EVALUATION OF BIOMEMBRAN WATER TREATMENT
EVALUATION OF BIOMEMBRAN WATER TREATMENT PLANT
PERFORMANCE FOR TREATING POLLUTED WATER
(CASE STUDY : CIKACEMBANG RIVER)
EVALUASI KINERJA SISTEM PENGOLAHAN AIR MENGGUNAKAN
BIOMEMBRAN DALAM MENGOLAH AIR TERCEMAR
(STUDI KASUS : SUNGAI CIKACEMBANG)
Sri Wahyuni1 and Herto Dwi Ariesyady2
Department of Environmental Engineering,
Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung,
Jl. Ganesha 10 Bandung 40132
1
namasayasri@students.itb.ac.id and 2herto@ftsl.itb.ac.id
Abstract : Biomembrane water treatment plant has been used to process river water in order to achieve the water
quality of standard class II on the Cikacembang river. Over time, the facility has also developed into a water
treatment plant system that serves the needs of the local people. The treatment plant consists of biomembrane and
the supporting units, such as aeration container tanks and sand filter unit. The purpose of this study is to analyse
the water quality in order to assess the performance of the biomembrane water treatment plant. The method used
in this research is conducting analysis on water input of installations and water output or the processed water
from nine major point, namely the inlet, outlet A, tank 2, tank 3, tank 4, the tank 5, tank 6, the tank 10 and the last
outlet B with three variations of discharge flow. Afterwards, the quality of the water samples was compared with
water quality standards based on the physics, chemistry and biology parameters. It should be noted that there are
considerable incidences when comparing the ninth point and the Government Regulation No. 82 year 2001 for
the category of water class II. It was inquired that there are several water quality parameters that has exceeded
water quality standard class II; this parameters are: phenols (0.2245±0.3069 mg/L), fecal coliform
(9.3x104±2.1x105 Total/100 mL) and total coliform (8.98x105± 2.42x106 Total/100mL). As for the outlet B outcome
is ready to be distributed compared with Health Ministry Regulation No. 416 year 1990 for the category of clean
water and drinking water, Health Ministry Regulation No. 492 year 2010 for drinking water and PP 82 of 2001
category of water class I. Based on the result, water comply to clean water standard rather than drinking water
standard. But for clean water also contained several water quality parameters that has exceeded water quality
standards is total coliform (2x104±3.46x104 Tot/ 100 mL ). In general, the performance of the biomembrane water
treatment plant delivers a decent performance, given the flow variation of 0,5 m3/min, while viewed from average
efficiency the largest removal efficiency of color (95.64%), turbidity (98.48%), Biochemical Oxygen Demand or
BOD (94.06%), cyanide (95.53%) ammonium (93.33%), total coliform (95.32%) and fecal coliform (98.10%),
while the smallest removal efficiency of hardness (11.67%), so we need additional units to increase the removal
efficiency for these parameters.
Key words : clean water, water quality, biomembran water treatment system
Abstrak: Instalasi pengolahan air menggunakan biomembran merupakan instalasi yang digunakan sebagai
pengolah air sungai untuk memenuhi kategori air kelas II di Sungai Cikacembang, tetapi seiring berjalannya waktu
instalasi ini dikembangkan menjadi pengolahan sistem air bersih untuk memenuhi kebutuhan air warga sekitar.
Instalasi pengolahan tersebut terdiri dari unit biomembran serta unit pendukung lainnya seperti tangki- tangki
penampung yang diberi aerasi, serta unit saringan pasir. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisa
kualitas air agar dapat diketahui kinerja dari instalasi pengolahan air menggunakan biomembran. Metode yang
digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah menganalisa air yang masuk instalasi dan air hasil keluaran atau air hasil
olahan dari sembilan titik utama yaitu inlet, outlet A, tangki 2, tangki 3, tangki 4, tangki 5, tangki 6, tangki 10 dan
yang terakhir outlet B dengan tiga variasi debit, kemudian kualitas air nya dibandingkan dengan baku mutu
kualitas air berdasarkan parameter fisika, kimia dan biologi. Pada kesembilan titik tersebut dibandingkan dengan
PP 82 Tahun 2001 untuk kategori air kelas II, kemudian didapatkan terdapat parameter kualitas air yang melebihi
baku mutu air kelas II yaitu fenol (0,2245±0,3069 mg/L), fecal coliform (9,3x104±2,1x105 Jml/ 100 mL) dan total
coliform (8,98x105±2,42x106 Jml/ 100 mL). Sedangkan untuk titik kesembilan atau outlet B hasil keluaran terakhir
yang sudah siap didistribusikan dibandingkan dengan Permenkes 416 Tahun 1990 untuk kategori air bersih dan
air minum, Permenkes 492 Tahun 2010 untuk air minum dan PP 82 Tahun 2001 kategori air kelas I. Berdasarkan
hasil pengujian, didapatkan air hasil olahan lebih memenuhi baku mutu air bersih dibandingkan air minum. Tetapi
untuk air bersih pun terdapat beberapa parameter kualitas air yang masih melebihi baku mutu kualitas air bersih
yaitu parameter total coliform (2x104±3,46x104 Jml/ 100 mL), sehingga diperlukan pengolahan lanjutan. Pada
umumnya, kinerja instalasi pengolahan air menggunakan biomembran bekerja dengan cukup baik dengan variasi
debit ketiga yaitu 0,5 m3/menit sedangkan jika dilihat dari efisiensi rata- ratanya, nilai efisiensi penurunan terbesar
adalah parameter warna (95,64%), kekeruhan (98,48%), BOD (94,06%), sianida (94,53%), amonium (93,33%),
WS-1
total coliform (95,32%), fecal coliform (98,10%) sedangkan efisiensi terkecil adalah parameter kesadahan
(11,67%), sehingga perlu dilakukan penambahan unit untuk meningkatkan efisiensi penyisihan untuk parameter
tersebut.
