Full Paper AIMC2017 Template STE 129
ASIA International Multidisciplinary Conference 2017
Side-Scan Sonar Techniques For The Characterization of Seabed Identification Target
In Punggur Sea, Indonesia
Sudra Irawan
a: Geomatics Engineering, Batam State Polytechnic, Ahmad Yani Street, Batam Centre, Batam 29461, Indonesia.
*Corresponding Author Email: [email protected]
Abstract
This paper has presented a unified framework for the creation of side scan sonar techniques for
characterization of seabed identification from sonar imagery. This study was carried out at December 2016 in the
Riau Islands, Indonesia (104°08.7102 E, 1°03.2448 N until 1°03.3977N 104°08.8133 E). This study using side
scan sonar C-Max CM2 with the tow fish was towed at a speed of approximately 5-7 Knots at an altitude of 10-26
m above the seabed. The system allowed the user to operate it under dual acoustic signal frequencies, at 325 KHz.
SSS surveys were performed using C-Max CM2 model operating at 325 kHz covering surface around 4.72 km.
Seabed identification target have 4 targets detection in side scan sonar imagery result. Seismic line trace of target
detection has 41 number of data collection from side scan sonar imagery after processing. The highest of seismic
line trace of target detection is the target of 3. The highest result of the time in figure 9 is 13568 cm/second and
104,325 cm in line trace target 4 of side scan sonar imagery. Highest result of line trace is target 1 with 191, 88
cm on target 1, and highest of time result is 13568 cm/second on target 4. Target 1 have a relationship with results
with highest target detection of side scan sonar imagery. Seismic figure of side scan sonar imagery have total line
trace is 4479, time: 77.9547 cm/s, and gain: 0.00271091.
Keywords: Side Scan Sonar (SSS), Target detection, SSS Imagery, Seismic.
1
Introduction
The Punggur sea is the part of the Riau Islands in Indonesia. Generally, Punggur sea still rarely done research
on the identification of seabed using the acoustic wave technology. Acoustic wave technology is a hydroacoustic
method are increasingly being used in all kinds of aquatic ecosystems in order to acquire detailed information
about stock estimation about fish abundance and seabed identification [1 and 2]. Side-scan sonar is an active sonar
system which implemented the characteristics of sideways look, two channels, narrow beam, and towed body [3].
Unlike the depth sounder or fish finder, the side-scan sonar system has been defined as an acoustic imaging device
used to provide wide-area and large-scale pictures of the floor of a body of water to locate features and objects on
the seabed [4]. Side Scan Sonar (SSS) has been defined as an acoustic imaging device used to provide wide-area,
high-resolution pictures of the seabed. This technique was developed by Professor Harold Edgerton and others in
the 1960s and is based on the Anti-Submarine Detection Investigation Committee (ASDIC) system built during
World War II to detect submarine [5]. These systems use the principle of a long antenna to generate a narrow
acoustic beam [6]. For imaging, side-scan sonar (SSS) and the emerging synthetic aperture sonar (SAS) provide
very high resolution images of up to centimetric accuracy at up to 300 m [7].
The principle of side scan sonar can be seen in Figure 1, and the system resolution: governed by the shape of
the acoustic beam and the length of the transmitted pulse [8]. So it depends on the three-dimensional distribution
of the acoustic energy of the system that affects the size of the footprint. If the side-scan sonar has low frequency
sources (10-30 kHz), the sound pulse will be transmitted and received at long range (covering a large area in a
short time) [9]. More particularly, the application of the system is wide-ranging in marine geology, marine biology,
hydrography, underwater archaeology, oceanic engineering, and surveys for military purposes. Regarding the
monitoring technologies of benthic artificial habitats, the side-scan sonar system has been proposed as the most
practical [10]. However, due to the cost of the system, the complexities of its operation procedures, the necessities
of a precise track chart for the ship, and extensive period of time and experience for data processing.
Figure 1 Principle of a side scan sonar.
