RESEARCH IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LANGUAGE TEACHING

  

RESEARCH IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE

AND LANGUAGE TEACHING

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

METHODOLOGY

RESEARCH IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LANGUAGE TEACHING

Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris

Fakultas Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni

METODOLOGI PENELITIAN

  

IKIP PGRI Madiun

  

Oleh:

Drs. Sumani. M.M.

APA SARANA

  _{PEMECAHAN MASALAH ITU?} PENGEMBANGAN _{(NEED TO DO)} ^{PENELITIAN (NEED TO KNOW) A S E S M E N (N E E D T O P R O G R E S S ) E V A L U A S I (N E E D T O C H O O C E )}

PEMECAHAN BATASAN PROSES HASIL

  _MASALAH SARANA

_{PENELITIAN menemukan/ Aplikasi berpi- Pengetahuan}

_{mengembangkan kir ilmiah yang benar} Upaya sistematik pength yg benar _{EVALUASI & efisiensi program melihat efektivitas Upaya sistematik Aplikasi berpi- kir sistematik efektivitas &} Keputusan _efisiensi operasional _{program PENGEM Upaya sistematik menghasilkan sedur, aktivitas dur pemecah- prinsip, & pro- Produk prose-} Aplikasi teori,

  BANGAN _{produk pemecah- an masalah pemecahan an masalah masalah}

  Pendekatan _{Penelitian Asumsi Asumsi Kuantitatif Kualitatif Karakteristik} KuantiLatif _{•Kebenaran berdasarkan •Peneliti & fenomena •Hukum Keteraturan •Realitas bersifat ganda empirik berinteraksi •Lebih ke Kualitatif} •Lebih ke kuantitatif _{•Seimbang keduanya}

• Determinisme universal •Fenomena saling _{•Tidak bebas nilai berpengaruh •Eksperimen & Noneksperimen Karakteristik •Latar Alami Karakteristik •Latar semi •Kombinasi}

  Karakteristik

• _{•Metodologi Jelas •Analisis Statistik •Replikasi •Makna Hasil Esensi •Analisis Induktif •Bersifat Deskriptif} •Proses Lebih Penting _{•Statistik/Induktif •Bersifat unik}

  Berpikir rasional Berpikir empirik

Penelitian

Temuan

  Perian Fenomena _{Pemetaan  Penamaan   Hubungan Fenomena Meramalkan  Menjelaskan  Klasifkasi } ^ Identifkasi _{Mengendalikan}

PRODUK PENELITIAN

   Artikel ilmiah  Poster

   Paten

   Peraturan

   Standar

   Sertifikasi

   Akreditasi

   Prototipe

   Sistem

   Informasi

   Modul Pelatihan

   Desain

   Buku Teks

   Peta/Foto

   Alat Peraga

   Barang/Bahan

THE DEFINITION OF RESEARCH:

  

CERTAIN KEY TERMS COMMONLY ASSOCIATED WITH RESEARCH:

  

Inquiry, Knowledge, Hypothesis, Information,

Classification, Analysis, Interpretation, Structured Investigation, Understanding, Problem, Prove, Theory, Evaluation, Asking

Questions, Analyzing Data, Scientific Method,

Insight, Prove/Disprove, Characterize Phenomena, Uncover, Satisfy Inquiry, Solution.

  The Terms, taken together, suggest that RESEARCH is a process of formulating questions, problems, or hypotheses; collecting data or evidence relevant to these questions/problems/hypotheses; and analyzing or interpreting these data.

   The minimal definition : RESEARCH is a systematic process of inquiry consisting of three elements or components: (1) a question, problem, or hypothesis, (2) data, (3) analysis and interpretation of data.

  

RESEARCH is a systematic attempt to provide

answer to question (Bruce W. Tuckman).