Kata kunci: air bersih, kualitas air, instalasi biomembran
INTRODUCTION
Pollution of water resources has occurred in the district of Bandung, especially in the industrial
zone of Majalaya. The presence of industries is analogous with two sides of a coin; on one side
it supports the formal sector by promoting economic activities, and on the other, it raises several
social problems, notably those that were derived from the waste water discharged into the water
bodies, thus disbenefits the local community. Several rivers have served as a sewage disposal
bodies between industrial and domestic waste water, and the Cikacembang River serves as an
example for the case (BPLH Kab. Bandung, 2014). From visual observations alone, one could
convey that the river water condition is not in accordance with the regulation of river water
quality class II. This is supported by mainly three indicators: color; odor; and no presence of
water biota along the river.
Based on several indicators such as physical, chemical and biological, it is apparent that the
Cikacembang River is contaminated. As a response of the matter, a biological based riverwater-quality-treatment using biomembrane system was installed. The imminent goal was to
achieve the class II category. Over time, the facility has been further developed into a water
treatment system with additional supporting units, i.e. aerated water tanks and physical
processing unit using a sand filter. This development has rendered the clean water output to be
distributed among the local residents. The later was aimed to be utilized in order to achieve
their daily needs.
In order to determine the extent of the treated water quality, hence tests were conducted at nine
points in the biomembrane water treatment plant. Several indicators that was tested were:
physical parameters (i.e. temperature, the residue suspended (TSS), color, turbidity and
electrical condcutivity); chemical parameters (i.e. pH, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD),
chemical oxygen demand (COD), dissolved oxygen (DO), total chromium, ammonium and
sulphide); organic chemical parameters (i.e. phenol, oil and grease); biological parameters were
tested using fecal coliform and total coliform. The result was then compared with Government
Regulation No. 82 year 2001 for the category of II water class.
The purpose of this study is analysing the water quality to identify the performance of the
biomembrane water treatment plant then comparing the latter with the available standard. The
results of the water quality will indicate the removal efficiency based on each parameter in
order to assess the performance of the biomembrane installation with different variations of
flow.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Method to determine the water quality and the performance of the processing units in the
biomembrane plant, consisted of secondary data collection; in this case, previous water quality
test results performed by BPLHD Kabupaten Bandung, and conducted interviews. Primary data
collection was also obtained by the collection of water samples and its quality analysis which
was conducted in the laboratory.
WS-2
Location and Time Sampling
Sample collection was performed at the Biomembran Installation of water in the river
Cikacembang in Kampung Pangkalan Raja RW 05, Desa Sukamukti, Kecamatan Majalaya,
Kabupaten Bandung. (Figure 1.a) Samples were taken three times, i.e. 16 February, 3 and
March 22, 2016. Sample collection was done from 07.30 until 10.00. Nine sample points were
determined prior to the collection, i.e. inlet, outlet A, tank 2, tank 3, tank 4, tank 5, tank 6,
tank10 and outlet B. This was done to determine the efficiency of the treatment process in the
installation. There are nine points used to sample the water (Figure 1.b), namely:
• Point 1 : Inlet
Inlet is the point where feed goes into the pump, thus relayed into the water treatment plant
that utilize biomembrane. Flow variation is achievable adjusted through the pump discharge.
The first flow variation used was 1,5 m3/min, and consecutively the second and third flow
are: 1 m3/min and 0,5 m3/min.
