Design Web-based GIS Application for Rabies Spread in Bali Province.
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DI SCOVERY OF I CT FOR THE GROWTH AND
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33- 42
Uplink and Downlink of LTE- Release 10 in Cellular
Com m unicat ions
Aws Yonis, M.F.L. Abdullah
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Design Web- based GI S Applicat ion for Rabies Spr ead
in Bali Pr ovince
I . A. K. Sit a Laksm it a, A. A. Kom piang Oka Sudana, Put u
Wira Buana
PDF
54- 62
I SSN: 2252- 8776
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Copyright © 2012 IAES Int it ut e of Advanced Engineering and Science
12/09/2013 14:49
Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science
International Journal of Informatics and Communication Technology (IJ-ICT)
Vol.1, No.1, July 2012, pp. 54~62
ISSN: 2252-8776
54
Web-based Geographic Information System Design of Rabies
Spread in Bali
I. A. K. Sita Laksmita, A. A. Kompiang Oka Sudana, Putu Wira Buana
Departement of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Udayana University
Article Info
ABSTRACT
Article history:
th
Received May 20 , 2012
Revised June 4th, 2012
Accepted June 10th, 2012
Keyword:
GIS application
Rabies
GeoServer
OpenLayers
PostGIS
Rabies is still a serious threat in the province of Bali. As a densely populated
area, Bali has a high population of dogs due to peculiarities of socio-cultural
and bio-geography of Bali where there is a very close interaction between
people and pets. The high population of dogs in Bali resulted in high rates of
spread of rabies. Nowadays, data management still uses spreadsheet
technology that oriented to attribute data. Bali needs a better management
system that can process data and information to support the government to
make decision for preventing rabies outbreak. Geographic Information
System (GIS) is a system that has the ability to process, analysis the process
and analysis spatial data or data with geographic coordinates. This article
will discuss the implementation of GIS that show the spread of rabies in the
province of Bali by using GeoServer as the server to provide geospatial data
via web services. This GIS application is supported by PostGIS database as
storage and processing of spatial data and OpenLayers as an interface. This
application can support government for making priority decision to focus on
areas which has the most high of rabies outbreak.
Copyright @ 2012 Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science.
All rights reserved.
Corresponding Author:
I. A. K. Sita Laksmita,
Departement of Electrical and Computer Engineering,
Udayana University,
Kampus Bukit Road, Jimbaran, Bali – 80361, Indonesia.
Email: sita.nita.mita@gmail.com
1.
INTRODUCTION
Rabies is a major public health problem in Bali. Government has declared Bali Island as rabies
outbreak area. The statement contained in the Minister of Agriculture Regulation Anton Apriyantono on
December 1, 2008 [1]. The threat of rabies is not only about the death of human or a pet, but also can lead
local residents to loss sense of safety. Rabies outbreak caused the deaths of thousands of dogs that tested
positive due to rabies, or suspected of carrying rabies because rabies symptoms or had close contact with
rabies positive dogs [2].
Human fatalities occur because of a lack of knowledge regarding rabies risk, the poor management
of dog bites, and the limited availability of Rabies immune globulin (RIG) [3]. Increasing public awareness
of dog bite management, increasing the ARV (availability of anti-rabies vaccine) and RIG, and implementing
an island wide dog vaccination campaign will help prevent human rabies cases.
Government of Bali has been collecting the data of rabies cases every period. However, current data
management system still uses spreadsheet technology that oriented to attribute data. That system is
inadequate for the efficient management and controlling the rabies outbreak.
Geographic Information System (GIS) is a computer-based tool or system for mapping and
analyzing spatial data [4]. GIS is an organized collection of hardware, software and geographic data designed
to efficiently capture, store, update, and manipulate all forms of geographically referenced information [5].
One benefit of GIS is that it can be used by the various fields of science, such as health or medical field.
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IJ-ICT
ISSN: 2252-8776
55
With this in mind, a web-based GIS application of rabies spread was created by using GeoServer to
record the spread of rabies, PostGIS database to stored and managed data from the maps, and OpenLayers as
a client application to display map data in a web browser. This application provides a new resource for the
rapid mapping and displays the dissemination of data on rabies cases in order to show information about any
rabies infected area.
The rabies cases are shown in the points form (markers) in the map based on the coordinates of
locations. Each region will be displayed in different colors according to the range number of rabies cases that
occurred. The point radius showed the radius running of a dog in relation to show rabies outbreak.
Submissions detail of rabies cases also can be viewed via popup that appears automatically when the rabies
cases location were selected on the map. This application is useful in determining vaccination schedule so
that Bali Animal Husbandry Department can easily track and perform priority control in areas with the most
widely spread. It also showed the data historically, which means the spread of rabies can be tracked not only
based on region but also time.
2.
RESEARCH METHOD
2.1. Geographic Information System (GIS)
Geographic Information System (GIS) is a database system that has a special ability to input, store,
manipulate, and display spatial data or geographic coordinates of the following set of operations that manage
the data [6]. GIS technology is used to make decisions and visualize categorized data in many aspects of the
society. The most important components in a GIS is data and data is organized and managed with the help of
a database management system (DBMS) [5].
