AN ANALYSIS OF CODE SWITCHING IN CINTA LAURA'S SONGS
AN ANALYSIS OF CODE SWITCHING IN CINTA LAURA’S
SONGS
THESIS
By:
DYAH LAILI RAHMAWATI
06360199
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
(2)
AN ANALYSIS OF CODE SWITCHING IN CINTA
LAURA’S
SONGS
THESIS
By:
DYAH LAILI RAHMAWATI
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
(3)
AN ANALYSIS OF CODE SWITCHING IN CINTA LAURA’S
SONGS
THESIS
This thesis is submitted to meet one of the requirements to achieve Sarjana Degree in English Education
By:
DYAH LAILI RAHMAWATI
06360199
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
(4)
This thesis written by Dyah Laili Rahmawati was approved on January 25, 2011.
By:
Advisor II, Advisor I,
(5)
This thesis was defended in front of the examiners of the Faculty of Teacher Training and Education of University of Muhammadiyah Malang
and accepted as one of the requirements to achieve Sarjana Degree in English Education
on January 25, 2011
Approved by:
Faculty of Teacher Training and Education University of Muhammadiyah Malang
Dean,
Drs. H. Fauzan, M. Pd
Examiners: Signatures:
1. Drs. Hartono, M. Pd 1. ______________________
2. Dra. Dwi Poedjiastutie, M. A. 2. ______________________
3. Dra. Erly Wahyuni, M. Si 3. ______________________
(6)
MOTTO AND DEDICATION
Nobody Is Perfect, Nobody Scores a Perfect Ten,
But We Must Always Try To Become Better and Better (Anonymous)
“Barang siapa yang ingin kesejahteraan dunia hendaklah dengan ilmu,barang siapa yang menginginkan ketentraman di akhirat hendaklah dengan ilmu, dan barang siapa yang menginginkan kedua-duanya hendaknya dengan ilmu pula.”
(Al-Hadits)
DEDICATION:
I dedicated this thesis to: My beloved Father and Mother, My Brothers, My Friends, And My Beyb.(7)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Alhamdulillah, praise be to God for endless guidance and mercy in the successful of this thesis. First of all, I would like to convey my deep thankful to the Almighty God, Allah SWT.
To share my debt and thank, I would sincere gratitude appreciate the following individuals from whom I received valuable things from the beginning up to the last process of writing this thesis, they are:
1. Gunadi, (My best father who inspired me to do my best), Mamik F. (My wonderful mother who always gives me love, advices, prays and supports), My brothers Alfian N. F. and Anggita W. M. (For your supports and advices). 2. My first advisor Dra. Erly Wahyuni, M.Si, the biggest to her for the worthy
advice and suggestion, helpful correction to complete and finish the thesis. 3. My second advisor Drs. Adiloka Sudjono, M.Pd for the worthy advice and
suggestion, helpful correction to complete and finish the thesis.
4. Meyrul S. (My wonderful part of my life who always cherish and adore me) 5. My friends: Yuke and Alind (For share anything), Ita Purnamasari (For share
about this project), Nia, Nurin, Iffah, Vita and 142 board: Mba Inda, Tugek, Aini (For your support and kindness), all of my friends that I can’t mention all.
Malang, January 15, 2011
(8)
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
APPROVAL ... i
LEGALIZATION ... ii
MOTTO AND DEDICATION ... iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ... iv
ABSTRACT ... v
TABLE OF CONTENT ... vi
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of Study ... 1
1.2 Statement of Problem ... 4
1.3 Purpose of Study ... 5
1.4 Significance of Study ... 5
1.5 Scope and Limitation ... 5
1.6 Definition of Key Terms ... 5
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2.1 Sociolinguistics ... 7
2.2 Language and Society ... 8
2.3 Bilingualism ... 9
2.4 Code... 11
(9)
2.4.1.1 Kinds of Code Switching... 15
2.4.2 Code Mixing... 16
2.4.2.1 Kinds of Code Mixing ... 17
2.5 Song as a Literary Work ... 18
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODHOLOGHY 3.1 Research Design ... 21
3.2 Approach ... 22
3.3 Research Object... ... 23
3.4 Data Collection ... 23
3.5 Data Analysis ... 23
CHAPTER IV FINDING AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Research Findings ... 24
4.1.1 The Types of Code Switching in Cinta Laura’s Songs... 24
4.1.1.1 Intra-Sentential Code Switching ... 25
4.1.1.2 Inter-Sentential Code Switching ... 26
4.1.1.3 Emblematic Switching ... 29
4.1.2 The Most Dominant Code Switching in Cinta Laura’s Song... 29
(10)
CHAPTER V CONLUSION AND SUGGESTION
5.1 Conclusion ... 32
5.2 Suggestion ... 33
APPENDIX I APPENDIX II APPENDIX III REFERENCES
(11)
REFERENCES
Abrams, M. H. 1971. A Glossary Literature Term. Third edition. New York: Holt Rinehart and Wiston, Inc.
