about
the goal of the motion and the relative positions of interlocutors in a particular
speech event. It can be seen that place deixis refers to a location relative to the
location of a participant in the speech event. Additional, a moving object can also
be related into place deixis because it is moving from its source into its goal or
destination, as expressed in certain motion verbs such as “come” and “go”.
E.g. Data:
Lomov: Immediately in a moment. Here it is, then: I have come to ask for the
hand of your daughter, Natalia Stepanovna.
From the data, the writer found Here is place deixis in adverbs.
2.1.3.3 Time Deixis
Levinson (1983:62) states that time deixis is reference to time relative to
temporal reference point. Typically, this point is the moment of utterance. It is
important to distinguish the moment of utterance or coding time from the moment
of reception or receiving time. Time deixis in English are the time adverbs “now”,
“then”, “soon”, and “recently”. When time deixis interacts with calendrical unit of
time, words like “today”, “tomorrow”, and “yesterday” are used to locate an
utterance relative to time.
E.g. Data:
Alex: I must go now.

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From the data, the writer found “now” is included in temporal or time deixis.
2.1.3.4 Discourse Deixis
Discourse, or text, deixis concerns the use of expressions within some
utterance to refer to some portion of the unfolding discourse in which the
utterance (which includes the text referring expression) is located, (Levinson,
1983:85).
Furthermore, Marmaridou (2000:93) ads in Purwitasari’s thesis explain
discourse deixis is deixis in the text. A text, whether in its written or oral
realization is closely related to the concepts of space and time.
E.g. Data:
Natalia. Papa, please tell this gentlemen to whom the meadows
or to him?

belong, to us

From the data, the writer found this is discourse deixis. It has explained in
previous sentence.
2.1.3.5 Social Deixis
Social deixis is reference to the social characteristics of, or distinctions
between, the participants or referents in a speech event. According to Levinson
(1983:89), social deixis should set limits to those aspects of language structure
that encode the social identities of participants, or the social relationship between
them, or between one of them and persons and entities referred to. There are of
course many aspects of language usage that depend on these relations, but these
usages are only relevant to the topic of social deixis in so far as they are
grammaticalized. Obvious examples of such grammaticalizations are polite

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14

pronouns and titles of address, but there are many other manifestations of social
deixis such as kinship terms, names and honorifics, as cited by Levinson
(1983:89) states social deixis concerns that aspect of sentences which reflect or
establish or are determined by certain realities of the social situation in which the
speech act occurs.
According to explanation above, it can be seen that social deixis refers to
the interpersonal relationship between the speaker and addressee. There are three
factors that influence social deixis power, distance and social status. Power is
related to the authority is had by the speaker or addressee. Distances, here, means
how the speaker and addressee feel close each other. Social status refers to the
speaker and addressee’s role in the society, a kinship relationship and also their
age.
E.g. Data:
Laurent: Thank You, Sir. I hope we can meet again.
From the data, the writer found “Sir” is social deixis.
2.1.4 Reference
Reference is the word that refers to another words, it usually pronoun and
noun. There are types of reference can be anaphora or cataphor. Reference is an
act in which a speaker, or writes uses a linguistic form to enable a listener, or
reader to identify something. The word linguistic forms can be called referring
expression. We use refer to person or things, directly or indirectly (Mey, 2001:
68). There are two types of reference, they are exophoric and endophoric.
Exophoric reference is about situational and endophoric reference is the use of a

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15

word or phrase to refer to something either preceding it or following it within a
text or discouse. Endophoric reference has two kinds:
2.1.4.1 Anaphora
According to Yule (1996:23), Anaphora is process of continuing to
identify exactly the same entity as denoted by the antecedent.
E.g. Data:
Lomov. It is all a matter of record, my dear Natalia Stepanovna. It is true that at
one time the title to the meadows was disuted, but now everyone knows they
belong to me. There is no room for discussion. Be so good as to listen: my aunt’s
grandmother ut these meadows, free from all costs, into the hands of your father’s
grandfather’s peasants for a certain time while they were mking bricks for my
grandmother. These people used the meadows free of cost for about forty years,
living there as they would on their own property. Later, however, when.
The sentence above can be indicated by anaphora reference, because the
word “there” refers to the meadows, that it is something had mentioned before.
2.1.4.2 Cataphor
According to Yule (1996:23), cataphor is the use of a word (typically a
pronoun) to introduce someone or something that is more fully identified later. To
look for reference of pronoun deixis can be done by changing direct sentence that
announced by speaker becomes sentence not directly. Indirect sentence to be
utilized to keep reference actually at which in this case deixis's pronoun form on
direct sentence is changed as other pronoun form that non deictic. Indirect
sentence utilized to avoid interpretation fault hits who or what do speaker means.