Like maps, GIS can represent the real world in front of a computer monitor. Map is a graphical
representation of the real world. Objects presented on a map are called a map element or map features, such
as the rivers, bridges, and buildings [6]. Maps can organize the elements based on its locations, very good in
showing an element relationship, the units that connect a set of map elements with their attributes in GIS
called layer. Examples of layers include buildings, roads, sea, administrative boundaries, and plantations.
Collection of this layer will form a GIS database.
2.2. Rabies
Rabies (hydrophobia) is a fatal neuropathogenic disease caused by the rabies virus, which is an
enveloped RNA virus of the Lyssavirus genus, Rhabdoviridae family [7]. Transmission of rabies usually
occurs through the bite of an infected animal, contamination of fresh wounds or mucous membranes with
saliva or brain of animals that have been infected. The main route of infection is the bite of rabid dogs. In the
specific case the transmission through the air may also occur [8].
Figure 1. Number of human rabies cases (persons) from November 2008 to November 2010 by month
Rabies in Bali Province disease reappeared on 17 November 2008, the first human death from rabies
virus infection occurred in Ungasan, Bali, following a dog bite [9]. By 27 December 2009, 27 human cases
had been reported occurring in widely separated parts of the island, but predominantly in the south, in
Tabanan and Ungasan [9]. As of 13 March 2010, the number of human deaths reported had surpassed 40
Design Web-based GIS Application for Rabies Spread in Bali Province (I. A. K. Sita Laksmita)
56
ISSN: 2252-8776
[10]. Prior to 2008, Bali was considered rabies-free. With the current outbreak and the current estimated dog
population on the island being 500 000, the Bali Veterinary Agency is attempting to control the canine rabies
outbreak through a mass vaccination programmed and the destruction of animals [10]. Figure 1 shows the
number of human rabies cases by month from November 2008 to November 2010 of the outbreak [3].
The increase in numbers of clinically diagnosed cases in 12 months after the initial case report can
be seen. Cases were reported in eight districts (Figure 2) with most coming from rural districts, including
Karangasem (28.8%), Buleleng (19.2%) and Tabanan (17.3%) [3]. The proportion from the Badung District,
where the index case occurred was 13.5% [3].
Figure 2. Map of Bali Province and distribution of human rabies during November 2008-November 2010
There were 104 human rabies cases in Bali during November 2008-November 2010 [3]. Patients’
average age was 36.6 years (range 3-84 years; SD 20.7), most were male (56.7. Almost all (92%) cases had a
history of dog bite [3]. Only 5.8% had their wounds treated and received an anti-rabies vaccine (ARV) after
the bite incident [3]. No patients received Rabies Immuno Globulin (RIG). The rabies virus genome was
detected in 50 of 101 patients (49.5%) with the highest detection rate from post-mortem CSF samples [3].
2.3. GeoServer
GeoServer is open source software that is built using Java that allows users to display and
manipulate geospatial data [11]. GeoServer is designed for interoperability that is published data from all
sources of spatial data using open standards. As a community-based project, GeoServer is developed, tested,
and supported by a diverse group of individuals and organizations from around the world. Geoserver is the
implementation of the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) Web Feature Service (WFS) and Web Coverage
Service (WCS) standards, as well as high performance Web Map Service (WMS).
2.4. PostGIS
PostGIS is an open source relational database system, extension of the PostgreSQL Database
Management System [12]. By adding PostGIS in Postgre SQL, the database will have the ability to store
spatial data as the data range, region, state, and in particular the intersection of the geometry data type into
the database as the data location of an object on the map. PostGIS functionality similar to other several
databases that support spatial database such as SQL Server 2008 that supports spatial data, ESRI ArcSDE,
Oracle Spatial and DB2 spatial extender [13]. Latest release of PostGIS is now packaged with the DBMS
PostgreSQL as an optional add-on. As of this writing, the latest release is 1.4 and PostGIS 1.5 in beta version.
IJ-ICT Vol. 1, No. 1, July 2012: 54 – 62
IJ-ICT
ISSN: 2252-8776
57
2.5. OpenLayers
OpenLayers is a javascript based client application for displaying map data in a web browser and
does not depend on the web server used [14]. OpenLayers implements a JavaScript API used to build webbased GIS applications. OpenLayers is similar to Google Maps and MSN Virtual Earth APIs, with one main
difference that OpenLayers is free software, developed for and by the community of Open Source software.