1
ASIA International Multidisciplinary Conference 2017
2
Methodology
This presented data were collected at different sites located on the continental shelf of the Punggur sea. This
study was carried out at December 2016 in the Riau Islands, Indonesia (104°08.7102 E, 1°03.2448 N until
1°03.3977N 104°08.8133 E) (Figure 2). This study was using side scan sonar C-Max CM2 with the tow fish was
towed at a speed of 5-7 Knots approximately at an altitude of 10-26 m above the seabed. The broad-scale surface
sediments characterization was performed using a high-resolution C-Max CM2 Side Scan Sonar, providing digital
side-scan sonar imagery. The system allowed the user to operate it under dual acoustic signal frequencies, at 325
KHz. Positioning was completed using a GPS receiver (WGS84 datum with zone 48N) and all data were recorded
into a computer.
The gain system of G includes the effects of time-varied gain and correlation as well as the transducer
pressure-voltage gains and amplifier gains. The 12-bit value is then compressed into a coded 8-bit value before
being stored. Our estimation of G was probably accurate to within 6 dB; this is one of the largest sources of error
in our calculations. This Time-Varied Gain (TVG) is used to compensate for the decreasing intensity of the
backscattered signal and keeps the signal output within the dynamic range of the recorder. The TVG did not
continue but was actually produced in a series of 1.5 dB steps [11]. The research location can be seen on figure 2,
and the time-varied gain function (ignoring the step-like nature of the TVG) is approximated by:
TVG = - (dB - 30 log 10 (range) - 8.2 x 10-4 range) 90/dB (dB)
(1)
Which dB is a constant and range is in meters. The voltage ratio is
TVG (range) = 10 TVG/20
(2)
According to [11] discusses the methodologies for converting paper seismic records into SEGY format.
However, they did not test the use and reliability of this technique in the field. To this end, this paper presented
the work developed from [12].
Figure 2 Research location and Tracking of cruise side scan sonar in Punggur sea, Indonesia.
3
Results and Findings
Marine seismic reflection data have been collected for decades and since the mid-to late-1980s much of this
data is positioned relatively accurately. This older data provides the valuable archive. However, it is mainly stored
on paper records that do not allow easy integration with other datasets [13, 14], this result not be same with [15
and 16] using models for sonar-target geometry and acoustic backscattering and attenuation. The mosaic of side
scan sonar imagery gave many targets (Figure 3). This research identified the 4 targets in the side scan sonar
imagery and also the distance target of them. Their distance targets were 187.8 m; 137.1 m; 70.9 m; 23.7 m for
target 1 to 4 (Figure 3). The highest measure distance target is target 1 of side scan sonar imagery, and lowest
measure distance is target 4 of side scan sonar imagery, and grey mosaic of Side Scan Sonar (SSS).
The main hydrographic and geophysical equipment was a precision echo sounder [17-20] with a shallow
towed, heave compensated transducer, a deep towed, depth compensated, high resolution boomer and a deep
towed, single channel, high resolution side scan sonar (Figure 4). The increased knowledge about pockmark
features were resulted from this survey, it was mainly achieved by the side scan sonar which was towed at an
optimum altitude (10-26 m) above the bottom, regardless of the (actual) water depth. This was done with normal
profiling speed (657knots). In relation to experience gained from previous surveys with standard surface towed
equipment, it was found at the deep towed boomer (towing depth 20-38 m) gave two main advantages (Figure 4).
2
ASIA International Multidisciplinary Conference 2017
Figure 3 Position of Side Scan Sonar Imagery.
Figure 4 Target detection and Grey mosaic of Side Scan Sonar Imagery.
Figure 5 Seismic line trace of target detection.
3
ASIA International Multidisciplinary Conference 2017
Figure 6 Seismic of Side Scan Sonar Imagery.
The SSS survey were performed by using C-Max CM2 model operating at 325 kHz covering surface around
4.72 km in Punggur sea, Indonesia. The boat was positioned by real-time differential GPS and surveys were usually
conducted during calm sea conditions. The SSS was towed at a depth between 4-8 m above the sea bottom. This
result can be seen in Figure 4. Seismic line trace of target detection have 41 number of data collection from side
scan sonar imagery after processing. The highest of seismic line trace of target detection is target 3 with 1664
(Figure 5).
Figure 7 Line trace (cm) vs time (cm/second) target 1.