  RISET adalah suatu usaha sistematis yang bertujuan menyediakan informasi untuk memecahkan masalah (Cooper & Emory, 1995). RISET adalah proses pengumpulan, pencatatan dan analisis data yang sistematik dan objektif untuk membantu pembuatan keputusan (Zigmund, 1994)

  RESEARCH adalah investigasi terhadap fenomena empirik yang dilakukan secara sistematis, terkendali, dan kritis

berdasarkan teori dan hipotesis yang

menunjukkan adanya hubungan antar

fenomena (Kerlinger, 1986) Tiga Hal Penting untuk Memahami Riset:

  1. Riset merupakan proses yang berbasis

masalah dengan objek suatu fenomena

empiris.

  2. Proses riset dilakukan secara sistematis, terorganisasi, terkendali dan kritis.

  3. Tujuan riset menyajikan informasi untuk

menjawab suatu masalah yang spesifik.

ILMU DAN METODE ILMIAH

MANUSIA MENCARI KEBENARAN

  MANUSIA MENCARI KEBENARAN

KODRAT/FIRAH MANUSIA

  Pertanyaan-Pertanyaan: Pertanyaan-Pertanyaan:

  Ini apa? Itu apa? Mengapa begini? Mengapa Ini apa? Itu apa? Mengapa begini? Mengapa begitu? Bagaimana hal ini terjadi? dst. begitu? Bagaimana hal ini terjadi? dst.

  

MEMILIKI HASRAT INGIN TAHU & DAYA NALAR/AKAL

MEMILIKI HASRAT INGIN TAHU & DAYA NALAR/AKAL

  

Menemukan jawaban /

Menemukan jawaban /

mendapatkan kebenaran

mendapatkan kebenaran

  

Manusia melakukan berbagai upaya

Manusia melakukan berbagai upaya

  ILMIAH

  ILMIAH

PENDEKATAN

PENDEKATAN

NON ILMIAH NON ILMIAH

NON ILMIAH

ILMIAH PENDEKATAN PENDEKATAN 1.

  Ilmiah yang

  3. Kritik Kritik

  2. Analitik Analitik 3.

  1. Skeptik Skeptik 2.

  atas teori: 1.

  atas teori:

  dibangun

  dibangun

  NON ILMIAH

  ILMIAH

  Penelitian

  Penelitian

  6. Wahyu: Kebenaran Agama Wahyu: Kebenaran Agama (Azasi) (Azasi) 

  5. Otoritas/Wibawa Otoritas/Wibawa 6.

  4. Penemuan Coba-coba Penemuan Coba-coba (Trial and Error) (Trial and Error) 5.

  3. Penemuan kebetulan Penemuan kebetulan (Takdir) (Takdir) 4.

  2. Intuitif (Naluri) Intuitif (Naluri) 3.

  1. Akal Sehat/Prasangka Akal Sehat/Prasangka 2.

  Ilmiah yang

SISTEMATIK, TERKONTROL

  SISTEMATIK, TERKONTROL

  

DAPAT DIPERTANGGUNGJAWABKAN

DAPAT DIPERTANGGUNGJAWABKAN

Berdasarkan Fakta/Realita

  Berdasarkan Fakta/Realita

  Mengidentifikasi Masalah.

  SISTEMATIS SISTEMATIS (Mengikuti prosedur yang jelas) (Mengikuti prosedur yang jelas) Penelitian Sistematis bila Penelitian Sistematis bila

mempunyai langkah-langkah sbb:

mempunyai langkah-langkah sbb:

• Mengidentifikasi Masalah.

  Menghubungkan Masalah dengan Teori.

• Menghubungkan Masalah dengan Teori.

  Mengumpulkan Data.

• Mengumpulkan Data.

  Menganalisis & Menginterpretasi Data.

• Menganalisis & Menginterpretasi Data.

  Membuat Kesimpulan.

• Membuat Kesimpulan.

  :

  TERKONTROL TERKONTROL Penelitian terkontrol apabila Penelitian terkontrol apabila :

  

Terencana pada setiap langkahnya.

• Terencana pada setiap langkahnya.

  Variabel diidentifikasi dan dipilih.

• Variabel diidentifikasi dan dipilih.

  Instrumen dibuat secara hati-hati.