• Point 2 : Outlet A
Outlet A is the output discharged from the biomembrane system, that is then divided into two
flows. One flow is diverted into the river and the other is diverted as a feed for the
biomembrane supporting unit, in this case tank 1 with a capacity of 5300 L.
• Point 3 : Tank 2
Tank 2 is a tank provided with piped aeration.
• Point 4 : Tank 3
Tank 3 is a tank provided with piped aeration.
• Point 5 : Tank 4
Tank 4 is a tank provided with piped aeration.
• Point 6 : Tank 5
Tank 5 is a tank provided with piped aeration.
• Point 7 : Tank 6
Tank 6 is a tank provided with piped aeration.
• Point 8 : Tank 10
Tank 10 is a reservation unit that have similarities with tank 1, however, no aeration is present.
Water feed from tank 10 will be supplied to the processing physical unit i.e. the sand filter
unit which is composed of silica sand, activated carbon, small pore zeolites, large pore zeolite
and split corn coral arranged vertically. The output is diverted into 12 small tank that is used
as a reservoir before discharged into outlet B. Afterwards, the result is further processed using
activated carbon unit that serves to cleanse the feed through filtration while also eliminate
undesirable taste, color, odor and other contaminants in the water (Khalkhali and Omidvari,
2005). The latter also functions as means to eliminate bacteria, colloids and viruses.
• Point 9 : Outlet B
Outlet B is the final outcome that is ready to be distributed to the local residents.
(a) Water sampling location
WS-3
Notes :
water flow
(b) Sampling point location
Figure 1 Water sampling at nine points
Laboratory Analysis
Laboratory analysis was conducted in UPT Environmental Laboratory BPLHD Kabupaten
Bandung located at Soreang. The method follows directly from Standard Method, Method
HACH 2100 P, JIS K and IK. The analysis was providing comparison grounded on water
quality class II with the nine main sampling points, with regards to physical, chemical, and
biological indicators. Several analysis parameters were carried out immediately, while others
were done the day after with reference to the preservation method. The results of the nine
sampling points were then compared with the quality standards or water quality class II, namely
Government Regulation No. 82 year 2001. The method used to analyze water samples,
preservation methods and the number of water samples taken can be seen in Table 1 below:
Table 1 Research Methods
NO
PARAMETER
UNIT
TREATMENT
WATER
SAMPLE
METHODS
0C
Direct
-
Electrochemical
STANDARD
Physical Parameters
SNI 06-6989.23-2005 (BSE,
2005)
SNI 06-6989.3-2004 (BSE,
2004)
HACH Method 8025 (Hach
Company, 2013)
HACH Method 2100 P (Hach
Company, 2013)
SNI 06-6989.1-2004 (BSE,
2004)
1
Temperature
2
Total Suspended
Solid (TSS)
mg/L
Cooling to 4 0C
500
Gravimetric
3
Color
TCU
Cooling to 40C
100
Colorimetry
7
Turbidity
NTU
Cooling to 40C
100
Nephelometry
8
DHL
µs/cm
Direct
-
Electrochemical
Direct
-
Electrochemical
Cooling to 40C
Cooling to 4 0C, addition
of H2SO4 < pH 2
1000
Volumetric
SNI 06-6989.11-2004 (BSE,
2004)
SNI 6989.72-2009 (BSE, 2009)
50
Colorimetry
IK- 5.4.1.27
Direct
-
Electrochemical
SNI 06-6989.14-2004 (BSE,
2004)
Addition of HNO3 < pH 2
200
AAS
SNI 6989.17-2004 (BSE, 2004)
100
Colorimetry
50
Volumetric
SNI 06-6989.30-2005 (BSE,
2005)
JIS K 0102 : 1998, 39.2
1000
Spectrophotometry
JIS K 0102: 1998, 28
1000
Gravimetric
JIS K 0102: 1998
50
Membrane Filter
SMEWW 2005: 9222 D
Chemical Parameters
1
pH
2
BOD5
mg/L
3
COD
mg/L
4
DO
mg/L
Total Chromium
mg/L
(Cr)
Ammonium
6
mg/L
(NH3-N)
7
Sulfide (H2S)
mg/L
Organic Chemical Parameters
5
1
Phenol
mg/L
2
Oil and Grease
mg/L
0C,
Cooling to 4
addition
H2SO4 < pH 2
4 drops of Zn Acetate 2 M
Dark room and cooling to
40 C
Cooling to 4 0C, addition
of H2SO4 < pH 2
Microbial Parameters
1
Fecal Coliform
Tot/100mL
Dark glass bottle
(preserved for a maximum
of 1 day)
WS-4
NO
2
PARAMETER
Total Coliform
UNIT
TREATMENT
WATER
SAMPLE
METHODS
STANDARD
Tot/100mL
Dark glass bottle
(preserved for a maximum
of 1 day)
50
Membrane Filter
SMEWW 2005: 9222 B
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Utilizing the pump, three flow variations were used to provide intake feed from the river water
to the biomembrane water treatment plant.
