Analysis of Code Switching in The Novel 'Doing Java' By Niels Mulder.
ABSTRACT
Dalam Tugas Akhir ini, saya menganalisa code switching yang terjadi
sekarang ini. Akhir-akhir ini, orang menggunakan code switching dalam
percakapan mereka. Hal ini disebabkan oleh orang-orang yang belajar bahasa
manca negara. Dengan mempelajari bahasa asing, acapkali mereka menggunakan
bahasa tersebut dalam keseharian hidup mereka. Kadang kala mereka
mencampurbaurkan bahasa mereka dengan bahasa asing. Hal ini pun terjadi di
Indonesia. Orang Indonesia mencampurkan bahasa Indonesia dengan bahasa
Inggris ataupun dengan bahasa yang lainnya. Masalah ini dalam ilmu linguistik
disebut dengan code switching.
Code switching adalah percampuran dua bahasa dalam satu kalimat. Code
switching dapat berupa kalimat ataupun kata-kata. Beberapa alasan untuk
menggunakan code switching antara lain adalah untuk menekankan tujuan penutur
kepada lawan tutur, untuk menunjukkan perasaan penutur terhadap lawa tutur dan
untuk menunjukan rasa persahabatan dalam suatu komunitas tertentu.
Code switching dapat ditemukan dalam novel Doing Java. Yang saya
jadikan sumber analisis. Di dalam novel tersebut, terdapat banyak code switching
dalam bahasa Indonesia. Hal tersebutlah yang membuat saya tertarik untuk
menganalisis code switching karena jarang sekali orang asing menulis novel yang
sebagian
isi
dari
novelnya
menggunakan
bahasa
Indonesia.
UNIVERSITAS KRISTEN MARANATHA
Hal tersebut yang membuat saya tertarik dalam menganalisis novel Doing Java.
Dalam tugas akhir ini, saya menggunakan pendekatan linguistik, yakni
sosiolinguistik, khususnya menggunakan teori code switching. Code switching
mempunyai beberapa fungsi yang membantu saya dalam menganalisis novel
tersebut. Ada empat belas fungsi code switching yang dikembangkan oleh Koziol.
Funsi dari code switching adalah personalization, reiteration, designation,
substitution, emphasis, clarification, objectivization, untranslatability, mitigating
message, interjection, parenthesis, aggravating message, quotation, topic shift.
Namun dalam novel ini, saya hanya menemukan beberapa funsi code switching,
yakni:
personalization,
reiteration,
designation,
substitution,
emphasis,
clarification, objectivization, untranslatability, parenthesis, dan quotation
UNIVERSITAS KRISTEN MARANATHA
TABLE OF CONTENT
PREFACE………………………………………………………...……… i
TABLE OF CONTENTS………………………………………………..
ii
ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………… iii
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study………………………………………….
Statement of the Problem…………………………………………
Purpose of the Study……………………………………………...
Method of Research………………………………………………
Organization of the Thesis………………………………………..
1
4
4
4
4
CHAPTER TWO: THEORETICAL
FRAMEWORK………………………………………………….
6
CHAPTER THREE: ANALYSIS OF CODE SWITCHING
IN THE NOVEL DOING JAVA ……………………………… 15
CHAPTER FOUR: CONCLUSION…………………………………… 27
BIBILOGRAPHY………………………………………………………. 31
APPENDIX:
Table of Data……….……………………………………………
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APPENDIX
Table of Analysis
No
Sentence
Functions
1
…Then sends them home with the advice to Reiteration
swallow some salt-white, pure with- air putih,
‘white’ water, pure water, because…
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
…We are merdeka!, independent!…
you need to perform the ritual with body and
mind. Without concentration, it doesn’t result in
pahala, merit
…but are also hired to carry anything else, like
becak tricycle taxis that are the main means of
transportation across town
…before the isya evening prayer, the meaning of
prayer is explained
Pak Astar belongs to the economics faculty, not
quite my field, but that I am his trophy’
Imagine, if I am no virgin, no longer suci, I’ll have
lost my chances of marrying
…too often bagaimana? Worse than that, I am
beginning to reproduce mannerism.
As a result, their contact is not with God but with
Satan, and what they hold to be kebatinan is no
better than klenik, black magic, occultism
…and so it was appreciated that we were joined by
a busload of sarong-kebaya dressed, old Chinese
ladies who had come all the way from Jakarta.
I had to explain that I had come to do research on
the aliran, on the religious diversity that set the
framework for organizational life in parties,
association, clubs and other groupings.
