The Analysis of code-switching phenomena in campursari songs.
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ABSTRACT
Anggraini, T.G. (2015) The Analysis of Code-Switching Phenomena in
Campursari Songs.Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma University.
Indonesia is one of the countries with multilingual society. Indonesians
tend to mix two languages in their daily communications. Due to its multilingual
situation, a sociolinguistic phenomenon called code-switching happened in
Indonesia. Code-switching is a process of people to switch one language to
another language (Wardhaugh, 2010).
In many of Indonesian’s big cities, English is taught as a compulsory
subject in schools. Most Indonesians are familiar to English firstly as a lesson in
school. English is a compulsory subject at junior high school; but the children are
also introduced to English through television programs. Since they are familiar
with English, they start to code-switch. Finally, people at the regional district
copy the code-switching habit done by the people from big cities. Nowadays,
people code-switch their local languages, not only Bahasa Indonesia to English.
This research analyzes the code-switching phenomena in 32 campursari
songs. This research had two research questions to be answered. They were 1)
what are the types of code-switching in campursari songs? and 2) what are the
possible reasons for code-switching in campursari songs?
The method used was sociolinguistics analysis (Holmes, 1992), qualitative
research (Denzin & Lincoln, 2005), and content analysis (Fraenkel and Wallen,
2008). The primary instrument was the writer. In order to assist the data gathering,
the writer used observation checklist developed based on McCormick (1994)
theories. The steps to conduct this research were choosing the songs, making the
transcript of the song’s lyrics, listing the sentences which contain code-switching,
filling the checklist of the types of code-switching, and filling the checklist of the
possible reasons for code-switching, analyzing the data, and making the
conclusions.
The findings showed that there were 47 code-switching cases in 32
campursari songs. The writer found that the most frequent code-switching type in
campursari songs were metaphoric and single-word code-switching. The most
frequent possible reasons for code-switching in those songs was the artistic aspect.
Code-switching can enhance English learning process. It can boost the
learning process when the appropriate code-switching with correct English is
presented to the learners. Learners can possibly learn more from theuseof correct
pronunciation, vocabulary, and grammar from the code-switching.Otherwise, the
learning process can be hindered because of the inappropriate or incorrect codeswitching.
Keywords: multilingualism, code-switching, song, content analysis
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ABSTRAK
Anggraini,T.G. (2015) The Analysis of Code-Switching Phenomena in
Campursari Songs. Yogyakarta: Universitas Sanata Dharma
Indonesia merupakan salah satu negara dengan etnis yang beragam, hal
ini mendukung adanya masyarakat yang multilingual. Masyarakat Indonesia
cenderung menggunakan dua bahasa dalam percakapan sehari-hari mereka.
Dengan masyarakat yang multilingual, terjadilah suatu fenomena linguistik yang
disebut alih-kode. Alih-kode merupakan suatu proses dimana pembicara
mengalihkan suatu bahasake bahasa lain (Wardhaugh, 2010).
Di banyak kota besar diIndonesia, Bahasa Inggris diajarkan sebagai
sebuah mata pelajaran wajib di sekolah. Kebanyakan orang Indonesia familiar
dengan bahasa Inggris karena Bahasa Inggris merupakan mata pelajaran wajib
sejak Sekolah Menengah Pertama, bahkan anak-anak sudah mulai mengenal
Bahasa Inggris dari program televise. Karena semakin akrab dengan Bahasa
Inggris, masyarakat mulai melakukan alih-kode. Awalnya masyarakat hanya
mengalih-kode Bahasa Indonesia ke Bahasa Inggris, sekarang bahasa daerah;
Bahasa Jawa pun dialih-kode ke Bahasa Inggris.
Penelitian ini menganalisa fenomena alih-kode di lagu campursari
berbahasa Jawa. Terdapat dua buah pertanyaan yang akan dijawab di penelitian
ini 1) tipe alih-kode apa saja yang terdapat dilagu campursari? 2) kemungkinan
alasan alih-kode apa saja yang terdapat di lagu campursari?
Metode yang digunakan untuk melakukan penelitian ini adalah analisis
sosiolinguistik (Holmes, 1992), penelitian kualitatif (Denzin & Lincoln, 2005),
dan analisis konten (Fraenkel and Wallen, 2008). Instrumen utamanya adalah
penulisnya sendiri. Penulis juga menggunakan observation checklist yang
dikembangkan dari teori Holmes (1992) dan McCromick (1994) untuk membantu
mengumpulkan data. Penulis melakukan beberapa langkah untuk melakukan
penelitian ini, yaitu memilih lagu-lagu, membuat transkrip lirik lagu, mendata
kalimat-kalimat yang mengandung alih-kode, mengisi checklist jenis alih-kode,
mengisi checklist kemungkinan alasan alih-kode, menganalisa hasil penelitian,
dan membuat kesimpulan.
Ditemukan 47 alih-kode di 32 lagu campursari. Penulis menemukan jenis
alih-kode terbanyak di lagu campursari adalah metaphoric code-switching.
Penulis menemukan kemungkinan alasan terbesar untuk alih-kode di lagu
campursari tersebut adalah alasan artistik.
Alih kode dapat meningkatkan proses pembelajaran Bahasa Inggris. Alihkode dapat mendukung pembelajaran Bahasa Inggris apabila alih-kode tersebut
mengandung Bahasa Inggris yang tepat. Pelajar dapat belajar lebih cepat dari
penggunaan pelafalan, kosakata, dan tata Bahasa Inggris yang benar oleh pelaku
alih-kode. Sebaliknya, alih-kode dapat menghambat proses pembelajaran apabila
Bahasa Inggris yang dipaparkan tidak tepat.
Kata kunci: multilingualisme, alih kode, lagu, analisis konten
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THE ANALYSIS OF CODE-SWITCHING PHENOMENA
IN CAMPURSARI SONGS
A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
To Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education
By
Tika Galin Anggraini
Student Number: 101214093
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM
DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION
FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2015
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THE ANALYSIS OF CODE-SWITCHING PHENOMENA
IN CAMPURSARI SONGS
A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
To Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education
By
Tika Galin Anggraini
Student Number: 101214093
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM
DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION
FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2015
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STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY
I honestly declare that this thesis, which I have written, does not contain the work
or parts of the work of other people, except those cited in the quotations and
references, as a scientific paper should.
Yogyakarta,May 15th,2015
The Writer,
TikaGalinAnggraini
101214093
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LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN
PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPANTINGAN AKADEMIS
Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswi Universitas Sanata Dharma:
Nama
: Tika Galin Anggraini
Nomor Mahasiswa
: 101214093
Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan saya memberikan kepada perpustakaan
universitas Sanata Dharma kaya ilmiah saya yang berjudul
The Analysis of Code-Switching Phenomenain Campursari Songs
beserta alat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian, saya memberikan
kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan,
mengalihkan dalam bentuk lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data,
mendistribusikannya secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di internet atau
media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin maupun royalty
kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.
Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya.
Dibuat di Yogyakarta
Pada tanggal: 24 April 2015
Yang menyatakan,
Tika Galin Anggraini
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ABSTRACT
Anggraini, T.G. (2015) The Analysis of Code-Switching Phenomena in
Campursari Songs.Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma University.
Indonesia is one of the countries with multilingual society. Indonesians
tend to mix two languages in their daily communications. Due to its multilingual
situation, a sociolinguistic phenomenon called code-switching happened in
Indonesia. Code-switching is a process of people to switch one language to
another language (Wardhaugh, 2010).
In many of Indonesian’s big cities, English is taught as a compulsory
subject in schools. Most Indonesians are familiar to English firstly as a lesson in
school. English is a compulsory subject at junior high school; but the children are
also introduced to English through television programs. Since they are familiar
with English, they start to code-switch. Finally, people at the regional district
copy the code-switching habit done by the people from big cities. Nowadays,
people code-switch their local languages, not only Bahasa Indonesia to English.
This research analyzes the code-switching phenomena in 32 campursari
songs. This research had two research questions to be answered. They were 1)
what are the types of code-switching in campursari songs? and 2) what are the
possible reasons for code-switching in campursari songs?
The method used was sociolinguistics analysis (Holmes, 1992), qualitative
research (Denzin & Lincoln, 2005), and content analysis (Fraenkel and Wallen,
2008). The primary instrument was the writer. In order to assist the data gathering,
the writer used observation checklist developed based on McCormick (1994)
theories. The steps to conduct this research were choosing the songs, making the
transcript of the song’s lyrics, listing the sentences which contain code-switching,
filling the checklist of the types of code-switching, and filling the checklist of the
possible reasons for code-switching, analyzing the data, and making the
conclusions.
The findings showed that there were 47 code-switching cases in 32
campursari songs. The writer found that the most frequent code-switching type in
campursari songs were metaphoric and single-word code-switching. The most
frequent possible reasons for code-switching in those songs was the artistic aspect.
Code-switching can enhance English learning process. It can boost the
learning process when the appropriate code-switching with correct English is
presented to the learners. Learners can possibly learn more from theuseof correct
pronunciation, vocabulary, and grammar from the code-switching.Otherwise, the
learning process can be hindered because of the inappropriate or incorrect codeswitching.