• Instrumen dibuat secara hati-hati.

  Kesimpulan dibuat berdasarkan data

• Kesimpulan dibuat berdasarkan data

  Rekomendasi dibuat berdasarkan hasil dan kesimpulan. hasil dan kesimpulan.

• Rekomendasi dibuat berdasarkan
• PURPOSIVENESS
• RIGOROUS

  metode-metode riset secara teliti dan

  data yang dikumpulkan mendukung

  

secara logis untuk mengetahui apakah

  secara logis untuk mengetahui apakah

  : Menguji hipotesis

  : Menguji hipotesis

  TESTABILITY

  tepat. RIGOR (Carefulness, (Carefulness, Scrupulousness, and Exact). Scrupulousness, and Exact).

  tepat. RIGOR

  metode-metode riset secara teliti dan

  teori yang baik dan menggunakan

  teori yang baik dan menggunakan

  : Dilaksanakan berdasarkan

  : Dilaksanakan berdasarkan

  RIGOROUS

  : Ada pernyataan mengenai tujuan riset yang jelas. mengenai tujuan riset yang jelas.

  : Ada pernyataan

  PURPOSIVENESS

  

KARAKTERISTIK RISET ILMIAH

KARAKTERISTIK RISET ILMIAH

• TESTABILITY

  data yang dikumpulkan mendukung

KARAKTERISTIK RISET ILMIAH

• REPLICABILITY

  berikutnya yang diulang dengan kondisi lain yang kurang lebih sama. lain yang kurang lebih sama.

  REPLICABILITY

  : Hasil uji hipotesis

  : Hasil uji hipotesis

  harus didukung oleh riset-riset

  harus didukung oleh riset-riset

  berikutnya yang diulang dengan kondisi

PRECISSION AND CONFIDENCE:

• PRECISSION AND CONFIDENCE:

  Presisi

  OBJECTIVITY

  obyektif berdasarkan fakta/data yang

  obyektif berdasarkan fakta/data yang

  

ditarik dari hasil analisis data harus

  ditarik dari hasil analisis data harus

  : Kesimpulan yang

  : Kesimpulan yang

  : Akurasi hasil riset sehingga estimasi peneliti benar. sehingga estimasi peneliti benar.

  Presisi

  : Akurasi hasil riset

  Keyakinan

  Keyakinan

  realita,

  : Ketepatan hasil riset dengan

  : Ketepatan hasil riset dengan

  realita,

• OBJECTIVITY

KARAKTERISTIK RISET ILMIAH

  : Hasil riset

  GENERALIZABILITY

  : Hasil riset

• GENERALIZABILITY

  dapat diterapkan pada cakupan (scope)

  dapat diterapkan pada cakupan (scope) yang lebih luas. yang lebih luas.

  PARSIMONY

  : Menjelaskan fenomena

  : Menjelaskan fenomena

• PARSIMONY

  atau masalah yang terjadi dan

  pemecahannya secara sederhana

  pemecahannya secara sederhana

  tetapi mempertimbangkan faktor yang

  tetapi mempertimbangkan faktor yang

  tidak terkendali (

  tidak terkendali ( Simple but Powerful Simple but Powerful

  )

  )

  atau masalah yang terjadi dan

  1. Membantu memperoleh pengetahuan Baru.

  2. Memperoleh jawaban atas suatu pertanyaan.

  3. Memberikan pemecahan atas suatu masalah.

  4. Mengorganisasikan dan

  Manfaat Penelitian

  5. Memprediksi kejadian/keadaan yang akan datang.

  6. Menjelaskan kejadian/keadaan di masa lalu.

  7. Menemukan penyebab dari suatu kejadian.

  8. Mengkontrol suatu kejadian.

  9. Menyusun suatu kebijakan.

  10. Menyusun strategi pengembangan.

JENIS-JENIS PENELITIAN

  Menurut _Bidangnya

^

^{Penelitian Pendidikan}

^

^{Penelitian Pertanian  Penelitian Hukum}

^

^{Penelitian Ekonomi}

_

_{Penelitian Agama} Menurut _Tempatnya

^

^{Penelitian Laboratorium}

^

^{Penelitian Perpustakaan}

^

^Penelitian _{Lapangan (kancah)} Menurut

• ^

  ^{Penelitian Murni (dasar)}

  ^

  ^{Penelitian Terapan}

JENIS-JENIS PENELITIAN

• Penelitian Exploratif  Penelitian Developmental  Penelitian Verifikatif Menurut Tarafnya  Penelitian Inferential Menurut Pendekatanya  Penelitian