Figure 8 Line trace (cm) vs time (cm/second) target 2.
4
ASIA International Multidisciplinary Conference 2017
Figure 9 Line trace (cm) vs time (cm/second) target 3.
Figure 10 Line trace (cm) vs time (cm/second) target 4.
The result output from the algorithm of mosaic was given in Figure 3 and 4, which shows a mosaic obtained
from geo-referencing the data from Fig. 4. Figure of line trace vs time have max data is 200 on line trace and 220
x 103 time in target 2 (Figure 7). The highest result of the time in figure 6 is 12928 cm/second and 191.88 cm in
line trace target 1 of side scan sonar imagery (Figure 6). The highest result of the time in figure 7 is 9968 cm/second
and 57, 525 cm in line trace target 2 of side scan sonar imagery (Figure 7). Highest result of the time in figure 8 is
13440 cm/second and 186, 615 cm in line trace target 3 of side scan sonar imagery (Figure 8). Highest result of
the time in figure 9 is 13568 cm/second and 104, 325 cm in line trace target 4 of side scan sonar imagery (Figure
9). Highest result of line trace is target 1 with 191, 88 cm on target 1, and highest of time result is 13568 cm/second
on target 4. Target 1 have a relationship with results with highest target detection of side scan sonar imagery
(Figure 4). Seismic figure of side scan sonar imagery have total line trace is 4479, time: 77.9547 cm/s, and gain:
0.00271091 (Figure 6).
4.
Conclusion
In this study, The side scan sonar technique could be applied to characterize the seabed identification. In Punggur
sea has been identified as much as 4 targets. Their distance target also could be seen of each other. The target of 1
have the highest value of distance target as well as 187.8 m and the target of 4 have the lowest value of the distance
target as well as 23.7 m. The increased knowledge about pockmark features were resulted from this survey, it was
mainly achieved by the side scan sonar which was towed at an optimum altitude (10-26 m) above the bottom,
regardless of the (actual) water depth. In relation to experience gained from previous surveys with standard surface
towed equipment, it was found at the deep towed boomer (towing depth 20-38 m) gave two main advantages. The
highest result of the line trace was the target 1 with 191, 88 cm, and highest of time result is 13568 cm/second on
target 4. Target 1 have a relationship with results with highest target detection of side scan sonar imagery.
5
ASIA International Multidisciplinary Conference 2017
Acknowledgements
This research is fully supported by Batam Polytechnic, Marine Instrumentation and Application Club (MIAC)
member: Dirgan Timbang, Adit, Fajar Rizki, Ganda Surya, Diaz, Perdi Novanto Sihombing, Gio Fitra Tirta, Deny
Gusprianto, Bram, Indonesia and PT Hidronav Tehnikatama, Indonesia.
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
[15]
[16]
[17]
[18]
[19]
[20]
REFERENCES
Lubis, M. Z., & Manik, H. M. (2017). Acoustic systems (split beam echo sounder) to determine abundance
of fish in marine fisheries. Journal of Geoscience, Engineering, Environment, and Technology, 2(1), 7483.
Lubis, M. Z., & Anurogo, W. (2016). Fish stock estimation in Sikka Regency Waters, Indonesia using Single
Beam Echosounder (CruzPro fish finder PcFF-80) with hydroacoustic survey method. Aceh Journal of
Animal Science, 1(2).
Lubis, M. Z., Anurogo, W., Khoirunnisa, H., Irawan, S., Gustin, O., & Roziqin, A. (2017). Using Side-Scan
Sonar instrument to Characterize and map of seabed identification target in punggur sea of the Riau
Islands, Indonesia. Journal of Geoscience, Engineering, Environment, and Technology, 2(1), 1-8.
Leenhardt, O. (2015). Side scanning sonar-a theoretical study. The International Hydrographic Review,
51(1).
Kenny, AJ, Cato, I, Desprez, M, Fader, G, Schuttenhelm, R.T.E. and Side, J., (2003). “An overview of
seabed-mapping technologies in the context of marine habitat classification.” ICES Journal of Marine
Science 60:411–418.