Keywords: multilingualism, code-switching, song, content analysis
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ABSTRAK
Anggraini,T.G. (2015) The Analysis of Code-Switching Phenomena in
Campursari Songs. Yogyakarta: Universitas Sanata Dharma
Indonesia merupakan salah satu negara dengan etnis yang beragam, hal
ini mendukung adanya masyarakat yang multilingual. Masyarakat Indonesia
cenderung menggunakan dua bahasa dalam percakapan sehari-hari mereka.
Dengan masyarakat yang multilingual, terjadilah suatu fenomena linguistik yang
disebut alih-kode. Alih-kode merupakan suatu proses dimana pembicara
mengalihkan suatu bahasake bahasa lain (Wardhaugh, 2010).
Di banyak kota besar diIndonesia, Bahasa Inggris diajarkan sebagai
sebuah mata pelajaran wajib di sekolah. Kebanyakan orang Indonesia familiar
dengan bahasa Inggris karena Bahasa Inggris merupakan mata pelajaran wajib
sejak Sekolah Menengah Pertama, bahkan anak-anak sudah mulai mengenal
Bahasa Inggris dari program televise. Karena semakin akrab dengan Bahasa
Inggris, masyarakat mulai melakukan alih-kode. Awalnya masyarakat hanya
mengalih-kode Bahasa Indonesia ke Bahasa Inggris, sekarang bahasa daerah;
Bahasa Jawa pun dialih-kode ke Bahasa Inggris.
Penelitian ini menganalisa fenomena alih-kode di lagu campursari
berbahasa Jawa. Terdapat dua buah pertanyaan yang akan dijawab di penelitian
ini 1) tipe alih-kode apa saja yang terdapat dilagu campursari? 2) kemungkinan
alasan alih-kode apa saja yang terdapat di lagu campursari?
Metode yang digunakan untuk melakukan penelitian ini adalah analisis
sosiolinguistik (Holmes, 1992), penelitian kualitatif (Denzin & Lincoln, 2005),
dan analisis konten (Fraenkel and Wallen, 2008). Instrumen utamanya adalah
penulisnya sendiri. Penulis juga menggunakan observation checklist yang
dikembangkan dari teori Holmes (1992) dan McCromick (1994) untuk membantu
mengumpulkan data. Penulis melakukan beberapa langkah untuk melakukan
penelitian ini, yaitu memilih lagu-lagu, membuat transkrip lirik lagu, mendata
kalimat-kalimat yang mengandung alih-kode, mengisi checklist jenis alih-kode,
mengisi checklist kemungkinan alasan alih-kode, menganalisa hasil penelitian,
dan membuat kesimpulan.
Ditemukan 47 alih-kode di 32 lagu campursari. Penulis menemukan jenis
alih-kode terbanyak di lagu campursari adalah metaphoric code-switching.
Penulis menemukan kemungkinan alasan terbesar untuk alih-kode di lagu
campursari tersebut adalah alasan artistik.
Alih kode dapat meningkatkan proses pembelajaran Bahasa Inggris. Alihkode dapat mendukung pembelajaran Bahasa Inggris apabila alih-kode tersebut
mengandung Bahasa Inggris yang tepat. Pelajar dapat belajar lebih cepat dari
penggunaan pelafalan, kosakata, dan tata Bahasa Inggris yang benar oleh pelaku
alih-kode. Sebaliknya, alih-kode dapat menghambat proses pembelajaran apabila
Bahasa Inggris yang dipaparkan tidak tepat.
Kata kunci: multilingualisme, alih kode, lagu, analisis konten
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
In this opportunity I would like thank Christ for setting my path from the
very beginning; through the impossibilities, turmoil and toil.
I would like to address my gratitude to my thesis advisor, F.X. Ouda
Teda Ena, S.Pd., M.Pd., Ed.D. for his patience, guidance and belief in me
through this thesis writing. He never beats me when I was down; in fact he
encouraged me to do more.
I would like to express my gratitude to all lecturers and the staff of the
English Education Study Programfor the life-lesson and support during my
study in Sanata Dharma University.
I would like to express my gratitude to my parents Yohanes Suranto and
Anastasia Sri Umi and also my elder brother in heaven who have supported me
through their sincere love and prayer. I am the luckiest girl to be in your family. I
give my sincere thanks to Firman Handiga for everything since day one. You
elevate me in every single way.
I give my utter thanks to my college best girls Siwi, Anin, Mbak Nay and
Dhea; all those glitters will never be forgotten. I want to thank my bestfriend,
Kadek Santha Siwi Oktavialin for staying strong with me. I give my gratitude to
everybody for every little thing that matters.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE ............................................................................................................i
APPROVAL PAGES ............................................................................................... ii
STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY ......................................................... iv
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI ........................................... v
ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................ vi
ABSTRAK ...............................................................................................................vii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................................................................viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ......................................................................................... ix
LIST OF TABLES ..................................................................................................xii
LIST OF APPENDICES ........................................................................................xiii
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION
A. Research Background ............................................................................... 1
B. Research Problems.................................................................................... 4
C. Problem Limitation ................................................................................... 4
D. Research Objectives ................................................................................. 4
E. Research Benefits ..................................................................................... 5
F. Definition of Terms ................................................................................... 6
CHAPTER II. REVIEW ON RELATED LITERATURE
A. Theoretical Description............................................................................. 7
1. Multilingualism ......................................................................................... 7
2. Bilingualism .............................................................................................. 8
3. Code-Switching ......................................................................................... 9
a. The Nature of Code-Switching ....................................................... 9
b. The Types of Code-Switching ...................................................... 12
c. The Possible Reasons for Code-Switching ................................... 16
B. Theoretical Framework ...................................................................................... 21
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CHAPTER III. METHODOLOGY
A. Research Method .................................................................................... 23
B. Research Setting .................................................................................... 24
C. Research Subjects ................................................................................... 24
D. Instruments and Data Gathering Technique ............................................ 25
E. Data Analysis Technique ........................................................................ 27
F. Research Procedure ................................................................................. 28
CHAPTER IV. RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
A. The Types of Code-Switching ................................................................ 31
1. Meaning-Based Switching ....................................................................... 32
a. Diglossia ...................................................................................... 32
b. Situational Code-Switching.......................................................... 34
c. Metaphoric Code-Switching ......................................................... 35
2. Structural-Based Switching ..................................................................... 37
a. Conversational Code-Switching ................................................... 37
b. Single-Word Code-Switching ...................................................... 38
c. Integrated Loanword .................................................................... 40
B. The Possible Reasons for Code-Switching .............................................. 41
1. Lack of Facility ....................................................................................... 42
2. Lack of Register Competence .................................................................. 44
3. Mood of Speaker ..................................................................................... 45
4. Address Different Audience .................................................................... 46
5. Attract Attention...................................................................................... 46
6. Artistic Aspect......................................................................................... 47
C. Other Findings ................................................................................................... 50
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CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
A. Conclusions ....................................................................................................... 51
B. Recommendations .............................................................................................. 53
REFERENCES ..................................................................................................... 55
APPENDICES....................................................................................................... 58
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LIST OF TABLES
Table
page
Table 3.1. The Observation Checklist of Meaning-based Code-switching in
Campursari Songs ....................................................................................... 27
Table 3.2.The Observation Checklist of Structural-based Code-switching in
Campursari Songs ....................................................................................... 27
Table 3.3. The Observation Checklist of the Possible Reasons for Code-switching
in Campursari Songs ................................................................................... 27
Table 4.1.Number of Meaning-based and Structural-based Code-switching in
Campursari Songs ....................................................................................... 32
Table 4.2.Number of Possible Reason for Code-switching Phenomena in
Campursari Songs ....................................................................................... 42
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LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix
Page
APPENDIX 1: Transcriptions of the Lyrics from Campursari Songs Which
Contain Code-Switching Phenomena........................................................... 60
APPENDIX 2: The Observation Checklist of Meaning-based Code-Switching in
Campursari Songs ....................................................................................... 87
APPENDIX 3: The Observation Checklist of Structural-based Code-Switching in
Campursari Songs ....................................................................................... 91
APPENDIX 4: The Observation Checklist of Possible Reasons for CodeSwitching in Campursari Songs .................................................................. 95
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter provides the introduction of the chosen topic. This chapter
covers the research background, research problems, problem limitation, research
objectives, research benefits, and definition of terms.
A. Research Background
Multilingualism and bilingualism are the sociolinguistics events in a
multilingual society. Sridhar (1996) as cited in McKay & Hornberger (1996),
states that most countries are bilingual; with multilingual-people are using more
than one language in their communications. In any multilingual communities,
people use more than one language. Grosjean (1989) as cited in Bhatia and
Ritchie (2004), notes that all of the multilingual speaker's languages are
simultaneously used and activated whenever the speaker speaks, even in cases
where forms from only one language are encountered.
It is possible for bilingual or multilingual people to directly switch their
first language to their second or third language. This phenomenon is called codeswitching. Herk (2012) states, “[i]s a common phenomenon when people who
share more than one language get together and use two (or more) languages (or
codes) to communicate”. Herk (2012) also describes that code-switching happens
when people alternate between at least two languages in a single conversation
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accross sentences or clause boundaries. As switching the language, it is
noticeable that the speakers use the elements of more than one language within
one sentence.
There are many multicultural countries in the world. Multicultural can
promote multilingualism. Indonesia is the perfect example of the multilingualism
since its super multiculturalism. Nababan (1984) states that it is a very publicly
common phenomenon of Indonesian people using more than one language to
communicate, such as Bahasa Indonesia and local languages. This condition leads
to code-switching across the nation.