Ary, Donald. 2002. Introduction to Research in Education (sixth edition). USA: Wodsworth.
Bogdan, Robert C. And Biklen, Sari K. 1982. Qualitative Research for Education: An Introduction to Theory and Methods. Sidney.
Chaika, Elaine. 1982. Language to Social Mirror. USA: London and Tokyo. Gay, L. R. and Airasian, Peter. 2003. Educational Research; Competence for
Analysis and Applications. Pearson Education: New Jersey.
Grosjean, Francois. 1982. Life With Two Languages: An Introduction to Bilingualism. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Holmes, Janet. 1992. An Introduction to Linguistics. England: London and New York.
Hoffmann, Charlotte. 1991. An Introduction to Bilingualism. England: London and New York.
Hornby, AS. 1974. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English. Revised and Updated. London: Oxford University Press.
Muysken, Peter. 2000. Bilingual Speech: A Typology of Code Mixing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Nababan, P. W. J. 1984. Sosiolinguistik: Suatu Pengantar. Jakarta: PT. Gramedia. Nababan, P. W. J. 1986. Sosiolinguistik. Jakarta: PT. Gramedia.
Pateda, M. 1998. Sosiolinguistik. Bandung: Angkasa Bandung.
Prasongko, Dhimas. 2003. An Analysis of Code Switching Used By Baby Blue in Belahan Jiwa Movie. Unpublished Thesis. Malang: University of
Muhammadiyah Malang.
Rahardi, Kunjana. 2001. Sosiolinguistik, Kode dan Alih Kode. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.
(12)
Sabilah, Fardini. 2001. Sociolinguistics. Module. Malang: UMM Press.
Trask, R. L. 1999. Key Concepts in Language and Lingistics. New York: London and New York.
Trudgill, Peter. 1983. Sociolinguistics An Introduction to Language and Society. England: Penguin Books.
Wardaugh, Ronald. 2002. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics (fourth edition). USA: Blackwell publishing.
__________. 2003. Thesaurus. (online), (www.allwords.com/word/song) __________. 2010. Cinta Laura’s Biography. (Online),
(13)
1
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter discuses about background of study, statement of problems, purposes of study, significance of study, scope and limitation, and definition of key terms.
1.1Background of study
Sociolinguistics research is used to analyze some exciting aspects in the field of social linguistics. It includes the aspects of linguistics and the connections between language and society and the way people use language in different social situations. Wardhaugh (1986:1) states that sociolinguistics is the study of the language in its social context and the study of social life through linguistics, so the study of sociolinguistics cannot be separated from language and social interaction. People use it to communicate. It represents the social function of language and it can figure out as a mirror of society.
According to Trudgill (1983:13) language is not simply a means of communication, it is a very important means of establishing and maintaining relationship with other people. In this case, language cannot be separated from society. By using language, people can express opinions, ideas, suggestions and make our communication easier. From that definition, language also has another function that is to maintain our relationship with our environment. Practically, language is
(14)
2
different from one another but still has the same function as a communication tool in our daily life.
Many Indonesians people are bilingual and some are even multilingual. Since Indonesia is an archipelagic country, the emergence of vernaculars or local languages, such as Javanese, Sundanese, Madurese, Balinese, Banjarese, etc. is inevitable among tribes in Indonesia. Local languages are used in communication among people in certain areas to hold their social affairs, whereas to communicate with other people who come from different tribes, another language is needed that is national language that unites them, Indonesian language. It means that Indonesians are at least bilinguals since they master two languages, vernacular and Bahasa Indonesia.
Moreover, it is not surprising if some Indonesians are bilingual or multilingual at the same time because of the foreign language learning, such as English, Mandarin, German, Japanese, etc. that enable them to master more than one language and Bahasa Indonesia. Among those foreign languages, English is the most popular because it is not only an international language, but also a compulsory subject of foreign language learning in Indonesia beginning from elementary school to university.
In speaking, people usually use a symbol or sign to convey their intention. They use code. They usually use it when they need codes for both transactional and interactional purpose. Wardhaugh (1986: 86) states code can be used to refer to any kind of system that two or more people employ for communication. The more people
(15)
3
master languages, the more their ability to code switch and code mix from one language into another language because of the repertoire in their minds. Therefore, the phenomenon of code switching happens not only between local language and Bahasa Indonesia, but also among local language, Bahasa Indonesia and English.