  Menurut Tujuan Umumnya

  Longitudenal

• Penelitian Coss- Sectional

KINDS OF RESEARCH BASED ON PROBLEM CHARACTERISTICS

  

_{Operational Operational}

_{Historical research}

research research

_{Correlational research} Descriptive _{research KINDS OF Causal-Comparative or ex-post facto Developmental research} RESEARCH _{True experimental research Case & Field research}

  Quasi experimental _research

Classroom Action Classroom Action

_{research research} RESEARCH DESAIGN BASED ON THE PROBLEM CHARACTERISTICS

  1.Historical Research

  2.Descriptive Research

  3.Developmental Research

  4.Case and Field Research

  5.Correlational Research

  6.Causal Comparative Research

  7.True Experimental Research

  

8.Quasy Experimental Research

  RESEARCH DESAIGN BASED ON THE PROBLEM CHARACTERISTICS

1.Historical : To reconstruct the

  past objectivey and accurately, by collecting, evaluating, veryfying, and synthesizing evidence to establish facts and reach defensible conclusion,

often in relation to particular

hypothesis.

  

Example : A Study reconstructing practices in

the teaching of spelling in the United State

  2. Descriptive : To describe systematically a situation or area of interest factually and accurately.

  

Example : A Community survey to establish the needs

for a vocational education program.

  3. Developmental : To investigate patterns and sequence of growth and/or change as a function of time.

  Example : A longitudinal growth study following an

initial sample of 200 children from six months of

age to adulthood..

  To study intensively the

  4.Case and Field: background, current status, and environtmental interaction of a given social unit: an individual or group, institution or community.

  An intensive study of the “Inner city” Example : culture and living condition in a large metropolitan environtment.

  To investigate the extent to

  5.Correlational :

which variation in one factor correspond with

variations in one or more other factors based

on correlation coefficients .

  Example : An study investigating the relationship

between grade point average as the criterion

variable and a number of other variables of

6.Causal Comparative : To

  investigate possible cause and relationships by observing effect

some existing consquence and

searching back through the data for plausible casual factors.

  Example: (1)A study to identify factors related to the “drop out” problem in particular high school using data from records over the past ten years; (2)A study to investigate similarities and

differences between such group as smokers

and nonsmoker, readers and nonreaders, or

7.True Exsperimental :

  To investigate possible cause and

effect relationships by exposing

one or more experimental groups to one or more treatment condition and comparing the . results for both of them

  Example : (1)A study to investigate the

effectiveness of three methods of teaching

reading to first grade children using random

assingments; (2)A study to investigate the effect of a specific tranquilizing drug on the learning behavior of boys identified as “hyperactive”.

8.Quasy Exsperimental :

  To investigate the coditions of the

true experiment in setting which

does not allow the control and/or

manipulation of all relevant variables.

  Example: A study to investigate the effects of spaced versus massed practice in the memorizing of vocabulary lists in the four high school foreign language classes without being able to assign students to the treatment at random to supervise closely their practice

9.Action : To develop new skills or

  new approaches and to solve problems with direct application to the classroom or other applied setting.

  Example: An in-service training

program to help train counselors to

work more effectively with minority

group children.