In Indonesia’s big cities, English becomes the third language. Indonesian
learn and use English for many specific reasons, such as fullfiling the job
requirements, planning to study abroad, being interested in the language itself, and
many other reasons. English is also taught in the elementary schools up to
colleges or universities in Indonesia. As the result, English influences
Indonesians’ ways of speaking in their daily communications.
In Indonesia, many groups of societies often do Indonesian-English codeswitching. First, Indonesian-English code switching mostly happens among the
well-educated groups of people (Nababan, 1984). The reason is that the welleducated people are taught or exposed to English since they studied at school.
They become familiar with English vocabularies and expressions which they can
use in their daily conversations. Other groups of people who tend to do
Indonesian-English code switching are the one who works in the area which
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demands them to meet foreigner or international tourist such as tour guide and
merchandise seller (Rahardi, 2001).
Second, Indonesian acknowledges the Bahasa Indonesia-English codeswitching. Now, there is a new version of English code-switching with the local
language. The Javanese-English code-switching is the language phenomenon
discussed. Javanese society knows the code-switching trend firstly from the
Bahasa Indonesia-English through the television, newspaper and of course daily
communication. The Bahasa Indonesia-English code-switching also happen in the
songs by many Indonesian idols. As the new gimmick, code-switching inside the
lyric is very catchy. Thus, many campursari song-writers use the JavaneseEnglish code-switching inside their songs.
Due to the occurrence of many Javanese-English code-switching
phenomena in those songs, the writer was intrigued to identify the types of codeswitching happens in the campursari songs and also the possible reasons of codeswitching. As the result, this research would be able to add information about
code-switching phenomenon in the Javanese society into the code-switching
already existed knowledge.
B. Research Problems
There are two research problems in this research. The research questions
were formulated as follows:
1. What are the types of code-switching phenomena occurs in campursari
songs?
2. What are the possible reasons for the code-switching in campursari songs?
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C. Problem Limitation
This research was limited to find out the types and possible reasons of
code-switching in the targeted campursari songs. The writer used 32 campursari
songs which contain Javanese-English code-switching to be analyzed. In those
songs, the song-writer often switches their languages from Javanese to English
and Javanese to Bahasa Indonesia. The research was limited only for the
Javanese-English code-switching.
D. Research Objectives
The objectives of the research are as follows:
1. To find out the types of code-switching in campursari songs.
2. To find out the possible reasons for code-switching in campursari songs.
E. Research Benefits
1. English Education Study Program Students
This research will be useful for the English Education Study Program
students who are interested in learning about code-switching in depth. This
research provides knowledge about code-switching. It will elaborate further
explanation about the types and possible reasons of code-switching in Indonesia
especially in Javanese society.
2. Future Researchers
The writer hopes this research can provide sufficient information for the
future code-switching researcher. This research will inspire and guide the future
linguistics research’s enthusiast in finding other code-switching phenomena yet
other language phenomena in the society.
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3. English Teachers
The writer hopes this research can provide new and sufficient information
for the English teachers about the new phenomena on sociolinguistic, especially
code-switching. This research will inspire English teacher to support the students
in doing more communications in English through code-switching. The English
teachers can provide the students with correct grammar rules in order to do the
code-switching properly.
F. Definition of Terms
1. Code-Switching
Wardhaugh (2010) states that the term ‘code’ refers to the particular
dialect or language that a person chooses, a system used for communication
between two or more parties. Code can be derived from the smallest to the longest
utterances in speaking. He describes that code-switching is a process when people
in switching one code from another code. According to McCormick (1994 in
Asher, 1994) code-switching is “the juxtaposition of elements from two (or more)
languages and dialects”.
2. Campursari Song
According to Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, song is a
short piece of music with words that you sing. Song is the communication media
that tells a story or information through sounds. Song has many functions such as
entertaining, praising the gods, and giving information to the listeners.
According to Ena (2012), campursari is a kind of traditional music which
mixes many music instruments even if the music instruments have different kind
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of tone. Ena (2012) states that campursari is a type of music which combine many
music instruments; like gamelan as the traditional Javanese music instruments and
many modern music instruments. Campursari is also a mix of pentatonic tone and
diatonic tone, which means traditional and modern music’s tone. Campursari is
performed with gamelan; the traditional music instrument like gendhang,
seruling, saron, from central Java and some modern music instruments such as
electone/keyboard, guitar, and drums. According to Larasati (2012), Ki Narto
Sabdo is the first founder of classic Campursari while doing his Javanese puppet
show. Manthous in 1993 starts the modern Campursari with more pop-modern
influence in the tone. Nowadays, Campursari is getting more open to any changes
according to the market demands, in this thesis the market demand is about codeswitching, etc.
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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter provides two main points, theoretical description and
theoretical framework. Theoretical description summarizes the description of
multilingualism, the description of bilingualism, the nature of code-switching, the
types of code-switching, and the possible reasons for code-switching. The
description will be taken from the experts’ theories. The theoretical framework
summarizes all major related theories, which will assist the writer answering the
research problems.
A. Theoretical Description
Theoretical description functions to give exact explanation and description
of the theories related to the topic of this thesis. Theoretical description presents
the description of multilingualism, the description of bilingualism, the nature of
code-switching, the types of code-switching, and the possible reasons for codeswitching.
1. Multilingualism
“There is no doubt that plurilingualism constitutes a major fact of life in
the world today. Plurilingualism is not such a rare phenomenon; there are, in fact
more bilingual or multilingual speakers in the world than there are monolinguals.”
(Bhatia & Ritchie (2013) states the term of ‘plurilingualism’ to mention
bilingualism and multilingualism. Spolsky (1998, p.51) also notes that, “[m]ost
7
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countries have more than one language that is spoken by significant portion of the
populations and most of languages have significant numbers of speakers in more
than one country”.
Multilingual is the use of three or more languages, which reflects the
dramatic development over the last eight years of research on the knowledge and
use of three or more languages (Bhatia & Ritchie (2013). Multilingual
communities arise in numerous ways. According to Edwards as cited in Bhatia &
Ritchie (2013), the contacts with immigrants and the result of political union can
cause a multilingual society. According to Sridhar (1996), cultural contact,
commercial, scientific and technological tendencies of the speakers can form a
multilingual society.
Grosjean (1982) once proposes types of multilingualism are as territorial
principle of multilingualism and personality principle of multilingualism.
Territorial principle of multilingualism is when multilingualism happens in a
country/region consists of several language groups. Indonesia is one of the
examples of this multilingualism type. Personality principle of multilingualism is
when bilingualism is the official policy of country and most of individuals are
multilingual.
2. Bilingualism
Bilingualism is the sub-field of multilingualism phenomena. Some
linguists state the understanding of bilingualism in different subjects. In 1935,
Bloomfield concludes bilingualism as the native-like control of two languages.
Hamers & Blanc (1983) also states that “[f]or a bilingual community to exist,
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there must be at least two languages commonly used by some members of the
community”. According to Mackey (1968), bilingual community means that a
group of people who use of two or more languages. In the conclusion,
bilingualism is a linguistics phenomenon which occurs in the society of people
employing two languages to communicate.
According to Stockwell (2002), there are two types of bilingual;
compound bilingual and co-ordinate bilingual. Compound bilingual happens when
there is a definite sequence of linguistics competence. The example is that
Indonesian students born as Indonesia’s language native speakers then go to
school and study English. On the other hand, co-ordinate bilinguals are the
conditions where people are born into families whose daily communications
employ two or more languages.
3. Code-Switching
These sections will cover the explanation about the nature of codeswitching, the types of code-switching, and the possible reason for codeswitching.
a. The Nature of Code-Switching
Code-switching phenomenon is a part of discussion from the
sociolinguistics. The root of code-switching phenomena is from the existence of
multilingual and bilingual communities. The use of two or more languages in the
community caused the code switching to be happened.
Wardhaugh (2010) states that code is the particular dialect or language that
a person chooses to use in any communication. He points that people may choose
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to use more than one dialect or language instead of one language in their
utterances. Thus, people start communicating with more than one particular
dialect or language, and it is called as code-switching.
There are various code-switching definitions stated by some linguists.
Macswan (2013) defines code-switching as the alternative use of two (or more)
languages within the same utterances. Stockwell (2002) declares that, ”[c]odeswitching is often the specific mechanism through which the borrowing of words
and constructions happens.” Hoffmann (1991) also notes code-switching as the
alternative use of two languages or linguistics varieties within the same utterance
or during the same conversation, which the language change occurs across phrase
or sentence boundaries. Based on those definitions, code-switching requires two
or more languages to be used in a single utterance. People may switch their
languages from phrase to phrase or sentence to sentence, and borrow the language
elements such as word, clause, or sentence from other languages to be switchedup with their native language.
Code-switching phenomenon depends on the condition of the society, as
Wardhaugh (2010) states that “[c]ode-switching is not a uniform phenomenon;
i.e., the norms vary from group to group, even what might be regarded as a single
community.” It is supported by Gumperz (1982) that, “each communicating
subgroup tends to establish its own conventions with respect to both borrowing
and code-switching, and that factors such as region of origin, local residence,
social class, and occupational niche are involved in defining the norms”.