Châtillon, J., Adams, A. E., Lawlor, M. A., & Zakharia, M. E. (1999). SAMI: A low-frequency prototype for
mapping and imaging of the seabed by means of synthetic aperture. IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering,
24(1), 4-15.
Ruiz, I. T., De Raucourt, S., Petillot, Y., & Lane, D. M. (2004). Concurrent mapping and localization using
sidescan sonar. IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering, 29(2), 442-456.
Furre, A. K., Ringrose, P., Cavanagh, A., Janbu, A. D., & Hagen, S. (2014). Characterisation of a
Submarine Glacial Channel and Related Linear Features. In Near Surface Geoscience 2014-First Applied
Shallow Marine Geophysics Conference.
Ruffell, A. (2014). Lacustrine flow (divers, side scan sonar, hydrogeology, water penetrating radar) used
to understand the location of a drowned person. Journal of Hydrology, 513, 164-168.
Powers, J., Brewer, S. K., Long, J. M., & Campbell, T. (2015). Evaluating the use of side-scan sonar for
detecting freshwater mussel beds in turbid river environments. Hydrobiologia, 743(1), 127-137.
Sopher, D. (2016). Characterization of the structure, stratigraphy and CO2 storage potential of the Swedish
sector of the Baltic and Hanö Bay basins using seismic reflection methods.
Owen, M. J., Maslin, M. A., Day, S. J., & Long, D. (2015). Testing the reliability of paper seismic record
to SEGY conversion on the surface and shallow sub-surface geology of the Barra Fan (NE Atlantic Ocean).
Marine and Petroleum Geology, 61, 69-81.
Anitha, U., & Malarkkan, S. (2017). Analysis of Edge Detection Techniques for Side Scan Sonar Image
Using Block Processing and Fuzzy Logic Methods. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Data
Engineering and Communication Technology (pp. 363-370). Springer Singapore.
Bollinger, M., & Kline, R. (2015). Validating side scan sonar as a fish survey tool over artificial reefs in
the Gulf of Mexico. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 137(4), 2334-2334.
Buscombe, D. (2017). Shallow water benthic imaging and substrate characterization using recreationalgrade sidescan-sonar. Environmental Modelling & Software, 89, 1-18.
Fakiris, E., Zoura, D., Papatheodorou, G., & Ferentinos, G. (2016). Automatic benthic habitat maping in
Lourdas gulf, Kefalonia, combining Side-scan Sonar and Sub-bottom Profiler data.
Wong, H. K., Chesterman, W. D., & Bromhall, J. D. (2015). Comparative side-scan sonar and photographic
survey of a coral bank. The International Hydrographic Review, 47(2).
Zhang, J., Tao, B., Liu, H., Jiang, W., Gou, Z., & Wen, F. (2016). A mosaic method based on feature
matching for side scan sonar images. In Ocean Acoustics (COA), 2016 IEEE/OES China (pp. 1-6). IEEE.
Mienert, J., & Weaver, P. (Eds.). (2012). European margin sediment dynamics: side-scan sonar and seismic
images. Springer Science & Business Media.
Ruffell, A. (2014). Lacustrine flow (divers, side scan sonar, hydrogeology, water penetrating radar) used
to understand the location of a drowned person. Journal of Hydrology, 513, 164-168.
6
Side-Scan Sonar Techniques For The Characterization of Seabed Identification Target
In Punggur Sea, Indonesia
Sudra Irawan
a: Geomatics Engineering, Batam State Polytechnic, Ahmad Yani Street, Batam Centre, Batam 29461, Indonesia.
*Corresponding Author Email: [email protected]
Abstract
This paper has presented a unified framework for the creation of side scan sonar techniques for
characterization of seabed identification from sonar imagery. This study was carried out at December 2016 in the
Riau Islands, Indonesia (104°08.7102 E, 1°03.2448 N until 1°03.3977N 104°08.8133 E). This study using side
scan sonar C-Max CM2 with the tow fish was towed at a speed of approximately 5-7 Knots at an altitude of 10-26
m above the seabed. The system allowed the user to operate it under dual acoustic signal frequencies, at 325 KHz.