2.6. Design system
There are five types of entities related to the application of rabies GIS, namely Animal Husbandry
Department, administrator, submissions sender, pet owner, and user. Modeling system with unified external
relations shown in the system context diagram in Figure 3.
d
e
Submission
sender
Pet owner
- Submission sender identity
- Submissions data
- Pet owner identity
a
Administrator
- Database information
- Master data/Lookup data
- Submissions data
- Rabies cases information
- Rabies spreads information
- Locations information
- Submission reports
0
- Username and password
- Master data/Lookup data
SIG
Penyebaran Rabies di
Provinsi Bali
- Rabies cases information
- Locations information
- Information choosing/Query data
b
Animal
Husbandry
Department
- Username and password
- Submissions data
- Information choosing/Query data
- Username dan password
- Submissions data
c
User
Figure 3. GIS application context diagram
Each entity has a special duties and rights in the application The administrator have full access rights
to the master data processing, as well as the data manipulation is not possible for other users. The head of the
Animal Husbandry Department have a duty of validating the data in cases of rabies submissions received
from the reporting done by locals and then take a decision in determining the priority of the response to the
infected area. Users is an employee of the Animal Husbandry Department who access this geographic
information system applications, which is allowed to query and regional elections, in accordance with the
spatial query and navigation options and assigned to enter data reporting as results of public rabies
submissions. The rabies cases will be reported by the people whom we call submission sender and the report
will be recorded as data submission. Animal owners who have pets suspected of contracting rabies will be
questioned according to the condition and behavior of their pets.
The processes that occur between entities in the system and database involved in each process are
described in the Data Flow Diagram (DFD) level 0 systems as shown in Figure 4.
Design Web-based GIS Application for Rabies Spread in Bali Province (I. A. K. Sita Laksmita)
58
ISSN: 2252-8776
0
Username, password
c
1
Confirmation
User
User identity
D1
Username, password
Confirmation
Master User Data
Username, password
User Verification
Username, password
b
Confirmation
Animal Husbandry
Department
User identity
Animal Husbandry Department data
D2
VetLab Master Data
D1
User Master Data
Update data Animal
Husbandry Department
2
User Data
Update User Data
a
Master data
Master Data
Information
Administrator
Staff position data
D4
Staff Position Master Data
Update Data Staff position
Master data information
Preservative data
Update Data Preservative
Breed Data
D6
Preservative Master
Data
D7
Breed Master Data
Update Data Breed
District Data
District Master Data
D8
Update Data District
Sub-district Data
District Master Data
D11
Update Data Sub-district
Submission data
Sender identity
3
d
Submission
sender
Submission Data
D3
Submission Sender
Data
Update Data Sender
Submission sender
identity, submission data
Pet owner identity
D14
Staff data
Submission data
manipulation
Pet Owner data
D5
Staff Data
D9
Pet Owner Data
Update data pet owner
Species data
Village data
e
Pet owner
Specimen test data
Animal Husbandry Department data
Specimen data
Preservative data
Breed data
4
Vaccine data, vaccine
schedule, command for
elimination and vaccine
b
Animal Husbandry
Department
Pet owner data
District data
Determining
Vaccination and
Elimination Area
Submission data,
village data
Sub-district data
Submission data
Village data
5
Submission data
Stratify site selection command,
determining stratification area data
Village Data
D13
Specimen Test Data
D2
VetLab Master Data
D15
Specimen Data
Preservative Master Data
D6
D7
Breed Master Data
D9
Pet Owner Data
District Master Data
D8
D11
Sub-district Master Data
D14
Submission Data
D12
D14
Stratification information
Village data
Species Data
D10
D12
Village Data
Submission Data
D12
Village Data
Determining
Stratification Area
Village spatial data
D16
Sub-district Data
Figure 4. GIS application data flow diagram (DFD) level 0
There are five processes in the Data Flow Diagram (DFD) in this level, the user verification process,
the master data manipulation, submissions data manipulation, determining vaccination and elimination area,
and determining stratification area.
IJ-ICT Vol. 1, No. 1, July 2012: 54 – 62
IJ-ICT
ISSN: 2252-8776
59
2.7. Relationship between spatial data and non-spatial data
The relationships between the spatial data with non-spatial data (attributes) are stored in a PostGIS
database. Relationship is the case because any spatial data (maps) must have an attribute or tabular data in a
database. The relationship is depicted in Figure 5.
Non-Spatial Data
(Attribute)
on PostGIS database
village_table
PK
Spatial data (Map)
shapefile
village_ID
village name
subdistrict_ID
cases
Villages
subdistrict_table
Village Layer
PK
Sub-districts
subdistrict_ID
subdistrict name
district_ID
Sub-district Layer
District Layer
District
District_table
PK
district_ID
district name
Figure 5. Relationship between spatial data and non-spatial data
Figure 5 shows relationships between the spatial data and non-spatial data (attributes) which is
stored in PostGIS database. Relationships are between village table and village layer, sub-district table and
sub-district layer, district table and district layer.
3.
RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
Rabies disease research has been done before in United States. The research was not investigated the
cases of rabies that occurred in dogs, but include rabies that occurred on skunk, raccoon, fox, and mongoose
[15]. Contrast to this research which using GeoServer as geospatial data provider server via web services, the
previous research used ArcGIS as a system for designing and managing solutions through the application of
geographic knowledge [15]. The difference also found between databases, that is previous research was using
SQL server as database instead of PostGIS [15].
This geographic information system manages data and information on mapping the spread of rabies
in the province of Bali, where this system is equipped with the ability to analyze the focus rabies area by
dynamically coloring on the stratification area according to the rabies cases. Level of deployment will be
distinguished by color according to the high cases of rabies that occurred in each region.