33
Reiteration
Reiteration
Reiteration
Reiteration
Designation
Emphasis
Emphasis
Untranslatability
Untranslatability
Untranslatability
12
This policy, however, bared the rift between
santri (rule-abiding Muslims) and the laxer….
Untranslatability
13
To assist in these endeavours, they do sujud,
resignation to God, which may mean variety of
exercises…
… is to throw a slametan, a ceremony including
prayer organized around a communal meal serving
to restore or reaffirm order.
Body and soul should simply be surrendered to
God until God can intuited by means of the rasa,
the indwelling fine feeling that is our personal link
to the spiritual realm that is his
At night, one heard the gamelan, its percussion
and lyrics inducing a calm, meditative mood
I find small, coarse wayang puppets, some
ceramic animals, running stick with a tin for a
wheel
… At night, all of us watch the movie sembilan,
in which nine heroes, everyone of them dressed in
a different ethnic costume, quest for their origin
and destiny
Whatever the choice of viands, one was a
constant: a conspicuous jar of red-hot sambal
(chili sauce) to add fiery spice to deliciously
seasoned food.’
There was hardly a single bhikkhu (monk-priest)
from Indonesia, in contrast to a sizable delegation
of monks who had come all the way from
Thailand.
…the famed sate (shish kebab) shop …
Pak Gondo thought it very funny, ‘Oh’, he laught,
‘besok yang akan datang’! (a tomorrow that will
come)
well- she likes to start her sentences on a fat
“well”- he’s cute, touching. I loved it when he
said, “saya cinta saudari” it is so awkward and
yet so moving, so sincere’
In that sense, the practice of religion, agama, is
merely the practice of outer man
Most memorable among them is the fat Balinese,
who keeps assuring his companions, ‘saya lapar
dan haus’ (I am hungry and thirsty), a phrase I
now fully understand.
Untranslatability
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
34
Untranslatability
Untranslatability
Untranslatability
Untranslatability
Quotation
Reiteration and Parenthesis
Reiteration and Parenthesis
Reiteration and Parenthesis
Reiteration and Parenthesis
Quotation and Emphasis
Substitution and
Reiteration
Quotation, Parenthesis and
Reiteration
26
27
28
29
30
that is white magic, and thus wrong. ‘I practise
medicine; I am not a dhukun’(shaman).
That’s where we keep the kris, the pusaka
(heirloom) protecting this house.
No, the abangan messes, those who live
accordingly to the deep-Javanese (kejawen)
heritage, were not really interested.
To him, there was no doubt that I was a londo, a
Dutchman.
to him, the Nu is a big brotherhood, a family
woven together of personal ties that Cluster
around the leader-teacher, or kiai, of pondokpesantren (Islamic boarding schools)
35
Parenthesis, Reiteration
and Emphasis
Untranslatability
parenthesis, and
Reiteration
Parenthesis, Substitution
and Untranslatability
Designation, Reiteration,
and Emphasis
Designation, Substitution,
Untranslatability,
Parenthesis and Reiteration
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
Language is very important for people to communicate with one another
for the reason that language is a method of communication conducted by human
beings in describing their experiences .
One way of communicating is by having a conversation with other people. In a
conversation, a foreign language may be used because we sometimes interact with
foreigners who speak a different language from that of ours. As a result, people
may speak in two languages. It is called bilingual. ‘Bilingual is using or capable
of using two languages’ (Webster’s New Twentieth Century Dictionary,
1979:182).
Considering that people speak two languages, sometimes they mix the two
languages in their daily conversation. This kind of phenomenon is called code
switching. Code switching is the alternation between two languages in the same
utterance or conversation . This phenomenon
occurs for various reasons. The first reason is that the speaker wants to emphasize
on the meaning of his or her utterances. The second reason is that the speaker
wishes to express their feelings such as anger, sadness, happiness and so on.
1
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The third reason is that the speaker would like to express the solidarity with the
listener. (Holmes, 2001:36)
This topic is interesting to be discussed because this phenomenon occurs
in all countries; for example, in the United States of America. In the particular
country, there are a lot of immigrants coming from different background. It can be
seen when a Spaniard learns English. People sometimes mix the language
between Spanish and English in their daily conversation. Hence, I would like to
find out why people do code switching from one language to another. This
phenomenon occurs because of several reasons or conditions. There are several
functions that a speaker uses in code switching with depends on its purposes. By
analyzing code switching, I can understand why people use code switching.