Recent research on code switching was done by Prasongko (2003) who conducted a study on code switching used by Baby Blue in Belahan Jiwa movie finds out 47 code switchings and three kinds of code switching. First, Intra-sentential code switching, those were 14, the switch occurred within a sentence. Second, Inter-sentential code switching; the switch used by Baby Blue occurred between sentences, those were 25. The last was Emblematic switching, the switch that occurred with involving the tags or exclamation serving as an Emblem of the bilingual character, those were 8. And the most dominant kind of code switching was Inter-sentential code switching because it was most frequently used by Baby Blue.
From those previous studies, it can be concluded that the code switching used in movie and song is different, such as the most dominant of code switching used by Baby Blue in “Belahan Jiwa” movie is inter-sentential code switching, while in Cinta Laura’s songs mostly used intra-sentential code switching. The writer wants to delve deeper about the code switching especially in song. It is hoped that this study will expand the picture of the Sociolinguistics field.
(16)
4
In the light of the above previous research, and especially in the bilingual country, code switching is inevitably used. Furthermore, because of the development of language itself, code switching is not only used in daily conversation or academic activity but also in song. In some Indonesian songs, code switching is also used.
Recently, some Indonesian songs contain English phrases and sentences in their lyrics. Take for example, Rini Wulandari’s song entitled “Over Protective” which ends with “Over, over protective, buatku pusing gila” which was popular in 2009. Though Rini Wulandari has been producing several songs which involve language switching, she is not the only Indonesian composers who does it. There are several other composers who produce songs which contain language switching, such as Cinta Laura. In her album “Cinta Laura” which contains ten songs, and there are seven songs which used code switching.
In this study, the writer studies about code switching used in Cinta Laura’s songs as the topic of discussion. It is still new because it has not been researched yet by other researcher. Besides, Cinta Laura is one of the most popular artists in Indonesia, whose song lyrics are full of switching language.
1.2Statement of Problems
1. What kinds of code switching are found in Cinta Laura’s songs?
(17)
5
1.3Purpose of Study
In accordance with the statement of the problems mentioned previously, the objectives of the study are stated as follows:
1. To know the kinds of code switching are found in Cinta Laura’s songs.
2. To know the most dominant code switching employed in Cinta Laura’s songs.
1.4Significance of Study
Theoretically, this study is expected to enrich the study of Sociolinguistics, especially in terms of code switching. Practically, this study is hoped to broaden English department students’ understanding about the phenomenon of code switching Indonesian songs.
1.5Scope and Limitation
Based on the research objective above, the writer wants to make the limitation of the study. The scope of the study focused on the use of code switching only in lyric of Cinta Laura’s songs “Cinta Atau Uang, Shoot Me, You Say Aku, We Can Do It, Oh Baby, Guardian Angel and Let Me Go”. This analysis is limited on the songs taken from the first album that is “Cinta Laura” that was released in 2010.
1.6Definition of Key Terms
The key terms in this research are defined as follows:
Code switching is the alternate use of two languages or linguistic varieties
(18)
6
110).
Intra-sentential code-switching is the switch occuring within a sentence
(Hoffmann, 1991).
Inter-sentential code-switching is the switch occuring between sentences
(Hoffmann, 1991).
Emblematic switching is switch occurs with involving tags or exclamation
(1)
1
This chapter discuses about background of study, statement of problems, purposes of study, significance of study, scope and limitation, and definition of key terms.
1.1Background of study
Sociolinguistics research is used to analyze some exciting aspects in the field of social linguistics. It includes the aspects of linguistics and the connections between language and society and the way people use language in different social situations. Wardhaugh (1986:1) states that sociolinguistics is the study of the language in its social context and the study of social life through linguistics, so the study of sociolinguistics cannot be separated from language and social interaction. People use it to communicate. It represents the social function of language and it can figure out as a mirror of society.
According to Trudgill (1983:13) language is not simply a means of communication, it is a very important means of establishing and maintaining relationship with other people. In this case, language cannot be separated from society. By using language, people can express opinions, ideas, suggestions and make our communication easier. From that definition, language also has another function that is to maintain our relationship with our environment. Practically, language is
(2)
different from one another but still has the same function as a communication tool in our daily life.