This application can handle the election map by district. Figure 6 shows an example of election
districts that want to appear on the map.
Design Web-based GIS Application for Rabies Spread in Bali Province (I. A. K. Sita Laksmita)
60
ISSN: 2252-8776
Figure 6. Map view by district election
The application comes with getfeatureinfo OpenLayers feature that allows users to obtain detailed
information of an area by selecting the area on the map. Detail information includes details of rabies cases
spread in the selected areas. In addition to showing a map of rabies spread, the application is also equipped
with data storage capabilities for reporting animal rabies carrier bites, specimen reports, specimens test
reports, and specimen test of animal rabies carrier results, as shown in Figure 7.
Figure 7. Submission page
If the result of the test specimens is positive, then the system will automatically give color to the
place on the map where the case of rabies happened. The red color indicates high cases of rabies, yellow for
intermediate cases of rabies and green for low cases of rabies.
IJ-ICT Vol. 1, No. 1, July 2012: 54 – 62
IJ-ICT
ISSN: 2252-8776
61
Figure 8. Rabies cases detail view in badung district
4.
CONCLUSION
In this paper we can conclude that the application of rabies GIS can store and report submissions
data about dog bites in Bali Province that are suspected carriers of rabies into the database. This GIS
application also can show the spread of rabies on the map where the case of rabies happened, so users can
determine the condition of the spread of rabies in one area and can compare it to other areas and can assist in
the prioritization decision to focus on areas which has the most high of rabies outbreak.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors thank the Animal Husbandry Departement for their cooperation in the study.
REFERENCES
[1] Soeharsono; , “Mengatasi Wabah Rabies di Bali,” Kompas.com, 2008, 12 December, http://kompas.com Accessed 6
October 2011
[2] Suardana; , “Bali Target Bebas Rabies Tahun 2012,” detik.news.com, 2010, 21 September, http://news.detik.com
Accessed 6 October 2011
[3] Susilawathi et al.; , “Epidemiological and clinical features of human rabies cases in Bali 2008-2010,” BMC
Infectious Diseases 2012, 12:81
[4] “Overview
of
GIS,”
geography.about.com,
2012,
http://geography.about.com/od/geographyintern/a/gisoverview.htm. Accessed 6 October 2011
[5] Saumini Kar, Ajanta De Sarkar, and Nandini Mukherje; , “An Integrated Framework in Geographic Information
System using Wireless Sensor Network,” IJCA Proceedings on International Conference on Recent Advances and
Future Trends in Information Technology (iRAFIT 2012), iRAFIT(2):13-18, April 2012
[6] Prahasta, Eddy; , “Konsep-konsep Dasar Sistem Informasi Geografis,” Bandung: Informatika, 2005
[7] De Mattos CA, De Mattos CC, Rupprecht CE; , “Rhabdoviruses. In Fields Virology,” vol.1..4 edition, Edited by:
Knipe DM, Howley PM, Griffin DE, Martin MA, Lamb RA, Roizman B, Straus SE; , Philadelphia: Lippincott
Williams, 2001:1245-1277
[8] Schnurrenberger, R. Paul; , “An Outline of the Zoonoses,” Alabama: The Iowa State University Press, 1991, 60:63
[9] Clifton M.; , “Rabies, canine, human – Indonesia (21): Bali,” ProMED-mail 2009, 29 December, 20091229.4373,
http://www.promedmail.org. Accessed 15 March 2010
[10] Clifton M.; , “Rabies, canine, human – Indonesia,” ProMED-mail 2009, 13 March: 20100313.0816,
http://www.promedmail.org. Accessed 15 March 2010
[11] “GeoServer,” geoserver.org, http://geoserver.org/display/GEOS Accessed 6 October 2011
[12] Momjian.
B;
,
“PostgreSQL
Introduction
and
Concepts,”
zidluxinst.uibk.ac.at,
http://zidluxinst.uibk.ac.at/postgresql/aw_pgsql_book.pdf
[13] “PostGIS,” postgis.refractions.net, http://postgis.refractions.net. Accessed 6 October 2011
[14] “OpenLayers,” openlayers.org, http://openlayers.org. Accessed 6 October 2011
[15] Jesse D Blanton et al.; , “Development of a GIS-based, real-time Internet mapping tool for rabies surveillance,”
International Journal of Health Geographics 2006, 5:47
Design Web-based GIS Application for Rabies Spread in Bali Province (I. A. K. Sita Laksmita)
62
ISSN: 2252-8776
BIOGRAPHY OF AUTHORS
I. A. K. Sita Laksmita
Studied Informatics and Computer System in Departement of Electrical and Computer
Engineering Udayana University since August 2008, and now working her research for S.T.
degree in Informatics and Computer System.