Code switching also happens in Indonesia. Since English has become an
international language, a lot of indonesian people learn English as their second or
foreign language. Therefore, they often mix Indonesian language with English.
This phenomenon may occur in daily conversation, movies or novels.
In writing the novel entitled Doing Java, the author Niels Mulder mixes
two languages. Dr. Niels Mulder is an independent anthropologist who conducted
a field research in Java, Indonesia, in the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s. Prior to his
research in Indonesia, he had also conducted his research in Thailand and the
Philippines. In writing his novel, he writes about the Javanese culture including
Javanese customs, such as the Javanese kingdoms, the title of the Indonesian
people, etc. He writes his novel in two languages, namely English and Indonesian.
The main language of the novel is English. However, there are still certain words
written in the Indonesian language.
2
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I choose this particular novel because it is interesting to study how a
foreigner writes a novel in two languages; particularly because the second
language is Indonesian. Besides, I would like to find out why Mulder chooses to
keep using the Indonesian words instead of changing them into the English words
although he is capable of doing so. Throughout the novel Doing Java, there are a
lot of codes switching from English to Indonesian.
In analysing my data, I use Sociolinguistics as my approach.
‘Sociolinguistics is concerned with the relationship between language and the
context in which it is used’ (Holmes, 2001:1). In particular, I use code switching
theory to support my analysis.
I analyse why the writer in the novel uses code switching in their daily
conversation. Since the code switching theory reveals the functions of code
switching. They give some information that explains why people use code
switching. According to Koziol, there are fourteen functions of code switching,
namely
personalization,
reiteration,
designations,
substitution,
emphasis,
clarification, objectivization, untranslatability, mitigating message, parenthesis,
aggravating message, quotation, topic shift. (Koziol, 2000: 29-38) There are some
purposes behind the use of those functions.
The method of research that I use is library research because my data are
taken from a novel, which contains a lot of data. As for the theory, I read An
Introduction to Sociolinguistics by Janet Holmes and then I browse the Internet to
find additional theory and information that I use to analyze the data.
3
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Statement of the Problem
In this thesis I would like to analyse some research questions which are:
1. What are the utterances containing code switching in the novel Doing
Java?
2. What are the functions of code switching that occur in the particular
novel?
Purpose of the Study
In this thesis I purpose to answer the questions from the statement of the
problem which are:
1. To find out the utterances that contain code switching in Doing Java.
2. To find out the functions of code swiching that occur in the novel.
Method of the Research
The method of research used in this thesis follows this procedure. Initially,
I read the novel by Niels Mulder entitled Doing Java, which provides me with the
data needed for the analysis. The data that I have collected contain code
switching. After I have found the data, I classify them into the functions of code
switching. Lastly, I analyse the data by using some theory from textbooks and
electronic websites
Organization of the Thesis
The thesis consists of four chapters. Chapter One is the Introduction,
which consists of Background of the Study, Statement of the Problem, Purpose of
4
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the Study, Methods of Research, and Organization of the Thesis. In Chapter Two,
the Theoretical Framework is presented. Chapter Three covers the analysis and
the discussion of the data. The last chapter states the Conclusion from the analysis
and the discussion of the data. At the end of my thesis, I present the Bibliography
and the Appendix. The Bibliography lists all the references that have been used to
support my analysis. The Appendix consists of the table containing the data of the
analysis.
5
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CHAPTER IV
CONCLUSION
In this chapter, I would like to present my conclusion based on my
discussion in the previous chapter. As I have mentioned in my discussion a
foreign language may be used in our conversation. Therefore, people use two or
more languages in their daily activities. Because of that, people mix their
language in their daily conversation. Sometimes people switch between their
language and a foreign language.
This kind of phenomenon happens in Indonesia. We cannot deny the fact
that learning English is very important due to its significance in international
community. English is one of the international languages so Indonesian people
learn English as a foreign language. Therefore, people mix the two languages in
their daily conversation. Meanwhile, there are reasons why people switch their
language into another language. The first reason is that the speaker wants to
emphasize the meaning of his or her utterances. The second reason is that the
speaker wishes to express their feelings such as anger, sadness, and happiness and
so
on
more
effectively.
The
third
reason
is
that
the
speaker
27
UNIVERSITAS KRISTEN MARANATHA
would like to express the solidarity with the listener.
According to Koziol, there are fourteen functions of code switching,
namely
personalization,
reiteration,
designation,
substitution,
emphasis,
clarification, objectivization, untranslatability, mitigating message, parenthesis,
aggravating message, quotation, and topic shift. Those functions explain why
people switch their language.