Cikacembang River Water Quality Prior and After by Biomembrane Plant
The processed feed from the biomembrane plant was expected to improve the quality of river
water into Class II. Hence, the processed water that has been through the biomembrane system
was compared with Government Regulation No. 82 year 2001 for the category of class II
water. The results of water quality measurements on the biomembrane with Q1 flow variation
can be seen in Table 2, Q2 flow variation in Table 3 and Q3 flow variation can be seen in
Table 4.
Table 2 Water quality discharge variation 1
NO
PARAMETER
UNIT
STANDARD
1
Inlet
Physical Parameters
0
1 Temperature
C
Total Suspended Solid
2
mg/L
(TSS)
3 Color
TCU
4 Turbidity
NTU
5 DHL
µs/cm
Chemical Parameters
1 DO
mg/L
2 pH
3 BOD
mg/L
4 Total COD
mg/L
5 COD Dissolved
mg/L
6 Total Chromium (Cr)
mg/L
7 Ammonium (NH3-N)
mg/L
8 Sulfide (H2S)
mg/L
Organic Chemical Parameters
1 Phenol
mg/L
2 Oil and Grease
Microbial Parameters
1 Fecal Coliform
Jml/ 100 mL
2 Total Coliform
Jml/ 100 mL
2
Outlet
A
3
Tank
2
Point (Q1)
4
5
6
Tank Tank Tank
4
5
3
7
Tank
6
8
Tank
10
9
Outlet
B
deviasi 3
27.8
24.6
24.4
25.1
25.3
24.9
26
26.3
26.3
50
254
8
12
20
14
10
10
14
14
50
25
550
84.9
636
258
21.8
157.5
138
9.8
175.27
53
4.6
189.2
27
2
198.1
34
1.3
208
31
1.2
229
32
0.6
393
29
1.5
229
6.0- 9.0
3
25
25
0.002
6
7.45
26.08
101
26
0
0.25
0.0130
6.6
6.93
1.11
24
7
0
0.11
0.0016
4.8
6.93
4.75
10
5.5
0
0.07
3.7
6.85
0.81
8
5.5
0
0.06
3.8
6.99
0.94
5.5
9
0
0.06
4.2
7.05
1.56
5.5
5.5
0
0.05
4.3
7.01
1.19
7
5.5
0
0.08
5.2
6.93
2.56
5.5
5.5
0
0.04
9.2
7.19
0.89
19
5.5
0
0.04
0.0023
0.001
1
0.401
0.0005
0.224
0.0006
1000
5000
4.3x 105
1.1x107
1.6x104 3.1x104
9x105 5 x 104
0.579
0.0004
7x103
0
0
1x103
2x 104 3x 104 5x 104 5x104
Notes : Water quality standards based on The Government Regulation No. 82 year 2001 for the category of II water class
WS-5
1.3x104
1x105
0
9x 104
Table 3 Water quality discharge variation 2
NO
PARAMETER
UNIT
STANDARD
1
Inlet
Physical Parameters
0
1 Temperature
C
Total Suspended Solid
2
mg/L
(TSS)
3 Color
TCU
4 Turbidity
NTU
5 DHL
µs/cm
Chemical Parameters
1 DO
mg/L
2 pH
3 BOD
mg/L
4 Total COD
mg/L
5 COD Dissolved
mg/L
6 Total Chromium (Cr)
mg/L
7 Ammonium (NH3-N)
mg/L
8 Sulfide (H2S)
mg/L
Organic Chemical Parameters
1 Phenol
mg/L
2 Oil and Grease
Microbial Parameters
1 Fecal Coliform
Jml/ 100 mL
2 Total Coliform
Jml/ 100 mL
2
Outlet
A
3
Tank
2
Point (Q2)
4
5
6
Tank Tank Tank
3
4
5
7
Tank
6
8
Tank
10
9
Outlet
B
deviasi 3
24.2
24.7
24.6
24.4
25.1
25..3
24.9
26.1
25.6
50
120
80
6
102
126
88
110
100
88
50
25
184
14.1
685.7
306
23.5
148.9
101
5.1
150.9
42
2.9
175.6
40
0.7
211.7
59
1.8
264.7
33
0.8
323.8
47
12.3
370.8
32
2.9
366.8
6.0- 9.0
3
25
25
0.002
4.69
8.3
51.87
137
40
0
0.17
0.0025
7.24
7.9
3.42
5.5
9
0
0.02
0.0022
6.83
7.4
6.78
21
5.5
0
0
4.29
7
2.38
5.5
7
0
PERFORMANCE FOR TREATING POLLUTED WATER
(CASE STUDY : CIKACEMBANG RIVER)
EVALUASI KINERJA SISTEM PENGOLAHAN AIR MENGGUNAKAN
BIOMEMBRAN DALAM MENGOLAH AIR TERCEMAR
(STUDI KASUS : SUNGAI CIKACEMBANG)
Sri Wahyuni1 and Herto Dwi Ariesyady2
Department of Environmental Engineering,
Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung,
Jl. Ganesha 10 Bandung 40132
1
namasayasri@students.itb.ac.id and 2herto@ftsl.itb.ac.id
Abstract : Biomembrane water treatment plant has been used to process river water in order to achieve the water
quality of standard class II on the Cikacembang river. Over time, the facility has also developed into a water
treatment plant system that serves the needs of the local people. The treatment plant consists of biomembrane and
the supporting units, such as aeration container tanks and sand filter unit. The purpose of this study is to analyse
the water quality in order to assess the performance of the biomembrane water treatment plant. The method used
in this research is conducting analysis on water input of installations and water output or the processed water
from nine major point, namely the inlet, outlet A, tank 2, tank 3, tank 4, the tank 5, tank 6, the tank 10 and the last
outlet B with three variations of discharge flow. Afterwards, the quality of the water samples was compared with