  Bagaimana Penetapan Desain Penelitian? Masalah

  Variabel Desain Penelitian

  Penelitian Eksperimen Penelitian Pengembangan Penelitian Tindakan Kelas

QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE

  QUANTITATIVE

• _ Advocates use of quantitative methods. _ Seek facts or causes of social phenomena without regard to the subjective states of the individuals. _ Obstructive and controlled measurement. _ Objective. _ Removed from the data: the “Outsider”
• Advocates use of qualitative methods.
• Concerned with understanding human behavior from the actor’s own frame of reference.
• Naturalistic and uncontrolled observation.
• Subjective.
•   Close to the data: the “Insider” perspective.

QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH QUALITATIVE

  QUANTITATIVE

• _

  Ungrounded, verification- oriented, confirmatory, reductionist, inferential, and hypothetical deductive.

  _

  Outcome-oriented.

  _

  Reliable: “hard” and “Replicable” data.

  _

  Assumed a stable reality.
• Grounded, discovery - oriented, exploratory, expansionist, descriptive, and inductive.
• Process-oriented.
• Valid: “real”, “rich”, and“deep” data.
• Assumed a dynamic reality.

  PENELITIAN

KUALITATIF DAN QUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE

  Dari segi perspektifnya: Menggunakan ^

• Menggunakan pendekatan etik pendekatan emik. (Tetapkan konsep dulu)

• Dari konsep dan teori: bertolak dari konsep

  Mengembangkan, (variabel), teori, menciptakan, menguji teori. menemukan konsep/teori. ^

  Merumuskan hipotesis Dari Hipotesisnya: Bisa

• sejak awal.

  menggunakan bisa tidak. Dari teknik pengumpulan

• ^

  Mengutamakan data: mengutamakan kuesioner. wawancara & observasi

  QUANTITATIVE

• _ Menanyakan tingkat pengaruh, kekeratan korelasi, asosiasi antar variabel atau kadar variabel. _ Didasarkan atas representasi populasi & ditentukan sebelum data terkumpul.

  PENELITIAN

KUALITATIF DAN QUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVE

• Masalah/Tujuan: Menanyakan tentang makna (berupa konsep).
• Jumlah sampel: Didasarkan atas pencapaian kualitas informasi.
• Alur pikir penarikan kesimpulan: Induktif.
• Deduktif.
• Angka/Tabel.
• Bentuk sajian data: Kata-kata.
• Definisi operasional: Tak
• Diperlukan.

  QUANTITATIVE

• _ Setelah data terkumpul dan menggunakan statistik. _ Angket, kuesioner, dokumen. _ DiLakukan oleh peneliti sendiri berdasar hasil perhitungan statistik.

  PENELITIAN

KUALITATIF DAN QUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVE

• Analisis Data: dilakukan sejak awal turun ke lokasi.
• Instrumen: Peneliti itu sendiri.
• Kesimpulan: Dilakukan dengan pengecekan dan kesepakatan dengan subyek penelitian.

    TEN STEPS IN PLANNING TEN STEPS IN PLANNING GOOD RESEARCH GOOD RESEARCH What is it that has Basic Dificulty : Basic Dificulty :

• What is it that has

  caught your interest or raised a

  caught your interest or raised a

  question in your mind?

  question in your mind?

• :

  : Rationale and Theoretical Base Rationale and Theoretical Base

  Can you begin from a position of

  Can you begin from a position of

  logical concept, relationship, and

  logical concept, relationship, and

  expectations based on current thinking

  expectations based on current thinking

  in this area,

  in this area,

• Statement of the purpose or Problem:

   When

  can be expected?

  questions to which reasonable answers

  questions to which reasonable answers

  the research is finished, what are the

  the research is finished, what are the

   When

  Question to be answered : :

  goals of the study? Define the problem. problem.

  goals of the study? Define the

  investigate? What are the general

  investigate? What are the general

  What is it that you plan to

  What is it that you plan to

  

Statement of the purpose or Problem:

• Question to be answered

  can be expected?

• Statement of Hypothesis or

  clear, making sure that each

  the objective evaluation of the

  

terms of observable behavior allowing

  terms of observable behavior allowing

  hypothesis or objective is stated in

  hypothesis or objective is stated in

  clear, making sure that each

  research is aimed. Be concrete and

  Statement of Hypothesis or Objectives:

Objectives: Spell out the particular

  research is aimed. Be concrete and

  the specific objective at which the

  the specific objective at which the

  research hypothesis you will test or

  research hypothesis you will test or

   Spell out the particular

  the objective evaluation of the results. results.