A. A. Kompiang Oka Sudana
Received his S.Kom degree in Informatics Engineering from Institut Teknologi Sepuluh
Nopember University in 1997, and his MT. degree in Informatics and Computer System from
Gajah Mada University in 2001. He was Technical Manager at PT. INFOS Teknologi
Indonesia (Software Developer) during April 2008–Sept. 2008, Information Technology
Leader–Human Resources and General Affair Division at PT JAS Catering International
Airport Ngurah Rai Bali during April 2003–July 2006, Person in Charge of Technological and
Professional Skills Development Sector Project (TPSDP)–Asian Development Bank (ADB)
Loan, Batch II in Electrical Engineering Study Program during 2002-2006, and now he is
lecturer at Magisterial Program of Electrical Engineering Department of Udayana University,
lecturer at Electrical Engineering Department (major in Computer System and Informatics) of
Udayana University, lecturer at Information Technology Department of Udayana University,
and member of Development Project Team of Academic Management Information System and
Networking Implementation of Udayana University. His research experiences are in Analysis
and Design of Information Systems and Biometric Identification and Recognition.
Putu Wira Buana
Received his S.Kom degree in Informatics Engineering from Institut Teknologi Sepuluh
Nopember University in 2005, and his MT. degree in Electrical Engineering from Brawijaya
University in 2008. He is lecturer of the Information Technology Department of Udayana
University, and his research experiences are in Geographic Information System, Information
System, and Web Service.
IJ-ICT Vol. 1, No. 1, July 2012: 54 – 62
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Hom e > Archives > V ol 1 , No 1 ( 2 0 1 2 )
Table of Cont ent s
Soft Com put ing Met hodology for Shelf Life Pr edict ion
of Pr ocessed Cheese
Sum it Goyal, Gyanendra Kum ar Goyal
1- 5
Novel TEA Algor it hm for I P Telephony Syst em
Sam ah Osam a M Kam el
6- 19
12/09/2013 14:49
Vol 1, No 1 (2012)
2 of 2
http://www.iaesjournal.com/online/index.php/IJICT/issue/view/44
Synt hesizing t he Whole View of a Lar ge- Scale Obj ect
Myint Myint Sein, Thin Lai LaiThein
20- 25
DI SCOVERY OF I CT FOR THE GROWTH AND
DEVELOPMENT I N SUB SAHARA AFRI CA:
UTI LI ZATI ON, ENLI GHTENMENT, EFFORTS AND
CHALLENGES
Abim bola Basiru Ow olabi
26- 32
"Applied Open - Web GI S Ser ver based solut ion t o
develop t he Web- Based Mapping Applicat ion using
Open- Sour ce Soft war e Ser ver ( OSS) "
Vim al Shukla, Jyot i Sarup
33- 42
Uplink and Downlink of LTE- Release 10 in Cellular
Com m unicat ions
Aws Yonis, M.F.L. Abdullah
43- 53
Design Web- based GI S Applicat ion for Rabies Spr ead
in Bali Pr ovince
I . A. K. Sit a Laksm it a, A. A. Kom piang Oka Sudana, Put u
Wira Buana
54- 62
I SSN: 2252- 8776
CONTACT:
Inst it ut e of Advanced Engineering and Science (IAES)
email: info@iaesj ournal.com, admin@iaesj ournal.com.
Copyright © 2012 IAES Int it ut e of Advanced Engineering and Science
12/09/2013 14:49
Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science
International Journal of Informatics and Communication Technology (IJ-ICT)
Vol.1, No.1, July 2012, pp. 54~62
ISSN: 2252-8776
54
Web-based Geographic Information System Design of Rabies
Spread in Bali
I. A. K. Sita Laksmita, A. A. Kompiang Oka Sudana, Putu Wira Buana
Departement of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Udayana University
Article Info
ABSTRACT
Article history:
th
Received May 20 , 2012
Revised June 4th, 2012
Accepted June 10th, 2012
Keyword:
GIS application
Rabies
GeoServer
OpenLayers
PostGIS
Rabies is still a serious threat in the province of Bali. As a densely populated
area, Bali has a high population of dogs due to peculiarities of socio-cultural
and bio-geography of Bali where there is a very close interaction between
people and pets. The high population of dogs in Bali resulted in high rates of
spread of rabies. Nowadays, data management still uses spreadsheet
technology that oriented to attribute data. Bali needs a better management
system that can process data and information to support the government to
make decision for preventing rabies outbreak. Geographic Information
System (GIS) is a system that has the ability to process, analysis the process
and analysis spatial data or data with geographic coordinates. This article
will discuss the implementation of GIS that show the spread of rabies in the
province of Bali by using GeoServer as the server to provide geospatial data
via web services. This GIS application is supported by PostGIS database as
storage and processing of spatial data and OpenLayers as an interface. This
application can support government for making priority decision to focus on
areas which has the most high of rabies outbreak.
Copyright @ 2012 Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science.
All rights reserved.
Corresponding Author:
I. A. K. Sita Laksmita,
Departement of Electrical and Computer Engineering,
Udayana University,
Kampus Bukit Road, Jimbaran, Bali – 80361, Indonesia.
Email: sita.nita.mita@gmail.com
1.