Many Indonesians people are bilingual and some are even multilingual. Since Indonesia is an archipelagic country, the emergence of vernaculars or local languages, such as Javanese, Sundanese, Madurese, Balinese, Banjarese, etc. is inevitable among tribes in Indonesia. Local languages are used in communication among people in certain areas to hold their social affairs, whereas to communicate with other people who come from different tribes, another language is needed that is national language that unites them, Indonesian language. It means that Indonesians are at least bilinguals since they master two languages, vernacular and Bahasa Indonesia.
Moreover, it is not surprising if some Indonesians are bilingual or multilingual at the same time because of the foreign language learning, such as English, Mandarin, German, Japanese, etc. that enable them to master more than one language and Bahasa Indonesia. Among those foreign languages, English is the most popular because it is not only an international language, but also a compulsory subject of foreign language learning in Indonesia beginning from elementary school to university.
In speaking, people usually use a symbol or sign to convey their intention. They use code. They usually use it when they need codes for both transactional and interactional purpose. Wardhaugh (1986: 86) states code can be used to refer to any kind of system that two or more people employ for communication. The more people
(3)
master languages, the more their ability to code switch and code mix from one language into another language because of the repertoire in their minds. Therefore, the phenomenon of code switching happens not only between local language and Bahasa Indonesia, but also among local language, Bahasa Indonesia and English.
Recent research on code switching was done by Prasongko (2003) who conducted a study on code switching used by Baby Blue in Belahan Jiwa movie finds out 47 code switchings and three kinds of code switching. First, Intra-sentential code switching, those were 14, the switch occurred within a sentence. Second, Inter-sentential code switching; the switch used by Baby Blue occurred between sentences, those were 25. The last was Emblematic switching, the switch that occurred with involving the tags or exclamation serving as an Emblem of the bilingual character, those were 8. And the most dominant kind of code switching was Inter-sentential code switching because it was most frequently used by Baby Blue.
From those previous studies, it can be concluded that the code switching used in movie and song is different, such as the most dominant of code switching used by Baby Blue in “Belahan Jiwa” movie is inter-sentential code switching, while in Cinta Laura’s songs mostly used intra-sentential code switching. The writer wants to delve deeper about the code switching especially in song. It is hoped that this study will expand the picture of the Sociolinguistics field.
(4)
In the light of the above previous research, and especially in the bilingual country, code switching is inevitably used. Furthermore, because of the development of language itself, code switching is not only used in daily conversation or academic activity but also in song. In some Indonesian songs, code switching is also used.
Recently, some Indonesian songs contain English phrases and sentences in their lyrics. Take for example, Rini Wulandari’s song entitled “Over Protective” which ends with “Over, over protective, buatku pusing gila” which was popular in 2009. Though Rini Wulandari has been producing several songs which involve language switching, she is not the only Indonesian composers who does it. There are several other composers who produce songs which contain language switching, such as Cinta Laura. In her album “Cinta Laura” which contains ten songs, and there are seven songs which used code switching.
In this study, the writer studies about code switching used in Cinta Laura’s songs as the topic of discussion. It is still new because it has not been researched yet by other researcher. Besides, Cinta Laura is one of the most popular artists in Indonesia, whose song lyrics are full of switching language.
1.2Statement of Problems
1. What kinds of code switching are found in Cinta Laura’s songs?
(5)
1.3Purpose of Study
In accordance with the statement of the problems mentioned previously, the objectives of the study are stated as follows:
1. To know the kinds of code switching are found in Cinta Laura’s songs.
2. To know the most dominant code switching employed in Cinta Laura’s songs.
1.4Significance of Study
Theoretically, this study is expected to enrich the study of Sociolinguistics, especially in terms of code switching. Practically, this study is hoped to broaden English department students’ understanding about the phenomenon of code switching Indonesian songs.
1.5Scope and Limitation
Based on the research objective above, the writer wants to make the limitation of the study. The scope of the study focused on the use of code switching only in lyric of Cinta Laura’s songs “Cinta Atau Uang, Shoot Me, You Say Aku, We Can Do It, Oh Baby, Guardian Angel and Let Me Go”. This analysis is limited on the songs taken from the first album that is “Cinta Laura” that was released in 2010.
1.6Definition of Key Terms
The key terms in this research are defined as follows:
Code switching is the alternate use of two languages or linguistic varieties within the same utterance or during the same conversation (Hoffman, 1991:
(6)
110).
Intra-sentential code-switching is the switch occuring within a sentence (Hoffmann, 1991).
Inter-sentential code-switching is the switch occuring between sentences (Hoffmann, 1991).
Emblematic switching is switch occurs with involving tags or exclamation serving as an emblem of the bilingual character (Hoffmann, 1991).