Staff Site Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta
PENG EMBANG AN SO AL
WRITING
Nunik Sug e sti 08122785845
nn_sug e sti@ ya ho o .c o m
nuniksug e sti@ uny.a c .id
Unive rsita s Ne g e ri Yo g ya ka rta
WRI TI NG
o Not j ust about accuracy
o Also about having a m essage and
com m unicat ing successfully t o ot her
people
1
WHAT I S NEEDED?
o Having enough ideas
o Organising t hem well
o Expressing t hem in an appropriat e
st yle
MI CROSKI LLS FOR WRI TI NG
o Produce graphem es and ort hographic
pat t erns of English
o Produce writ int at an efficient rat e of
speed t o suit t he purpose
o Produce an accept able core of words
and use appropriat e word order
pat t erns
o Use accept able gram m at ical syst em s,
pat t erns, and rules
2
o Express a part icular m eaning in
different gram m at ical form s
o Use cohesive devices in writ t en
discourse
o Use t he rhet orical form s and
convent ions of writ t en discourse
o Appropriat ely accom plish t he
com m unicat ive funct ions of writ t en
t ext s according t o form and purpose
o Convey links and connect ions
bet w een event s and com m unicat e
such relat ions as m ain idea,
support ing idea, new inform at ion,
given inform at ion, generalizat ion, and
exem plificat ion
o Dist inguish bet ween lit eral and
im plied m eanings when writ ing
3
o Correct ly convey cult urally specific
reference in t he cont ext of t he writ t en t ext
o Dev elop and use a bat t ery of w rit ing
st rat egies, such as accurat ely assessing t he
audience’s int er pr et at ion, using pr ewrit ing
devices, w rit ing wit h fluency in t he first
draft s, using paraphrases and sy nonym s,
solicit ing peer and inst r uct or feedback, and
using feedback for revising and edit ing
CHARACTERI STI CS OF A GOOD
TEST
o Validit y ( cont ent , em pirical, face)
- What pr ecisely does t he t est m easur e?
- How w ell does t he t est m easur e?
o Reliabilit y ( t he st abilit y of t est scores)
o Pract icalit y
- econom y
- ease of adm inist rat ion and scoring
- ease of int er pr et at ion
4
GENERAL COMPONENTS OF
WRI TI NG
o
o
o
o
o
Cont ent
Form
Gram m ar
St yle
Mechanics
WRI TI NG TESTS
o Obj ect ive t est s
o Com posit ion t est s
5
COMPOSI TI ON TESTS ( advant ages)
o Measuring cert ain writ ing abilit ies
m ore effect ively
o Mot ivat ing st udent s t o im prove t heir
writ ing
o Being m uch easier and quicker t o
prepare
COMPOSI TI ON TESTS
( disadvant ages)
o Being unreliable m easures
1. different st udent s’ perform ance on
different t opics and occasions
2. subj ect ive scoring
o Providing st udent s chance t o cover up
avoiding problem s t hey find difficult
o Requiring m uch scoring t im e
6
I MPROVI NG THE EFFECTI VENESS OF
COMPOSI TI ON TESTS
o Arrange t o t ake several sam ples,
rat her t han j ust one
o Set writ ing t asks t hat are w it hin t he
reach of all
o Make t he writ ing t asks clear and
specific; provide full direct ions
o Allow no alt ernat ives
o Pret est t he writ ing t est assignm ent s
WHI CH TO USE?
o Well const ruct ed obj ect ive t est s
o Com posit ion t est s w it h clear
adm inist rat ion and scoring syst em
o A com binat ion of t he t wo t ypes
7
OBJECTI VE TESTS
o Error recognit ion
o Sent ence com plet ion
o Sent ence correct ion
ERROR RECOGNI TI ON
The posit ion t aken in his m ost recent
A
B
speeches seem t o indicat e a w illingness
C
t o com prom ise. No error
D
E
8
SENTENCE COMPLETI ON
During his last year in office, his
popularit y w it h t he vot ers ….
A. descended dow nward sw ift ly
B. quickly t ouched bot t om
C. declined very suddenly
D. rapidly plunged under
SENTENCE CORRECTI ON
While wat ching from our window, t he
great ship slow ly ent ered t he harbor,
whist le blow ing and crew cheering.