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Code-switching possesses a number of functions. Gal (1988) states the
function of code-switching as “a conversational strategy used to establish, cross or
destroy group boundaries; to create, evoke, or change interpersonal relations with
their right and obligations”. For example, when a group Javanese meets, they tend
to switch their language from Indonesian to Javanese to create the kinship nuance.
Myers-Scotton (1993) as cited in Kay & Hornberger (1996) notes that the function
is “the strategy of neutrality when the use of any one language in the repertoire
might suggest the wrong message, such as talking down to somebody or
suggesting an uncultivated person”.
According to Kay & Hornberger (1996), the functions of code-switching
are as identity marking, stylistic function, socio-cultural and textual function. As
an identity marking, Kay & Hornberger (1996) says “[a] speaker may use a
particular code to signal a specific type of identity”. Stylistic function relates to
the style of language usage in the various conditions. Based on Kay & Hornberger
(1996), sociocultural and textual functions are functioning as expression of certain
types of complex personalities and communities; as a powerful expressive
resource to convey multicultural experiences.
The attitude to code switching is rather unique since Wardhaugh (2010)
proposes that people might not be aware that they switch certain code to discuss
or follow a particular topic. Holmes (1992) has the same thought with Wardhaugh
that “people are often unaware of the fact that they code-switch.” As an example,
the unawareness of code-switching happens when a speaker cannot find the
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possible translation of target language, so that the speaker unconsciously and
automatically switches into another language.
b. The Types of Code-Switching
McCormick (1994) defines six types of code switching according to the
length of juxtaposed utterances, which are diglossia, situational code-switching,
metaphoric code-switching, conversational code-switching, single-word codeswitching, and integrated loanword.
1) Diglossia
According to McCormick
(1994) as cited in Asher (1994), the term
‘diglossia’ suggests two codes that feature prominently in the community, which
one is used on high occasion (H) and the other is used for lower status function
(L). Diglossia is a language variation that serves as social class indicator.
Stockwell (2002) supports McCormick’s theory by explicating that ,”[o]ne of the
most significant and also most complex determinants of linguistic variation is
social class”. Therefore, diglossia often becomes the wealth, prestige, economic
status, and power sign for the people who often do it. For example, Indonesians
tend to say ‘treatment’ when they go to the salon or spa because saying perawatan
would sound less chic.
2) Situational Code-Switching
In bilingual and multilingual communities, distinction among occasions
and codes are not primarily hierarchical so the codes may be perceived as
differently but equally valued (McCormick, 1994). As the result, when there is a
situation alteration, situational code-switching may happen. It is also proposed by
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Wardhaugh (2010,) that “[s]ituational code-switching occurs when the languages
change according to the situations in which the conversant find themselves: they
speak one language in one situation and another in a different one.” No topic
change is involved in this type. For example, a Balinese tour guide switches the
language into English when he talks to the American tourist.
3) Metaphoric Code-Switching
McCormick (1994) states that metaphoric code-switching occurs in whole
conversations, each within one role relationship. Metaphoric code-switching
occurs when a change of topic is required. Wardhaugh (2010) also adds that
metaphorical code-switching has an affective dimension that you change the code
as you redefine the situation- formal to informal, official to personal, serious to
humorous, and politeness to solidarity. The example is when an English teacher
speaks English while teaching; then when it turns into joking, sometimes the
lecturer uses Indonesian or Javanese to change the nuance.
4) Conversational Code-Switching
McCormick (1994) as cited in Asher (1994) states that conversational
code-switching happens in whole conversational turns, chunks or clause within a
turn. The occurrence is not dependent on a change of interlocutor’s topic or
situation. It is to be found within conversations and not necessarily only between
switches may take place within one speaker’s turn. The example of conversational
code-switching happens in a whole conversation. For example, ”Aku pulang dulu
ya. See you tomorrow”.
5) Single Word Code-Switching
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Single-word code-switching is a switching that occurs within the sentence
in the form of only a single word. It is also known as lexical borrowing.
Wardhaugh (2010) also states, ”The type of this switching involves single wordmainly noun- and it is motivated by lexical need. It means that the nativelanguage vocabulary cannot fulfill the speakers’ lexical need, so they insisted
using other language to make the conversation swift and meaningful. For
example, an Indonesian woman says, ”Aku mau creambath dulu ya”. The woman
tends to use English terms “creambath” rather than look for the Indonesian
translation, which is uncommon and difficult to find.
6) Integrated Loanwords
Integrated loanword occurs within morphemes (McCormick, 1994).
According to Hornby (1974), morpheme is the smallest thing meaningful part into
which a word can be divided. This switching is the juxtaposition of the word from
a language and the morphemes from other language. One could add affixes from
native language to a word from foreign language, such as adding Indonesian affix
di- to English word ‘hack’. The result would be dihack. The other examples are
mengupload, and didownload.
Holmes (1992) suggests four types of code-switching, which are
emblematic switching or tag switching, situational switching, metaphorical
switching, and lexical borrowing.
1) Emblematic Switching or Tag Switching
Holmes (1992) defines emblematic or tag switching is inserting an
interjection, a tag, or sentence filler in another language. The examples of
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emblematic or tag switching is “For your information, dia sudah lulus kuliah.”
and “By the way, aku sudah tahu kok.”
2) Situational Switching
“When people switch from one code to another for reasons which can be
identified, it is sometimes called situational switching.” (Holmes, 1992, p.36) As
switching the language, the speaker does not need to change the topic.
3) Metaphorical Switching
According to Holmes (1992), metaphorical switching can express the
feelings about the topic discussed in the communication.
For instance, people tend to switch their language when they are in a
particular mood.
4) Lexical Borrowing
This switching happens when people borrow another language to mention
a name-usually a noun, which is triggered by lack of vocabulary (Holmes, 1992).
Holmes (1992) adds, “[p]eople may also borrow words from another language to
express a concept or describe an object for which there is no obvious word
available in language they are using”. The example is “Aku mau waxing di salon”.
Since it is hard to find Indonesian possible translation of waxing, most of people
still attach on the original language.
Romaine (1989) also proposes three types of code-switching: tagswitching, intersentential switch, and intrasentential switch. Intersentential switch
is the switch occurs between the sentences, yet intrasentential occurs within a
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sentence. Intrasentential switch is actually similar to lexical borrowing and singleword switching.
c. The Possible Reasons for Code-Switching
Holmes (1992) also proposes six reasons for code-switching, they are as
follows:
1) The Change in Participant Features
“People sometimes switch code within a domain or social situation. When
there is some obvious change in the situation, such as arrival of a new person, it is
easy to explain the switch” (Holmes, 1992). For instance, there is a group
Javanese people chating in Javanese language and then a Sundanese person join
the conversation, the Javanese group switch their language into Bahasa Indonesia.
2) Ethnic Identity Marker
The speaker tends to use the words or phrase to show their ethnic identity.
In the local society, there are many words or phrases which are known as identity
markers. The example of Central Javanese ethnic identity marker is as follows
“Lha piye to yo kok iso ngono?” Another example from Sundanese ethnic identity
marker is as follows “Ini teh makanan apa atuh?”
3) Express Solidarity
People tend to code-switch their language in order to express solidarity to
the addresses. When two East-Javanese people meet, they sometimes switch their
languages to Javanese such as “Halo, piye rek?”
4) The Change in Topic
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Holmes (1992) states that, ”people may switch code within a speech event
to discuss a particular topic”. Holmes (1992) also adds that bilinguals find it easier
and swifter to discuss particular topics in one code rather than another. There are a
lot of English terms found more familiar for some specific topics in Indonesian
conversations, such as “Dia memang stylish.” and “Kita ke coffeeshop yuk”. In
this case, people tend to change the language from Indonesian to English because
of the change in topic. In Javanese society, people also tend to switch their code,
such as “Ayo tuku roti ning bakery”. The change in topic requires some terms
from English since it is difficult to find the exact and proper translation in Bahasa
Indonesia and Javanese language.
5) Quoting Someone’s Words
Properly, people need to code-switch when quoting someone’s word from
other languages. Holmes (1992) states that, the speaker may give the inaccurate
impression while quoting someone. In order to minimize the inaccurateness,
people tend to use the original language of the quotation.
6) Express Feelings
Holmes (1992) states that code-switching is a media to express feeling;
give amusement and dramatic effect, or to express anger and disapproval. For
example, a person says, ”Malam ini kamu terlihat amazing.” The person switches
the language to multiply the dramatic effect of his/her expression.
Malik (1994 in Muthusamy, ND) proposes ten reasons for code-switching,
they are lack of facility, lack of register competence, mood of the speaker, to
amplify and emphasize a point, habitual expressions, semantic significance, to
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show identity with a group, to address different audience, pragmatic reasons, and
to attract attention.
1) Lack of Facility
Lack of facility is explained by Malik (1994 in Muthusamy, ND) as,
“bilinguals or multilinguals often explain that they code switch when they cannot
find an appropriate expression or vocabulary item or when the language of
conversation does not have the particular word needed to carry on the
conversation smoothly”. This condition makes a tendency for Indonesian and
Javanese to keep using English term rather than find the perfect translation. For
example, Indonesians rather call electronic mail as ‘email’ rather than surat
elektronik.