Code switching also occurs in the novel Doing Java. The writer writes this
particular novel in two languages, which are English and Indonesian. It happens
because the writer tells about the Indonesian customs. There are a lot of functions
of code switching appearing in the novel, such as reiteration, designation,
substitution, emphasis, untranslatability, parenthesis and quotation. However,
reiteration, substitution, and untranslatability are the functions that are easy to find
in the novel Doing Java.
The second type of code switching that appears in the novel is reiteration.
Reiteration is that the same words are written in two different languages. This
function is easy to find in the novel Doing Java. The writer uses this function
because the writer wants to make the reader know the word in English. For
example in the word sambal, the writer writes the same word but in English.
Therefore, the reader knows the meaning of sambal because in English sambal is
known as chilli sauce.
Designation is used to designate people. This function is used to call
somebody according to their status. In the novel, the writer uses Pak to call one of
the teachers. In this case, the writer uses it to make the reader know the custom in
Indonesia. In our country, people call a teacher either Pak or Ibu.
28
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Substitution is one of the code switchings that occurs in the novel.
Substitution is used to give some information about nouns or pronouns. The writer
uses it to give some explanation about the particular word. In the novel, the writer
uses substitution which after the noun. However, there are code switchings give
some information to explain those words. For example; for the word …leaderteacher, or kiai,…, the writer gives an explanation for a particular word. Because
of the explanation, the reader will understand that leader- teacher is kiai.
Emphasis is used to make the listener fully understand the particular word.
In the novel Doing Java, it appears in the word suci. The writer wants to
emphasize the most important thing for a woman is being virginity until she gets
married. In Indonesia, women must be virgin if they want to get married. If they
are not longer virgin, it will be hard for them to find a husband.
In novel Doing Java, the most common function of code switching is
untranslatability. Untranslatability is usually used for objects that are hard to be
expressed in English. In the novel Doing Java, there are a lot of words that cannot
be replaced by any other words. Therefore, the reader will know that those words
are related to the Indonesian customs. Usually this code switching is followed by
the explanation or information. Most of the code switching in the novel Doing
Java are untranslatability. For instance, Sarong-kebaya is untranslatability because
it is one of the traditional custom of Indonesia. Therefore, the writer writes it in an
Indonesian language.
Parenthesis refers to extra information that the speaker uses to make the
listener remember a certain object which the speaker has said before. The writer
uses it to retrieve the hearer’s memory. However in the novel Doing Java, I just
29
UNIVERSITAS KRISTEN MARANATHA
find the form of parenthesis, such as, sambal (chilli sauce) as these words are
found in the parenthesis.
The speaker quotes directly what someone has said to give the reference of
the speaker. The writer quotes someone’s utterance to make the reader know that
it is not his utterance. In the novel Doing Java, there are several sentences which
are quoted from someone else’s utterance. It is used to give information that the
sentences are from another speaker. Saya lapar dan haus is a quotation. The
writer quotes the Balinese woman’s utterance from the movie. Therefore, the
reader will know that those are sentences from the movie.
In the novel, there are two functions of code switching, namely reiteration,
and untranslatability. It occurs because the novel tells about the customs in
Indonesia, especially Javanese’s custom. Because of the customs, there are some
words that cannot be replaced by any other words. Therefore, the writer writes the
words in the original words (Indonesian). It is used to suggest that the words are
related to the Indonesian customs.
Finally, I would like to find out that code switching takes place in a
community where more than one language is used. Code switching cannot be
avoided because of the globalisation process. It is not enough to use one language.
I feel grateful that I have studied Linguistics. In particular, I have studied code
switching, which belongs to Sociolinguistics. With this knowledge, I am able to
know and understand why people use code switching.
30
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BIBILOGRAPHY
References:
Webster New Twentieth Century Dictionary. America: New World Dictionaries/
Simon and Schuster, 1979
Holmes, Janet. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. Pearson Education, 1992.
Electronic Publications
Code switching. Wikipedia. March 2006.
Code switching between Spanish and English in the Contemporary American
Society. Koziol, Jessica Marie. May 2000. St. Mary’s College of
Maryland. March 2006.
Functions of Code Switching in Schoolchildren’s Conversations. Reyes, Iliana.
Bilingual Research Journal, 28: 1 Spring 2004. University of Arizona.
March 2006.
language. wikipedia. March 2006.