• Design and Procedure:

  measuring instruments or data-

  interpreted?

  how the data will be analyzed and

  how the data will be analyzed and

  gathering technique will be used, and

  gathering technique will be used, and

  measuring instruments or data-

  variables to be manipulated, what

  Design and Procedure: State who State who

  variables to be manipulated, what

  the data will be collected, treatment

  the data will be collected, treatment

  selected, the condition under which

  selected, the condition under which

  

your subjects will be, how they will be

  your subjects will be, how they will be

  interpreted?

  Assumptions: Assumptions: What assumption have What assumption have

  you made about the nature of the

  you made about the nature of the

  behavior you are investigating. About

  behavior you are investigating. About

  the condition under which the

  the condition under which the

  behavior occurs, about your methods

  behavior occurs, about your methods

  and measurement, or about the

  and measurement, or about the

  relationship of the study to other

  relationship of the study to other

  persons and situations?

  persons and situations?

  Limitations:

Limitations: What are the limitations

  What are the limitations

  surrounding your study? What

  surrounding your study? What

  limitation exist in your methods or

  limitation exist in your methods or

  approach-sampling restrictions,

  approach-sampling restrictions,

  uncontrolled variables, faulty

  uncontrolled variables, faulty

  instrumentation, and other

  instrumentation, and other

  compromises to internal and external

  compromises to internal and external

  validity?

  validity?

• Delimitation:

  sophistication involved?

  people? Emphasis should be placed on

  different meanings to different

  different meanings to different

  use, particularly where terms have

  use, particularly where terms have

  define the principal terms you will

  define the principal terms you will

  Definition of Terms: List and List and

  sophistication involved?

  limited range of subjects, and level of

  limited range of subjects, and level of

  problem, certain area of interest, a

  problem, certain area of interest, a

  only on selected aspects of the

  only on selected aspects of the

  the scope of the study? Did you focus

  the scope of the study? Did you focus

  

Delimitation: How have you narrow

How have you narrow
• Definition of Terms:

  

people? Emphasis should be placed on

  1.Memilih Masalah

  2. Studi Pendahuluan

  3. Merumuskan Masalah _Hipotesis Menetapkan metode/ rancangan Menentukan variabel Menentukan sumber data Menentukan dan menyusun instrumen

  Mengumpulkan data Analisis data

  I I . SELECTING THE PROBLEM

  . SELECTING THE PROBLEM

ELEVEN STEPS IN CONDUCTING

GOOD QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

  II II . CONDUCTING PRELIMINARY STUDY . CONDUCTING PRELIMINARY STUDY

  III

  III . FORMULATING THE PROBLEM

  . FORMULATING THE PROBLEM

  IV.a

  IV.a . FORMULATING THE . FORMULATING THE HYPOTHESES HYPOTHESES

  IV IV . FORMULATING THE ASUMPTIONS . FORMULATING THE ASUMPTIONS

  VI.a

  VI.a .DETERMINING .DETERMINING

  VARIABEL

  VARIABEL

  VI.b

  VI.b . DETERMINING . DETERMINING DATA SOURCE DATA SOURCE

  V V . SELECTING THE . SELECTING THE APPROACH APPROACH VII

  VII . DETERMINING & CONSTRUCTING

  . DETERMINING & CONSTRUCTING

  INSTRUMENT

  INSTRUMENT

  VIII

  VIII . COLLECTING DATA

  . COLLECTING DATA

  IX IX . ANALYSING DATA

. ANALYSING DATA

  X X

. DRAWING CONCLUSION

. DRAWING CONCLUSION

I. SELECTING THE PROBLEM

  I. SELECTING THE PROBLEM

A. PROBLEM ANALYSIS PROCEDURES:

  A. PROBLEM ANALYSIS PROCEDURES:

  

Accumulate the facts that

might be related to the might be related to the problem. problem.
• Accumulate the facts that

  Settle by observation whether the facts are relevant. the facts are relevant.