INTRODUCTION
Rabies is a major public health problem in Bali. Government has declared Bali Island as rabies
outbreak area. The statement contained in the Minister of Agriculture Regulation Anton Apriyantono on
December 1, 2008 [1]. The threat of rabies is not only about the death of human or a pet, but also can lead
local residents to loss sense of safety. Rabies outbreak caused the deaths of thousands of dogs that tested
positive due to rabies, or suspected of carrying rabies because rabies symptoms or had close contact with
rabies positive dogs [2].
Human fatalities occur because of a lack of knowledge regarding rabies risk, the poor management
of dog bites, and the limited availability of Rabies immune globulin (RIG) [3]. Increasing public awareness
of dog bite management, increasing the ARV (availability of anti-rabies vaccine) and RIG, and implementing
an island wide dog vaccination campaign will help prevent human rabies cases.
Government of Bali has been collecting the data of rabies cases every period. However, current data
management system still uses spreadsheet technology that oriented to attribute data. That system is
inadequate for the efficient management and controlling the rabies outbreak.
Geographic Information System (GIS) is a computer-based tool or system for mapping and
analyzing spatial data [4]. GIS is an organized collection of hardware, software and geographic data designed
to efficiently capture, store, update, and manipulate all forms of geographically referenced information [5].
One benefit of GIS is that it can be used by the various fields of science, such as health or medical field.
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With this in mind, a web-based GIS application of rabies spread was created by using GeoServer to
record the spread of rabies, PostGIS database to stored and managed data from the maps, and OpenLayers as
a client application to display map data in a web browser. This application provides a new resource for the
rapid mapping and displays the dissemination of data on rabies cases in order to show information about any
rabies infected area.
The rabies cases are shown in the points form (markers) in the map based on the coordinates of
locations. Each region will be displayed in different colors according to the range number of rabies cases that
occurred. The point radius showed the radius running of a dog in relation to show rabies outbreak.
Submissions detail of rabies cases also can be viewed via popup that appears automatically when the rabies
cases location were selected on the map. This application is useful in determining vaccination schedule so
that Bali Animal Husbandry Department can easily track and perform priority control in areas with the most
widely spread. It also showed the data historically, which means the spread of rabies can be tracked not only
based on region but also time.
2.
RESEARCH METHOD
2.1. Geographic Information System (GIS)
Geographic Information System (GIS) is a database system that has a special ability to input, store,
manipulate, and display spatial data or geographic coordinates of the following set of operations that manage
the data [6]. GIS technology is used to make decisions and visualize categorized data in many aspects of the
society. The most important components in a GIS is data and data is organized and managed with the help of
a database management system (DBMS) [5].
Like maps, GIS can represent the real world in front of a computer monitor. Map is a graphical
representation of the real world. Objects presented on a map are called a map element or map features, such
as the rivers, bridges, and buildings [6]. Maps can organize the elements based on its locations, very good in
showing an element relationship, the units that connect a set of map elements with their attributes in GIS
called layer. Examples of layers include buildings, roads, sea, administrative boundaries, and plantations.
Collection of this layer will form a GIS database.
2.2. Rabies
Rabies (hydrophobia) is a fatal neuropathogenic disease caused by the rabies virus, which is an
enveloped RNA virus of the Lyssavirus genus, Rhabdoviridae family [7]. Transmission of rabies usually
occurs through the bite of an infected animal, contamination of fresh wounds or mucous membranes with
saliva or brain of animals that have been infected. The main route of infection is the bite of rabid dogs. In the
specific case the transmission through the air may also occur [8].
Figure 1. Number of human rabies cases (persons) from November 2008 to November 2010 by month
Rabies in Bali Province disease reappeared on 17 November 2008, the first human death from rabies
virus infection occurred in Ungasan, Bali, following a dog bite [9]. By 27 December 2009, 27 human cases
had been reported occurring in widely separated parts of the island, but predominantly in the south, in
Tabanan and Ungasan [9]. As of 13 March 2010, the number of human deaths reported had surpassed 40
Design Web-based GIS Application for Rabies Spread in Bali Province (I. A. K. Sita Laksmita)
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[10]. Prior to 2008, Bali was considered rabies-free. With the current outbreak and the current estimated dog
population on the island being 500 000, the Bali Veterinary Agency is attempting to control the canine rabies
outbreak through a mass vaccination programmed and the destruction of animals [10]. Figure 1 shows the
number of human rabies cases by month from November 2008 to November 2010 of the outbreak [3].
The increase in numbers of clinically diagnosed cases in 12 months after the initial case report can
be seen. Cases were reported in eight districts (Figure 2) with most coming from rural districts, including
Karangasem (28.8%), Buleleng (19.2%) and Tabanan (17.3%) [3]. The proportion from the Badung District,
where the index case occurred was 13.5% [3].
Figure 2. Map of Bali Province and distribution of human rabies during November 2008-November 2010
There were 104 human rabies cases in Bali during November 2008-November 2010 [3]. Patients’
average age was 36.6 years (range 3-84 years; SD 20.7), most were male (56.7. Almost all (92%) cases had a
history of dog bite [3]. Only 5.8% had their wounds treated and received an anti-rabies vaccine (ARV) after
the bite incident [3]. No patients received Rabies Immuno Globulin (RIG). The rabies virus genome was
detected in 50 of 101 patients (49.5%) with the highest detection rate from post-mortem CSF samples [3].