>
31
UNIVERSITAS KRISTEN MARANATHA
Sociolinguostics. Wikipedia. March 2006
Primary Source
Mulder, Neils. Doing Java. Kanisius. 2006.
32
UNIVERSITAS KRISTEN MARANATHA
33
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Dalam Tugas Akhir ini, saya menganalisa code switching yang terjadi
sekarang ini. Akhir-akhir ini, orang menggunakan code switching dalam
percakapan mereka. Hal ini disebabkan oleh orang-orang yang belajar bahasa
manca negara. Dengan mempelajari bahasa asing, acapkali mereka menggunakan
bahasa tersebut dalam keseharian hidup mereka. Kadang kala mereka
mencampurbaurkan bahasa mereka dengan bahasa asing. Hal ini pun terjadi di
Indonesia. Orang Indonesia mencampurkan bahasa Indonesia dengan bahasa
Inggris ataupun dengan bahasa yang lainnya. Masalah ini dalam ilmu linguistik
disebut dengan code switching.
Code switching adalah percampuran dua bahasa dalam satu kalimat. Code
switching dapat berupa kalimat ataupun kata-kata. Beberapa alasan untuk
menggunakan code switching antara lain adalah untuk menekankan tujuan penutur
kepada lawan tutur, untuk menunjukkan perasaan penutur terhadap lawa tutur dan
untuk menunjukan rasa persahabatan dalam suatu komunitas tertentu.
Code switching dapat ditemukan dalam novel Doing Java. Yang saya
jadikan sumber analisis. Di dalam novel tersebut, terdapat banyak code switching
dalam bahasa Indonesia. Hal tersebutlah yang membuat saya tertarik untuk
menganalisis code switching karena jarang sekali orang asing menulis novel yang
sebagian
isi
dari
novelnya
menggunakan
bahasa
Indonesia.
UNIVERSITAS KRISTEN MARANATHA
Hal tersebut yang membuat saya tertarik dalam menganalisis novel Doing Java.
Dalam tugas akhir ini, saya menggunakan pendekatan linguistik, yakni
sosiolinguistik, khususnya menggunakan teori code switching. Code switching
mempunyai beberapa fungsi yang membantu saya dalam menganalisis novel
tersebut. Ada empat belas fungsi code switching yang dikembangkan oleh Koziol.
Funsi dari code switching adalah personalization, reiteration, designation,
substitution, emphasis, clarification, objectivization, untranslatability, mitigating
message, interjection, parenthesis, aggravating message, quotation, topic shift.
Namun dalam novel ini, saya hanya menemukan beberapa funsi code switching,
yakni:
personalization,
reiteration,
designation,
substitution,
emphasis,
clarification, objectivization, untranslatability, parenthesis, dan quotation
UNIVERSITAS KRISTEN MARANATHA
TABLE OF CONTENT
PREFACE………………………………………………………...……… i
TABLE OF CONTENTS………………………………………………..
ii
ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………… iii
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study………………………………………….
Statement of the Problem…………………………………………
Purpose of the Study……………………………………………...
Method of Research………………………………………………
Organization of the Thesis………………………………………..
1
4
4
4
4
CHAPTER TWO: THEORETICAL
FRAMEWORK………………………………………………….
6
CHAPTER THREE: ANALYSIS OF CODE SWITCHING
IN THE NOVEL DOING JAVA ……………………………… 15
CHAPTER FOUR: CONCLUSION…………………………………… 27
BIBILOGRAPHY………………………………………………………. 31
APPENDIX:
Table of Data……….……………………………………………
33
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APPENDIX
Table of Analysis
No
Sentence
Functions
1
…Then sends them home with the advice to Reiteration
swallow some salt-white, pure with- air putih,
‘white’ water, pure water, because…
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
…We are merdeka!, independent!…
you need to perform the ritual with body and
mind. Without concentration, it doesn’t result in
pahala, merit
…but are also hired to carry anything else, like
becak tricycle taxis that are the main means of
transportation across town
…before the isya evening prayer, the meaning of
prayer is explained
Pak Astar belongs to the economics faculty, not
quite my field, but that I am his trophy’
Imagine, if I am no virgin, no longer suci, I’ll have
lost my chances of marrying
…too often bagaimana? Worse than that, I am
beginning to reproduce mannerism.
As a result, their contact is not with God but with
Satan, and what they hold to be kebatinan is no
better than klenik, black magic, occultism
…and so it was appreciated that we were joined by
a busload of sarong-kebaya dressed, old Chinese
ladies who had come all the way from Jakarta.