SSS surveys were performed using C-Max CM2 model operating at 325 kHz covering surface around 4.72 km.
Seabed identification target have 4 targets detection in side scan sonar imagery result. Seismic line trace of target
detection has 41 number of data collection from side scan sonar imagery after processing. The highest of seismic
line trace of target detection is the target of 3. The highest result of the time in figure 9 is 13568 cm/second and
104,325 cm in line trace target 4 of side scan sonar imagery. Highest result of line trace is target 1 with 191, 88
cm on target 1, and highest of time result is 13568 cm/second on target 4. Target 1 have a relationship with results
with highest target detection of side scan sonar imagery. Seismic figure of side scan sonar imagery have total line
trace is 4479, time: 77.9547 cm/s, and gain: 0.00271091.
Keywords: Side Scan Sonar (SSS), Target detection, SSS Imagery, Seismic.
1
Introduction
The Punggur sea is the part of the Riau Islands in Indonesia. Generally, Punggur sea still rarely done research
on the identification of seabed using the acoustic wave technology. Acoustic wave technology is a hydroacoustic
method are increasingly being used in all kinds of aquatic ecosystems in order to acquire detailed information
about stock estimation about fish abundance and seabed identification [1 and 2]. Side-scan sonar is an active sonar
system which implemented the characteristics of sideways look, two channels, narrow beam, and towed body [3].
Unlike the depth sounder or fish finder, the side-scan sonar system has been defined as an acoustic imaging device
used to provide wide-area and large-scale pictures of the floor of a body of water to locate features and objects on
the seabed [4]. Side Scan Sonar (SSS) has been defined as an acoustic imaging device used to provide wide-area,
high-resolution pictures of the seabed. This technique was developed by Professor Harold Edgerton and others in
the 1960s and is based on the Anti-Submarine Detection Investigation Committee (ASDIC) system built during
World War II to detect submarine [5]. These systems use the principle of a long antenna to generate a narrow
acoustic beam [6]. For imaging, side-scan sonar (SSS) and the emerging synthetic aperture sonar (SAS) provide
very high resolution images of up to centimetric accuracy at up to 300 m [7].
The principle of side scan sonar can be seen in Figure 1, and the system resolution: governed by the shape of
the acoustic beam and the length of the transmitted pulse [8]. So it depends on the three-dimensional distribution
of the acoustic energy of the system that affects the size of the footprint. If the side-scan sonar has low frequency
sources (10-30 kHz), the sound pulse will be transmitted and received at long range (covering a large area in a
short time) [9]. More particularly, the application of the system is wide-ranging in marine geology, marine biology,
hydrography, underwater archaeology, oceanic engineering, and surveys for military purposes. Regarding the
monitoring technologies of benthic artificial habitats, the side-scan sonar system has been proposed as the most
practical [10]. However, due to the cost of the system, the complexities of its operation procedures, the necessities
of a precise track chart for the ship, and extensive period of time and experience for data processing.
Figure 1 Principle of a side scan sonar.
1
ASIA International Multidisciplinary Conference 2017
2
Methodology
This presented data were collected at different sites located on the continental shelf of the Punggur sea. This
study was carried out at December 2016 in the Riau Islands, Indonesia (104°08.7102 E, 1°03.2448 N until
1°03.3977N 104°08.8133 E) (Figure 2). This study was using side scan sonar C-Max CM2 with the tow fish was
towed at a speed of 5-7 Knots approximately at an altitude of 10-26 m above the seabed. The broad-scale surface
sediments characterization was performed using a high-resolution C-Max CM2 Side Scan Sonar, providing digital
side-scan sonar imagery. The system allowed the user to operate it under dual acoustic signal frequencies, at 325
KHz. Positioning was completed using a GPS receiver (WGS84 datum with zone 48N) and all data were recorded
into a computer.