2) Lack of Register Competence
In lack of register competence, the code switching happens when speakers
are not equally competent in two languages and when the speakers do not know
the terms in two langu
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ABSTRACT
Anggraini, T.G. (2015) The Analysis of Code-Switching Phenomena in
Campursari Songs.Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma University.
Indonesia is one of the countries with multilingual society. Indonesians
tend to mix two languages in their daily communications. Due to its multilingual
situation, a sociolinguistic phenomenon called code-switching happened in
Indonesia. Code-switching is a process of people to switch one language to
another language (Wardhaugh, 2010).
In many of Indonesian’s big cities, English is taught as a compulsory
subject in schools. Most Indonesians are familiar to English firstly as a lesson in
school. English is a compulsory subject at junior high school; but the children are
also introduced to English through television programs. Since they are familiar
with English, they start to code-switch. Finally, people at the regional district
copy the code-switching habit done by the people from big cities. Nowadays,
people code-switch their local languages, not only Bahasa Indonesia to English.
This research analyzes the code-switching phenomena in 32 campursari
songs. This research had two research questions to be answered. They were 1)
what are the types of code-switching in campursari songs? and 2) what are the
possible reasons for code-switching in campursari songs?
The method used was sociolinguistics analysis (Holmes, 1992), qualitative
research (Denzin & Lincoln, 2005), and content analysis (Fraenkel and Wallen,
2008). The primary instrument was the writer. In order to assist the data gathering,
the writer used observation checklist developed based on McCormick (1994)
theories. The steps to conduct this research were choosing the songs, making the
transcript of the song’s lyrics, listing the sentences which contain code-switching,
filling the checklist of the types of code-switching, and filling the checklist of the
possible reasons for code-switching, analyzing the data, and making the
conclusions.
The findings showed that there were 47 code-switching cases in 32
campursari songs. The writer found that the most frequent code-switching type in
campursari songs were metaphoric and single-word code-switching. The most
frequent possible reasons for code-switching in those songs was the artistic aspect.
Code-switching can enhance English learning process. It can boost the
learning process when the appropriate code-switching with correct English is
presented to the learners. Learners can possibly learn more from theuseof correct
pronunciation, vocabulary, and grammar from the code-switching.Otherwise, the
learning process can be hindered because of the inappropriate or incorrect codeswitching.
Keywords: multilingualism, code-switching, song, content analysis
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ABSTRAK
Anggraini,T.G. (2015) The Analysis of Code-Switching Phenomena in
Campursari Songs. Yogyakarta: Universitas Sanata Dharma
Indonesia merupakan salah satu negara dengan etnis yang beragam, hal
ini mendukung adanya masyarakat yang multilingual. Masyarakat Indonesia
cenderung menggunakan dua bahasa dalam percakapan sehari-hari mereka.
Dengan masyarakat yang multilingual, terjadilah suatu fenomena linguistik yang
disebut alih-kode. Alih-kode merupakan suatu proses dimana pembicara
mengalihkan suatu bahasake bahasa lain (Wardhaugh, 2010).
Di banyak kota besar diIndonesia, Bahasa Inggris diajarkan sebagai
sebuah mata pelajaran wajib di sekolah. Kebanyakan orang Indonesia familiar
dengan bahasa Inggris karena Bahasa Inggris merupakan mata pelajaran wajib
sejak Sekolah Menengah Pertama, bahkan anak-anak sudah mulai mengenal
Bahasa Inggris dari program televise. Karena semakin akrab dengan Bahasa
Inggris, masyarakat mulai melakukan alih-kode. Awalnya masyarakat hanya
mengalih-kode Bahasa Indonesia ke Bahasa Inggris, sekarang bahasa daerah;
Bahasa Jawa pun dialih-kode ke Bahasa Inggris.
Penelitian ini menganalisa fenomena alih-kode di lagu campursari
berbahasa Jawa. Terdapat dua buah pertanyaan yang akan dijawab di penelitian
ini 1) tipe alih-kode apa saja yang terdapat dilagu campursari? 2) kemungkinan
alasan alih-kode apa saja yang terdapat di lagu campursari?
Metode yang digunakan untuk melakukan penelitian ini adalah analisis
sosiolinguistik (Holmes, 1992), penelitian kualitatif (Denzin & Lincoln, 2005),
dan analisis konten (Fraenkel and Wallen, 2008). Instrumen utamanya adalah
penulisnya sendiri. Penulis juga menggunakan observation checklist yang
dikembangkan dari teori Holmes (1992) dan McCromick (1994) untuk membantu
mengumpulkan data. Penulis melakukan beberapa langkah untuk melakukan
penelitian ini, yaitu memilih lagu-lagu, membuat transkrip lirik lagu, mendata
kalimat-kalimat yang mengandung alih-kode, mengisi checklist jenis alih-kode,
mengisi checklist kemungkinan alasan alih-kode, menganalisa hasil penelitian,
dan membuat kesimpulan.
Ditemukan 47 alih-kode di 32 lagu campursari. Penulis menemukan jenis
alih-kode terbanyak di lagu campursari adalah metaphoric code-switching.
Penulis menemukan kemungkinan alasan terbesar untuk alih-kode di lagu
campursari tersebut adalah alasan artistik.
Alih kode dapat meningkatkan proses pembelajaran Bahasa Inggris. Alihkode dapat mendukung pembelajaran Bahasa Inggris apabila alih-kode tersebut
mengandung Bahasa Inggris yang tepat. Pelajar dapat belajar lebih cepat dari
penggunaan pelafalan, kosakata, dan tata Bahasa Inggris yang benar oleh pelaku
alih-kode. Sebaliknya, alih-kode dapat menghambat proses pembelajaran apabila
Bahasa Inggris yang dipaparkan tidak tepat.
Kata kunci: multilingualisme, alih kode, lagu, analisis konten
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THE ANALYSIS OF CODE-SWITCHING PHENOMENA
IN CAMPURSARI SONGS
A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
To Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education
By
Tika Galin Anggraini
Student Number: 101214093
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM
DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION
FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2015
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THE ANALYSIS OF CODE-SWITCHING PHENOMENA
IN CAMPURSARI SONGS
A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
To Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education
By
Tika Galin Anggraini
Student Number: 101214093
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM
DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION
FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2015
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STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY
I honestly declare that this thesis, which I have written, does not contain the work
or parts of the work of other people, except those cited in the quotations and
references, as a scientific paper should.
Yogyakarta,May 15th,2015
The Writer,
TikaGalinAnggraini
101214093
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PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPANTINGAN AKADEMIS
Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswi Universitas Sanata Dharma:
Nama
: Tika Galin Anggraini
Nomor Mahasiswa
: 101214093
Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan saya memberikan kepada perpustakaan
universitas Sanata Dharma kaya ilmiah saya yang berjudul
The Analysis of Code-Switching Phenomenain Campursari Songs
beserta alat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian, saya memberikan
kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan,
mengalihkan dalam bentuk lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data,
mendistribusikannya secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di internet atau
media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin maupun royalty
kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.
Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya.
Dibuat di Yogyakarta
Pada tanggal: 24 April 2015
Yang menyatakan,
Tika Galin Anggraini
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ABSTRACT
Anggraini, T.G. (2015) The Analysis of Code-Switching Phenomena in
Campursari Songs.Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma University.
Indonesia is one of the countries with multilingual society. Indonesians
tend to mix two languages in their daily communications. Due to its multilingual
situation, a sociolinguistic phenomenon called code-switching happened in
Indonesia. Code-switching is a process of people to switch one language to
another language (Wardhaugh, 2010).
In many of Indonesian’s big cities, English is taught as a compulsory
subject in schools. Most Indonesians are familiar to English firstly as a lesson in
school. English is a compulsory subject at junior high school; but the children are
also introduced to English through television programs. Since they are familiar
with English, they start to code-switch. Finally, people at the regional district
copy the code-switching habit done by the people from big cities. Nowadays,
people code-switch their local languages, not only Bahasa Indonesia to English.
This research analyzes the code-switching phenomena in 32 campursari
songs. This research had two research questions to be answered. They were 1)
what are the types of code-switching in campursari songs? and 2) what are the
possible reasons for code-switching in campursari songs?
The method used was sociolinguistics analysis (Holmes, 1992), qualitative
research (Denzin & Lincoln, 2005), and content analysis (Fraenkel and Wallen,
2008). The primary instrument was the writer. In order to assist the data gathering,
the writer used observation checklist developed based on McCormick (1994)
theories. The steps to conduct this research were choosing the songs, making the
transcript of the song’s lyrics, listing the sentences which contain code-switching,
filling the checklist of the types of code-switching, and filling the checklist of the
possible reasons for code-switching, analyzing the data, and making the
conclusions.
The findings showed that there were 47 code-switching cases in 32
campursari songs. The writer found that the most frequent code-switching type in
campursari songs were metaphoric and single-word code-switching. The most
frequent possible reasons for code-switching in those songs was the artistic aspect.
Code-switching can enhance English learning process. It can boost the
learning process when the appropriate code-switching with correct English is
presented to the learners. Learners can possibly learn more from theuseof correct
pronunciation, vocabulary, and grammar from the code-switching.Otherwise, the
learning process can be hindered because of the inappropriate or incorrect codeswitching.