I had to explain that I had come to do research on
the aliran, on the religious diversity that set the
framework for organizational life in parties,
association, clubs and other groupings.
33
Reiteration
Reiteration
Reiteration
Reiteration
Designation
Emphasis
Emphasis
Untranslatability
Untranslatability
Untranslatability
12
This policy, however, bared the rift between
santri (rule-abiding Muslims) and the laxer….
Untranslatability
13
To assist in these endeavours, they do sujud,
resignation to God, which may mean variety of
exercises…
… is to throw a slametan, a ceremony including
prayer organized around a communal meal serving
to restore or reaffirm order.
Body and soul should simply be surrendered to
God until God can intuited by means of the rasa,
the indwelling fine feeling that is our personal link
to the spiritual realm that is his
At night, one heard the gamelan, its percussion
and lyrics inducing a calm, meditative mood
I find small, coarse wayang puppets, some
ceramic animals, running stick with a tin for a
wheel
… At night, all of us watch the movie sembilan,
in which nine heroes, everyone of them dressed in
a different ethnic costume, quest for their origin
and destiny
Whatever the choice of viands, one was a
constant: a conspicuous jar of red-hot sambal
(chili sauce) to add fiery spice to deliciously
seasoned food.’
There was hardly a single bhikkhu (monk-priest)
from Indonesia, in contrast to a sizable delegation
of monks who had come all the way from
Thailand.
…the famed sate (shish kebab) shop …
Pak Gondo thought it very funny, ‘Oh’, he laught,
‘besok yang akan datang’! (a tomorrow that will
come)
well- she likes to start her sentences on a fat
“well”- he’s cute, touching. I loved it when he
said, “saya cinta saudari” it is so awkward and
yet so moving, so sincere’
In that sense, the practice of religion, agama, is
merely the practice of outer man
Most memorable among them is the fat Balinese,
who keeps assuring his companions, ‘saya lapar
dan haus’ (I am hungry and thirsty), a phrase I
now fully understand.
Untranslatability
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
34
Untranslatability
Untranslatability
Untranslatability
Untranslatability
Quotation
Reiteration and Parenthesis
Reiteration and Parenthesis
Reiteration and Parenthesis
Reiteration and Parenthesis
Quotation and Emphasis
Substitution and
Reiteration
Quotation, Parenthesis and
Reiteration
26
27
28
29
30
that is white magic, and thus wrong. ‘I practise
medicine; I am not a dhukun’(shaman).
That’s where we keep the kris, the pusaka
(heirloom) protecting this house.
No, the abangan messes, those who live
accordingly to the deep-Javanese (kejawen)
heritage, were not really interested.
To him, there was no doubt that I was a londo, a
Dutchman.
to him, the Nu is a big brotherhood, a family
woven together of personal ties that Cluster
around the leader-teacher, or kiai, of pondokpesantren (Islamic boarding schools)
35
Parenthesis, Reiteration
and Emphasis
Untranslatability
parenthesis, and
Reiteration
Parenthesis, Substitution
and Untranslatability
Designation, Reiteration,
and Emphasis
Designation, Substitution,
Untranslatability,
Parenthesis and Reiteration
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
Language is very important for people to communicate with one another
for the reason that language is a method of communication conducted by human
beings in describing their experiences .
One way of communicating is by having a conversation with other people. In a
conversation, a foreign language may be used because we sometimes interact with
foreigners who speak a different language from that of ours. As a result, people
may speak in two languages. It is called bilingual. ‘Bilingual is using or capable
of using two languages’ (Webster’s New Twentieth Century Dictionary,
1979:182).
Considering that people speak two languages, sometimes they mix the two
languages in their daily conversation. This kind of phenomenon is called code
switching. Code switching is the alternation between two languages in the same
utterance or conversation . This phenomenon
occurs for various reasons. The first reason is that the speaker wants to emphasize
on the meaning of his or her utterances. The second reason is that the speaker
wishes to express their feelings such as anger, sadness, happiness and so on.
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The third reason is that the speaker would like to express the solidarity with the
listener. (Holmes, 2001:36)
This topic is interesting to be discussed because this phenomenon occurs
in all countries; for example, in the United States of America. In the particular
country, there are a lot of immigrants coming from different background. It can be
seen when a Spaniard learns English. People sometimes mix the language
between Spanish and English in their daily conversation. Hence, I would like to
find out why people do code switching from one language to another. This
phenomenon occurs because of several reasons or conditions. There are several
functions that a speaker uses in code switching with depends on its purposes. By
analyzing code switching, I can understand why people use code switching.