The gain system of G includes the effects of time-varied gain and correlation as well as the transducer
pressure-voltage gains and amplifier gains. The 12-bit value is then compressed into a coded 8-bit value before
being stored. Our estimation of G was probably accurate to within 6 dB; this is one of the largest sources of error
in our calculations. This Time-Varied Gain (TVG) is used to compensate for the decreasing intensity of the
backscattered signal and keeps the signal output within the dynamic range of the recorder. The TVG did not
continue but was actually produced in a series of 1.5 dB steps [11]. The research location can be seen on figure 2,
and the time-varied gain function (ignoring the step-like nature of the TVG) is approximated by:
TVG = - (dB - 30 log 10 (range) - 8.2 x 10-4 range) 90/dB (dB)
(1)
Which dB is a constant and range is in meters. The voltage ratio is
TVG (range) = 10 TVG/20
(2)
According to [11] discusses the methodologies for converting paper seismic records into SEGY format.
However, they did not test the use and reliability of this technique in the field. To this end, this paper presented
the work developed from [12].
Figure 2 Research location and Tracking of cruise side scan sonar in Punggur sea, Indonesia.
3
Results and Findings
Marine seismic reflection data have been collected for decades and since the mid-to late-1980s much of this
data is positioned relatively accurately. This older data provides the valuable archive. However, it is mainly stored
on paper records that do not allow easy integration with other datasets [13, 14], this result not be same with [15
and 16] using models for sonar-target geometry and acoustic backscattering and attenuation. The mosaic of side
scan sonar imagery gave many targets (Figure 3). This research identified the 4 targets in the side scan sonar
imagery and also the distance target of them. Their distance targets were 187.8 m; 137.1 m; 70.9 m; 23.7 m for
target 1 to 4 (Figure 3). The highest measure distance target is target 1 of side scan sonar imagery, and lowest
measure distance is target 4 of side scan sonar imagery, and grey mosaic of Side Scan Sonar (SSS).
The main hydrographic and geophysical equipment was a precision echo sounder [17-20] with a shallow
towed, heave compensated transducer, a deep towed, depth compensated, high resolution boomer and a deep
towed, single channel, high resolution side scan sonar (Figure 4). The increased knowledge about pockmark
features were resulted from this survey, it was mainly achieved by the side scan sonar which was towed at an
optimum altitude (10-26 m) above the bottom, regardless of the (actual) water depth. This was done with normal
profiling speed (657knots). In relation to experience gained from previous surveys with standard surface towed
equipment, it was found at the deep towed boomer (towing depth 20-38 m) gave two main advantages (Figure 4).
2
ASIA International Multidisciplinary Conference 2017
Figure 3 Position of Side Scan Sonar Imagery.
Figure 4 Target detection and Grey mosaic of Side Scan Sonar Imagery.
Figure 5 Seismic line trace of target detection.
3
ASIA International Multidisciplinary Conference 2017
Figure 6 Seismic of Side Scan Sonar Imagery.
The SSS survey were performed by using C-Max CM2 model operating at 325 kHz covering surface around
4.72 km in Punggur sea, Indonesia. The boat was positioned by real-time differential GPS and surveys were usually
conducted during calm sea conditions. The SSS was towed at a depth between 4-8 m above the sea bottom. This
result can be seen in Figure 4. Seismic line trace of target detection have 41 number of data collection from side
scan sonar imagery after processing. The highest of seismic line trace of target detection is target 3 with 1664
(Figure 5).
Figure 7 Line trace (cm) vs time (cm/second) target 1.
Figure 8 Line trace (cm) vs time (cm/second) target 2.
4
ASIA International Multidisciplinary Conference 2017
Figure 9 Line trace (cm) vs time (cm/second) target 3.
Figure 10 Line trace (cm) vs time (cm/second) target 4.
The result output from the algorithm of mosaic was given in Figure 3 and 4, which shows a mosaic obtained
from geo-referencing the data from Fig. 4. Figure of line trace vs time have max data is 200 on line trace and 220
x 103 time in target 2 (Figure 7). The highest result of the time in figure 6 is 12928 cm/second and 191.88 cm in
line trace target 1 of side scan sonar imagery (Figure 6). The highest result of the time in figure 7 is 9968 cm/second
and 57, 525 cm in line trace target 2 of side scan sonar imagery (Figure 7). Highest result of the time in figure 8 is
13440 cm/second and 186, 615 cm in line trace target 3 of side scan sonar imagery (Figure 8). Highest result of
the time in figure 9 is 13568 cm/second and 104, 325 cm in line trace target 4 of side scan sonar imagery (Figure
9). Highest result of line trace is target 1 with 191, 88 cm on target 1, and highest of time result is 13568 cm/second
on target 4. Target 1 have a relationship with results with highest target detection of side scan sonar imagery
(Figure 4). Seismic figure of side scan sonar imagery have total line trace is 4479, time: 77.9547 cm/s, and gain:
0.00271091 (Figure 6).