water quality standards based on the physics, chemistry and biology parameters. It should be noted that there are
considerable incidences when comparing the ninth point and the Government Regulation No. 82 year 2001 for
the category of water class II. It was inquired that there are several water quality parameters that has exceeded
water quality standard class II; this parameters are: phenols (0.2245±0.3069 mg/L), fecal coliform
(9.3x104±2.1x105 Total/100 mL) and total coliform (8.98x105± 2.42x106 Total/100mL). As for the outlet B outcome
is ready to be distributed compared with Health Ministry Regulation No. 416 year 1990 for the category of clean
water and drinking water, Health Ministry Regulation No. 492 year 2010 for drinking water and PP 82 of 2001
category of water class I. Based on the result, water comply to clean water standard rather than drinking water
standard. But for clean water also contained several water quality parameters that has exceeded water quality
standards is total coliform (2x104±3.46x104 Tot/ 100 mL ). In general, the performance of the biomembrane water
treatment plant delivers a decent performance, given the flow variation of 0,5 m3/min, while viewed from average
efficiency the largest removal efficiency of color (95.64%), turbidity (98.48%), Biochemical Oxygen Demand or
BOD (94.06%), cyanide (95.53%) ammonium (93.33%), total coliform (95.32%) and fecal coliform (98.10%),
while the smallest removal efficiency of hardness (11.67%), so we need additional units to increase the removal
efficiency for these parameters.
Key words : clean water, water quality, biomembran water treatment system
Abstrak: Instalasi pengolahan air menggunakan biomembran merupakan instalasi yang digunakan sebagai
pengolah air sungai untuk memenuhi kategori air kelas II di Sungai Cikacembang, tetapi seiring berjalannya waktu
instalasi ini dikembangkan menjadi pengolahan sistem air bersih untuk memenuhi kebutuhan air warga sekitar.
Instalasi pengolahan tersebut terdiri dari unit biomembran serta unit pendukung lainnya seperti tangki- tangki
penampung yang diberi aerasi, serta unit saringan pasir. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisa
kualitas air agar dapat diketahui kinerja dari instalasi pengolahan air menggunakan biomembran. Metode yang
digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah menganalisa air yang masuk instalasi dan air hasil keluaran atau air hasil
olahan dari sembilan titik utama yaitu inlet, outlet A, tangki 2, tangki 3, tangki 4, tangki 5, tangki 6, tangki 10 dan
yang terakhir outlet B dengan tiga variasi debit, kemudian kualitas air nya dibandingkan dengan baku mutu
kualitas air berdasarkan parameter fisika, kimia dan biologi. Pada kesembilan titik tersebut dibandingkan dengan
PP 82 Tahun 2001 untuk kategori air kelas II, kemudian didapatkan terdapat parameter kualitas air yang melebihi
baku mutu air kelas II yaitu fenol (0,2245±0,3069 mg/L), fecal coliform (9,3x104±2,1x105 Jml/ 100 mL) dan total
coliform (8,98x105±2,42x106 Jml/ 100 mL). Sedangkan untuk titik kesembilan atau outlet B hasil keluaran terakhir
yang sudah siap didistribusikan dibandingkan dengan Permenkes 416 Tahun 1990 untuk kategori air bersih dan
air minum, Permenkes 492 Tahun 2010 untuk air minum dan PP 82 Tahun 2001 kategori air kelas I. Berdasarkan
hasil pengujian, didapatkan air hasil olahan lebih memenuhi baku mutu air bersih dibandingkan air minum. Tetapi
untuk air bersih pun terdapat beberapa parameter kualitas air yang masih melebihi baku mutu kualitas air bersih
yaitu parameter total coliform (2x104±3,46x104 Jml/ 100 mL), sehingga diperlukan pengolahan lanjutan. Pada
umumnya, kinerja instalasi pengolahan air menggunakan biomembran bekerja dengan cukup baik dengan variasi
debit ketiga yaitu 0,5 m3/menit sedangkan jika dilihat dari efisiensi rata- ratanya, nilai efisiensi penurunan terbesar
adalah parameter warna (95,64%), kekeruhan (98,48%), BOD (94,06%), sianida (94,53%), amonium (93,33%),
WS-1
total coliform (95,32%), fecal coliform (98,10%) sedangkan efisiensi terkecil adalah parameter kesadahan
(11,67%), sehingga perlu dilakukan penambahan unit untuk meningkatkan efisiensi penyisihan untuk parameter
tersebut.