Keywords: multilingualism, code-switching, song, content analysis
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ABSTRAK
Anggraini,T.G. (2015) The Analysis of Code-Switching Phenomena in
Campursari Songs. Yogyakarta: Universitas Sanata Dharma
Indonesia merupakan salah satu negara dengan etnis yang beragam, hal
ini mendukung adanya masyarakat yang multilingual. Masyarakat Indonesia
cenderung menggunakan dua bahasa dalam percakapan sehari-hari mereka.
Dengan masyarakat yang multilingual, terjadilah suatu fenomena linguistik yang
disebut alih-kode. Alih-kode merupakan suatu proses dimana pembicara
mengalihkan suatu bahasake bahasa lain (Wardhaugh, 2010).
Di banyak kota besar diIndonesia, Bahasa Inggris diajarkan sebagai
sebuah mata pelajaran wajib di sekolah. Kebanyakan orang Indonesia familiar
dengan bahasa Inggris karena Bahasa Inggris merupakan mata pelajaran wajib
sejak Sekolah Menengah Pertama, bahkan anak-anak sudah mulai mengenal
Bahasa Inggris dari program televise. Karena semakin akrab dengan Bahasa
Inggris, masyarakat mulai melakukan alih-kode. Awalnya masyarakat hanya
mengalih-kode Bahasa Indonesia ke Bahasa Inggris, sekarang bahasa daerah;
Bahasa Jawa pun dialih-kode ke Bahasa Inggris.
Penelitian ini menganalisa fenomena alih-kode di lagu campursari
berbahasa Jawa. Terdapat dua buah pertanyaan yang akan dijawab di penelitian
ini 1) tipe alih-kode apa saja yang terdapat dilagu campursari? 2) kemungkinan
alasan alih-kode apa saja yang terdapat di lagu campursari?
Metode yang digunakan untuk melakukan penelitian ini adalah analisis
sosiolinguistik (Holmes, 1992), penelitian kualitatif (Denzin & Lincoln, 2005),
dan analisis konten (Fraenkel and Wallen, 2008). Instrumen utamanya adalah
penulisnya sendiri. Penulis juga menggunakan observation checklist yang
dikembangkan dari teori Holmes (1992) dan McCromick (1994) untuk membantu
mengumpulkan data. Penulis melakukan beberapa langkah untuk melakukan
penelitian ini, yaitu memilih lagu-lagu, membuat transkrip lirik lagu, mendata
kalimat-kalimat yang mengandung alih-kode, mengisi checklist jenis alih-kode,
mengisi checklist kemungkinan alasan alih-kode, menganalisa hasil penelitian,
dan membuat kesimpulan.
Ditemukan 47 alih-kode di 32 lagu campursari. Penulis menemukan jenis
alih-kode terbanyak di lagu campursari adalah metaphoric code-switching.
Penulis menemukan kemungkinan alasan terbesar untuk alih-kode di lagu
campursari tersebut adalah alasan artistik.
Alih kode dapat meningkatkan proses pembelajaran Bahasa Inggris. Alihkode dapat mendukung pembelajaran Bahasa Inggris apabila alih-kode tersebut
mengandung Bahasa Inggris yang tepat. Pelajar dapat belajar lebih cepat dari
penggunaan pelafalan, kosakata, dan tata Bahasa Inggris yang benar oleh pelaku
alih-kode. Sebaliknya, alih-kode dapat menghambat proses pembelajaran apabila
Bahasa Inggris yang dipaparkan tidak tepat.
Kata kunci: multilingualisme, alih kode, lagu, analisis konten
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
In this opportunity I would like thank Christ for setting my path from the
very beginning; through the impossibilities, turmoil and toil.
I would like to address my gratitude to my thesis advisor, F.X. Ouda
Teda Ena, S.Pd., M.Pd., Ed.D. for his patience, guidance and belief in me
through this thesis writing. He never beats me when I was down; in fact he
encouraged me to do more.
I would like to express my gratitude to all lecturers and the staff of the
English Education Study Programfor the life-lesson and support during my
study in Sanata Dharma University.
I would like to express my gratitude to my parents Yohanes Suranto and
Anastasia Sri Umi and also my elder brother in heaven who have supported me
through their sincere love and prayer. I am the luckiest girl to be in your family. I
give my sincere thanks to Firman Handiga for everything since day one. You
elevate me in every single way.
I give my utter thanks to my college best girls Siwi, Anin, Mbak Nay and
Dhea; all those glitters will never be forgotten. I want to thank my bestfriend,
Kadek Santha Siwi Oktavialin for staying strong with me. I give my gratitude to
everybody for every little thing that matters.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE ............................................................................................................i
APPROVAL PAGES ............................................................................................... ii
STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY ......................................................... iv
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI ........................................... v
ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................ vi
ABSTRAK ...............................................................................................................vii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................................................................viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ......................................................................................... ix
LIST OF TABLES ..................................................................................................xii
LIST OF APPENDICES ........................................................................................xiii
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION
A. Research Background ............................................................................... 1
B. Research Problems.................................................................................... 4
C. Problem Limitation ................................................................................... 4
D. Research Objectives ................................................................................. 4
E. Research Benefits ..................................................................................... 5
F. Definition of Terms ................................................................................... 6
CHAPTER II. REVIEW ON RELATED LITERATURE
A. Theoretical Description............................................................................. 7
1. Multilingualism ......................................................................................... 7
2. Bilingualism .............................................................................................. 8
3. Code-Switching ......................................................................................... 9
a. The Nature of Code-Switching ....................................................... 9
b. The Types of Code-Switching ...................................................... 12
c. The Possible Reasons for Code-Switching ................................... 16
B. Theoretical Framework ...................................................................................... 21
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CHAPTER III. METHODOLOGY
A. Research Method .................................................................................... 23
B. Research Setting .................................................................................... 24
C. Research Subjects ................................................................................... 24
D. Instruments and Data Gathering Technique ............................................ 25
E. Data Analysis Technique ........................................................................ 27
F. Research Procedure ................................................................................. 28
CHAPTER IV. RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
A. The Types of Code-Switching ................................................................ 31
1. Meaning-Based Switching ....................................................................... 32
a. Diglossia ...................................................................................... 32
b. Situational Code-Switching.......................................................... 34
c. Metaphoric Code-Switching ......................................................... 35
2. Structural-Based Switching ..................................................................... 37
a. Conversational Code-Switching ................................................... 37
b. Single-Word Code-Switching ...................................................... 38
c. Integrated Loanword .................................................................... 40
B. The Possible Reasons for Code-Switching .............................................. 41
1. Lack of Facility ....................................................................................... 42
2. Lack of Register Competence .................................................................. 44
3. Mood of Speaker ..................................................................................... 45
4. Address Different Audience .................................................................... 46
5. Attract Attention...................................................................................... 46
6. Artistic Aspect......................................................................................... 47
C. Other Findings ................................................................................................... 50
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CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
A. Conclusions ....................................................................................................... 51
B. Recommendations .............................................................................................. 53
REFERENCES ..................................................................................................... 55
APPENDICES....................................................................................................... 58
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LIST OF TABLES
Table
page
Table 3.1. The Observation Checklist of Meaning-based Code-switching in
Campursari Songs ....................................................................................... 27
Table 3.2.The Observation Checklist of Structural-based Code-switching in
Campursari Songs ....................................................................................... 27
Table 3.3. The Observation Checklist of the Possible Reasons for Code-switching
in Campursari Songs ................................................................................... 27
Table 4.1.Number of Meaning-based and Structural-based Code-switching in
Campursari Songs ....................................................................................... 32
Table 4.2.Number of Possible Reason for Code-switching Phenomena in
Campursari Songs ....................................................................................... 42
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LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix
Page
APPENDIX 1: Transcriptions of the Lyrics from Campursari Songs Which
Contain Code-Switching Phenomena........................................................... 60
APPENDIX 2: The Observation Checklist of Meaning-based Code-Switching in
Campursari Songs ....................................................................................... 87
APPENDIX 3: The Observation Checklist of Structural-based Code-Switching in
Campursari Songs ....................................................................................... 91
APPENDIX 4: The Observation Checklist of Possible Reasons for CodeSwitching in Campursari Songs .................................................................. 95
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter provides the introduction of the chosen topic. This chapter
covers the research background, research problems, problem limitation, research
objectives, research benefits, and definition of terms.
A. Research Background
Multilingualism and bilingualism are the sociolinguistics events in a
multilingual society. Sridhar (1996) as cited in McKay & Hornberger (1996),
states that most countries are bilingual; with multilingual-people are using more
than one language in their communications. In any multilingual communities,
people use more than one language. Grosjean (1989) as cited in Bhatia and
Ritchie (2004), notes that all of the multilingual speaker's languages are
simultaneously used and activated whenever the speaker speaks, even in cases
where forms from only one language are encountered.
It is possible for bilingual or multilingual people to directly switch their
first language to their second or third language. This phenomenon is called codeswitching. Herk (2012) states, “[i]s a common phenomenon when people who
share more than one language get together and use two (or more) languages (or
codes) to communicate”. Herk (2012) also describes that code-switching happens
when people alternate between at least two languages in a single conversation
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accross sentences or clause boundaries. As switching the language, it is
noticeable that the speakers use the elements of more than one language within
one sentence.
There are many multicultural countries in the world. Multicultural can
promote multilingualism. Indonesia is the perfect example of the multilingualism
since its super multiculturalism. Nababan (1984) states that it is a very publicly
common phenomenon of Indonesian people using more than one language to
communicate, such as Bahasa Indonesia and local languages. This condition leads
to code-switching across the nation.