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2.1.5 Conversation Analysis
According to Hutchby dan Wooffitt (1998:13) conversation analysis is the
study of talk. While, Levinson (1983:284) says that familiar predominant varieties
of talk in which two or more participants freely alternate in speaking, which
generally occurs outside specific institutional setting like religious services, law
court, classroom, etc.
2.1.6 Literary Work in Language Research
Literary work is imaginative or creative writing that is expressed by
authors. Literary work that completes an author’s unfinished piece, or is published
as a supplement of another work or as part of a series of several works. In
language research, the researcher used them almost because of the literary work
analyze about the words, for example drama, poetry, short story, ect. There are
two genres of literary works, they are fiction and nonfiction.
2.1.6.1 Fiction
Fiction is the classification for any story created in the imagination, rather
than based strictly on history or fact (Wikipedia, 2016). There are some kinds of
fiction, they are:
a) Drama
Drama is one of the examples of literary work. Any text to be performed
rather than read can be considered drama. Dramas are usually called play, when
written down the bulk of a drama is dialogue, with periodic stage directions. For
example drama is A Marriage Proposal by Anton Chekov, the idea that marriage

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17

is an arrangement between two people, rather business like, without romance or
love, which Chekhov illustrates by having the two people involved in the proposal
bicker and argue until they agree to get married at the end where you know they
will continue to bicker and argue. That is not only about dialogues between two
people or more, but also message from speaker to hearer.
b) Fable
Fable is demonstrating a useful truth, especially in which animals speak as
humans, legendary, supernatural tale.
c) Fairy tale
It is story about fairies or other magical creatures, usually for children.
d) Fantasy
Fiction with strange or other worldly settings or characters, fiction which
invites suspension of reality is called fantasy.
e) Fiction
Narrative literary works whose content is produced by the imagination and
is not necessarily based on fact is defined as fiction.
f) Fiction in verse
Fiction in verse is full length novels with plot, subplot, theme, major and
minor characters, in which the narrative is presented in verse form.
g) Folklore
The songs, stories, myths, and proverbs of a people of “folk” as handed
down by word of mouth is called folklore.

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18

h) Historical fiction
Historical fiction is all of the story with fictional characters and events in
historical setting.
i) Horror
Horror is fiction in which events evoke a feeling of dread in both the
characters and the reader.
j) Humor
Fiction full of fun, fancy, and excitement, meant to entertain; but can be
obtained in all genres is defined as humor.
k) Legend
Legend is story, sometimes of a national or folk hero, which has a basis in
fact but also includes imaginative material.
l) Mystery
Fiction dealing with the solution of a crime or the unraveling of secrets is
called mystery.
m) Mythology
Mythology is legend or traditional narrative, often based in art on
historical events, that reveals human behavior and natural phenomena by its
symbolism; often pertaining to the actions of the gods.
n) Poetry
Poetry is verse and rhythmic writing with imagery that creates emotional
responses. This is often considered the oldest form of literature. Before writing
was invented, oral stories were commonly put into some sort of poetic form to

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19

make them easier to remember and recite. Poetry today is usually written down,
but is still sometimes performed.
o) Realistic fiction
Story that can actually happen and is true to life is called realistic fiction.
p) Science fiction
Story based on impact of factual, imagined, or potential science, usually
set in the future or on other planets.
q) Short story
Fiction of such brevity that it supports no subplots is called short story.
r) Tall tale
Humorous story with blatant exaggerations, swaggering heroes who do the
impossible with nonchalance is called tall tale.
2.1.6.2 Nonfiction
Nonfiction is content whose creator, in good faith, assumes responsibility
for the truth or accuracy of the events, people, and information presented
(Wikipedia, 2016). There are some kinds of nonfiction, they are:
1) Biography/ Autobiography
Biography/ Autobiography is narrative of a person’s life, a true story about
a real person.
2) Essay
A short literary composition that reflects the author’s outlook or point is
called essay.

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3) Narrative nonfiction
Factual information presented in a format which tells a story is defined as
narrative nonfiction
4) Nonfiction
Nonfiction is informational text dealing with an actual, real life subject.
5) Speech
Speech is public address or discourse that is showed in front people.
2.3 Previous Studies
As guidance the writer would like to present some references that was
closely related to study she is conducting. It is deixis and the writer thinks that the
study can help her in finishing her research.
Purwitasari, Eti. 2009. Deixis in Harry Potter and the Half Blood Prince
by J.K. Rowling and Its Translation into Indonesian in her undergraduate thesis of
State University of Semarang. The objective of this study is to identify the
equivalence of deixis. It is according to Levinson (1983:69-94) and Mamaridou
(2000:65-74), includes person deixis, time deixis, place deixis, discourse deixis,
and social deixis as well as to see whether the translated sentences can be justified
with the Indonesian structure. This research was designed as a qualitative research
and the nature of the study is descriptive and explorative. Qualitative research
presents the data and research in the form of qualitative description. The
objectives of the data in this study are the words, utterances, and sentences that
contain deixis in English and their translations in Indonesian. The observation
involves some steps, namely observing, identifying, classifying, and evaluating.