Kata kunci: air bersih, kualitas air, instalasi biomembran
INTRODUCTION
Pollution of water resources has occurred in the district of Bandung, especially in the industrial
zone of Majalaya. The presence of industries is analogous with two sides of a coin; on one side
it supports the formal sector by promoting economic activities, and on the other, it raises several
social problems, notably those that were derived from the waste water discharged into the water
bodies, thus disbenefits the local community. Several rivers have served as a sewage disposal
bodies between industrial and domestic waste water, and the Cikacembang River serves as an
example for the case (BPLH Kab. Bandung, 2014). From visual observations alone, one could
convey that the river water condition is not in accordance with the regulation of river water
quality class II. This is supported by mainly three indicators: color; odor; and no presence of
water biota along the river.
Based on several indicators such as physical, chemical and biological, it is apparent that the
Cikacembang River is contaminated. As a response of the matter, a biological based riverwater-quality-treatment using biomembrane system was installed. The imminent goal was to
achieve the class II category. Over time, the facility has been further developed into a water
treatment system with additional supporting units, i.e. aerated water tanks and physical
processing unit using a sand filter. This development has rendered the clean water output to be
distributed among the local residents. The later was aimed to be utilized in order to achieve
their daily needs.
In order to determine the extent of the treated water quality, hence tests were conducted at nine
points in the biomembrane water treatment plant. Several indicators that was tested were:
physical parameters (i.e. temperature, the residue suspended (TSS), color, turbidity and
electrical condcutivity); chemical parameters (i.e. pH, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD),
chemical oxygen demand (COD), dissolved oxygen (DO), total chromium, ammonium and
sulphide); organic chemical parameters (i.e. phenol, oil and grease); biological parameters were
tested using fecal coliform and total coliform. The result was then compared with Government
Regulation No. 82 year 2001 for the category of II water class.
The purpose of this study is analysing the water quality to identify the performance of the
biomembrane water treatment plant then comparing the latter with the available standard. The
results of the water quality will indicate the removal efficiency based on each parameter in
order to assess the performance of the biomembrane installation with different variations of
flow.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Method to determine the water quality and the performance of the processing units in the
biomembrane plant, consisted of secondary data collection; in this case, previous water quality
test results performed by BPLHD Kabupaten Bandung, and conducted interviews. Primary data
collection was also obtained by the collection of water samples and its quality analysis which
was conducted in the laboratory.
WS-2
Location and Time Sampling
Sample collection was performed at the Biomembran Installation of water in the river
Cikacembang in Kampung Pangkalan Raja RW 05, Desa Sukamukti, Kecamatan Majalaya,
Kabupaten Bandung. (Figure 1.a) Samples were taken three times, i.e. 16 February, 3 and
March 22, 2016. Sample collection was done from 07.30 until 10.00. Nine sample points were
determined prior to the collection, i.e. inlet, outlet A, tank 2, tank 3, tank 4, tank 5, tank 6,
tank10 and outlet B. This was done to determine the efficiency of the treatment process in the
installation. There are nine points used to sample the water (Figure 1.b), namely:
• Point 1 : Inlet
Inlet is the point where feed goes into the pump, thus relayed into the water treatment plant
that utilize biomembrane. Flow variation is achievable adjusted through the pump discharge.
The first flow variation used was 1,5 m3/min, and consecutively the second and third flow
are: 1 m3/min and 0,5 m3/min.
• Point 2 : Outlet A
Outlet A is the output discharged from the biomembrane system, that is then divided into two
flows. One flow is diverted into the river and the other is diverted as a feed for the
biomembrane supporting unit, in this case tank 1 with a capacity of 5300 L.