• Settle by observation whether

  Select a problem that engage your interest. your interest.

• Select a problem that engage

  Trace any relationship between the facts that might reveal the the facts that might reveal the key to the difficulty. key to the difficulty.

• Trace any relationship between

  Propose various explanation

(hypotheses) for the cause of

• Propose various explanation

  

(hypotheses) for the cause of

the difficulty. the difficulty.

  

Assertain through observation

and analysis whether they are

and analysis whether they are

relevant to the problem. relevant to the problem.

• Assertain through observation

  Trace relationships between explanations that may give explanations that may give insight into the problem solution. insight into the problem solution.

• Trace relationships between

  Trace relationships between facts and explanation. facts and explanation.

• Trace relationships between

  Question assumption underlying the analysis of the problem. the analysis of the problem.

• Question assumption underlying

B. EVALUATION OF PROBLEM Personal Consideration (Researcher’s Personal Consideration (Researcher’s questions related to the research questions related to the research problem): problem):

  B. EVALUATION OF PROBLEM

  Goal expectations of the researcher & others. researcher & others.

• Goal expectations of the

  Genuine interest.

• Genuine interest.

  Skills, abilities, and background knowledge. background knowledge.

• Skills, abilities, and

  The tools, equipment, laboratories, and subjects laboratories, and subjects necessary to the research necessary to the research

  Personal Consideration Personal Consideration

• The tools, equipment,

  Time & money.

• Time & money.

  Adequate data.

• Adequate data.

  The scope, significance, topical requirement. requirement.

• The scope, significance, topical

  Administrative Support, guidance, and cooperation. guidance, and cooperation.

• Administrative Support,

  Social Consideration Social Consideration

  Knowledge advancement.

• Knowledge advancement.

  Practical value.

• Practical value.

  The application of the finding.

• The application of the finding.

  

Not a duplication of others.

• Not a duplication of others.

  Topic delimitation.

• Topic delimitation.

  The reliability of the tools and techniques. techniques.

• The reliability of the tools and

C. PROBLEM (MASALAH) (MASALAH) Masalah timbul karena adanya Masalah timbul karena adanya tantangan, kesangsian atau tantangan, kesangsian atau

  C. PROBLEM

  

kebingungan terhadap suatu

kebingungan terhadap suatu hal atau fenomena, hal atau fenomena, kemenduaan arti ( kemenduaan arti ( ambiguity ambiguity ), ),

halangan dan rintangan, celah

halangan dan rintangan, celah

  / / kesenjangan kesenjangan ( ( gap gap ) baik ) baik antarkegiatan atau antarkegiatan atau antarfenomena antarfenomena , , baik yang telah baik yang telah ada ataupun yang akan ada ada ataupun yang akan ada . .

APA ITU MASALAH PENELITIAN?

  Kesenjangan harapan dan kenyataan

Dasar proses dialektika teori—penelitian

Tolok ukur pentingnya penelitian Dasar mengkaji referensi Dasar menentukan metode penelitian Dasar menentukan anggaran penelitian

PENDEKATAN EKSPLORASI MASALAH

  _{ORIENTED ORIENTED PROBLEM PROCESS CONDITION} EXISTING _{•MASALAH KHUSUS •PERTANYAAN} •MINAT

_{•PERLAKUAN TERPILIH}

_{•INSTRUMEN KHUSUS}

_{•STRATEGI ANALISIS •DATA BASE KETERSEDIAAN: •PEMBIMBING}
• PENDUKUNG _{MENGKAJI REFERENSI &SIGNIFIKANSINYA}

  _{UTK MENERAPKAN}

  LOKASI YG SESUAI

  _PROSES

  _{MEMILIH MASALAH YG MENDASAR}

CIRI-CIRI MASALAH YANG BAIK

1. Mempunyai nilai penelitian Mempunyai nilai penelitian : : a.

  a. mempunyai sifat keaslian. mempunyai sifat keaslian.

  b.

  b. menyatakan suatu hubungan. menyatakan suatu hubungan.

  c.

  c. merupakan hal yang penting. merupakan hal yang penting.

  d.

  d. dapat diuji. dapat diuji.

  e.

  e. dinyatakan di dalam bentuk dinyatakan di dalam bentuk pertanyaan pertanyaan . .