In Indonesia’s big cities, English becomes the third language. Indonesian
learn and use English for many specific reasons, such as fullfiling the job
requirements, planning to study abroad, being interested in the language itself, and
many other reasons. English is also taught in the elementary schools up to
colleges or universities in Indonesia. As the result, English influences
Indonesians’ ways of speaking in their daily communications.
In Indonesia, many groups of societies often do Indonesian-English codeswitching. First, Indonesian-English code switching mostly happens among the
well-educated groups of people (Nababan, 1984). The reason is that the welleducated people are taught or exposed to English since they studied at school.
They become familiar with English vocabularies and expressions which they can
use in their daily conversations. Other groups of people who tend to do
Indonesian-English code switching are the one who works in the area which
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demands them to meet foreigner or international tourist such as tour guide and
merchandise seller (Rahardi, 2001).
Second, Indonesian acknowledges the Bahasa Indonesia-English codeswitching. Now, there is a new version of English code-switching with the local
language. The Javanese-English code-switching is the language phenomenon
discussed. Javanese society knows the code-switching trend firstly from the
Bahasa Indonesia-English through the television, newspaper and of course daily
communication. The Bahasa Indonesia-English code-switching also happen in the
songs by many Indonesian idols. As the new gimmick, code-switching inside the
lyric is very catchy. Thus, many campursari song-writers use the JavaneseEnglish code-switching inside their songs.
Due to the occurrence of many Javanese-English code-switching
phenomena in those songs, the writer was intrigued to identify the types of codeswitching happens in the campursari songs and also the possible reasons of codeswitching. As the result, this research would be able to add information about
code-switching phenomenon in the Javanese society into the code-switching
already existed knowledge.
B. Research Problems
There are two research problems in this research. The research questions
were formulated as follows:
1. What are the types of code-switching phenomena occurs in campursari
songs?
2. What are the possible reasons for the code-switching in campursari songs?
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C. Problem Limitation
This research was limited to find out the types and possible reasons of
code-switching in the targeted campursari songs. The writer used 32 campursari
songs which contain Javanese-English code-switching to be analyzed. In those
songs, the song-writer often switches their languages from Javanese to English
and Javanese to Bahasa Indonesia. The research was limited only for the
Javanese-English code-switching.
D. Research Objectives
The objectives of the research are as follows:
1. To find out the types of code-switching in campursari songs.
2. To find out the possible reasons for code-switching in campursari songs.
E. Research Benefits
1. English Education Study Program Students
This research will be useful for the English Education Study Program
students who are interested in learning about code-switching in depth. This
research provides knowledge about code-switching. It will elaborate further
explanation about the types and possible reasons of code-switching in Indonesia
especially in Javanese society.
2. Future Researchers
The writer hopes this research can provide sufficient information for the
future code-switching researcher. This research will inspire and guide the future
linguistics research’s enthusiast in finding other code-switching phenomena yet
other language phenomena in the society.
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3. English Teachers
The writer hopes this research can provide new and sufficient information
for the English teachers about the new phenomena on sociolinguistic, especially
code-switching. This research will inspire English teacher to support the students
in doing more communications in English through code-switching. The English
teachers can provide the students with correct grammar rules in order to do the
code-switching properly.
F. Definition of Terms
1. Code-Switching
Wardhaugh (2010) states that the term ‘code’ refers to the particular
dialect or language that a person chooses, a system used for communication
between two or more parties. Code can be derived from the smallest to the longest
utterances in speaking. He describes that code-switching is a process when people
in switching one code from another code. According to McCormick (1994 in
Asher, 1994) code-switching is “the juxtaposition of elements from two (or more)
languages and dialects”.
2. Campursari Song
According to Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, song is a
short piece of music with words that you sing. Song is the communication media
that tells a story or information through sounds. Song has many functions such as
entertaining, praising the gods, and giving information to the listeners.
According to Ena (2012), campursari is a kind of traditional music which
mixes many music instruments even if the music instruments have different kind
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of tone. Ena (2012) states that campursari is a type of music which combine many
music instruments; like gamelan as the traditional Javanese music instruments and
many modern music instruments. Campursari is also a mix of pentatonic tone and
diatonic tone, which means traditional and modern music’s tone. Campursari is
performed with gamelan; the traditional music instrument like gendhang,
seruling, saron, from central Java and some modern music instruments such as
electone/keyboard, guitar, and drums. According to Larasati (2012), Ki Narto
Sabdo is the first founder of classic Campursari while doing his Javanese puppet
show. Manthous in 1993 starts the modern Campursari with more pop-modern
influence in the tone. Nowadays, Campursari is getting more open to any changes
according to the market demands, in this thesis the market demand is about codeswitching, etc.
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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter provides two main points, theoretical description and
theoretical framework. Theoretical description summarizes the description of
multilingualism, the description of bilingualism, the nature of code-switching, the
types of code-switching, and the possible reasons for code-switching. The
description will be taken from the experts’ theories. The theoretical framework
summarizes all major related theories, which will assist the writer answering the
research problems.
A. Theoretical Description
Theoretical description functions to give exact explanation and description
of the theories related to the topic of this thesis. Theoretical description presents
the description of multilingualism, the description of bilingualism, the nature of
code-switching, the types of code-switching, and the possible reasons for codeswitching.
1. Multilingualism
“There is no doubt that plurilingualism constitutes a major fact of life in
the world today. Plurilingualism is not such a rare phenomenon; there are, in fact
more bilingual or multilingual speakers in the world than there are monolinguals.”
(Bhatia & Ritchie (2013) states the term of ‘plurilingualism’ to mention
bilingualism and multilingualism. Spolsky (1998, p.51) also notes that, “[m]ost
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countries have more than one language that is spoken by significant portion of the
populations and most of languages have significant numbers of speakers in more
than one country”.
Multilingual is the use of three or more languages, which reflects the
dramatic development over the last eight years of research on the knowledge and
use of three or more languages (Bhatia & Ritchie (2013). Multilingual
communities arise in numerous ways. According to Edwards as cited in Bhatia &
Ritchie (2013), the contacts with immigrants and the result of political union can
cause a multilingual society. According to Sridhar (1996), cultural contact,
commercial, scientific and technological tendencies of the speakers can form a
multilingual society.
Grosjean (1982) once proposes types of multilingualism are as territorial
principle of multilingualism and personality principle of multilingualism.
Territorial principle of multilingualism is when multilingualism happens in a
country/region consists of several language groups. Indonesia is one of the
examples of this multilingualism type. Personality principle of multilingualism is
when bilingualism is the official policy of country and most of individuals are
multilingual.
2. Bilingualism
Bilingualism is the sub-field of multilingualism phenomena. Some
linguists state the understanding of bilingualism in different subjects. In 1935,
Bloomfield concludes bilingualism as the native-like control of two languages.
Hamers & Blanc (1983) also states that “[f]or a bilingual community to exist,
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there must be at least two languages commonly used by some members of the
community”. According to Mackey (1968), bilingual community means that a
group of people who use of two or more languages. In the conclusion,
bilingualism is a linguistics phenomenon which occurs in the society of people
employing two languages to communicate.
According to Stockwell (2002), there are two types of bilingual;
compound bilingual and co-ordinate bilingual. Compound bilingual happens when
there is a definite sequence of linguistics competence. The example is that
Indonesian students born as Indonesia’s language native speakers then go to
school and study English. On the other hand, co-ordinate bilinguals are the
conditions where people are born into families whose daily communications
employ two or more languages.
3. Code-Switching
These sections will cover the explanation about the nature of codeswitching, the types of code-switching, and the possible reason for codeswitching.
a. The Nature of Code-Switching
Code-switching phenomenon is a part of discussion from the
sociolinguistics. The root of code-switching phenomena is from the existence of
multilingual and bilingual communities. The use of two or more languages in the
community caused the code switching to be happened.
Wardhaugh (2010) states that code is the particular dialect or language that
a person chooses to use in any communication. He points that people may choose
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to use more than one dialect or language instead of one language in their
utterances. Thus, people start communicating with more than one particular
dialect or language, and it is called as code-switching.
There are various code-switching definitions stated by some linguists.
Macswan (2013) defines code-switching as the alternative use of two (or more)
languages within the same utterances. Stockwell (2002) declares that, ”[c]odeswitching is often the specific mechanism through which the borrowing of words
and constructions happens.” Hoffmann (1991) also notes code-switching as the
alternative use of two languages or linguistics varieties within the same utterance
or during the same conversation, which the language change occurs across phrase
or sentence boundaries. Based on those definitions, code-switching requires two
or more languages to be used in a single utterance. People may switch their
languages from phrase to phrase or sentence to sentence, and borrow the language
elements such as word, clause, or sentence from other languages to be switchedup with their native language.
Code-switching phenomenon depends on the condition of the society, as
Wardhaugh (2010) states that “[c]ode-switching is not a uniform phenomenon;
i.e., the norms vary from group to group, even what might be regarded as a single
community.” It is supported by Gumperz (1982) that, “each communicating
subgroup tends to establish its own conventions with respect to both borrowing
and code-switching, and that factors such as region of origin, local residence,
social class, and occupational niche are involved in defining the norms”.