• Point 3 : Tank 2
Tank 2 is a tank provided with piped aeration.
• Point 4 : Tank 3
Tank 3 is a tank provided with piped aeration.
• Point 5 : Tank 4
Tank 4 is a tank provided with piped aeration.
• Point 6 : Tank 5
Tank 5 is a tank provided with piped aeration.
• Point 7 : Tank 6
Tank 6 is a tank provided with piped aeration.
• Point 8 : Tank 10
Tank 10 is a reservation unit that have similarities with tank 1, however, no aeration is present.
Water feed from tank 10 will be supplied to the processing physical unit i.e. the sand filter
unit which is composed of silica sand, activated carbon, small pore zeolites, large pore zeolite
and split corn coral arranged vertically. The output is diverted into 12 small tank that is used
as a reservoir before discharged into outlet B. Afterwards, the result is further processed using
activated carbon unit that serves to cleanse the feed through filtration while also eliminate
undesirable taste, color, odor and other contaminants in the water (Khalkhali and Omidvari,
2005). The latter also functions as means to eliminate bacteria, colloids and viruses.
• Point 9 : Outlet B
Outlet B is the final outcome that is ready to be distributed to the local residents.
(a) Water sampling location
WS-3
Notes :
water flow
(b) Sampling point location
Figure 1 Water sampling at nine points
Laboratory Analysis
Laboratory analysis was conducted in UPT Environmental Laboratory BPLHD Kabupaten
Bandung located at Soreang. The method follows directly from Standard Method, Method
HACH 2100 P, JIS K and IK. The analysis was providing comparison grounded on water
quality class II with the nine main sampling points, with regards to physical, chemical, and
biological indicators. Several analysis parameters were carried out immediately, while others
were done the day after with reference to the preservation method. The results of the nine
sampling points were then compared with the quality standards or water quality class II, namely
Government Regulation No. 82 year 2001. The method used to analyze water samples,
preservation methods and the number of water samples taken can be seen in Table 1 below:
Table 1 Research Methods
NO
PARAMETER
UNIT
TREATMENT
WATER
SAMPLE
METHODS
0C
Direct
-
Electrochemical
STANDARD
Physical Parameters
SNI 06-6989.23-2005 (BSE,
2005)
SNI 06-6989.3-2004 (BSE,
2004)
HACH Method 8025 (Hach
Company, 2013)
HACH Method 2100 P (Hach
Company, 2013)
SNI 06-6989.1-2004 (BSE,
2004)
1
Temperature
2
Total Suspended
Solid (TSS)
mg/L
Cooling to 4 0C
500
Gravimetric
3
Color
TCU
Cooling to 40C
100
Colorimetry
7
Turbidity
NTU
Cooling to 40C
100
Nephelometry
8
DHL
µs/cm
Direct
-
Electrochemical
Direct
-
Electrochemical
Cooling to 40C
Cooling to 4 0C, addition
of H2SO4 < pH 2
1000
Volumetric
SNI 06-6989.11-2004 (BSE,
2004)
SNI 6989.72-2009 (BSE, 2009)
50
Colorimetry
IK- 5.4.1.27
Direct
-
Electrochemical
SNI 06-6989.14-2004 (BSE,
2004)
Addition of HNO3 < pH 2
200
AAS
SNI 6989.17-2004 (BSE, 2004)
100
Colorimetry
50
Volumetric
SNI 06-6989.30-2005 (BSE,
2005)
JIS K 0102 : 1998, 39.2
1000
Spectrophotometry
JIS K 0102: 1998, 28
1000
Gravimetric
JIS K 0102: 1998
50
Membrane Filter
SMEWW 2005: 9222 D
Chemical Parameters
1
pH
2
BOD5
mg/L
3
COD
mg/L
4
DO
mg/L
Total Chromium
mg/L
(Cr)
Ammonium
6
mg/L
(NH3-N)
7
Sulfide (H2S)
mg/L
Organic Chemical Parameters
5
1
Phenol
mg/L
2
Oil and Grease
mg/L
0C,
Cooling to 4
addition
H2SO4 < pH 2
4 drops of Zn Acetate 2 M
Dark room and cooling to
40 C
Cooling to 4 0C, addition
of H2SO4 < pH 2
Microbial Parameters
1
Fecal Coliform
Tot/100mL
Dark glass bottle
(preserved for a maximum
of 1 day)
WS-4
NO
2
PARAMETER
Total Coliform
UNIT
TREATMENT
WATER
SAMPLE
METHODS
STANDARD
Tot/100mL
Dark glass bottle
(preserved for a maximum
of 1 day)
50
Membrane Filter
SMEWW 2005: 9222 B
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Utilizing the pump, three flow variations were used to provide intake feed from the river water
to the biomembrane water treatment plant.