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21

Documentation and observation methods were used to collect the data. The data
gathered were analyzed descriptively by using qualitative approach.
Dea Isgoentiar.2012. Deixis in Charlotte’s Web Novel Written by E. B.
White: A Pragmatic Study. State University of Padjadjaran In this research, the
writer explains the variety of the type of deixis and the type of reference in
conversations found in Charlotte’s Web novel. The research method applied in
this thesis is a descriptive analysis method, while the theories used in this research
are pragmatic theories on deixis and the type of reference by Yule (1996) and
Levinson (1983). The aims of this research are to describe the type of deixis that
appears on the conversations between the characters in Charlotte’s Web novel and
also to describe its type of reference in the conversations of the characters in
Charlotte’s Web novel. The result of the research shows that there are three types
of deixis that appears on the twenty six analyzed data.

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CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHOD
This chapter will discuss the approach used in this study and the data
collection. Then, the explanation of qualitative methods will be explained too in
this research. After that, there will be an explanation of the source of the data, the
instrument used, data collection technique, and data analysis.
3.1 Research Approach
In this research, the writer used qualitative descriptive method, it means
that data is explained in word, sentence, table, and interpret the meaning by
interpretative analysis. Since it deals with the data in the form of text is used from
the drama by Anton Chekov.
Then, the writer will explain the data through a descriptive explanation.
The writer chooses this approach because all of his data is formed in the words,
then he will explain it through words without put any statistic or numeric data.
3.2 Data Source
The writer puts drama text entitle A Marriage Proposal is to be completed
the data. The varieties of deixis and the meaning of each of the deixis will be
analyzed in this study. The data are the dialogues of Stepan Stepanovitch
Tschubukov, Natalia Stepanovna and Ivan Vassiliyitch Lomov which are
including in the text of the drama.

22
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23

3.3 Instrument
The main instrument in this study is the writer herself. Based on the drama
the writer will analyze the varieties of deixis in the drama in order to answer the
research question through her knowledge. To get authentic from the data source,
the writer used internet connection to get the drama in PDF. Then, the writer used
the book about pragmatic especially about deixis.
3.4 Data Collection Technique
In collecting data, the writer uses the drama text A Marriage Proposal by
Anton Chekov as the source of data. The data of this study were collected by
doing the some steps; they are searching, reading, underlining and categorizing.
First, the writer searches the drama text by Anton Chekov entitles A Marriage
Proposal on internet. Second, the writer reads the text and separates the words
based on the varieties of deixis with another words are not including the varieties
of deixis. Third, the writer will collect the data by underlining the varieties of
deixis in the texts before separating the words by identifying the varieties of
deixis. And fourth, the writer categorized every word which is ready to
underlining based on Person Deixis, Place Deixis, Time Deixis, Discourse Deixis,
and Social Deixis and also the types of reference, they are anaphore and cataphor
used in A Marriage Proposal drama by Anton Chekov.
3.5 Data Analysis
To analyze the data, the writer uses descriptive qualitative techniques in
analyzing the study. The techniques applied to analyze in words based on the

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24

varieties of deixis. After that, the analysis will be done through some steps. They
are: reading the drama text start from the first pages until the end, underlining the
words based on the varieties of deixis, separating the words underline and the
other words, the writer categorizing every utterance based on the five varieties of
referents and the referent of each is used in the text.

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CHAPTER IV
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter presents research findings and discussions of Deixis and
Referent of each of the deixis used on Anton Chekov’s A Marriage Proposal. The
analysis of the data includes the table of data, and the analysis based on Deixis
and Reference Theory in each data as follows:
4.1 Varieties of Deixis
There were five kinds of deixis that found in the A Marriage Proposal
between Stepan Stepanovitch Tschubukov, Natalia Stepanovna and Ivan
Vassiliyitch Lomov, they are Person Deixis, Place Deixis, Time Deixis, Discourse
Deixis and Social Deixis.
After gathering the utterances containing the type of deixis, the writer
found utterances in Anton Chekov’s A Marriage Proposal. The findings can be
seen in brief on the table below.
Table 4.1 The Number of Utterance of Deixis Varieties in “A Marriage
Proposal” Drama by Anton Chekov
No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Type of Deixis
Person Deixis
Place Deixis
Time Deixis
Discourse Deixis
Social Deixis

Number of Utterance
650
37
16
3
32

After seen from the table above, the number of utterance of the type of
deixis for each classification are as follows; person deixis 650 utterance, place

25
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