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Code-switching possesses a number of functions. Gal (1988) states the
function of code-switching as “a conversational strategy used to establish, cross or
destroy group boundaries; to create, evoke, or change interpersonal relations with
their right and obligations”. For example, when a group Javanese meets, they tend
to switch their language from Indonesian to Javanese to create the kinship nuance.
Myers-Scotton (1993) as cited in Kay & Hornberger (1996) notes that the function
is “the strategy of neutrality when the use of any one language in the repertoire
might suggest the wrong message, such as talking down to somebody or
suggesting an uncultivated person”.
According to Kay & Hornberger (1996), the functions of code-switching
are as identity marking, stylistic function, socio-cultural and textual function. As
an identity marking, Kay & Hornberger (1996) says “[a] speaker may use a
particular code to signal a specific type of identity”. Stylistic function relates to
the style of language usage in the various conditions. Based on Kay & Hornberger
(1996), sociocultural and textual functions are functioning as expression of certain
types of complex personalities and communities; as a powerful expressive
resource to convey multicultural experiences.
The attitude to code switching is rather unique since Wardhaugh (2010)
proposes that people might not be aware that they switch certain code to discuss
or follow a particular topic. Holmes (1992) has the same thought with Wardhaugh
that “people are often unaware of the fact that they code-switch.” As an example,
the unawareness of code-switching happens when a speaker cannot find the
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possible translation of target language, so that the speaker unconsciously and
automatically switches into another language.
b. The Types of Code-Switching
McCormick (1994) defines six types of code switching according to the
length of juxtaposed utterances, which are diglossia, situational code-switching,
metaphoric code-switching, conversational code-switching, single-word codeswitching, and integrated loanword.
1) Diglossia
According to McCormick
(1994) as cited in Asher (1994), the term
‘diglossia’ suggests two codes that feature prominently in the community, which
one is used on high occasion (H) and the other is used for lower status function
(L). Diglossia is a language variation that serves as social class indicator.
Stockwell (2002) supports McCormick’s theory by explicating that ,”[o]ne of the
most significant and also most complex determinants of linguistic variation is
social class”. Therefore, diglossia often becomes the wealth, prestige, economic
status, and power sign for the people who often do it. For example, Indonesians
tend to say ‘treatment’ when they go to the salon or spa because saying perawatan
would sound less chic.
2) Situational Code-Switching
In bilingual and multilingual communities, distinction among occasions
and codes are not primarily hierarchical so the codes may be perceived as
differently but equally valued (McCormick, 1994). As the result, when there is a
situation alteration, situational code-switching may happen. It is also proposed by
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Wardhaugh (2010,) that “[s]ituational code-switching occurs when the languages
change according to the situations in which the conversant find themselves: they
speak one language in one situation and another in a different one.” No topic
change is involved in this type. For example, a Balinese tour guide switches the
language into English when he talks to the American tourist.
3) Metaphoric Code-Switching
McCormick (1994) states that metaphoric code-switching occurs in whole
conversations, each within one role relationship. Metaphoric code-switching
occurs when a change of topic is required. Wardhaugh (2010) also adds that
metaphorical code-switching has an affective dimension that you change the code
as you redefine the situation- formal to informal, official to personal, serious to
humorous, and politeness to solidarity. The example is when an English teacher
speaks English while teaching; then when it turns into joking, sometimes the
lecturer uses Indonesian or Javanese to change the nuance.
4) Conversational Code-Switching
McCormick (1994) as cited in Asher (1994) states that conversational
code-switching happens in whole conversational turns, chunks or clause within a
turn. The occurrence is not dependent on a change of interlocutor’s topic or
situation. It is to be found within conversations and not necessarily only between
switches may take place within one speaker’s turn. The example of conversational
code-switching happens in a whole conversation. For example, ”Aku pulang dulu
ya. See you tomorrow”.
5) Single Word Code-Switching
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Single-word code-switching is a switching that occurs within the sentence
in the form of only a single word. It is also known as lexical borrowing.
Wardhaugh (2010) also states, ”The type of this switching involves single wordmainly noun- and it is motivated by lexical need. It means that the nativelanguage vocabulary cannot fulfill the speakers’ lexical need, so they insisted
using other language to make the conversation swift and meaningful. For
example, an Indonesian woman says, ”Aku mau creambath dulu ya”. The woman
tends to use English terms “creambath” rather than look for the Indonesian
translation, which is uncommon and difficult to find.
6) Integrated Loanwords
Integrated loanword occurs within morphemes (McCormick, 1994).
According to Hornby (1974), morpheme is the smallest thing meaningful part into
which a word can be divided. This switching is the juxtaposition of the word from
a language and the morphemes from other language. One could add affixes from
native language to a word from foreign language, such as adding Indonesian affix
di- to English word ‘hack’. The result would be dihack. The other examples are
mengupload, and didownload.
Holmes (1992) suggests four types of code-switching, which are
emblematic switching or tag switching, situational switching, metaphorical
switching, and lexical borrowing.
1) Emblematic Switching or Tag Switching
Holmes (1992) defines emblematic or tag switching is inserting an
interjection, a tag, or sentence filler in another language. The examples of
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emblematic or tag switching is “For your information, dia sudah lulus kuliah.”
and “By the way, aku sudah tahu kok.”
2) Situational Switching
“When people switch from one code to another for reasons which can be
identified, it is sometimes called situational switching.” (Holmes, 1992, p.36) As
switching the language, the speaker does not need to change the topic.
3) Metaphorical Switching
According to Holmes (1992), metaphorical switching can express the
feelings about the topic discussed in the communication.
For instance, people tend to switch their language when they are in a
particular mood.
4) Lexical Borrowing
This switching happens when people borrow another language to mention
a name-usually a noun, which is triggered by lack of vocabulary (Holmes, 1992).
Holmes (1992) adds, “[p]eople may also borrow words from another language to
express a concept or describe an object for which there is no obvious word
available in language they are using”. The example is “Aku mau waxing di salon”.
Since it is hard to find Indonesian possible translation of waxing, most of people
still attach on the original language.
Romaine (1989) also proposes three types of code-switching: tagswitching, intersentential switch, and intrasentential switch. Intersentential switch
is the switch occurs between the sentences, yet intrasentential occurs within a
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sentence. Intrasentential switch is actually similar to lexical borrowing and singleword switching.
c. The Possible Reasons for Code-Switching
Holmes (1992) also proposes six reasons for code-switching, they are as
follows:
1) The Change in Participant Features
“People sometimes switch code within a domain or social situation. When
there is some obvious change in the situation, such as arrival of a new person, it is
easy to explain the switch” (Holmes, 1992). For instance, there is a group
Javanese people chating in Javanese language and then a Sundanese person join
the conversation, the Javanese group switch their language into Bahasa Indonesia.
2) Ethnic Identity Marker
The speaker tends to use the words or phrase to show their ethnic identity.
In the local society, there are many words or phrases which are known as identity
markers. The example of Central Javanese ethnic identity marker is as follows
“Lha piye to yo kok iso ngono?” Another example from Sundanese ethnic identity
marker is as follows “Ini teh makanan apa atuh?”
3) Express Solidarity
People tend to code-switch their language in order to express solidarity to
the addresses. When two East-Javanese people meet, they sometimes switch their
languages to Javanese such as “Halo, piye rek?”
4) The Change in Topic
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Holmes (1992) states that, ”people may switch code within a speech event
to discuss a particular topic”. Holmes (1992) also adds that bilinguals find it easier
and swifter to discuss particular topics in one code rather than another. There are a
lot of English terms found more familiar for some specific topics in Indonesian
conversations, such as “Dia memang stylish.” and “Kita ke coffeeshop yuk”. In
this case, people tend to change the language from Indonesian to English because
of the change in topic. In Javanese society, people also tend to switch their code,
such as “Ayo tuku roti ning bakery”. The change in topic requires some terms
from English since it is difficult to find the exact and proper translation in Bahasa
Indonesia and Javanese language.
5) Quoting Someone’s Words
Properly, people need to code-switch when quoting someone’s word from
other languages. Holmes (1992) states that, the speaker may give the inaccurate
impression while quoting someone. In order to minimize the inaccurateness,
people tend to use the original language of the quotation.
6) Express Feelings
Holmes (1992) states that code-switching is a media to express feeling;
give amusement and dramatic effect, or to express anger and disapproval. For
example, a person says, ”Malam ini kamu terlihat amazing.” The person switches
the language to multiply the dramatic effect of his/her expression.
Malik (1994 in Muthusamy, ND) proposes ten reasons for code-switching,
they are lack of facility, lack of register competence, mood of the speaker, to
amplify and emphasize a point, habitual expressions, semantic significance, to
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show identity with a group, to address different audience, pragmatic reasons, and
to attract attention.
1) Lack of Facility
Lack of facility is explained by Malik (1994 in Muthusamy, ND) as,
“bilinguals or multilinguals often explain that they code switch when they cannot
find an appropriate expression or vocabulary item or when the language of
conversation does not have the particular word needed to carry on the
conversation smoothly”. This condition makes a tendency for Indonesian and
Javanese to keep using English term rather than find the perfect translation. For
example, Indonesians rather call electronic mail as ‘email’ rather than surat
elektronik.
2) Lack of Register Competence
In lack of register competence, the code switching happens when speakers
are not equally competent in two languages and when the speakers do not know
the terms in two langu