Cikacembang River Water Quality Prior and After by Biomembrane Plant
The processed feed from the biomembrane plant was expected to improve the quality of river
water into Class II. Hence, the processed water that has been through the biomembrane system
was compared with Government Regulation No. 82 year 2001 for the category of class II
water. The results of water quality measurements on the biomembrane with Q1 flow variation
can be seen in Table 2, Q2 flow variation in Table 3 and Q3 flow variation can be seen in
Table 4.
Table 2 Water quality discharge variation 1
NO
PARAMETER
UNIT
STANDARD
1
Inlet
Physical Parameters
0
1 Temperature
C
Total Suspended Solid
2
mg/L
(TSS)
3 Color
TCU
4 Turbidity
NTU
5 DHL
µs/cm
Chemical Parameters
1 DO
mg/L
2 pH
3 BOD
mg/L
4 Total COD
mg/L
5 COD Dissolved
mg/L
6 Total Chromium (Cr)
mg/L
7 Ammonium (NH3-N)
mg/L
8 Sulfide (H2S)
mg/L
Organic Chemical Parameters
1 Phenol
mg/L
2 Oil and Grease
Microbial Parameters
1 Fecal Coliform
Jml/ 100 mL
2 Total Coliform
Jml/ 100 mL
2
Outlet
A
3
Tank
2
Point (Q1)
4
5
6
Tank Tank Tank
4
5
3
7
Tank
6
8
Tank
10
9
Outlet
B
deviasi 3
27.8
24.6
24.4
25.1
25.3
24.9
26
26.3
26.3
50
254
8
12
20
14
10
10
14
14
50
25
550
84.9
636
258
21.8
157.5
138
9.8
175.27
53
4.6
189.2
27
2
198.1
34
1.3
208
31
1.2
229
32
0.6
393
29
1.5
229
6.0- 9.0
3
25
25
0.002
6
7.45
26.08
101
26
0
0.25
0.0130
6.6
6.93
1.11
24
7
0
0.11
0.0016
4.8
6.93
4.75
10
5.5
0
0.07
3.7
6.85
0.81
8
5.5
0
0.06
3.8
6.99
0.94
5.5
9
0
0.06
4.2
7.05
1.56
5.5
5.5
0
0.05
4.3
7.01
1.19
7
5.5
0
0.08
5.2
6.93
2.56
5.5
5.5
0
0.04
9.2
7.19
0.89
19
5.5
0
0.04
0.0023
0.001
1
0.401
0.0005
0.224
0.0006
1000
5000
4.3x 105
1.1x107
1.6x104 3.1x104
9x105 5 x 104
0.579
0.0004
7x103
0
0
1x103
2x 104 3x 104 5x 104 5x104
Notes : Water quality standards based on The Government Regulation No. 82 year 2001 for the category of II water class
WS-5
1.3x104
1x105
0
9x 104
Table 3 Water quality discharge variation 2
NO
PARAMETER
UNIT
STANDARD
1
Inlet
Physical Parameters
0
1 Temperature
C
Total Suspended Solid
2
mg/L
(TSS)
3 Color
TCU
4 Turbidity
NTU
5 DHL
µs/cm
Chemical Parameters
1 DO
mg/L
2 pH
3 BOD
mg/L
4 Total COD
mg/L
5 COD Dissolved
mg/L
6 Total Chromium (Cr)
mg/L
7 Ammonium (NH3-N)
mg/L
8 Sulfide (H2S)
mg/L
Organic Chemical Parameters
1 Phenol
mg/L
2 Oil and Grease
Microbial Parameters
1 Fecal Coliform
Jml/ 100 mL
2 Total Coliform
Jml/ 100 mL
2
Outlet
A
3
Tank
2
Point (Q2)
4
5
6
Tank Tank Tank
3
4
5
7
Tank
6
8
Tank
10
9
Outlet
B
deviasi 3
24.2
24.7
24.6
24.4
25.1
25..3
24.9
26.1
25.6
50
120
80
6
102
126
88
110
100
88
50
25
184
14.1
685.7
306
23.5
148.9
101
5.1
150.9
42
2.9
175.6
40
0.7
211.7
59
1.8
264.7
33
0.8
323.8
47
12.3
370.8
32
2.9
366.8
6.0- 9.0
3
25
25
0.002
4.69
8.3
51.87
137
40
0
0.17
0.0025
7.24
7.9
3.42
5.5
9
0
0.02
0.0022
6.83
7.4
6.78
21
5.5
0
0
4.29
7
2.38
5.5
7
0