4.
Conclusion
In this study, The side scan sonar technique could be applied to characterize the seabed identification. In Punggur
sea has been identified as much as 4 targets. Their distance target also could be seen of each other. The target of 1
have the highest value of distance target as well as 187.8 m and the target of 4 have the lowest value of the distance
target as well as 23.7 m. The increased knowledge about pockmark features were resulted from this survey, it was
mainly achieved by the side scan sonar which was towed at an optimum altitude (10-26 m) above the bottom,
regardless of the (actual) water depth. In relation to experience gained from previous surveys with standard surface
towed equipment, it was found at the deep towed boomer (towing depth 20-38 m) gave two main advantages. The
highest result of the line trace was the target 1 with 191, 88 cm, and highest of time result is 13568 cm/second on
target 4. Target 1 have a relationship with results with highest target detection of side scan sonar imagery.
5
ASIA International Multidisciplinary Conference 2017
Acknowledgements
This research is fully supported by Batam Polytechnic, Marine Instrumentation and Application Club (MIAC)
member: Dirgan Timbang, Adit, Fajar Rizki, Ganda Surya, Diaz, Perdi Novanto Sihombing, Gio Fitra Tirta, Deny
Gusprianto, Bram, Indonesia and PT Hidronav Tehnikatama, Indonesia.
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
[15]
[16]
[17]
[18]
[19]
[20]
REFERENCES
Lubis, M. Z., & Manik, H. M. (2017). Acoustic systems (split beam echo sounder) to determine abundance
of fish in marine fisheries. Journal of Geoscience, Engineering, Environment, and Technology, 2(1), 7483.
Lubis, M. Z., & Anurogo, W. (2016). Fish stock estimation in Sikka Regency Waters, Indonesia using Single
Beam Echosounder (CruzPro fish finder PcFF-80) with hydroacoustic survey method. Aceh Journal of
Animal Science, 1(2).
Lubis, M. Z., Anurogo, W., Khoirunnisa, H., Irawan, S., Gustin, O., & Roziqin, A. (2017). Using Side-Scan
Sonar instrument to Characterize and map of seabed identification target in punggur sea of the Riau
Islands, Indonesia. Journal of Geoscience, Engineering, Environment, and Technology, 2(1), 1-8.
Leenhardt, O. (2015). Side scanning sonar-a theoretical study. The International Hydrographic Review,
51(1).
Kenny, AJ, Cato, I, Desprez, M, Fader, G, Schuttenhelm, R.T.E. and Side, J., (2003). “An overview of
seabed-mapping technologies in the context of marine habitat classification.” ICES Journal of Marine
Science 60:411–418.
Châtillon, J., Adams, A. E., Lawlor, M. A., & Zakharia, M. E. (1999). SAMI: A low-frequency prototype for
mapping and imaging of the seabed by means of synthetic aperture. IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering,
24(1), 4-15.
Ruiz, I. T., De Raucourt, S., Petillot, Y., & Lane, D. M. (2004). Concurrent mapping and localization using
sidescan sonar. IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering, 29(2), 442-456.
Furre, A. K., Ringrose, P., Cavanagh, A., Janbu, A. D., & Hagen, S. (2014). Characterisation of a
Submarine Glacial Channel and Related Linear Features. In Near Surface Geoscience 2014-First Applied
Shallow Marine Geophysics Conference.
Ruffell, A. (2014). Lacustrine flow (divers, side scan sonar, hydrogeology, water penetrating radar) used
to understand the location of a drowned person. Journal of Hydrology, 513, 164-168.
Powers, J., Brewer, S. K., Long, J. M., & Campbell, T. (2015). Evaluating the use of side-scan sonar for
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