HEALTH RESEARCH METHODOLOGYA Guide for Training in Research Methods - Diponegoro University | Institutional Repository (UNDIP-IR)
Health research methodology: A guide for training in research methods
HEALTH RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
A Guide for Training in Research Methods
Second Edition
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION
Regional Office for the Western Pacific
Manila, 2001
i
Health research methodology: A guide for training in research methods
WHO Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Health Research Methodology: A guide for training in research methods. Second
Edition.
1. Health services research - methods.
2. Research design.
I. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific
ISBN 92 9061 157 X
The World Health Organization welcomes requests for permission to reproduce or
translate its publications, in part or in full. Applications and enquiries should be addressed
to the Office of Publications, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland or to the
Regional Office for the Western Pacific, Manila, Philippines, which will be glad to provide
the latest information on any changes made to the text, plans for new editions, and
reprints and translations already available.
© World Health Organization 2001
Publications of the World Health Organization enjoy copyright protection in accordance
with the provisions of Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention. All rights reserved.
The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do
not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the
World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area
or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply
that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference
to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the
names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters.
> Go to Table of Contents
CONTENTS
v
Foreword
Introduction
vii
Acknowledgements
ix
Chapter 1: Introduction to research
1
Chapter 2: Research strategies and design
11
Chapter 3: Descriptive epidemiological studies and clinical trials
43
Chapter 4: Experimental studies and clinical trials
55
Chapter 5: Sampling methods and sampling size
71
Chapter 6: Bias and confounding
85
Chapter 7: Basic risk measurement
97
Chapter 8: Tests of significance
107
Chapter 9: Association and causation
125
Chapter 10: Ethical aspects of health research
141
Chapter 11: Construction of a research proposal
147
Annexes:
Annex 1:
Questionnaire design
169
Annex 2:
Descriptive statistics: Table, graphs, and charts
187
Annex 3:
Organization of a workshop on research
methods in health sciences
211
232
Index
HEALTH RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
A Guide for Training in Research Methods
Second Edition
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION
Regional Office for the Western Pacific
Manila, 2001
i
Health research methodology: A guide for training in research methods
WHO Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Health Research Methodology: A guide for training in research methods. Second
Edition.
1. Health services research - methods.
2. Research design.
I. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific
ISBN 92 9061 157 X
The World Health Organization welcomes requests for permission to reproduce or
translate its publications, in part or in full. Applications and enquiries should be addressed
to the Office of Publications, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland or to the
Regional Office for the Western Pacific, Manila, Philippines, which will be glad to provide
the latest information on any changes made to the text, plans for new editions, and
reprints and translations already available.
© World Health Organization 2001
Publications of the World Health Organization enjoy copyright protection in accordance
with the provisions of Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention. All rights reserved.
The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do
not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the
World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area
or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply
that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference
to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the
names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters.
> Go to Table of Contents
CONTENTS
v
Foreword
Introduction
vii
Acknowledgements
ix
Chapter 1: Introduction to research
1
Chapter 2: Research strategies and design
11
Chapter 3: Descriptive epidemiological studies and clinical trials
43
Chapter 4: Experimental studies and clinical trials
55
Chapter 5: Sampling methods and sampling size
71
Chapter 6: Bias and confounding
85
Chapter 7: Basic risk measurement
97
Chapter 8: Tests of significance
107
Chapter 9: Association and causation
125
Chapter 10: Ethical aspects of health research
141
Chapter 11: Construction of a research proposal
147
Annexes:
Annex 1:
Questionnaire design
169
Annex 2:
Descriptive statistics: Table, graphs, and charts
187
Annex 3:
Organization of a workshop on research
methods in health sciences
211
232
Index