Code switching also happens in Indonesia. Since English has become an
international language, a lot of indonesian people learn English as their second or
foreign language. Therefore, they often mix Indonesian language with English.
This phenomenon may occur in daily conversation, movies or novels.
In writing the novel entitled Doing Java, the author Niels Mulder mixes
two languages. Dr. Niels Mulder is an independent anthropologist who conducted
a field research in Java, Indonesia, in the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s. Prior to his
research in Indonesia, he had also conducted his research in Thailand and the
Philippines. In writing his novel, he writes about the Javanese culture including
Javanese customs, such as the Javanese kingdoms, the title of the Indonesian
people, etc. He writes his novel in two languages, namely English and Indonesian.
The main language of the novel is English. However, there are still certain words
written in the Indonesian language.
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I choose this particular novel because it is interesting to study how a
foreigner writes a novel in two languages; particularly because the second
language is Indonesian. Besides, I would like to find out why Mulder chooses to
keep using the Indonesian words instead of changing them into the English words
although he is capable of doing so. Throughout the novel Doing Java, there are a
lot of codes switching from English to Indonesian.
In analysing my data, I use Sociolinguistics as my approach.
‘Sociolinguistics is concerned with the relationship between language and the
context in which it is used’ (Holmes, 2001:1). In particular, I use code switching
theory to support my analysis.
I analyse why the writer in the novel uses code switching in their daily
conversation. Since the code switching theory reveals the functions of code
switching. They give some information that explains why people use code
switching. According to Koziol, there are fourteen functions of code switching,
namely
personalization,
reiteration,
designations,
substitution,
emphasis,
clarification, objectivization, untranslatability, mitigating message, parenthesis,
aggravating message, quotation, topic shift. (Koziol, 2000: 29-38) There are some
purposes behind the use of those functions.
The method of research that I use is library research because my data are
taken from a novel, which contains a lot of data. As for the theory, I read An
Introduction to Sociolinguistics by Janet Holmes and then I browse the Internet to
find additional theory and information that I use to analyze the data.
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Statement of the Problem
In this thesis I would like to analyse some research questions which are:
1. What are the utterances containing code switching in the novel Doing
Java?
2. What are the functions of code switching that occur in the particular
novel?
Purpose of the Study
In this thesis I purpose to answer the questions from the statement of the
problem which are:
1. To find out the utterances that contain code switching in Doing Java.
2. To find out the functions of code swiching that occur in the novel.
Method of the Research
The method of research used in this thesis follows this procedure. Initially,
I read the novel by Niels Mulder entitled Doing Java, which provides me with the
data needed for the analysis. The data that I have collected contain code
switching. After I have found the data, I classify them into the functions of code
switching. Lastly, I analyse the data by using some theory from textbooks and
electronic websites
Organization of the Thesis
The thesis consists of four chapters. Chapter One is the Introduction,
which consists of Background of the Study, Statement of the Problem, Purpose of
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the Study, Methods of Research, and Organization of the Thesis. In Chapter Two,
the Theoretical Framework is presented. Chapter Three covers the analysis and
the discussion of the data. The last chapter states the Conclusion from the analysis
and the discussion of the data. At the end of my thesis, I present the Bibliography
and the Appendix. The Bibliography lists all the references that have been used to
support my analysis. The Appendix consists of the table containing the data of the
analysis.
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CHAPTER IV
CONCLUSION
In this chapter, I would like to present my conclusion based on my
discussion in the previous chapter. As I have mentioned in my discussion a
foreign language may be used in our conversation. Therefore, people use two or
more languages in their daily activities. Because of that, people mix their
language in their daily conversation. Sometimes people switch between their
language and a foreign language.
This kind of phenomenon happens in Indonesia. We cannot deny the fact
that learning English is very important due to its significance in international
community. English is one of the international languages so Indonesian people
learn English as a foreign language. Therefore, people mix the two languages in
their daily conversation. Meanwhile, there are reasons why people switch their
language into another language. The first reason is that the speaker wants to
emphasize the meaning of his or her utterances. The second reason is that the
speaker wishes to express their feelings such as anger, sadness, and happiness and
so
on
more
effectively.
The
third
reason
is
that
the
speaker
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would like to express the solidarity with the listener.
According to Koziol, there are fourteen functions of code switching,
namely
personalization,
reiteration,
designation,
substitution,
emphasis,
clarification, objectivization, untranslatability, mitigating message, parenthesis,
aggravating message, quotation, and topic shift. Those functions explain why
people switch their language.