2. Mempunyai fisibilitas (dapat Mempunyai fisibilitas (dapat

  Cukup waktu, tenaga dan biaya

  Masalah tidak bertentangan dengan hukum, moral dan etika. dengan hukum, moral dan etika.

  Masalah tidak bertentangan

  d.

  d.

  Ada dukungan dari pihak-pihak terkait. terkait.

  Ada dukungan dari pihak-pihak

  c.

  c.

  untuk memecahkan masalah tersebut. tersebut.

  untuk memecahkan masalah

  2.

  dilaksanakan

  b.

  b.

  Data serta metode untuk memecahkan masalah tersedia. memecahkan masalah tersedia.

  Data serta metode untuk

  a.

  : a.

  :

  )

  )

  dilaksanakan

  Cukup waktu, tenaga dan biaya

  II. II. STUDI PENDAHULUAN

STUDI PENDAHULUAN 1.

1. Manfaat Manfaat Akan diketahui hal-hal sbb Akan diketahui hal-hal sbb : : a.Apa yang akan diteliti. a.Apa yang akan diteliti. b.Di mana dan kepada siapa b.Di mana dan kepada siapa

  

informasi dapat diperoleh

informasi dapat diperoleh

.

  . c.Bagaimana cara memperoleh c.Bagaimana cara memperoleh data/informasi data/informasi . .

  2.

  3

  d.

  d. Teknik apa yang akan Teknik apa yang akan d d i i gunakan untuk gunakan untuk meng meng analisis data analisis data . .

  e.

  e. Bagaimana mengambil Bagaimana mengambil kesimpulan serta kesimpulan serta memanfaatkan hasil memanfaatkan hasil penelitian penelitian . .

2. Cara Mengadakan Studi Pend Cara Mengadakan Studi Pend . . Dengan Dengan

3 P P ( ( paper, person, paper, person, place place ). ).

  III.

  III.

  MERUMUSKAN MASALAH

MERUMUSKAN MASALAH 1.

  1. Sebaiknya Sebaiknya dirumuskan dalam dirumuskan dalam bentuk pertanyaan bentuk pertanyaan . .

  2.

  2. Rumusan jelas dan padat Rumusan jelas dan padat . .

  3.

  3. M M encerminkan ciri penelitian encerminkan ciri penelitian yang dilakukan yang dilakukan . .

  4.

  4. M M erupakan dasar perumusan erupakan dasar perumusan judul, perumusan tujuan, dan judul, perumusan tujuan, dan pembuatan hipotesis pembuatan hipotesis . .

  HUBUNGAN ANTARA JUDUL, HUBUNGAN ANTARA JUDUL, RUMUSAN RUMUSAN MASALAH MASALAH , TUJUAN, DAN HIPOTESIS , TUJUAN, DAN HIPOTESIS PENELITIAN KWANTITATIF PENELITIAN KWANTITATIF JUDUL JUDUL

  :

  : Korelasi antara Motivasi Korelasi antara Motivasi Belajar dengan Prestasi Belajar Belajar dengan Prestasi Belajar Bahasa Inggris Siswa SMU 3 Madiun Bahasa Inggris Siswa SMU 3 Madiun Tahun Ajaran 2004-2005 Tahun Ajaran 2004-2005 . . MASALAH MASALAH

  :

  : Adakah korelasi antara Adakah korelasi antara motivasi belajar dengan prestasi motivasi belajar dengan prestasi belajar bahasa Inggris Siswa SMU 3 belajar bahasa Inggris Siswa SMU 3 Madiun tahun ajaran 2004-2005? Madiun tahun ajaran 2004-2005?