2.3. GeoServer
GeoServer is open source software that is built using Java that allows users to display and
manipulate geospatial data [11]. GeoServer is designed for interoperability that is published data from all
sources of spatial data using open standards. As a community-based project, GeoServer is developed, tested,
and supported by a diverse group of individuals and organizations from around the world. Geoserver is the
implementation of the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) Web Feature Service (WFS) and Web Coverage
Service (WCS) standards, as well as high performance Web Map Service (WMS).
2.4. PostGIS
PostGIS is an open source relational database system, extension of the PostgreSQL Database
Management System [12]. By adding PostGIS in Postgre SQL, the database will have the ability to store
spatial data as the data range, region, state, and in particular the intersection of the geometry data type into
the database as the data location of an object on the map. PostGIS functionality similar to other several
databases that support spatial database such as SQL Server 2008 that supports spatial data, ESRI ArcSDE,
Oracle Spatial and DB2 spatial extender [13]. Latest release of PostGIS is now packaged with the DBMS
PostgreSQL as an optional add-on. As of this writing, the latest release is 1.4 and PostGIS 1.5 in beta version.
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2.5. OpenLayers
OpenLayers is a javascript based client application for displaying map data in a web browser and
does not depend on the web server used [14]. OpenLayers implements a JavaScript API used to build webbased GIS applications. OpenLayers is similar to Google Maps and MSN Virtual Earth APIs, with one main
difference that OpenLayers is free software, developed for and by the community of Open Source software.
2.6. Design system
There are five types of entities related to the application of rabies GIS, namely Animal Husbandry
Department, administrator, submissions sender, pet owner, and user. Modeling system with unified external
relations shown in the system context diagram in Figure 3.
d
e
Submission
sender
Pet owner
- Submission sender identity
- Submissions data
- Pet owner identity
a
Administrator
- Database information
- Master data/Lookup data
- Submissions data
- Rabies cases information
- Rabies spreads information
- Locations information
- Submission reports
0
- Username and password
- Master data/Lookup data
SIG
Penyebaran Rabies di
Provinsi Bali
- Rabies cases information
- Locations information
- Information choosing/Query data
b
Animal
Husbandry
Department
- Username and password
- Submissions data
- Information choosing/Query data
- Username dan password
- Submissions data
c
User
Figure 3. GIS application context diagram
Each entity has a special duties and rights in the application The administrator have full access rights
to the master data processing, as well as the data manipulation is not possible for other users. The head of the
Animal Husbandry Department have a duty of validating the data in cases of rabies submissions received
from the reporting done by locals and then take a decision in determining the priority of the response to the
infected area. Users is an employee of the Animal Husbandry Department who access this geographic
information system applications, which is allowed to query and regional elections, in accordance with the
spatial query and navigation options and assigned to enter data reporting as results of public rabies
submissions. The rabies cases will be reported by the people whom we call submission sender and the report
will be recorded as data submission. Animal owners who have pets suspected of contracting rabies will be
questioned according to the condition and behavior of their pets.
The processes that occur between entities in the system and database involved in each process are
described in the Data Flow Diagram (DFD) level 0 systems as shown in Figure 4.
Design Web-based GIS Application for Rabies Spread in Bali Province (I. A. K. Sita Laksmita)
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0
Username, password
c
1
Confirmation
User
User identity
D1
Username, password
Confirmation
Master User Data
Username, password
User Verification
Username, password
b
Confirmation
Animal Husbandry
Department
User identity
Animal Husbandry Department data
D2
VetLab Master Data
D1
User Master Data
Update data Animal
Husbandry Department
2
User Data
Update User Data
a
Master data
Master Data
Information
Administrator
Staff position data
D4
Staff Position Master Data
Update Data Staff position
Master data information
Preservative data
Update Data Preservative
Breed Data
D6
Preservative Master
Data
D7
Breed Master Data
Update Data Breed
District Data
District Master Data
D8
Update Data District
Sub-district Data
District Master Data
D11
Update Data Sub-district
Submission data
Sender identity
3
d
Submission
sender
Submission Data
D3
Submission Sender
Data
Update Data Sender
Submission sender
identity, submission data
Pet owner identity
D14
Staff data
Submission data
manipulation
Pet Owner data
D5
Staff Data
D9
Pet Owner Data
Update data pet owner
Species data
Village data
e
Pet owner
Specimen test data
Animal Husbandry Department data
Specimen data
Preservative data
Breed data
4
Vaccine data, vaccine
schedule, command for
elimination and vaccine
b
Animal Husbandry
Department
Pet owner data
District data
Determining
Vaccination and
Elimination Area
Submission data,
village data
Sub-district data
Submission data
Village data
5
Submission data
Stratify site selection command,
determining stratification area data
Village Data
D13
Specimen Test Data
D2
VetLab Master Data
D15
Specimen Data
Preservative Master Data
D6
D7
Breed Master Data
D9
Pet Owner Data
District Master Data
D8
D11
Sub-district Master Data
D14
Submission Data
D12
D14
Stratification information
Village data
Species Data
D10
D12
Village Data
Submission Data
D12
Village Data
Determining
Stratification Area
Village spatial data
D16
Sub-district Data
Figure 4. GIS application data flow diagram (DFD) level 0
There are five processes in the Data Flow Diagram (DFD) in this level, the user verification process,
the master data manipulation, submissions data manipulation, determining vaccination and elimination area,
and determining stratification area.