Code switching also occurs in the novel Doing Java. The writer writes this
particular novel in two languages, which are English and Indonesian. It happens
because the writer tells about the Indonesian customs. There are a lot of functions
of code switching appearing in the novel, such as reiteration, designation,
substitution, emphasis, untranslatability, parenthesis and quotation. However,
reiteration, substitution, and untranslatability are the functions that are easy to find
in the novel Doing Java.
The second type of code switching that appears in the novel is reiteration.
Reiteration is that the same words are written in two different languages. This
function is easy to find in the novel Doing Java. The writer uses this function
because the writer wants to make the reader know the word in English. For
example in the word sambal, the writer writes the same word but in English.
Therefore, the reader knows the meaning of sambal because in English sambal is
known as chilli sauce.
Designation is used to designate people. This function is used to call
somebody according to their status. In the novel, the writer uses Pak to call one of
the teachers. In this case, the writer uses it to make the reader know the custom in
Indonesia. In our country, people call a teacher either Pak or Ibu.
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Substitution is one of the code switchings that occurs in the novel.
Substitution is used to give some information about nouns or pronouns. The writer
uses it to give some explanation about the particular word. In the novel, the writer
uses substitution which after the noun. However, there are code switchings give
some information to explain those words. For example; for the word …leaderteacher, or kiai,…, the writer gives an explanation for a particular word. Because
of the explanation, the reader will understand that leader- teacher is kiai.
Emphasis is used to make the listener fully understand the particular word.
In the novel Doing Java, it appears in the word suci. The writer wants to
emphasize the most important thing for a woman is being virginity until she gets
married. In Indonesia, women must be virgin if they want to get married. If they
are not longer virgin, it will be hard for them to find a husband.
In novel Doing Java, the most common function of code switching is
untranslatability. Untranslatability is usually used for objects that are hard to be
expressed in English. In the novel Doing Java, there are a lot of words that cannot
be replaced by any other words. Therefore, the reader will know that those words
are related to the Indonesian customs. Usually this code switching is followed by
the explanation or information. Most of the code switching in the novel Doing
Java are untranslatability. For instance, Sarong-kebaya is untranslatability because
it is one of the traditional custom of Indonesia. Therefore, the writer writes it in an
Indonesian language.
Parenthesis refers to extra information that the speaker uses to make the
listener remember a certain object which the speaker has said before. The writer
uses it to retrieve the hearer’s memory. However in the novel Doing Java, I just
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find the form of parenthesis, such as, sambal (chilli sauce) as these words are
found in the parenthesis.
The speaker quotes directly what someone has said to give the reference of
the speaker. The writer quotes someone’s utterance to make the reader know that
it is not his utterance. In the novel Doing Java, there are several sentences which
are quoted from someone else’s utterance. It is used to give information that the
sentences are from another speaker. Saya lapar dan haus is a quotation. The
writer quotes the Balinese woman’s utterance from the movie. Therefore, the
reader will know that those are sentences from the movie.
In the novel, there are two functions of code switching, namely reiteration,
and untranslatability. It occurs because the novel tells about the customs in
Indonesia, especially Javanese’s custom. Because of the customs, there are some
words that cannot be replaced by any other words. Therefore, the writer writes the
words in the original words (Indonesian). It is used to suggest that the words are
related to the Indonesian customs.
Finally, I would like to find out that code switching takes place in a
community where more than one language is used. Code switching cannot be
avoided because of the globalisation process. It is not enough to use one language.
I feel grateful that I have studied Linguistics. In particular, I have studied code
switching, which belongs to Sociolinguistics. With this knowledge, I am able to
know and understand why people use code switching.
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BIBILOGRAPHY
References:
Webster New Twentieth Century Dictionary. America: New World Dictionaries/
Simon and Schuster, 1979
Holmes, Janet. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. Pearson Education, 1992.
Electronic Publications
Code switching. Wikipedia. March 2006.
Code switching between Spanish and English in the Contemporary American
Society. Koziol, Jessica Marie. May 2000. St. Mary’s College of
Maryland. March 2006.
Functions of Code Switching in Schoolchildren’s Conversations. Reyes, Iliana.
Bilingual Research Journal, 28: 1 Spring 2004. University of Arizona.
March 2006.
language. wikipedia. March 2006.
>
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Sociolinguostics. Wikipedia. March 2006
Primary Source
Mulder, Neils. Doing Java. Kanisius. 2006.
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