A. While wat ch
B. Upon wat ching
C. As we wat ched
D. Having been wat ched
9
CATEGORI ES FOR EVALUATI NG
WRI TI NG ( Brown, 1991)
o
o
o
o
o
o
Cont ent
Organizat ion
Discourse
Synt ax
Vocabulary
Mechanics
10
WRITING
Nunik Sug e sti 08122785845
nn_sug e sti@ ya ho o .c o m
nuniksug e sti@ uny.a c .id
Unive rsita s Ne g e ri Yo g ya ka rta
WRI TI NG
o Not j ust about accuracy
o Also about having a m essage and
com m unicat ing successfully t o ot her
people
1
WHAT I S NEEDED?
o Having enough ideas
o Organising t hem well
o Expressing t hem in an appropriat e
st yle
MI CROSKI LLS FOR WRI TI NG
o Produce graphem es and ort hographic
pat t erns of English
o Produce writ int at an efficient rat e of
speed t o suit t he purpose
o Produce an accept able core of words
and use appropriat e word order
pat t erns
o Use accept able gram m at ical syst em s,
pat t erns, and rules
2
o Express a part icular m eaning in
different gram m at ical form s
o Use cohesive devices in writ t en
discourse
o Use t he rhet orical form s and
convent ions of writ t en discourse
o Appropriat ely accom plish t he
com m unicat ive funct ions of writ t en
t ext s according t o form and purpose
o Convey links and connect ions
bet w een event s and com m unicat e
such relat ions as m ain idea,
support ing idea, new inform at ion,
given inform at ion, generalizat ion, and
exem plificat ion
o Dist inguish bet ween lit eral and
im plied m eanings when writ ing
3
o Correct ly convey cult urally specific
reference in t he cont ext of t he writ t en t ext
o Dev elop and use a bat t ery of w rit ing
st rat egies, such as accurat ely assessing t he
audience’s int er pr et at ion, using pr ewrit ing
devices, w rit ing wit h fluency in t he first
draft s, using paraphrases and sy nonym s,
solicit ing peer and inst r uct or feedback, and
using feedback for revising and edit ing
CHARACTERI STI CS OF A GOOD
TEST
o Validit y ( cont ent , em pirical, face)
- What pr ecisely does t he t est m easur e?
- How w ell does t he t est m easur e?
o Reliabilit y ( t he st abilit y of t est scores)
o Pract icalit y
- econom y
- ease of adm inist rat ion and scoring
- ease of int er pr et at ion
4
GENERAL COMPONENTS OF
WRI TI NG
o
o
o
o
o
Cont ent
Form
Gram m ar
St yle
Mechanics
WRI TI NG TESTS
o Obj ect ive t est s
o Com posit ion t est s
5
COMPOSI TI ON TESTS ( advant ages)
o Measuring cert ain writ ing abilit ies
m ore effect ively
o Mot ivat ing st udent s t o im prove t heir
writ ing
o Being m uch easier and quicker t o
prepare
COMPOSI TI ON TESTS
( disadvant ages)
o Being unreliable m easures
1. different st udent s’ perform ance on
different t opics and occasions
2. subj ect ive scoring
o Providing st udent s chance t o cover up
avoiding problem s t hey find difficult
o Requiring m uch scoring t im e
6
I MPROVI NG THE EFFECTI VENESS OF
COMPOSI TI ON TESTS
o Arrange t o t ake several sam ples,
rat her t han j ust one
o Set writ ing t asks t hat are w it hin t he
reach of all
o Make t he writ ing t asks clear and
specific; provide full direct ions
o Allow no alt ernat ives
o Pret est t he writ ing t est assignm ent s
WHI CH TO USE?
o Well const ruct ed obj ect ive t est s
o Com posit ion t est s w it h clear
adm inist rat ion and scoring syst em
o A com binat ion of t he t wo t ypes
7
OBJECTI VE TESTS
o Error recognit ion
o Sent ence com plet ion
o Sent ence correct ion
ERROR RECOGNI TI ON
The posit ion t aken in his m ost recent
A
B
speeches seem t o indicat e a w illingness
C
t o com prom ise. No error
D
E
8
SENTENCE COMPLETI ON
During his last year in office, his
popularit y w it h t he vot ers ….
A. descended dow nward sw ift ly
B. quickly t ouched bot t om
C. declined very suddenly
D. rapidly plunged under
SENTENCE CORRECTI ON
While wat ching from our window, t he
great ship slow ly ent ered t he harbor,
whist le blow ing and crew cheering.
A. While wat ch
B. Upon wat ching
C. As we wat ched
D. Having been wat ched
9
CATEGORI ES FOR EVALUATI NG
WRI TI NG ( Brown, 1991)
o
o
o
o
o
o
Cont ent
Organizat ion
Discourse
Synt ax
Vocabulary
Mechanics
10