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2.7. Relationship between spatial data and non-spatial data
The relationships between the spatial data with non-spatial data (attributes) are stored in a PostGIS
database. Relationship is the case because any spatial data (maps) must have an attribute or tabular data in a
database. The relationship is depicted in Figure 5.
Non-Spatial Data
(Attribute)
on PostGIS database
village_table
PK
Spatial data (Map)
shapefile
village_ID
village name
subdistrict_ID
cases
Villages
subdistrict_table
Village Layer
PK
Sub-districts
subdistrict_ID
subdistrict name
district_ID
Sub-district Layer
District Layer
District
District_table
PK
district_ID
district name
Figure 5. Relationship between spatial data and non-spatial data
Figure 5 shows relationships between the spatial data and non-spatial data (attributes) which is
stored in PostGIS database. Relationships are between village table and village layer, sub-district table and
sub-district layer, district table and district layer.
3.
RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
Rabies disease research has been done before in United States. The research was not investigated the
cases of rabies that occurred in dogs, but include rabies that occurred on skunk, raccoon, fox, and mongoose
[15]. Contrast to this research which using GeoServer as geospatial data provider server via web services, the
previous research used ArcGIS as a system for designing and managing solutions through the application of
geographic knowledge [15]. The difference also found between databases, that is previous research was using
SQL server as database instead of PostGIS [15].
This geographic information system manages data and information on mapping the spread of rabies
in the province of Bali, where this system is equipped with the ability to analyze the focus rabies area by
dynamically coloring on the stratification area according to the rabies cases. Level of deployment will be
distinguished by color according to the high cases of rabies that occurred in each region.
This application can handle the election map by district. Figure 6 shows an example of election
districts that want to appear on the map.
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Figure 6. Map view by district election
The application comes with getfeatureinfo OpenLayers feature that allows users to obtain detailed
information of an area by selecting the area on the map. Detail information includes details of rabies cases
spread in the selected areas. In addition to showing a map of rabies spread, the application is also equipped
with data storage capabilities for reporting animal rabies carrier bites, specimen reports, specimens test
reports, and specimen test of animal rabies carrier results, as shown in Figure 7.
Figure 7. Submission page
If the result of the test specimens is positive, then the system will automatically give color to the
place on the map where the case of rabies happened. The red color indicates high cases of rabies, yellow for
intermediate cases of rabies and green for low cases of rabies.
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Figure 8. Rabies cases detail view in badung district
4.
CONCLUSION
In this paper we can conclude that the application of rabies GIS can store and report submissions
data about dog bites in Bali Province that are suspected carriers of rabies into the database. This GIS
application also can show the spread of rabies on the map where the case of rabies happened, so users can
determine the condition of the spread of rabies in one area and can compare it to other areas and can assist in
the prioritization decision to focus on areas which has the most high of rabies outbreak.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors thank the Animal Husbandry Departement for their cooperation in the study.
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BIOGRAPHY OF AUTHORS
I. A. K. Sita Laksmita
Studied Informatics and Computer System in Departement of Electrical and Computer
Engineering Udayana University since August 2008, and now working her research for S.T.
degree in Informatics and Computer System.
A. A. Kompiang Oka Sudana
Received his S.Kom degree in Informatics Engineering from Institut Teknologi Sepuluh
Nopember University in 1997, and his MT. degree in Informatics and Computer System from
Gajah Mada University in 2001. He was Technical Manager at PT. INFOS Teknologi
Indonesia (Software Developer) during April 2008–Sept. 2008, Information Technology
Leader–Human Resources and General Affair Division at PT JAS Catering International
Airport Ngurah Rai Bali during April 2003–July 2006, Person in Charge of Technological and
Professional Skills Development Sector Project (TPSDP)–Asian Development Bank (ADB)
Loan, Batch II in Electrical Engineering Study Program during 2002-2006, and now he is
lecturer at Magisterial Program of Electrical Engineering Department of Udayana University,
lecturer at Electrical Engineering Department (major in Computer System and Informatics) of
Udayana University, lecturer at Information Technology Department of Udayana University,
and member of Development Project Team of Academic Management Information System and
Networking Implementation of Udayana University. His research experiences are in Analysis
and Design of Information Systems and Biometric Identification and Recognition.
Putu Wira Buana
Received his S.Kom degree in Informatics Engineering from Institut Teknologi Sepuluh
Nopember University in 2005, and his MT. degree in Electrical Engineering from Brawijaya
University in 2008. He is lecturer of the Information Technology Department of Udayana
University, and his research experiences are in Geographic Information System, Information
System, and Web Service.
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